Evaluating Strategies for Similarity Search on the Web

Evaluating Strategies for Similarity Search on the Web
Taher H. Haveliwala
Aristides Gionis
Dan Klein
Piotr Indyk
Stanford University
Stanford University
Stanford University
MIT
Computer Science Department
Computer Science Department
Computer Science Department
Laboratory of Computer Science
Stanford, CA 94305-9040
[email protected]
(650) 723-9273
Stanford, CA 94305-9045
[email protected]
(650) 723-4532
Stanford, CA 94305-9040
[email protected]
(650) 725-6965
Cambridge, MA 02139-3594
[email protected]
(617) 452-3402
ABSTRACT
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1. INTRODUCTION
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Same Class Documents
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„ ¤ †eå REFERENCES
10.
s â4… ŽJ‹’Gå  †n…V”Kã á ˆAâ4â4ˆA” ™ ’?‰nŽnm"Ž
!…V”KŠ"†IŽnˆš2K”GŽH… ¨(’ZŽn„K
þ7†gŽ v „K‰H‹†J‹• t †n—7‰n…VŽn…VˆA”Zˆ¨<ƒf‹‰HãA%Ž b ‘ t ˆ"—7Œâ47”GŽn†@å
’ˆ‰'ŠŽ•‘3ˆ ˆ‹!‡Pˆ'Ž"#’$Ž7‰&%Eˆ!’'(“9ˆ#)5ˆ'Ž
*,+ )’
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nŽ ŽH‹‰HK…c å.™QŒK•V•c.‹”KZ˜5å?–‘.‹†gŽH…‹”K…Nå?ƒo„K†n7Œ†
á ‹ŽnãAˆA‰H…987‹Žn…VˆA”‘"’T—ˆA”"ŽnjmŽ7å ’ˆ/‰'ŠŽ•‘,ˆ:%;%;%0c!¤7ŸAŸAŸå
„ ¦†–>å7þ‰H…V”T‹”K:
 9å v ‹ãAAå.ƒo„K s ”K‹ŽHˆAâ)’Zˆ¨<‹:‹‰HãA%›g–—7‹•V
™ ’>‰gŽHj m"ŽHŒ.‹• b ‘*–7‹‰n—J„`”KãA…V”KAå ’ˆ/‰!ŠŽ•‘,ˆ%;%;%&<Cc
¤7ŸAŸAå
„ y1† s Î
å þ‰nˆ7‰7åK˜f…V• Žn7‰n…V”Kã“I7‹‰n›2KŒK•V…V—7‹ŽH t ˆ"—ŒKâ4”"Žn†@å
’ˆ‰'ŠŽ•‘3ˆ
=?>A@c¤7ŸAŸAå
„ ž † s Î
å þ‰nˆ7‰7å ”TŽH„KW¢o†Hâ‘•‹”K—W‹”K á ˆA”GŽJ‹…V”Kâ4”GŽQˆ¨
t ˆ—ŒKâ4”GŽH†7åBŽi‡Bˆ'”)7’$"Š#ˆ'Ž;Œ'ŽC;‡Bˆ'”)7 .!Š‹ + ˆ
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§`…V”›N‡I…V†Heš2”KK?7”K”"Ž v ‰HâDŒŽH‹ŽH…VˆA”K†7å ’ˆ/‰!ŠŽ•‘,ˆHIKJŇ­c
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å þ‰nˆ7‰ c?–>å.™Q•‹†H†nâ$‹” c.§MåK§‹”.‹†H†n5 cK‹”K™DCå L?‡5…VãKå
–"’”GŽH‹—Žn…V— á •VŒ†nŽn7‰n…V”K㈨fŽn„K b ‘
å ’ˆ/‰'ŠŽ•‘Zˆ:%;%;%NMCc
¤7ŸAŸG¥å
„  †–>å á „.‹Š"‰J‹‘.‹‰gŽH… c¸þQå t ˆAó
â c‹”K v åKš2”K’Š?Oå 9”„.‹”K—
™ ’>‰gŽHj m"Ž á ‹Žn7ãAˆA‰n9… 87‹ŽH…VˆA”  †H…V”K㠙 ’>‰n•V…V”KІ7å ’ˆ/‰!ŠŽ•‘,ˆ
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„ Ÿ †–>å á „.‹Š"‰J‹‘.‹‰gŽH… c¸þQå t ˆAó
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 TKOå Ui•V…V”‘?‰HãKå s ŒŽnˆAâ$‹ŽH…V—i¢I†HˆAŒ‰H—
t å?™Q…V‘K†nˆA
á ˆAâ4…V•‹ŽH…VˆA”T‘"’ s ”.‹• V’ 8…V”K㠙 ’>‰n•V…V”KŠZ–"ŽH‰nŒK—%ŽHŒ‰HW‹”K
s †H†nˆ—…‹Žn`ƒ:j mŽ7å ’ˆ/‰'ŠŽ•‘,ˆ:%;%;%N<Cc!¤7ŸAŸAå
„ ¤7œ †eå á ˆA„K
” c>§Må t ‹ŽH‹Š‰ c>–?åK˜.(Œ Sg… ‡o‹‰J0‹ c s å.™Q…VˆA”K…VІ c v åš2”K’.Š c
¢WåK§`ˆŽ2‡o‹”K… cCTKå  •V•Vâ$‹” c‹”K á Vå W9‹”KãKå.˜f…V”K…V”Kãš2”GŽH‰H†gŽH…V”Kã
s †H†nˆ—…‹Žn…VˆA”K†o‡e… Žn„KˆAŒŽi–ŒK>ˆA‰gŽ v ‰HŒ”K…V”KãKå ’ˆ‰'ŠŽ•‘3ˆ
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• !ˆ"—7‹•V… Ž2’T…V”ZŽn„K b 7‘å ’ˆ/‰'ŠŽ•‘,ˆ
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b ˆA‰n•V b …VK b ‘
å ’ˆ/‰'ŠŽ•‘,ˆ:%;%;%0c!¤7ŸAŸAŸå
„ ¤7¦ †9å s å?™Qˆ"ˆKâ$‹”X‹”K b å ™ O
å Ui‰HŒ†HŠ‹•NåK§`7‹†HŒK‰n7†oˆ¨
‹†H†Hˆ"—…‹ŽH…VˆA”Z¨[ˆA‰o—‰HˆA†n†I—•‹†n†H… w.—7‹Žn…VˆA”K†@Xå [V\Pˆ)e”]’3\XR‹Œ'‹^\
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Ÿ 7 ¥'¦ …"`¥1 y+c:¤7ŸA1ž yKå
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ƒ:7—H„K”K9… a"ŒK†e¨_ˆA‰ á •VŒ†nŽn7‰n…V”KãŽn„K b ‘
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b ‘Îþ5‹†n 7 s ¢I?ˆA†H… ŽnˆA‰n’Tˆ¨ b ‘ v ‹ãA†@å ’ˆ/‰!ŠŽ•‘,ˆ
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