Friend-or-Foe Q-learning in General

!"
$#&%'
*,+.-0/214365879 7:+<;;>=?14@
U VXWVZY[]\O^`_Xa>^ba>[]cedef$gGh>ikjLl []c"mUnkao6p4akg4q2r skc"fO[]tul []c"mg6vwj6xzyk{D|0}~jky6x6h
 €ƒ‚k„P…4† ‡„

V`f4ˆF^ЉO[]‰acŒ‹Pa>^"dc"ˆ \a>^[]o,[]‰4‰4c"sD[kdefŽ"sc"aˆ oP}
 skcedat‘aoDŽ2r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’ˆ o!tp4r Ž"ˆF[]’kaoDŽ2’kao4ace[]r }~^bp4t
’D[]t‘a>^ ˆ o“Xf4ˆFdef[r a>[]c"o4acˆF^ Ž"skrF‹LŽ"sŽ"c"a>[zŽ:a>[kdef
s]Ž"f4ac[]’kaoDŽ2[k^Gaˆ Ž"f4ac2[‘”  c"ˆ aoO‹4•Xskc”  s6a>•4–V`f4ˆF^
— }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’]}~^™Ž™š6r a›[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa>^œ^™Ž"c"sko4’
dsko6nkac"’kaoOda’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aa>^!dskt‘‰O[]c"a>‹Ž"s[]ožaŸ6}
ˆF^™Ž"ˆ o4’v[k^bfP}˜a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tL}˜\O[k^ba>‹r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’Lc"p4r ak–
¡ ¢¤£D¥ „P…4¦X§¨‡„4©™¦ ¥
_Xaˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽƒr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’ª¬«6pPŽbŽ"skoŒW®­`[]cbŽ"sOg2h>ykyki4¯°[]ar }
\4r ˆ o4’LaŽ[]r¬– gh>ykyk±D² ˆF^`[r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’L‰O[]ce[k‹Pˆ ’kt  skcX[]’kaoDŽe^:ˆ o
p4o  []t‘ˆ r ˆF[]cskcLdskt‘‰4r aŸ³ao6n6ˆ c"sko4t‘aoDŽe^–Œ´o4a‰O[]cbŽ"ˆFdp4rF[]c
drF[k^"^$s  ^"daoO[]c"ˆ sD^Gˆ o!“Xf4ˆFdef!c"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’Xf4skrF‹4^
[µ’kc"a>[zŽƒ‹Pa>[]rs  ‰4c"skt‘ˆF^ba!ˆF^ƒ[k‹4[]‰PŽ"ˆ o4’ˆ oŽ"f4a‰4c"a>^baoOda!s 
s]Ž"f4ac![]’kaoDŽe^–‘V`f4a¶Š[]c"mkszn’D[]t‘a  ce[]t‘a“8skc"m?ª<nz[]o‹Pac
· []r¬g$h>yki4hk¯P«6fO[]‰4r aškgGh>yD¸]{4¯O´“8ao$gGh>ykiD|k²ˆF^X[  skc"tµ[]r ˆ ¹>[z}
Ž"ˆ skoµs  tp4r Ž"ˆF[]’kaoDŽˆ oDŽ"ace[kdºŽ"ˆ skoLŽ"fO[zŽ:ˆF^:[¤’ks6sP‹Ltµ[zŽedef  skc
aŸPˆF^™Ž"ˆ o4’‘c"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽb}˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’!Ž"f4askc"šk–
V`f4ˆF^G‰O[]‰acaŸ6Ž"aoO‹4^Ž"f4a:^™Že[zŽ"a s  Ž"f4a:[]cbŽ$s  c"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽ
r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’ˆ o³’kao4ace[]r }~^bp4t»¶Š[]c"mkszn’D[]t‘a>^¤\6š‰4c"a>^baoDŽ"ˆ o4’
Ž"f4a  c"ˆ aoO‹6}˜skcb}  s6a — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’œª.q¼q — ²µ[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t–Zq¼q —
‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa>^L^™Ž"c"sko4’Œdsko6nkac"’kaoOdaµ’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aa>^[]oO‹?r a>[]c"oO^L[
‰skr ˆFdšµŽ"fO[zŽˆF^Xsk‰PŽ"ˆ tµ[]rGˆ o^bankace[]rˆ t‘‰skcbŽe[]oDŽ^"daoO[]c"ˆ sD^–
V`f4aн"¾8¶ŠY,dsko  ac"aoOdaŠfO[k^\aaoœf4skt‘aŽ"sž[?^bac"ˆ a>^µs 
‰O[]‰ace^L‹Pankar sk‰4ˆ o4’Ž"f4aŽ"f4askc"šs  c"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽr a>[]c"oP}
ˆ o4’ˆ o’D[]t‘a>^–¼Y$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]oª™h>yky]¿6²¼ˆ oDŽ"c"sP‹PpOda>‹µ[ — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’
[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4tÀd[]r r a>‹?t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ6} —u skc‘¹ac"s]}~^bp4tÁŽ™“8s]}˜‰4rF[0škac
’D[]t‘a>^–œY$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]o[]oO‹œ«6¹a‰a>^bn`[] c"ˆª™h>ykyk±D²^bf4sz“8a>‹?Ž"fO[zŽ
t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ6} — dsko6nkac"’kaoOda>^¤Ž"sŒŽ"f4a’D[]t‘a}¬Ž"f4askc"aŽ"ˆFdµsk‰PŽ"ˆ }
tµ[]r]nz[]r p4ak–2Ãp![]oO‹ · ar r tµ[]oµª™h>ykykiD²‹Pa>^"dc"ˆ \a>‹¤[]o¤aŸ6Ž"aoP}
^bˆ skoŽ"st‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ6} — gd[]r r a>‹Œv[k^bfP} — f4ac"akg$Ž"fO[zŽ[zŽbŽe[kdemP^
’kao4ace[]r }~^bp4tĒD[]t‘a>^X\6š&pO^bˆ o4’[v[k^bfa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tÅdsktL}
‰4pPŽe[zŽ"ˆ sko&ˆ oŽ"f4a¤r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’c"p4r ak– ­8sz“Xr ˆ o4’ª¬|]jkjkjD²drF[]c"ˆ ÆOa>‹
Ž"f4aµdsko6nkac"’kaoOda!dskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^ƒs  Ž"f4aµ[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t–!ÃpŒ[]oO‹
· ar r tµ[]oZª¬|]jkjkjD²^™Ž"pO‹Pˆ a>‹³Ž"f4a&dsko6nkac"’kaoOdaµ\afO[0n6ˆ skcs 
v[k^bfP} — ˆ o&^bankace[]r^btµ[]r rG\4pPŽXo4skoP}¬Ž"c"ˆ n6ˆF[]rao6n6ˆ c"sko4t‘aoDŽe^–
­8c"ˆ aÇOškgO[]r Ž"f4skp4’kf&Ž"f4aLv[k^bfP} — []r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4tuˆF^Xf4ˆ ’kf4r š&’kaoP}
ace[]r¬g>Ž"f4a8[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ skoO^GŽ"fO[z޼[]c"am6o4sz“Xo¤Ž"s\a8^bpPÈdˆ aoDŽŽ"s
’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aa¤ˆ Že^ƒdsko6nkac"’kaoOda¤[]c"a Dp4ˆ Ž"a!c"a>^™Ž"c"ˆFdºŽ"ˆ nkak–`V`f4a>^ba
!'()
ABDCFEEGAHI2JLKGMONMPHKQRS HPEE S QTA
[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ skoO^ ‰4pPŽ8r ˆ t‘ˆ Že^:skoLŽ"f4aŽ™š6‰a>^s  ’D[]t‘a>^¼Ž"fO[zŽ8d[]o
\a&’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aa>‹Ž"s\a^bskr nka>‹œªÉŽ"f4sD^ba“Xˆ Ž"fžds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko
skc¤[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r$a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[D²[k^ƒ“8ar r¼[k^ƒskoŽ"f4aLˆ oDŽ"ac"t‘a>‹Pˆ }
[zŽ"ac"a>^bp4r Že^s  r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’O–&U^bˆF‹Pa  c"sktʹac"s]}~^bp4tÊskc  p4r r š
ds6sk‰ace[zŽ"ˆ nkaµ’D[]t‘a>^g  skc“Xf4ˆFdefždsko6nkac"’kaoDŽr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’[]r }
’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4tµ^ []c"a[]r c"a>[k‹Pš!m6o4sz“Xo$g]o4s’kao4ace[]r }~^bp4t,’D[]t‘aXfO[k^
\aao³^bf4sz“XoŽ"sŠ^"[zŽ"ˆF^  šŽ"f4aµˆ oDŽ"ac"t‘a>‹PˆF[zŽ"a}˜c"a>^bp4r ޤc"a>^™Ž"c"ˆFdº}
Ž"ˆ skoO^`s  Ž"f4a!v[k^bfP} — Ž"f4askc"at–
V`f4ˆF^`‰O[]‰acX‰4c"a>^baoDŽe^X[Lo4a“Z[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4tg  c"ˆ aoO‹6}˜skcb}  s6a — }
r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’˪.q¼q — ²ºg¼Ž"fO[z޵[]r “`[0šP^Ldsko6nkac"’ka>^–Œ½~oË[k‹4‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ sko$g
ˆ ož’D[]t‘a>^!“Xˆ Ž"fËds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko³skc‘[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]ra> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[4g
q¼q — dsko6nkac"’ka>^Ž"s‰4c"a>dˆF^bar šŠŽ"f4aµnz[]r p4a>^!v[k^bfP} — skp4’kfDŽ
Ž"sO–?Vs‹PsŽ"f4ˆF^g:q¼q — c"a> Dp4ˆ c"a>^!Ž"fO[zŽ‘s]Ž"f4ac‘‰4rF[0škace^[]c"a
ˆF‹PaoDŽ"ˆ ÆOa>‹ž[k^\aˆ o4’Œaˆ Ž"f4ac”  c"ˆ aoO‹4•skcŒ”  s6a>•[]oO‹  p4r r š
ds6sk‰ace[zŽ"ˆ nka!skcƒ¹ac"s]}~^bp4tÅr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’ˆF^ƒpO^ba>‹[k^ƒ[]‰4‰4c"sk‰4c"ˆ }
[zŽ"ak–2Ur Ž"f4skp4’kf!Ž"f4a:Ž"f4askc"aŽ"ˆFd[]rD‰4c"sk‰acbŽ"ˆ a>^s  q¼q — []c"a:[]o
ˆ t‘‰4c"sznkat‘aoDŽsznkacXŽ"f4sD^ba!s  v[k^bfP} — gO[dskt‘‰4r aŽ"a!Ž"c"a>[zŽb}
t‘aoDŽs  ’kao4ace[]r }~^bp4t’D[]t‘a>^`ˆF^X^™Ž"ˆ r r$rF[kdem6ˆ o4’O–
Ì 9 Ì?Í 3Dμ@2+<;>+.Ï@2Ð
UÒÑzÓÔ՘ֺ×~ØÙDÔ!ÙDÔÓÔÚ"ØzÛ Õ˜ÖºÜPÝÄÞ Õ ßÛ ØzàkÔÚ!ÙDØzݵԵˆF^¤‹PaÆOo4a>‹Š\6š
[µ^baŽs  ތ‰4rF[0škace^g6Ž"f4aˆ c[kdºŽ"ˆ skoP}~def4skˆFda^baŽe^Xá¤âzãäääã"áåg
[]oO‹œŽ"f4aˆ c‰O[0šks]æ  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^çâ0ãäääã"çƒå–éè:[kdefê‰O[0šks]æ
 p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoµçƒëtµ[]‰O^ []o‘[kdºŽ"ˆ sko‘def4skˆFda  skc a>[kdefs  Ž"f4aX‰4rF[0šD}
ace^8Ž"sµ[‘^"d[]rF[]c`c"a“`[]ce‹nz[]r p4ak–
UìÑzÓÔ՘ֺ×~ØÙDÔßOÑzÛ í.îà  skc&‰4rF[0škacïegðëbgˆF^[?‰4c"sk\O[]\4ˆ r ˆ Ž™š
‹PˆF^™Ž"c"ˆ \4pPŽ"ˆ skoZsznkacˆ Že^[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^áëb–ÒV`f4aêÔ"ñºßOÔeî×~ÔeòŠßOØzàzÕ
љóôŽ"s‰4rF[0škacï“Xf4ao‰4rF[0škace^¤[k‹Psk‰PŽ!sko4a}~^™Že[]’kaL‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^
ðGâzãäääãbðåˆF^X[]\4\4c"an6ˆF[zŽ"a>‹çƒë"ª<ðGâzãäääãbðåO²ºgP“Xf4ˆFdef&ˆF^2õ™pO^™Ž
Ž"f4aaŸP‰a>dºŽ"a>‹µnz[]r p4as  Ž"f4anz[]r p4a>^:s  çƒë“8aˆ ’kfDŽ"a>‹‘\6šLŽ"f4a
‰4c"sk\O[]\4ˆ r ˆ Ž"ˆ a>^`p4oO‹Pac`Ž"f4a’kˆ nkao&sko4a}~^™Že[]’kaƒ‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^–
ènkac"šÄsko4a}~^™Že[]’kaZ’kao4ace[]r }~^bp4töÞ}˜‰4rF[0škac’D[]t‘a›fO[k^œ[
÷ Ø0Ö"øÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝL–žV`f4ˆF^LˆF^‘[^baŽ‘s  sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^
ðGâzãäääãbðå¤^bpOdef¤Ž"fO[zŽo4sX‰4rF[0škac$d[]oˆ t‘‰4c"sznka¼ˆ Že^$aŸP‰a>dºŽ"a>‹
‰O[0šks]æ\6šp4o4ˆ rF[zŽ"ace[]r r šdefO[]o4’kˆ o4’‘ˆ Že^`sko4a}~^™Že[]’kaƒ‰skr ˆFdšû
çƒë"ª<ðGâzãäääãbðåO²8üçƒëbª<ðGâzãäääãbðë<ý$âzãbð$ëþ ãbðë ÿ2â0ãäääãbðå4²ºã
ª™h0²
 skc[]r r:sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka‘‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^!ð ëþ []oO‹Ëh ï Þ –U’D[]t‘a
d[]oêfO[0nkat‘skc"aŽ"fO[]osko4av[k^bfêa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tg[]oO‹Ž"f4a
aŸP‰a>dºŽ"a>‹‰O[0šks]æ&Ž"sL‰4rF[0škac8ïd[]onz[]c"šµ‹Pa‰aoO‹Pˆ o4’‘skoŽ"f4a
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tédskoO^bˆF‹Pac"a>‹G–
´  daoDŽ"ce[]rˆ t‘‰skcbŽe[]oOdaŠˆ oŽ"f4ˆF^‰O[]‰ac&[]c"aŽ™“8s?^b‰a>dˆF[]r
m6ˆ oO‹4^Ls  v[k^bfža> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[4–Uo ØkòzÔÚeÖØzÚºí.ØzۃÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝ
^"[zŽ"ˆF^™ÆOa>^`è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ skoŠh¤[]oO‹&[]rF^bsfO[k^:Ž"f4a¤‰4c"sk‰acbŽ™š‘Ž"fO[zŽ`o4s
‰4rF[0škac`ïˆF^Xf6p4cbŽX\6š[]o6šdefO[]o4’ka¤s  Ž"f4as]Ž"f4acX‰4rF[0škace^û
çƒë"ª<ðGâzãäääãbðåO² çƒëbª<ð âþ ãäääãbð ë<þ ý$â ãbðëbãbð ëþ ÿ2â ãäääãbð åþ ²ºã
ª¬|k²
 skcŒ[]r rLdskt\4ˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoO^Šs  sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka³‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^Šð âþ ãäää™ð åþ –
vs]Žankac"š’D[]t‘a¤fO[k^[]o[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]ra> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t–:Ãsz“`}
ankac>g2ˆ ož[³× :ÑzÕ ßÛ ØzàkÔÚ >ÔÚ"Ñz՘ֺÜPÝÒÙDØzݵÔçâ ç []oO‹
[]r rPa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[ƒ[]c"a`[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]rDa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[Lª.è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ skoh`ˆ tL}
‰4r ˆ a>^è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ sko|ˆ o&Ž"f4ˆF^d[k^ba0²º–
½~o[îeÑ>ÑzÚ"òzíÉÓØz׬í.ÑzÓ³ÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝLg[]r rG‰4rF[0škace^8[kdef4ˆ ankaŽ"f4aˆ c
f4ˆ ’kf4a>^™ŽX‰sD^"^bˆ \4r anz[]r p4akû
çƒë"ª<ðGâzãäääãbðåO² tµ[zŸ
çƒëbª 4âzãäääã 6å4² ª.{D²
´oOda`[]’D[]ˆ o$gz^bpOdefL[]oa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t,o4aa>‹!o4s]Ž[]r “`[0šP^$aŸPˆF^™Ž>–
Ãsz“8ankac>g4ˆ o eÜPÛÉÛ àîeÑ>Ñ"ßOÔÚ"Øz׬í zÔ!ÙDØzݵԺÖLçâ ç !"
çƒå[]oO‹µŽ"f4ac"aƒˆF^X[zŽ`r a>[k^™Ž`sko4a¤ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t–
U^X[‘dskoOdc"aŽ"a¤aŸ4[]t‘‰4r aƒs  a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[4gPdskoO^bˆF‹Pac`Ž"f4aƒŽ™“8s]}
‰4rF[0škac8sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka’D[]t‘aƒ‹PaÆOo4a>‹\6š‘Ž"f4a  skr r sz“Xˆ o4’L‰O[]ˆ c8s 
tµ[zŽ"c"ˆFda>^gP“Xˆ Ž"fc"sz“ê‰4rF[0škac¤h[]oO‹dskr p4t‘o&‰4rF[0škac|Pû
h | 䵪<¿6²
c"sz“û çâ#%$ j h |'
h & ã"dskr p4t‘o$û ç
%$ (
j '
h &
:¾ skoO^bˆF‹Pac&Ž"f4a‰O[]ˆ cs  sko4a}~^™Že[]’kaŒ‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^&ðGâ)ª.j4ãh0²ºg
ð*
+ ª™hkã"jD²º–êV`f4ˆF^µˆF^[v[k^bfa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t^bˆ oOdac"sz“, ^
‰O[0šks]æs  jL“8skp4rF‹\a¤“8skce^ba‘ª-h0²:ˆ  c"sz“defO[]o4’ka>‹µŽ"sµ[kdº}
Ž"ˆ sko³hkg[]oO‹dskr p4t‘.o , ^‰O[0šks]æŒs  j‘“8skp4rF‹\a“8skce^baµ-ª h0²
ˆ  dskr p4t‘oËdefO[]o4’ka>‹Ž"s[kdºŽ"ˆ sko|P–½~oË[k‹4‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ sko$gˆ ޵ˆF^L[]o
[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r¼a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tg ^bˆ oOdac"sz“ , ^‰O[0šks]æ?“8skp4rF‹ˆ tL}
‰4c"sznkaªÉŽ"sh0²Xˆ  dskr p4t‘odefO[]o4’ka>‹[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^g[]oO‹dskr p4t‘.o , ^
‰O[0šks]æ“8skp4rF‹&ˆ t‘‰4c"sznka‘ªÉŽ"sh0²:ˆ  c"sz“defO[]o4’ka>‹&[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^–
´oŽ"f4aƒs]Ž"f4ac`fO[]oO‹GgDŽ"f4a¤‰O[]ˆ c8s  sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka‰skr ˆFdˆ a>0^ /41â ª™hkã"jD²ºg /
2uª.j4ãh0²XˆF^[&ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoŠa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tg$^bˆ oOda
\s]Ž"f‰4rF[0škace^8c"a>daˆ nkaŽ"f4aˆ ctµ[zŸPˆ tp4tĉO[0šks]æŠs  |P–
è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ sko¿&^bf4sz“^XŽ"fO[zޤ[’D[]t‘ad[]oŠfO[0nka!ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko
[]oO‹³[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r¼a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[“Xˆ Ž"f?‹Pˆ æac"aoDŽLnz[]r p4a>^–½~o?[
’D[]t‘a“Xˆ Ž"fŠ\s]Ž"fŽ™š6‰a>^s  a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[4gaˆ Ž"f4acŽ"f4ads6skce‹Pˆ }
oO[zŽ"ˆ skoa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[fO[0nka‘[f4ˆ ’kf4ac¤nz[]r p4aLŽ"fO[]oŽ"f4aµ[k‹Pnkacb}
^"[]c"ˆF[]r2a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[skc¤\s]Ž"fŒ‰4rF[0škace^fO[0nkaLdskoO^™Že[]oDŽb}˜nz[]r p4a>‹
‰O[0šks]æ  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^û:ç1â 43>â0gOç 5436
]–
Ì 9 7Ë*,91 8;:Ï <>=&14=?36Ð
UÒ¶Š[]c"mkszn³’D[]t‘aˆF^[’kao4ace[]r ˆ ¹>[zŽ"ˆ skožs  Ž"f4aŠsko4a}~^™Že[]’ka
’D[]t‘aŽ"sƒtp4r Ž"ˆ ‰4r aX^™Že[]’ka>^–Už’D[]t‘a`dskoO^bˆF^™Že^s  [XÆOo4ˆ Ž"aX^baŽ
s  ^™Že[zŽ"a>5^ ?`–:è:[kdef&^™Že[zŽ"Aa @CBD?žfO[k^`ˆ Že^sz“Xo&‰O[0šks]æ  p4oOdº}
Ž"ˆ skoO^[k^ƒˆ oŒŽ"f4a‘sko4a}~^™Že[]’kaL’D[]t‘a‘^"daoO[]c"ˆ sO–½~o[k‹4‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ sko$g
Ž"f4ac"aˆF^:[¤Ž"ce[]oO^bˆ Ž"ˆ sko  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ sko‘Ž"fO[zŽ:Že[]mka>^[!^™Že[zŽ"a[]oO‹µ[]o
[kdºŽ"ˆ skodef4skˆFda  skc:a>[kdefµ‰4rF[0škac8[]oO‹‘c"aŽ"p4c"oO^8[‰4c"sk\O[]\4ˆ r ˆ Ž™š
‹PˆF^™Ž"c"ˆ \4pPŽ"ˆ skoŠsznkaco4aŸ6ޤ^™Že[zŽ"a>^–ƒ½~oŠŽ"f4ˆF^ƒ^baŽbŽ"ˆ o4’OgG[‘ßOÑzÛ í.îà
tµ[]‰O^X^™Že[zŽ"a>^8Ž"sµ‰4c"sk\O[]\4ˆ r ˆ Ž™š‹PˆF^™Ž"c"ˆ \4pPŽ"ˆ skoO^XsznkacX[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^–
V`f4Ea zØzÛ ÜOÔ  skc¤[‰4rF[0škacƒˆ oŒ[’D[]t‘akg’kˆ nkao‹PˆF^"dskp4oDŽ  [kdº}
Ž"skcLj !FHGÅhkg¼ˆF^Ž"f4a&‹PˆF^"dskp4oDŽ"a>‹³^bp4tÁs  ‰O[0šks]æG^–½~o
‰O[]cbŽ"ˆFdp4rF[]c>g4r aŽƒðGâ0ãäääãbðå&\aL[µ^baŽs  ‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^  skcŽ"f4a!Þ
‰4rF[0škace^–¼V`f4J
a IKeÜPÓî׬í.ÑzÓ  skcX‰4rF[0škac`ïˆF^‹PaÆOo4a>‹Ž"s‘\a
² êçƒë"ª @kã 4â0ãäääã 6å4²
L ëbª @kã 4âzãäääã 6å4
ª @kã 4â>ãäääã 6åWã @ þ ² L ë"ª @ þ ãbðGâzãäääãbðåO²ºã
ª¬¸k²
M FDN
OQPRTSVU
“Xf4ac"a L ëbª@ þ ãbðGâzãäääãbðåO²ˆF^[X“8aˆ ’kfDŽ"a>‹^bp4tZs  Ž"f4anz[]r p4a>^
s  L ëbª @ þ ã þâ ãäääã þå ²`[kddskce‹Pˆ o4’LŽ"sLŽ"f4a!ð$^–V`f4anz[]r p4as 
è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ sko¸c"a‰4c"a>^baoDŽe^Ž"f4a‘nz[]r p4aLŽ"s&‰4rF[0škacƒï“Xf4aoŽ"f4a
^™Že[zŽ"aXˆFX^ @[]oO‹Ž"f4a‰4rF[0škace^¼def4s6sD^baX[kdºŽ"ˆ skoOV^ 4â:Ž"f4c"skp4’k2f 6å
Ž"f4aodskoDŽ"ˆ o6p4a¤pO^bˆ o4’LŽ"f4aˆ c‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^–
q2ˆ rF[]c[]oOZ
‹ Y c"ˆ a¹a?ª™h>yky6x]²L^bf4sz“8a>‹Ëf4sz“uŽ"f4a —Ґ p4oOdºŽ"ˆ sko
r ˆ o4mP^¶Š[]c"mkszn³’D[]t‘a>^[]oO‹Ësko4a}~^™Že[]’ka’D[]t‘a>^–Vc"a>[zŽ"ˆ o4’
Ž"f4a — p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^L[zŽa>[kdef?^™Že[zŽ"a[k^!‰O[0šks]æ  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^  skc
ˆ oO‹Pˆ n6ˆF‹PpO[]rPsko4a}~^™Že[]’ka8’D[]t‘a>^g0Ž"f4a`‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^ [z޼Ž"f4aXˆ oO‹Pˆ n6ˆF‹6}
pO[]r¼^™Že[zŽ"a>^[]c"a!ˆ oŠa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tň  []oO‹sko4r šˆ  Ž"f4asznkace[]r r
tp4r Ž"ˆF^™Že[]’ka‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^[]c"aˆ o?a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t–ŠV`f4ac"a  skc"akg¼[]o
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t  skc¼[¶Š[]c"mkszn’D[]t‘a:d[]o!\a  skp4oO‹\6šƒÆOoO‹Pˆ o4’
[ —Z p4oOdºŽ"ˆ sko“Xˆ Ž"f&Ž"f4a![]‰4‰4c"sk‰4c"ˆF[zŽ"aƒ‰4c"sk‰acbŽ"ˆ a>^–
`¢ † ‚ ]_^`
V`f4ˆF^:^ba>dºŽ"ˆ sko‹Pa>^"dc"ˆ \a>^[t‘aŽ"f4sP‹  skcr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’![ —œ p4oOdº}
Ž"ˆ sko  skc2[‰4rF[0škac  c"sktZaŸP‰ac"ˆ aoOda:ˆ oDŽ"ace[kdºŽ"ˆ o4’X“Xˆ Ž"fs]Ž"f4ac
‰4rF[0škace^$ˆ oŽ"f4a8’D[]t‘ak–2è ŸP‰ac"ˆ aoOdaŽe[]mka>^GŽ"f4a  skc"t s  [XŽ"pP}
‰4r ba a@kã 4âzãäääã 6åWã @ þ dã czâzãääädã c>få eºg6“Xf4ac"aŽ"f4a’D[]t‘aƒ^™Že[]cbŽe^
ˆ o‘^™Že[zŽ"1a @kg]‰4rF[0škace^2def4s6sD^baŽ"f4a`’kˆ nkao[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^g][]oO‹L[Ž"ce[]oP}
^bˆ Ž"ˆ sko!sPddp4ce^GŽ"sƒ^™Že[zŽ"_a @ þ “Xˆ Ž"f!Ž"f4a:’kˆ nkao‰O[0šks]æG^$c"a>daˆ nka>‹G–
V`f4av[k^bfP} — r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’`c"p4r aª.Ãp!W · ar r tµ[]o$g6h>ykykiD²O“8skc"mP^
\6štµ[]ˆ oDŽe[]ˆ o4ˆ o4’[^baŽƒs  []‰4‰4c"s0ŸPˆ tµ[zŽ"a —, p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^ƒ[]oO‹
p4‰‹4[zŽ"ˆ o4’‘Ž"f4atu\6š
å hû ,ª™1h Kij™² L ë g @kã 4â0ãäääã 6Tå h M
L dë g @kã 4â0ãäääã 6T
ijRª c>ë M FVkml;n6o0ëbª @kã L â0ãäääã L å4²b²
ª.±D²
a>[kdef Ž"ˆ t‘a[ o4a“ aŸP‰ac"ˆ aoOdaösPddp4ce^–
Ãac"akg
kml;n6o0ë"ª @kã L â0ãäääã L åP1
² L ëbª @kãbðGâzãäääãbðåO²X“Xf4ac"a¤Ž"f4að$^
[]c"a[v[k^bfa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t  skc:Ž"f4aƒsko4a}~^™Že[]’kaX’D[]t‘aƒ‹PaÆOo4a>‹
\6šŽ"f4a —› p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^ L â0ãäääã L å[zޤ^™Že[zŽ"ba @k–V`f4a!nz[]r p4a>^
ij:[]c"a¤[L^ba> Dp4aoOda¤s  Û ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6ÙÚ"Øz×~ÔºÖºg4[]oO‹Ž"f4ˆF^`‰O[]‰acX[k^™}
^bp4t‘a>^¼Ž"f4aš‘^"[zŽ"ˆF^  š!Ž"f4a^™Že[]oO‹4[]ce‹‘^™Ž"sPdefO[k^™Ž"ˆFd`[]‰4‰4c"s0ŸPˆ tµ[z}
Ž"ˆ sko&dskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^  skc`dsko6nkac"’kaoOda!ª.wD[k[]m6mkskrF[¤aŽX[]r¬– gh>yky]¿6²
ª.^" DpO[]c"a^bp4t‘tµ[]\4r akgP\4pPŽo4s]Ž^bp4t‘tµ[]\4r a0²º–
V`f4a8‰4c"ˆ oOdˆ ‰4r a:t‘s]Ž"ˆ nz[zŽ"ˆ sko\af4ˆ oO‹!Ž"f4ˆF^¼def4skˆFda:s  r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’
c"p4r aˆF^‘Ž"fO[zŽˆ oœ^bˆ o4’kr a}˜‰4rF[0škac‘’D[]t‘a>^ª.¶Š[]c"mksznž‹Pa>dˆF^bˆ sko
‰4c"sPda>^"^ba>^e²ºg:Ž"f4p
a kml;n6o  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoœˆF^[³^bˆ t‘‰4r aŠtµ[zŸPˆ t‘ˆ ¹>[z}
Ž"ˆ sko$–žV`f6pO^gˆ o?Ž"f4ˆF^‘d[k^bakg Ž"f4a&p4‰‹4[zŽ"ac"p4r a&c"a>‹PpOda>^!Ž"s
[ \
— }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’Og0“Xf4ˆFdefLˆF^2m6o4sz“Xo!Ž"sdsko6nkac"’ka Ž"s¤sk‰PŽ"ˆ tµ[]rPnz[]r }
4p a>^!ª · [zŽ"m6ˆ oO^Wƒ[0šD[]o$gGh>ykyD|k²º–«6ˆ t‘ˆ rF[]c"r škg4c"a>^™Ž"c"ˆFdºŽ"a>‹Ž"s
¹ac"s]}~^bp4t ’D[]t‘a>^gkŽ"f4abkml;n6o  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoˆF^8[t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ  p4oOdº}
Ž"ˆ sko$–2½~oŽ"f4ˆF^ d[k^bakg0Ž"f4aXp4‰‹4[zŽ"a`c"p4r a`c"a>‹PpOda>^Ž"sƒt‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ6}
— gO“Xf4ˆFdefŠˆF^[]rF^bsm6o4sz“XoŽ"sdsko6nkac"’ka¤Ž"ssk‰PŽ"ˆ tµ[]rnz[]r p4a>^
ª.[‘v[k^bfa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t¯OY$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]oW «6¹a‰a>^bn`[] c"ˆ¬gh>ykyk±D²º–
V`f4a‘tµ[zõ™skc‹Pˆ æac"aoOda‘\aŽ™“8aaoŒŽ"f4a‘’kao4ace[]1r kml;n6o  p4oOdº}
Ž"ˆ sko[]oO‹\s]Ž"fŠtµ[zŸPˆ t‘ˆ ¹>[zŽ"ˆ sko[]oO‹t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸŠˆF^XŽ"fO[zŽƒŽ"f4a
rF[zŽbŽ"acŽ™“8sµfO[0nkap4o4ˆF Dp4anz[]r p4a>^“Xf4ac"a>[k^ kml;n6o‘‹Ps6a>^o4s]Ž>–
¾:skoO^bˆF‹Pac>g  skcŠaŸ4[]t‘‰4r akg¤Ž"f4a³aŸ4[]t‘‰4r a³ˆ o›è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ skoZ¿Og
“Xf4ˆFdefžd[]o?fO[0nkaµnz[]r p4a&jŠskc‘|Š‹Pa‰aoO‹Pˆ o4’sko³Ž"f4a&v[k^bf
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t dskoO^bˆF‹Pac"a>‹G–2U^[¤c"a>^bp4r Ž>gzŽ"f4av[k^bfP} — r a>[]c"oP}
ˆ o4’c"p4r aLˆ oè: DpO[zŽ"ˆ skoŒ±4g$“Xf4ac"a kml;n6oc"aŽ"p4c"oO^Ž"f4a‘nz[]r p4a
s  []o?[]c"\4ˆ Ž"ce[]c"ša> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tgd[]o4o4s]ŽLdsko6nkac"’ka^bˆ oOdaˆ Ž
tµ[0špO^ba[µ‹Pˆ æac"aoDŽXnz[]r p4a![zŽXa>[kdef&p4‰‹4[zŽ"ak–
Ãp[]oO‹ · ar r tµ[]o,ª™h>ykykiD²Lc"a>dsk’ko4ˆ ¹a>‹žŽ"fO[zŽ&[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r
[]oO‹&ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko&a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[‘[]c"aƒp4o4ˆF Dp4ak–
8zÏ :ÏÐ>+<;>+.Ï@ Ì Ø³ÑzÓÔ՘ֺ×~ØÙDÔÙDØzݵÔ&ø4Ø0֊سîeÑ>ÑzÚ"òzíÉÓØzÕ
׬í.ÑzӌÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝ `ØzÛÉÛ2-Ñ ¤íÉ×.ÖîeÑ>ÑzÚ"òzíÉÓØz׬í.ÑzÓ³ÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºí.ؑø4Ø zÔ
×<ø4ÔÖØzݵCÔ zØzÛ ÜO
Ô 8zÏ$Ï V`f4ˆF^ˆF^  []ˆ c"r š‹Pˆ c"a>dºŽ>g[k^gOˆ oŠa>[kdefa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tg
‰4rF[0škace^8’kaŽ`Ž"f4aˆ cp4o4ˆF Dp4a¤tµ[zŸPˆ tp4tunz[]r p4ak–
z8 Ï:ÏÐ>+<;>+.Ï@)7 !ØÑzÓÔ՘ֺ×~ØÙDÔÙDØzݵԤø4Ø0ÖØzӝØkòzÔÚeÖØzÚºÕ
í.ØzÛÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝ ØzÛÉÛÑ-`íÉ×.ÖØkòzÔÚeÖØzÚºí.ØzÛGÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºí.ؤø4ØzÔ×<ø4Ô
ÖØzݵÔCzØzÛ ÜOÔ
8zÏ$Ï Y$aŽðGâzãäääãbðåZ[]oO‹>/4â0ãäääãd/6åê\aŽ™“8s[k‹6}
nkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r2a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[  skc[&sko4a}~^™Že[]’kaL’D[]t‘a‘“Xˆ Ž"fŒ‰O[0šks]æG^
çâ0ãäääã"çƒå–:¾:skt‘‰O[]c"ˆ o4’Ž"f4aƒaŸP‰a>dºŽ"a>‹‰O[0šks]æ  skc8‰4rF[0škac
ï2p4oO‹Pac:Ž"f4aða> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t Ž"sŽ"fO[zŽ8s  Ž"f4a5/La> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tg
çƒë"ª<ðGâzãäääãbðåO²
ü çƒëbª<ðGâzãäääãbðë<ý$âzãbð$ëþ ãbðë ÿ2âzãäää™ðåO²
çƒëbRª / þâ ãääädã / þë<ý$â dã /6ë™dã / þë ÿ2â ãääädã / þå ²
ü çƒëbRª /4âzãääädã /6å4²ºä
V`f4a>^ba Ž"f4c"aa8^™Že[zŽ"at‘aoDŽe^  skr r sz“  c"skt è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ sko‘hs  Ž"f4a:ð
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tgP^baŽbŽ"ˆ o4’!Ž"f4aƒ[]c"\4ˆ Ž"ce[]c"šsko4a}~^™Že[]’kaX‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^Ž"s
‰O[]cbŽ"ˆFdp4rF[]c nz[]r p4a>^gk[]oO‹‘è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ skoµ|s  Ž"f41a /!a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tg
c"a>^b‰a>dºŽ"ˆ nkar šk–Z_Xa‰a>[zŽ"ˆ o4’Ž"f4ˆF^[]c"’kp4t‘aoD޵c"ankace^bˆ o4’ŒŽ"f4a
c"skr a>^s  ð []oO)
‹ /^bf4sz“^µŽ"fO[zŽŽ"f4aŒaŸP‰a>dºŽ"a>‹œ‰O[0šks]揎"s
‰4rF[0škac`ïp4oO‹Pac\s]Ž"fa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[LtpO^™ŽX\a¤Ž"f4a!^"[]t‘ak–
­8a>d[]pO^baLs  Ž"f4aµp4o4ˆF Dp4ao4a>^"^¤s  Ž"f4aµnz[]r p4a‘s  [k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r
[]oO‹ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[4gDŽ"f4aˆ c`aŸPˆF^™Ž"aoOda¤dskp4rF‹‰sD^™}
^bˆ \4r š‰4rF[0š[‘c"skr a¤ˆ oaoO^bp4c"ˆ o4’dsko6nkac"’kaoOdas  [‘’kao4ace[]r }
^bp4tôc"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽb}˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’Š[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t–Y$aŽLpO^‘‹PaÆOo4a
Ž"f4a  skr r sz“Xˆ o4’LŽ™“8s‘dskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^û
Ï@ 2+<;>+.Ï@ û]V`f4ac"a8aŸPˆF^™Že^¼[]oL[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]rka> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t
 skc`Ž"f4aaoDŽ"ˆ c"a¤’D[]t‘ak–
Ï@ 2+<;>+.Ï@ û>V`f4ac"a:aŸPˆF^™Že^[ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko¤a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t
 skc`Ž"f4aaoDŽ"ˆ c"a¤’D[]t‘ak–
½~o  [kdºŽ>gDˆ Ž8ˆF^o4s]Ž:m6o4sz“Xo‘“Xf4aŽ"f4ac8v[k^bfP} — dsko6nkac"’ka>^2p4oP}
‹Pac¤Ž"f4a>^badskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^–Ãp³[]oO‹ · ar r tµ[]oœª™h>ykykiD²ª.drF[]c"ˆ }
ÆOa>‹‘\6šL­8sz“Xr ˆ o4’OgD|]jkjkjD²pO^ba>‹LŽ™“8s^™Ž"c"sko4’kacdskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^¼Ž"s
‰4c"sznka¤dsko6nkac"’kaoOdakû
Ï@ 2+<;>+.Ï@ ûƒV`f4ac"aaŸPˆF^™Že^¤[]o[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r$a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \P}
c"ˆ p4t  skc¤Ž"f4aaoDŽ"ˆ c"a‘’D[]t‘a[]oO‹  skc!ankac"šŠ’D[]t‘aµ‹PaÆOo4a>‹
\6šµŽ"f4a —  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^`aoOdskp4oDŽ"ac"a>‹&‹Pp4c"ˆ o4’‘r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’O–
Ï@ 2+<;>+.Ï@ ûXV`f4ac"a!aŸPˆF^™Že^[ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \P}
c"ˆ p4t  skc¤Ž"f4aaoDŽ"ˆ c"a‘’D[]t‘a[]oO‹  skc!ankac"šŠ’D[]t‘aµ‹PaÆOo4a>‹
\6šµŽ"f4a —  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^`aoOdskp4oDŽ"ac"a>‹&‹Pp4c"ˆ o4’‘r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’O–
U^^™Že[zŽ"a>‹GgankaoŒ¾:skoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^U M []oO‹Š­ M []c"ao4s]Žƒ^bpPȑ}
dˆ aoDŽ`Ž"sL’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aaƒdsko6nkac"’kaoOdak–½˜ŽXˆF^8o4a>da>^"^"[]c"š  skc8Ž"f4a
^"[]t‘aŽ™š6‰a‘s  a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tŎ"s\a‘c"aŽ"p4c"o4a>‹Š\6šŽ"f4aJkml;n6o
^bp4\4c"skpPŽ"ˆ o4a[]oO‹pO^ba>‹ˆ oŽ"f4anz[]r p4ap4‰‹4[zŽ"a>^Ž"f4c"skp4’kf4skpPŽ
Ž"f4ar a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’L‰4c"sPda>^"^–
V`f4ac"aŠ[]c"atµ[]o6šË“`[0šP^LŽ"s?‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa&Ž"f4ˆF^&^™Ž"c"sko4’³dskoO^bˆF^™}
Ž"aoOdš’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aak– ´o4a¤ˆF^:Ž"sµ[k^"^bp4t‘aŽ"fO[zŽ`Ž"f4a[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t
o4ankacaoOdskp4oDŽ"ace^ [¤sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka`’D[]t‘aX“Xˆ Ž"fµtp4r Ž"ˆ ‰4r aa> Dp4ˆ }
r ˆ \4c"ˆF[4–¼V`f4ˆF^:c"a>^bp4r Že^:ˆ oaŸ6Ž"c"at‘ar š‘c"a>^™Ž"c"ˆFdºŽ"ˆ nkadskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^g
\4pPŽo4s?defO[]o4’kaˆ oˎ"f4a[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t–½˜ŽˆF^‰sD^"^bˆ \4r aŽ"fO[zŽ
Ž"f4ˆF^ ˆF^¼Ž"f4aXˆ oDŽ"ac"‰4c"aŽe[zŽ"ˆ skoLˆ oDŽ"aoO‹Pa>‹‘\6šLÃpµ[]oO‹ · ar r tµ[]o
ª™h>ykykiD²:[k^  skc"tµ[]r ˆ ¹a>‹ˆ o&Ž"f4a  skr r sz“Xˆ o4’Ž"f4askc"at–
Ú ÑzÓòzíÉ׬í.ÑzÓ4
Ö "$#Ñz&
Ú %'#( ÷ Ø0Ö"ø6Õ I
= ÓòkÔ!
/236fÏ 8z36
îeÑzfÓ zÔÚ¬ÙDÔºÖ:×~Ñ¤Ø ÷ Ø0Ö"ø‘ÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝ Ø0Ö8Û ÑzÓ6ÙØ0Ö`ØzÛÉÛ4ÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºí.Ø
ÔÓîeÑzÜPÓO×~ÔÚ"ÔeòòzÜPÚºíÉÓ6ÙÛ ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6Ù&ØzÚ"ÔÜPÓOí.ùÜO
Ô Uo4s]Ž"f4ac`[]‰4‰4c"sD[kdefŽ"s’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aaˆ o4’p4‰‹4[zŽ"aƒdskoO^bˆF^™Ž"aoOdš
ˆF^µŽ"s?aoO^bp4c"aŽ"fO[zŽŽ"f4aŠr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’?[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4tm6o4sz“^µ‰4c"a}
dˆF^bar š?“Xf4ˆFdefˎ™š6‰as  a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tÀŽ"spO^baˆ onz[]r p4ap4‰P}
‹4[zŽ"a>^–V`f4ˆF^Œ[]‰4‰4c"sD[kdef c"a> Dp4ˆ c"a>^Š“8a>[]mkac[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ skoO^
Ž"fO[]oV`f4askc"atu{4gP\4pPŽ‹Patµ[]oO‹4^8Ž"fO[zŽXŽ"f4ar a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’‘[]r ’ks]}
c"ˆ Ž"f4tÄ\a¤ˆ o  skc"t‘a>‹ˆ o[k‹Pnz[]oOdaƒ[k^:Ž"s‘“Xf4ˆFdefa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t
Ž™š6‰aŽ"spO^baLˆ oŒ[]r r¼nz[]r p4aLp4‰‹4[zŽ"a>^–LV`f4ˆF^ƒc"a> Dp4ˆ c"at‘aoDŽƒˆF^
 skc"tµ[]r ˆ ¹a>‹ˆ o&Ž"f4a  skr r sz“Xˆ o4’Ž"f4askc"at–
Ú ÑzÓòzíÉ׬í.ÑzÓ4
Ö "$#Ñz&
Ú %'#( ÷ Ø0Ö"ø6Õ I
= )+ ÓòkÔ!
/236fÏ 8z36*
îeÑzfÓ zÔÚ¬ÙDԺ֑×~ÑØ ÷ Ø0Ö"ø³ÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝØ0Ö‘Û ÑzÓ6يØ0֑×<ø4ÔîeÑzÚºÚ"ÔÕ
Ö¬ßOÑzÓòzíÉÓ6Ù!ÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝ ×¬à"ßOÔ8íFÖXØzÛ :Øzà0Ö`Ü6ÖÔeòíÉÓ ,XùÜOØz׬í.Ñz.Ó -/
0`¢21 …O©43 ¥ §_^0¦…^ 1 ¦(3 `K^6543$†¼… ¥ © ¥87
q4c"ˆ aoO‹6}˜skcb}~q4s6a — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’˪.q¼q — ²ˆF^‘t‘s]Ž"ˆ nz[zŽ"a>‹ž\6š³Ž"f4a
ˆF‹Pa>[XŽ"fO[zŽŽ"f4a`dskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^s  V`f4askc"at {[]c"a Ž"s6sƒ^™Ž"c"ˆFdºŽ2\a}
d[]pO^ba8s  Ž"f4aXc"a> Dp4ˆ c"at‘aoDŽe^2ˆ Ž ‰4rF[kda>^2skoŽ"f4a`ˆ oDŽ"ac"t‘a>‹PˆF[zŽ"a
nz[]r p4a>^!s  r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’O–V`f4adskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO^s  V`f4askc"atÊ¿[]c"a
t‘skc"a‘c"a>[]r ˆF^™Ž"ˆF:d 9ê[k^ƒr sko4’[k^¤“8a‘r aŽŽ"f4a[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t»m6o4sz“
“XfO[zŽLm6ˆ oO‹³s  sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽ ⠎"sŠaŸP‰a>dºŽ>û³”  c"ˆ aoO‹4•?ª.ds6skce‹Pˆ }
oO[zŽ"ˆ sko‘a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t²¼skc”  s6a>•µª.[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r6a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t²º–
Ãsz“8ankac>g2’kˆ nkaoŽ"f4ˆF^L[k‹4‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoO[]r8ˆ o  skc"tµ[zŽ"ˆ sko?[]\skpPŽLˆ Že^
sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^g [t‘skc"a‹Pˆ c"a>dºŽLr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’Š[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t^bpPÈda>^g
[k^X‹Pa>^"dc"ˆ \a>‹o4aŸ6Ž>–
q4skcŠ^bˆ t‘‰4r ˆFdˆ Ž™škg¤Ž"f4ˆF^Š^ba>dºŽ"ˆ sko ‹Pa>^"dc"ˆ \a>^&Ž"f4aŽ™“8s]}˜‰4rF[0škac
nkace^bˆ sko³s  q¼q — c"sktŽ"f4a&‰ace^b‰a>dºŽ"ˆ nkas  ‰4rF[0škachk–½~o
q¼q — gGŽ"f4aµr a>[]c"o4actµ[]ˆ oDŽe[]ˆ oO^[ —  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ sko³sko4r š  skcˆ Žb}
^bar  –V`f4ap4‰‹4[zŽ"a‰ac  skc"t‘a>‹ˆF^Xè: DpO[zŽ"ˆ sko±L“Xˆ Ž"f
kml;n6o]âzª @kã L â0ã L >
² tµ[zŸ L â g @kã 4â0ã h ª˜x]²
6
ˆ  Ž"f4ask‰4‰sko4aoDŽXˆF^dskoO^bˆF‹Pac"a>‹&[  c"ˆ aoO‹&[]oO‹
kml;n6o]â]ª @kã L â0ã L X
² tµ[zŸ t‘ˆ o N ðª 4â² L â g @kã 4â0ã h
6
W
ª.iD²
ˆ  Ž"f4ask‰4‰sko4aoDŽ`ˆF^XdskoO^bˆF‹Pac"a>‹[  s6ak–è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ skox!ˆF^õ™pO^™Ž
skce‹Pˆ oO[]c"š — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’ˆ o?Ž"f4adskt\4ˆ o4a>‹?[kdºŽ"ˆ skož^b‰O[kdas 
Ž"f4aƒŽ™“8sL‰4rF[0škace^–¼è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ skoiˆF^`t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ6} — []oO‹d[]o&\a
ˆ t‘‰4r at‘aoDŽ"a>‹&n6ˆF[‘[‘^™Ž"ce[]ˆ ’kfDŽ  skc"“`[]ce‹µr ˆ o4a>[]cX‰4c"sk’kce[]t–
q4skcƒdskt‘‰4r aŽ"ao4a>^"^g4Ž"f4a  skr r sz“Xˆ o4’ˆF^q¼q — , ^c"a‰4rF[kdat‘aoDŽ
Ž â
 skcŽ"f4a kml;n6o  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ sko®ˆ o Þ}˜‰4rF[0škacŒ’D[]t‘a>^–Y$a
Ž"f4c"skp4’kf ƒ\aXŽ"f4aƒ[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^[0nz[]ˆ rF[]\4r a`Ž"sŽ"f4a  c"ˆ aoO‹4^s 
‰4rF[0škac`ï8[]oO‹ GâŽ"f4c"skp4’k
f 2\aŽ"f4a![kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^X[0nz[]ˆ rF[]\4r aƒŽ"s
ˆ Že^  s6a>^–V`f4ao$g6Ž"f4anz[]r p4a  skc[‘^™Že[zŽ"aˆF^Xd[]rFdp4rF[zŽ"a>‹&[k^
kml;n6o0ë"ª @kã L â0ãäääã L åPX
²
tµ[zŸ
t‘ˆ o
N
!6 !"R$#% &#'"
( (') ð ª+*Gâ² bðª+*,k² L ëdg @kã-*Gâzãäääã-*,Pã-.6â>ãäääã-. h˜ä
V`f4a`ˆF‹Pa>[ƒˆF^ ^bˆ t‘‰4r šŽ"fO[zŽ ïW, ^  c"ˆ aoO‹4^ []c"a`[k^"^bp4t‘a>‹!Ž"s¤“8skc"m
Ž"sk’kaŽ"f4ac¼Ž"s!tµ[zŸPˆ t‘ˆ ¹aXWï , ^ nz[]r p4akgk“Xf4ˆ r aXïW, ^  s6a>^[]c"aX“8skc"mD}
ˆ o4’XŽ"sk’kaŽ"f4acGŽ"st‘ˆ o4ˆ t‘ˆ ¹a:ïW, ^$nz[]r p4ak–2V`f6pO^g>Þ}˜‰4rF[0škac$q¼q —
Ž"c"a>[zŽe^¤[]o6šŠ’D[]t‘a‘[k^[Ž™“8s]}˜‰4rF[0škacƒ¹ac"s]}~^bp4tŒD[]t‘a‘“Xˆ Ž"f
[]o&aŸ6Ž"aoO‹Pa>‹[kdºŽ"ˆ sko^baŽ>–
= /21 Úºí.ÔÓòzÕbÑzÚºÕ Ñ>Ô I`Õ~Û ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6ÙîeÑzfÓ zÔÚ¬ÙDÔºÖ /236fÏ 8z360
V`f4aŽ"f4askc"at  skr r sz“^  c"sktŽ"f4a`dsko6nkac"’kaoOda¼s  t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ6}
— –8´  dskp4ce^bakgŽ"f4aŠ^™Že[]oO‹4[]ce‹ž[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ skoO^‘skoËr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’
ce[zŽ"a>^[]c"ac"a> Dp4ˆ c"a>‹G–½~o?\4c"ˆ a  gY$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]ož[]oO‹ž«6¹a‰a>^bn`[] c"ˆ
ª™h>ykyk±D²ƒ^bf4sz“8a>‹ŠŽ"fO[zŽŽ"f4a  skr r sz“Xˆ o4’o4skoP}˜aŸP‰O[]oO^bˆ skodskoP}
‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoœˆF^^bpPÈdˆ aoDŽŽ"s³’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aadsko6nkac"’kaoOdakû  skc[]r r
‹ @kg
L â0g L þâ gO[]oOJ
3 kml;n6o]âzª @kã L â0ãäää m
² kml;n6o]â]ª @kã L þâ ãäää ² 3
tµ[zŸ 3 L âzª @kã 4âzã >² Lþâ ª @kã 4âzã >² 3 ä
64 5$7%8:9 ;%<-=>7%?@;BACEDD6CE8GFH7%8-I&JKD6L$M NGOK;%OCE8:P$NCQNSRT7O$O7U$CQUVD6W
D67X86CE?YCE8D67XD6L$CZ%[Y\$]-^XO$9 ;Q_VCE8JVM UKI)CQOCQUKI)CQUVD@7%?FGL$CED6L$CE8HM DH;%<ED6N
M U`;%U>7O$O7NM D6M 7UK;%9,ab;%U$U$CE8c
V`f4ˆF^:dskoO‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ skoµf4skrF‹4^“Xf4ao'kml;n6oƒˆF^tµ[zŸ‘skct‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸG¯6ˆ Ž
‹Ps6a>^`o4s]Žf4skrF‹  skc`Ž"f4a’kao4ace[]r kml;n6o  p4oOdºŽ"ˆ sko$–
½~o’kao4ace[]r¬gOŽ"f4a‘nz[]r p4a>^r a>[]c"o4a>‹\6šŠq¼q — “Xˆ r r¼o4s]Ždskc"c"a}
^b‰skoO‹Ž"sŽ"f4sD^bas  []o6šv[k^bfŠa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t҉skr ˆFdšk–¤Ãsz“`}
ankac>gŽ"f4ac"aË[]c"až^b‰a>dˆF[]rLd[k^ba>^Šˆ o,“Xf4ˆFdef,ˆ ŽŒ“Xˆ r r¬–Y$aŽ
q4c"ˆ aoO‹6} — ‹Pao4s]Ž"a›q¼q — [k^"^bp4t‘ˆ o4’®[]r rsk‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^œ[]c"a
 c"ˆ aoO‹4^[]oO‹q4s6a} — ‹Pao4s]Ž"a!q¼q — [k^"^bp4t‘ˆ o4’[]r r$ˆ Že^sk‰4‰s]}
o4aoDŽe^¼[]c"a  s6a>^– · a8fO[0nkaŽ"f4a  skr r sz“Xˆ o4’Ž"f4askc"atg0‰O[]ce[]r r ar
Ž"sµV`f4askc"atÄ¿O–
= df1 Ñ>ÔÕ IÛ ÔeØzÚºÓ4EÖ zØzÛ ÜOÔºÖ ÑzÚØ ÷ Ø0Ö"øËÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÕ
/236fÏ 8z36e
ÚºíÉÜPÝ ßOÑzÛ í.îà‘í ×<ø4ÔÙDØzݵԃø4Ø0ÖØzӍØkò zÔÚeÖØzÚºí.ØzÛ2ÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPÝ
g ÑzÓòzíÉ׬í.Ñz
Ó ":hØzÓò 1 Úºí.ÔÓòzÕ I›Û ÔeØzÚºÓ4Ö zØzÛ ÜOÔºXÖ ÑzÚ‘Ø ÷ Ø0Ö"ø
ÔeùÜPíÉÛ í.úÚºíÉÜPݛßOÑzÛ í.îà‘í ×<ø4ÔÙDØzݵԃø4Ø0ÖØµîeÑ>ÑzÚ"òzíÉÓØz׬í.ÑzӌÔeùÜPíÉÕ
Û í.úÚºíÉÜPÝ g ÑzÓòzíÉ׬í.Ñz!
Ó %Hh Siø6íFÖíFÖ׬ںÜOÔÚ"ԘÙDØzÚ"ò6Û ÔºÖeÖ&-Ñ Ñ"ßÕ
ßOÑzÓÔÓO×`úeÔeø4Ø >í.ÑzÚ 8zÏ$Ï ­8a>d[]pO^baXs  Ž"f4aƒdsko4o4a>dºŽ"ˆ skoµ\aŽ™“8aaoa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[
ˆ ož¶Š[]c"mkszn’D[]t‘a>^[]oO‹³sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka’D[]t‘a>^!t‘aoDŽ"ˆ sko4a>‹³ˆ o
«6a>dºŽ"ˆ skoêhk– |Pg¼ˆ Ž‘ˆF^^bpPÈdˆ aoDŽLŽ"s^bf4sz“®Ž"fO[zŽŽ"f4anz[]r p4as 
[ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko&a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4téˆ o[‘sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka’D[]t‘aˆF^XŽ"f4a
tµ[zŸPˆ tp4t ‰O[0šks]挪Ɏ"c"p4a\6š‘‹PaÆOo4ˆ Ž"ˆ sko² []oO‹LŽ"fO[zŽ:nz[]r p4as 
[]oŒ[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r$a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t҈ oŒ[sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka!’D[]t‘aˆF^Ž"f4a
t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ&nz[]r p4aµª.^bf4sz“Xo&o4aŸ6Žº²º–
Y$aŽ çâzãäääã"çƒå!\a:Ž"f4a`‰O[0šks]æG^$ˆ o‘[sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka’D[]t‘ak–2Y$aŽ
ðGâzãäääãbðå\aƒsko4a}~^™Že[]’ka‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^Ž"fO[zŽ[kdef4ˆ ankaXŽ"f4a¤t‘ˆ o4ˆ }
tµ[zŸnz[]r p4a  skcX‰4rF[0škacƒhµª.[k^"^bp4t‘ˆ o4’‘[]r rGs]Ž"f4ac`‰4rF[0škace^8[kdºŽ
[k^[¤Ž"a>[]t²º– V`f6pO^gDçâzª<ðGâzãäääãbðå4²8üçâzª<ð âþ ãb*ð kãäääãbðåO²
[]oO‹çâzª<ðGâzãäääãbðå4² çâ]ª<ðGâ0ãbð þ ãäääãbð åþ ²  skc[]c"\4ˆ Ž"ce[]c"š
sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka¤‰skr ˆFdšð âþ []oO‹^baŽs  ‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^Xð þ ãäääãbð åþ –8Y$aŽ
/4â0ãääädã /6å&\aL[^baŽƒs  sko4a}~^™Že[]’ka‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^ˆ o[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t–8¾:skt‘‰O[]c"aŽ"f4aaŸP‰a>dºŽ"a>‹‰O[0šks]æŽ"s‘‰4rF[0škacƒh
p4oO‹PacXð[]oOE‹ /û
çâzª<ðGâzãäääãbðåO² ü çâzª<ð âþ ãb*ð ]ãäääãbðå4²
çâzRª /4â0dã / þ ãääädã / þå ²
ü çâzRª /4â0ãääädã /6å4²ºä
V`f4aÆOce^™ŽËˆ o4a> DpO[]r ˆ Ž™š  skr r sz“^  c"skt Ž"f4a  [kdºŽËŽ"fO[zŽËðGâ
ˆF^t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸGgŽ"f4a³a> DpO[]r ˆ Ž™š  c"skt Že[]m6ˆ o4’Ëð âþ /4â[]oO‹
/ þ ãääädã / þå *
ð kãäääãbðåGgµ[]oO‹,Ž"f4aœ^ba>dskoO‹,ˆ o4a> DpO[]r ˆ Ž™š
 c"sktuè: DpO[zŽ"ˆ sko|P–
«6ˆ t‘ˆ rF[]c"r škgP“8a¤fO[0nka
çâzRª /4âzãääädã /6å4² ü çâzRª / þâ dã /
]ãääädã /6å4²
çâzª<ðGâzãbð$
þ ãäääãbð$åþ ²
ü çâzª<ðGâzãäääãbðå4²ºä
V`f4aÆOce^™Ž2ˆ o4a> DpO[]r ˆ Ž™š  skr r sz“^  c"skt è: DpO[zŽ"ˆ skoµhkg>Ž"f4a8a> DpO[]r }
ˆ Ž™š  c"sktҎe[]m6ˆ o4’ / þâ ®ðGâL[]oO‹Œð þ ãäääãbð åþ !/
]ãääädã /6åg
[]oO‹Ž"f4a!^ba>dskoO‹ˆ o4a> DpO[]r ˆ Ž™š\a>d[]pO^ba¤ðGâˆF^`t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸG–
V`f6pO^gŽ"f4a³nz[]r p4as  []o [k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]ra> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t  skc[
‰4rF[0škacLd[]ož\a  skp4oO‹?\6š?[Št‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸžd[]rFdp4rF[zŽ"ˆ sko?pO^bˆ o4’
sko4r šˆ Že^Xsz“Xo&‰O[0šks]æG^–
_Xa’D[]ce‹Pr a>^"^ƒs  Ž"f4aµ’D[]t‘akg$Ž"f4ac"aµˆF^![]oˆ oDŽ"ac"‰4c"aŽe[zŽ"ˆ skoŽ"s
Ž"f4anz[]r p4a>^`r a>[]c"o4a>‹\6šq4s6a} — –
= 21 Ñ>ÔÕ I,Û ÔeØzÚºÓ4ÖØKIpeÜPÓî׬í.ÑzÓ 2ø4Ñ0ÖÔîeÑzÚºÚ"ÔÕ
/236fÏ 8z36
Ö¬ßOÑzÓòzíÉÓ6ÙXßOÑzÛ í.îbà íÉÛÉÛØkîeø6í.6Ô zÔ!Øz×2Û ÔeØ0Öº×2×<ø4ÔÛ ÔeØzÚºÓÔeCò zØzÛ ÜOÔº:Ö Ú"ԘÙDØzÚ"ò6Û ÔºÖeÖL-Ñ ¤×<ø4ÔLÑ"ßkßOÑzÓÔÓO× ÖÖÔÛ Ôeî×~ÔeòƒßOÑzÛ í.îà V`f4ˆF^&ˆF^[ž^™Ž"ce[]ˆ ’kfDŽ  skc"“`[]ce‹dskoO^ba> Dp4aoOdas  Ž"f4aŒpO^baŒs 
t‘ˆ o4ˆ tµ[zŸ&ˆ oŽ"f4ap4‰‹4[zŽ"a!c"p4r a¤s  q4s6a} — –
¢ †
543‚
`V f4ˆF^8^ba>dºŽ"ˆ sko‹Pa>^"dc"ˆ \a>^Ž"f4aƒ\afO[0n6ˆ skc:s  q¼q — []oO‹v[k^bfP}
— ˆ oŽ™“8s^bˆ t‘‰4r aL|0}˜‰4rF[0škacX’D[]t‘a>^–X«6ˆ oOdaq¼q — , ^dsko6nkacb}
’kaoOdaXˆF^ ’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aa>‹GgzˆF‹Pa>[]r ˆ ¹a>‹Lc"a>^bp4r Že^ []c"aX’kˆ nkao$¯kat‘‰4ˆ cb}
ˆFd[]r8c"a>^bp4r Že^L[]c"adˆ Ž"a>‹  skc‘v[k^bfP} — –2V`f4a&’D[]t‘a>^[]c"a‹Pa}
^"dc"ˆ \a>‹Œ\6šŒÃp³[]oO‹ · ar r tµ[]oꪬ|]jkjkjD²ƒ[]oO‹Œ[]c"a‹Pa‰4ˆFdºŽ"a>‹
ˆ oŒq2ˆ ’kp4c"a&hk–½~oŒ\s]Ž"f’D[]t‘a>^gŽ"f4aL‰4rF[0škace^ƒd[]oŠt‘sznka‘^bˆ }
tp4r Že[]o4askpO^br šˆ oŽ"f4a  skp4c¤dskt‘‰O[k^"^ƒ‹Pˆ c"a>dºŽ"ˆ skoO^–!È ŽbŽ"ˆ o4’
[“`[]r r`ˆF^µ[o4s]}˜sk‰$–ËV`f4a&ÆOce^™Ž‘‰4rF[0škacŽ"sc"a>[kdef?ˆ Že^‘’ksD[]r
c"a>daˆ nka>^h>jkj!‰skˆ oDŽe^– ½~oŽ"f4a¤ankaoDŽ`s  [!Ž"ˆ akgP\s]Ž"f&‰4rF[0škace^
[]c"ac"a“`[]ce‹Pa>‹ª<o4skoP}˜¹ac"s³^bp4t²º–½  Ž™“8s‰4rF[0škace^‘dskr r ˆF‹Pa
ªÉŽ"c"šLŽ"saoDŽ"ac:Ž"f4aƒ^"[]t‘a’kc"ˆF‹‘‰sD^bˆ Ž"ˆ sko²ºg6a>[kdefµc"a>daˆ nka>#^ h
[]oO‹o4sµt‘s]Ž"ˆ sko&sPddp4ce^–
½~o˒kc"ˆF‹?’D[]t‘aŒhkg:\s]Ž"fˉ4rF[0škace^Ld[]ožc"a>daˆ nkaŽ"f4aˆ cµtµ[zŸ6}
ˆ tp4t ^"dskc"ak–žÃsz“8ankac>g:^bˆ oOdaŽ"f4aˆ cµ‰O[zŽ"fO^‘tpO^™Ždc"sD^"^g
Ž"f4ašµo4aa>‹Ž"s‘ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"aXŽ"sLaoO^bp4c"aŽ"fO[zŽ8Ž"f4aš‹Psk.o , ŽXdskr }
r ˆF‹Pak–›V`f4aŠ’D[]t‘afO[k^^bankace[]rXo4skoP}¬Ž"c"ˆ n6ˆF[]rds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[dskc"c"a>^b‰skoO‹Pˆ o4’œŽ"sŽ"f4a‹Pˆ c"a>dºŽ>gµdskr r ˆF^bˆ skoP}  c"aa
‰O[zŽ"fO^  skcŽ"f4a!Ž™“8s‰4rF[0škace^–`v[k^bfP} — dskoO^bˆF^™Ž"aoDŽ"r š&r a>[]c"oO^
dskc"c"a>dºŽ`nz[]r p4a>^`ˆ o&Ž"f4ˆF^X’D[]t‘aµª.ÃpW · ar r tµ[]o$g|]jkjkjD²º–
U®q4c"ˆ aoO‹6} — r a>[]c"o4acƒÆOoO‹4^ƒŽ"f4aµ^"[]t‘aLnz[]r p4a>^[k^¤v[k^bfP} — –
­8s]Ž"fLv[k^bfP} — []oO‹q4c"ˆ aoO‹6} — fO[0nka:Ž"f4aX‹Pˆ Èdp4r Ž™šŽ"fO[z޼Ž"f4a
aŸPˆF^™Ž"aoOdaXs  a> DpO[]r }˜nz[]r p4a>‹o4skoP}~dskt‘‰O[zŽ"ˆ \4r aXds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[³t‘a>[]oO^Ž"fO[zŽ&ˆ Ž&ˆF^‰sD^"^bˆ \4r aŽ"fO[zŽ  skr r sz“Xˆ o4’?[
’kc"aa>‹Pš‰skr ˆFdšŠ“Xˆ Ž"fŒc"a>^b‰a>dºŽƒŽ"s&Ž"f4a‘r a>[]c"o4a>‹Šnz[]r p4a>^ƒtµ[0š
o4s]Žƒ[kdef4ˆ anka¤Ž"f4ar a>[]c"o4a>‹nz[]r p4ak–q4skcaŸ4[]t‘‰4r akgˆ ŽˆF^‰sD^™}
^bˆ \4r aŽ"fO[zŽ`‰4rF[0škac8UZdef4s6sD^ba>^  c"skt Ž"f4a¤^™Že[]cbŽX^™Že[zŽ"aƒ[]oO‹
‰4rF[0škac!­ def4s6sD^ba>^ Á–Ur Ž"f4skp4’kf³\s]Ž"f³s  Ž"f4a>^ba[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^
[]c"aЉO[]cbŽ&s  ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoœa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[?[]oO‹ê[]c"a[k^"^bˆ ’ko4a>‹
tµ[zŸPˆ tµ[]rOnz[]r p4akg]Ž"f4aˆ c`dskt\4ˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko‘c"a>^bp4r Že^ˆ o‹PˆF^"[k^™Ž"a4c 9
o4aˆ Ž"f4ac‰4rF[0škac`c"a>[kdef4a>^:Ž"f4a’ksD[]r¬–
½~o‘’kc"ˆF‹’D[]t‘a¤hkgk[q4s6a} — r a>[]c"o4ac¼“Xˆ r rO[k^"^bˆ ’ko‘[¤j¤nz[]r p4a8Ž"s
Ž"f4a`^™Že[]cbŽ ^™Že[zŽ"akg][k^$Ž"f4a8sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽ d[]oL[]r “`[0šP^$‰4c"ankaoDŽŽ"f4a
r a>[]c"o4ac  c"sktuc"a>[kdef4ˆ o4’Lˆ Že^X’ksD[]r¬–:Ur Ž"f4skp4’kfˆ ŽˆF^X‰sD^"^bˆ \4r a
Ž"fO[zޤŽ"f4aLr a>[]c"o4acƒ“Xˆ r rdef4s6sD^baL[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^Ž"fO[zޤ“Xˆ r rd[]pO^baLˆ Ž
Ž"sËc"a>[kdefêŽ"f4aŒ’ksD[]r¤ˆ oZ[?Ž"ˆ t‘ar š  [k^bf4ˆ sko ª  skcaŸ4[]t‘‰4r akg
ˆ  ˆ Ždef4s6sD^ba>^ []oO‹Ž"f4aŒsk‰4‰sko4aoDŽdef4s6sD^ba>^
^bˆ t‘‰4r šc"Šatµ²º[]g:ˆ ˆ oŽ”"ˆF^!dszõ™“8pOa^™ŽŠc"ˆ o4[k’D^•‘r ˆˆ mkoarˆ šËŽe^¤Ž"ˆ fOo4[zˆ Ž"Ž&ˆF[]Ž"r¼f4‰aŒsDr^ba>ˆ Ž"[]ˆ c"sko4oac“X“Xf4ˆ ˆ r r a r
Ž"f4as]Ž"f4acµ‰4rF[0škacdskt‘‰4r aŽ"a>^LŽ"f4a’D[]t‘ak–êÃsz“8ankac>gŽ"f4a
“8skce^™Ž8Ž"fO[zŽ[‘q4s6a} — r a>[]c"o4ac`“Xˆ r rGc"a>daˆ nkaƒˆF^Xj4g4dskt‘‰O[]c"a>‹
Ž"sµŽ"f4a^bp4\O^™Že[]oDŽ"ˆF[]ro4a’D[zŽ"ˆ nka¤nz[]r p4a!‰sD^"^bˆ \4r a!s  q4c"ˆ aoO‹6} —
ˆ  4o skoP}~dskt‘‰O[zŽ"ˆ \4r a[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^X[]c"a¤^bar a>dºŽ"a>‹G–
c"ˆF‹’D[]t‘a|µˆF^‹Pˆ æac"aoDŽƒˆ oŽ"fO[zŽƒˆ Žƒ‰sD^"^ba>^"^ba>^Xo4aˆ Ž"f4acƒ[
ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoo4skc[]o[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]ra> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t–:U ‰4rF[0škac
Ž"fO[z޵def4s6sD^ba>^Ž"s‰O[k^"^!Ž"f4c"skp4’kf³Ž"f4a\O[]c"c"ˆ ac&ª<f4a>[0n6šr ˆ o4a
ˆ oÆO’kp4c"a0²`’kaŽe^XŽ"f4c"skp4’kf“Xˆ Ž"fЉ4c"sk\O[]\4ˆ r ˆ Ž™šh ]|‘[]oO‹c"ˆF^bmP^
\aˆ o4’\a>[zŽ"aoµŽ"s!Ž"f4a’ksD[]rOfO[]r  Ž"f4aŽ"ˆ t‘aƒ\6šµ[]oµsk‰4‰sko4aoDŽ
Ž"fO[zŽ:pO^ba>^¼Ž"f4adaoDŽ"ac ‰O[k^"^"[]’kak– ´oLŽ"f4as]Ž"f4acfO[]oO‹GgD^bˆ oOda
\s]Ž"f&‰4rF[0škace^:d[]o4o4s]Ž`pO^baƒŽ"f4a¤daoDŽ"ac`‰O[k^"^"[]’kaƒ^bˆ tp4r Že[]o4a}
skpO^br škg]ˆ Ž ˆF^¼o4s]Ž ‰sD^"^bˆ \4r a  skc¼\s]Ž"fL‰4rF[0škace^Ž"sƒc"a>daˆ nka:Ž"f4aˆ c
tµ[zŸPˆ tp4té^"dskc"ak–8­8sz“Xr ˆ o4’ª¬|]jkjkjD²  skp4oO‹&Ž"fO[zŽƒ^bˆ t‘‰4r a —
r a>[]c"o4ace^XdskoO^bˆF^™Ž"aoDŽ"r š&ˆF‹PaoDŽ"ˆ  š[µv[k^bfa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tÁª<sko4a
‰4rF[0škacpO^ba>^Ž"f4a‘daoDŽ"ac¤‰O[k^"^"[]’kakgOŽ"f4aLs]Ž"f4ac[zŽbŽ"at‘‰PŽe^Ž"s
‰O[k^"^‘Ž"f4c"skp4’kfˎ"f4aŠ\O[]c"c"ˆ acº²º–ZÃp[]oO‹ · ar r tµ[]o,ª¬|]jkjkjD²
^bf4sz“8a>‹Ž"fO[zŽv[k^bfP} — r a>[]c"o4ace^“Xˆ r r¼s  Ž"aoŒˆF‹PaoDŽ"ˆ  ša> Dp4ˆ }
r ˆ \4c"ˆF[4gO\4pPŽŽ"f4a‰4c"sk\O[]\4ˆ r ˆ Ž™š&‹Pa‰aoO‹Pa>‹skof4sz“ZŽ"f4Ea kml;n6o
 p4oOdºŽ"ˆ sko“`[k^`ˆ t‘‰4r at‘aoDŽ"a>‹G–
q4c"ˆ aoO‹6} — r a>[]c"oO^³Ž"s pO^baêŽ"f4a daoDŽ"acˉO[k^"^"[]’kaœˆ ou’kc"ˆF‹
’D[]t‘aX|P– · f4aŽ"f4ac¼Ž"f4ˆF^^™Ž"ce[zŽ"a’kšˆF^¼c"a>[k^bskoO[]\4r a:skc¼o4s]Ž‹Pa}
‰aoO‹4^¼sko!Ž"f4a`\afO[0n6ˆ skc2s  Ž"f4a8sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽ>–2½  \s]Ž"fL‰4rF[0škace^
[]c"aƒq4c"ˆ aoO‹6} — r a>[]c"o4ace^g6^"[0škg6\s]Ž"f“Xˆ r rGdef4s6sD^baŽ"f4adaoDŽ"ac
‰O[k^"^"[]’kaŽ"sLŽ"f4aˆ ctpPŽ"pO[]r$‹PˆF^"[k‹Pnz[]oDŽe[]’kak–
Uêq4s6a} — r a>[]c"o4ac“Xˆ r r[0nkskˆF‹!Ž"f4a‰sD^"^bˆ \4ˆ r ˆ Ž™šs  dskoPÇOˆFdºŽ:ˆ o
Ž"f4a!daoDŽ"acX‰O[k^"^"[]’ka\6š[zŽbŽ"at‘‰PŽ"ˆ o4’‘Ž"sµdc"sD^"^:Ž"f4a\O[]c"c"ˆ ac>–
Ã[]r  s  Ž"f4aŽ"ˆ t‘akg2Ž"f4ˆF^“Xˆ r r:\a&^bpOdda>^"^  p4rc"a’D[]ce‹Pr a>^"^¤s 
Ž"f4ask‰4‰sko4aoDŽ , ^Xdef4skˆFda¤s  [kdºŽ"ˆ sko$–
½~oL\s]Ž"fs  Ž"f4a>^ba8aŸ4[]t‘‰4r a>^g]q4c"ˆ aoO‹6} — []oO‹q4s6a} — \afO[0nka
c"a>[k^bskoO[]\4r š’kˆ nkaoŽ"f4aˆ c!c"a>^b‰a>dºŽ"ˆ nka[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ skoO^¤skoŒŽ"f4a
\afO[0n6ˆ skcs  Ž"f4aˆ c!sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^–vankacbŽ"f4ar a>^"^go4aˆ Ž"f4ac!ˆF^
ˆF‹Pa>[]r¬g4[k^X‹PˆF^"dpO^"^ba>‹ˆ o&Ž"f4ao4aŸ6Ž^ba>dºŽ"ˆ sko$–
`¢
b© ‚6‡G¨‚6‚6©™¦ ¥
«6ˆ t‘‰4r šË‰4pPŽ>g`Ž"f4a’ksD[]rXs  r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’ˆF^‘Ž"s?tµ[zŸPˆ t‘ˆ ¹aaŸ6}
‰a>dºŽ"a>‹‰O[0šks]漖½~o[’D[]t‘akg4Ž"f4ˆF^ƒ’ksD[]r$ˆF^ƒdskt‘‰4r ˆFd[zŽ"a>‹\6š
Ž"f4a  [kdºŽƒŽ"fO[zޤsk‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^ƒd[]o4o4s]Žƒ\a‘‹Pˆ c"a>dºŽ"r šdskoDŽ"c"skr r a>‹
[]oO‹Œtµ[0šŠ\afO[0nkaµ[kddskce‹Pˆ o4’Ž"sp4o4m6o4sz“XoŒ‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^– a}
‰aoO‹Pˆ o4’?skoœ[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ skoO^[]\skpPŽsk‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^ ,\afO[0n6ˆ skc>g
Ž"f4ac"aµ[]c"aLtµ[]o6šŠ‹Pˆ æac"aoDŽ“`[0šP^Ž"s[]‰4‰4c"sD[kdefŽ"f4a‘r a>[]c"oP}
ˆ o4’‘‰4c"sk\4r at–
Vs&f4ar ‰ŒaŸP‰4r skc"aŽ"f4aµ^b‰O[kdaLs  ‰sD^"^bˆ \4r aLr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’^™Ž"ce[zŽ"a}
’kˆ a>^gPdskoO^bˆF‹Pac`[]’D[]ˆ o’kc"ˆF‹µ’D[]t‘a|PgP‹Pa>^"dc"ˆ \a>‹ˆ oŽ"f4a¤‰4c"a}
n6ˆ skpO^ ^ba>dºŽ"ˆ sko$–¼V`f4aXt‘sD^™Ž:dc"ˆ Ž"ˆFd[]rO‹Pa>dˆF^bˆ sko‘[¤‰4rF[0škac¼tpO^™Ž
tµ[]mka!ˆ oŽ"f4a’D[]t‘a!ˆF^ˆ oŽ"f4a!ÆOce^™Ž¤^™Ž"a‰$g“Xf4aoŠˆ ޤ‹Pa>dˆF‹Pa>^
“Xf4aŽ"f4ac Ž"st‘sznka8Ž"sŽ"f4adaoDŽ"acª ²¼skc¼Ž"f4c"skp4’kfLŽ"f4aX\O[]cb}
c"ˆ acXª ²º–]V`f4a`’D[]t‘a8d[]oL\aX[]‰4‰4c"s0ŸPˆ tµ[zŽ"a>‹\6š¤Ž"f4aX^bˆ t‘‰4r a
sko4a}~^™Že[]’kaƒ’D[]t‘a‹PaÆOo4a>‹&\6š
çâ1 $ M h>¸]jkjj M M h>±kjk±j &
[]oO‹ç
b,ç⠖V`f4ˆF^ƒ’D[]t‘aˆF^ƒm6o4sz“XoŠˆ oŠŽ"f4a‘’D[]t‘a!Ž"f4a}
B
goal
N
A
goal
W
A or B
goal
E
S
A
B
Grid Game 1
Barrier
wall: prob 1/2
not wall: prob 1/2
A
B
Grid Game 2
FH7CQU$CE8-;%9 NP$a%86M I';%a CQNQc
skc"šr ˆ Ž"ace[zŽ"p4c"a[k^µ”"def4ˆFdemkaoO•4gP\a>d[]pO^ba¤Ž"f4a!‰4rF[0škac`Ž"fO[zŽˆF^
\skrF‹ao4skp4’kfŽ"spO^ba!Ž"f4aLdaoDŽ"ac‰O[k^"^"[]’ka¤ˆF^Ž"f4a\4ˆ ’“Xˆ oP}
o4ac>g6“Xf4ˆ r aŽ"f4a&”"def4ˆFdemkaoO•¤Ž"fO[zŽ`’ks6a>^Ž"f4c"skp4’kfµŽ"f4aƒ\O[]c"c"ˆ ac
^"dskc"a>^ r a>^"^:“8ar r¬–´  dskp4ce^bakgk‰O[]ˆ c"ˆ o4’!s]æ&Ž™“8sdaoDŽ"ac:‰4rF[0šD}
ace^:ˆF^`[‹PˆF^"[k^™Ž"ac  skcX[]r r‰O[]cbŽ"ˆ a>^gP[k^Ž"f4ašdskr r ˆF‹PaƒaoDŽ"ac"ˆ o4’
Ž"f4a!daoDŽ"acX‰O[k^"^"[]’kak–
a‰aoO‹Pˆ o4’LskoŽ"f4aƒsk‰4‰sko4aoDŽ  [kda>‹GgDŽ"f4aƒr a>[]c"o4ac8d[]o&[]‰P}
‰4c"sD[kdefŽ"f4ˆF^X’D[]t‘a¤ˆ o^bankace[]r‹Pˆ æac"aoDŽ“`[0šP^û
fÏ 8zÐ;-k14Ð>3Ï :Ï@236@; û2Uo[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"š!def4s6sD^ba>^2Ž"f4ask‰P}
‰sko4aoDŽpO^ba>‹ŠŽ"sanz[]r pO[zŽ"aŽ"f4a‘r a>[]c"o4ac>–q4s6a} — ÆOoO‹4^ƒŽ"f4a
sk‰PŽ"ˆ tµ[]r ‰skr ˆFdš  skc¤Ž"f4ˆF^!^"daoO[]c"ˆ sOgG“Xf4ˆFdefŒˆF^ –$½˜ŽˆF^aŸ6}
Ž"c"at‘ar š‰a>^"^bˆ t‘ˆF^™Ž"ˆFd]g2“Xf4ˆFdef³d[]or a>[k‹ŠŽ"ssznkac"r šdskoO^bacb}
nz[zŽ"ˆ nka¤‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^`ˆ o^bskt‘a¤’D[]t‘a>^–
36Ð;-k14Ð>3³Ï :Ï@236@; ûƒV`f4a‘sk‰4‰sko4aoDޤ“Xˆ r rdef4s6sD^baL[kdº}
Ž"ˆ skoO^ˆ o[¤“`[0šŽ"fO[zŽ:\ao4aÆ4Že^Ž"f4ar a>[]c"o4ac>–2V`f4ˆF^ˆF^:[]‰4‰4c"s]}
‰4c"ˆF[zŽ"a‘sko4r šˆ o‰4p4c"ar šds6sk‰ace[zŽ"ˆ nka‘^baŽbŽ"ˆ o4’D^g2[]oO‹ŒˆF^¤Ž"f4a
‰ace^b‰a>dºŽ"ˆ nkaƒŽe[]mkao&\6š&q4c"ˆ aoO‹6} — gP“Xf4ˆFdef^bar a>dºŽe^ f4ac"ak–
@ :$@2Ï @ŠÎ $3 Ï :Ï@236@; ûV`f4a8sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽ  [kda>‹‹Pp4cb}
ˆ o4’Zr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’êaŸPa>dpPŽ"a>^Œ[êÆ4ŸPa>‹,‰skr ˆFdškgL“Xf4ˆFdef,ˆF^ŒpO^ba>‹
Ž"sŠanz[]r pO[zŽ"a‘Ž"f4ar a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’‰4rF[0škac>– — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’&ÆOoO‹4^!Ž"f4a
\a>^™Ž¤c"a>^b‰skoO^ba 9Ž"f4a‰O[0šks]æŒtµ[zŸPˆ t‘ˆ ¹ˆ o4’‰skr ˆFdš“Xˆ Ž"fc"a}
^b‰a>dºŽ$Ž"sXŽ"f4aÆ4ŸPa>‹¤sk‰4‰sko4aoD4Ž 9œˆ o¤Ž"f4ˆF^2^"daoO[]c"ˆ sO– o  skcbŽ"pP}
oO[zŽ"ar škg — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’‘o4aa>‹o4s]Žr a>[]c"o[]osk‰PŽ"ˆ tµ[]r‰skr ˆFdš&ˆ 
ˆ Že^$sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^$[]c"a o4s]Ž$Æ4ŸPa>‹ 9œˆ  Ž"f4aš¤[]c"a[]rF^bs — }˜r a>[]c"o4ace^g
 skcXaŸ4[]t‘‰4r ak–
14Ð>/ËÏ :Ï@236@; û2½~otp4r Ž"ˆF[]’kaoDŽ`r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’^"daoO[]c"ˆ sD^gDˆ Ž
ˆF^c"a>[k^bskoO[]\4r aƒŽ"sˆ tµ[]’kˆ o4a¤Ž"fO[zޤ[]r r‰4rF[0škace^`“Xˆ r r¼dskoDŽ"ˆ o6p4a
[k‹4[]‰PŽ"ˆ o4’ƒŽ"f4aˆ c\afO[0n6ˆ skc p4oDŽ"ˆ rPŽ"f4aš!ÆOoO‹‘[¤\a>^™Žc"a>^b‰skoO^ba
Ž"s&Ž"f4a‘s]Ž"f4ace^– oO‹Pac¤Ž"f4ˆF^[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ sko$gGŽ"f4a‘aoO‹c"a>^bp4r Ž
“Xˆ r r$\a![‘v[k^bf&a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4t–V`f4ac"a  skc"akg6ÆOoO‹Pˆ o4’µ[‘v[k^bf
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tôˆF^L[Šc"a>[k^bskoO[]\4r a’ksD[]r  skc‘[Šr a>[]c"o4ac>–Ãsz“`}
ankac>gˆ Ž!ˆF^!o4s]ŽXõ™pO^™Ž"ˆ ÆOa>‹  skc[‰4rF[0škac¤Ž"sŠdef4s6sD^baµ[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^
[kddskce‹Pˆ o4’!Ž"sµ[]o³ØzÚúíÉ׬Ú"ØzÚºàv[k^bf&a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tg4^bˆ oOdaƒŽ"f4ˆF^
‹Ps6a>^Xo4s]Žtµ[zŸPˆ t‘ˆ ¹a!‰O[0šks]漖8U›t‘skc"a!^baoO^bˆ \4r a[]‰4‰4c"sD[kdef$g
“Xf4ˆFdefŠfO[k^o4s]Žƒ\aao“8ar r2aŸP‰4r skc"a>‹GgOˆF^ƒdef4s6sD^bˆ o4’[v[k^bf
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tʉskr ˆFdšŠŽ"fO[zŽˆF^!^bskt‘af4sz“Ê”"dr sD^ba>•Ž"sŠ[\a>^™Ž
c"a>^b‰skoO^baƒŽ"sLŽ"f4ask\O^bac"nka>‹\afO[0n6ˆ skc`s  Ž"f4ask‰4‰sko4aoDŽ>–
36ÐA
; 8z36Ð :Ï@2Ð>3Ï :Ï@236@; û¼½  Ž"f4a¤r a>[]c"o4ac`[k^"^bp4t‘a>^8ˆ Že^
sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^ƒ“Xˆ r r[k‹Psk‰Pޤ\a>^™Ž¤c"a>^b‰skoO^baL‰skr ˆFdˆ a>^Ž"s&ˆ Že^[kdº}
Ž"ˆ skoO^g2ˆ ŽLd[]o³def4s6sD^baµ[‰skr ˆFdšŽ"fO[zŽtµ[zŸPˆ t‘ˆ ¹a>^¤ˆ Že^!‰O[0šD}
s]æ p4oO‹PacŽ"f4ˆF^&[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ sko$– «6skt‘aŠa>[]c"r šËaŸP‰4r skce[zŽ"ˆ skoO^
s  Ž"f4ˆF^![]‰4‰4c"sD[kdefˆ o³sko4a}~^™Že[]’kaL’D[]t‘a>^¤ˆ oO‹PˆFd[zŽ"a‘Ž"fO[zŽ[]r r
‰4rF[0škace^8d[]o\ao4aÆ4ŽXˆ oŽ"f4ˆF^X^"daoO[]c"ˆ s&ª.Y$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]oW «DŽ"sko4akg
|]jkj4h0²º–ž­8š³ˆ oOdr pO‹Pˆ o4’³^bˆ t‘‰4r af4ˆF^™Ž"skc"š  a>[zŽ"p4c"a>^g:‰4rF[0škace^
d[]oË^™Že[]\4ˆ r ˆ ¹atpPŽ"pO[]r r š³\ao4aÆdˆF[]r^™Ž"ce[zŽ"a’kˆ a>^pO^bˆ o4’ŒŽ"f4a
”™Ž"f4c"a>[zŽe•Ls  []’k’kc"a>^"^bˆ nka‰4p4o4ˆF^bf4t‘aoDŽƒ[kdºŽ"ˆ skoO^–q4skcXaŸ4[]tL}
‰4r akg[‘‰4rF[0škacd[]o‰4c"sk‰sD^ba¤Ž"s[]r Ž"ac"oO[zŽ"a\aŽ™“8aao []oO‹
gktµ[]m6ˆ o4’!ˆ Ž8‰sD^"^bˆ \4r a  skc\s]Ž"f‰4rF[0škace^¼Ž"s[0nkace[]’ka M x]¸P–
½  Ž"f4a!‰4c"sk‰sD^"[]r$ˆF^Xo4s]Žƒ[kdda‰PŽ"a>‹Gg4Ž"f4a!‰4rF[0škacd[]o‰4p4o4ˆF^bf
Ž"f4ask‰4‰sko4aoDŽƒ\6š&aŸPa>dpPŽ"ˆ o4’ –U ^btµ[]cbŽsk‰4‰sko4aoDŽƒ“Xˆ r r
c"a>dsk’ko4ˆ ¹a`Ž"fO[zŽ`[kdda‰PŽ"ˆ o4’Ž"f4ˆF^:‰4c"sk‰sD^"[]r4ˆF^ˆ oˆ Že^:\a>^™Ž8ˆ oP}
Ž"ac"a>^™Ž>–`½˜ŽƒˆF^[µtp4r Ž"ˆ }~^™Ž"a‰Šv[k^bfa> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tg^bskt‘a“XfO[zŽ
r ˆ mkaƒŽ"ˆ Žb}  skcb}¬Že[zŽXˆ o&Ž"f4a!lc"ˆF^bsko4ac , ^`‹Pˆ r at‘tµ[4–
Î $3 fÏ 8 36Ð; 8z36Ð :Ï@2Ð>3êÏ :Ï@236@; ûŒV`f4aŠsk‰4‰sko4aoDŽ
Ž™š6‰a>^$r ˆF^™Ž"a>‹[]\sznkad[]o¤\a:c"skp4’kf4r šd[zŽ"a’kskc"ˆ ¹a>‹ˆ oDŽ"sXÆ4ŸPa>‹
^™Ž"ce[zŽ"a’kˆ a>^L[]oO‹?\a>^™Žb}˜c"a>^b‰skoO^ba^™Ž"ce[zŽ"a’kˆ a>^–³Uo4s]Ž"f4ac[]‰P}
‰4c"sD[kdef&ˆF^XŽ"s[k^"^bp4t‘ask‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^\ar sko4’µŽ"sµsko4a!s  Ž"f4a>^ba
Ž™“8s‘Ž™š6‰a>^[]oO‹&Ž"s[zŽbŽ"at‘‰PŽŽ"sˆF‹PaoDŽ"ˆ  š“Xf4ˆFdef$(– a‰aoO‹6}
ˆ o4’!skoLŽ"f4ac"a>^bp4r Ž>gD[]o[]‰4‰4c"sk‰4c"ˆF[zŽ"a`r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’!^™Ž"ce[zŽ"a’kšd[]o
\až[k‹Psk‰PŽ"a>‹G–V`f4ˆF^Š^baatµ^r ˆ mka?[nkac"šê‰4c"skt‘ˆF^bˆ o4’ê[]‰P}
‰4c"sD[kdef$gP[]oO‹&ˆ ŽfO[k^`o4s]ŽXc"a>daˆ nka>‹tpOdef[zŽbŽ"aoDŽ"ˆ sko$–
è:[kdefs  Ž"f4a>^ba¤[k^"^bp4t‘‰PŽ"ˆ skoO^8skosk‰4‰sko4aoDŽ8Ž™š6‰a¤fO[k^8\aoP}
aÆ4Že^ƒ[]oO‹‹Pce[0“X\O[kdemP^–`½  Ž"f4ac"aˆF^[^bˆ o4’kr a!\a>^™Ž¤[k^"^bp4t‘‰P}
Ž"ˆ sko$g4ˆ ŽfO[k^`škaŽ`Ž"sµ\ac"a>dsk’ko4ˆ ¹a>‹G–
½˜Ž&ˆF^“8skcbŽ"fœt‘aoDŽ"ˆ sko4ˆ o4’?Ž"fO[zŽ&’kc"ˆF‹’D[]t‘aŒ|³[k‹Pt‘ˆ Že^&[]o
ankao!t‘skc"a:^bsk‰4f4ˆF^™Ž"ˆFd[zŽ"a>‹^™Ž"ce[zŽ"a’kšƒˆ o!“Xf4ˆFdefŽ"f4a ‰4rF[0škac
^™Že[]r rF^ p4oDŽ"ˆ r4Ž"f4a ‰4rF[0škacdr a>[]ce^2Ž"f4a\O[]c"c"ˆ ac>–2V`f4ˆF^[]r r sz“^
\s]Ž"fˉ4rF[0škace^!Ž"sc"a>daˆ nka&[  p4r rX‰O[0šks]æœs  M h>jkjžª<t‘ˆ o6pO^
Ž"f4a^btµ[]r r8aŸP‰a>dºŽ"a>‹³‰aoO[]r Ž™š³d[]pO^ba>‹³\6šŒŽ"f4a&‹ParF[0š4²º–Œ½˜Ž
ˆF^‰sD^"^bˆ \4r aŽ"fO[zŽ‘f6p4tµ[]o?\aˆ o4’D^L“8skp4rF‹³fO[0nka[‹Pˆ Èdp4r Ž
Ž"ˆ t‘a!r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’LŽ"f4ˆF^‰skr ˆFdškgO\4pPŽˆ ŽˆF^“8skcbŽ"f^™Ž"pO‹Pš6ˆ o4’µŽ"f4a
m6ˆ oO‹4^s  c"a>[k^bsko4ˆ o4’‘c"a> Dp4ˆ c"a>‹  skcr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4tµ^8Ž"s
dsko6nkac"’kaƒŽ"sŽ"f4ˆF^m6ˆ oO‹s  tpPŽ"pO[]r r š\ao4aÆdˆF[]r\afO[0n6ˆ skc>–
½~o[c"a‰a>[zŽ"a>‹L’D[]t‘a^"daoO[]c"ˆ sOg$”"^bfO[]c"ˆ o4’ƒŽ"f4a“8a>[]r Ž"fO•¤r ˆ mka
Ž"f4ˆF^¼d[]o!\a8ˆ oL[‰4rF[0škac , ^^bar  }˜ˆ oDŽ"ac"a>^™Ž2ˆ  ˆ ޼‰4c"ankaoDŽe^s]Ž"f4ac
‰4rF[0škace^  c"skt \a>dskt‘ˆ o4’‹PˆF^b’kc"p4oDŽ"r a>‹‘[]oO‹L[kdºŽ"ˆ o4’p4oOds6sk‰P}
ace[zŽ"ˆ nkar šk–
`¢ ¦ ¥ ‡ 5b¨‚6©™¦ ¥ ‚
q4c"ˆ aoO‹6}˜skcb}  s6a — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’ª.q¼q — ²`‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa>^[]oŠ[]‰4‰4c"sD[kdef
Ž"sc"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’µˆ oŠ’kao4ace[]r }~^bp4tĒD[]t‘a>^–Y$ˆ mka
v[k^bfP} — g0ˆ Ž:^bf4skp4rF‹o4s]Ž \aXaŸP‰a>dºŽ"a>‹Ž"sƒÆOoO‹‘[ƒv[k^bfLa> Dp4ˆ }
r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tÅp4o4r a>^"^aˆ Ž"f4ac¤[ds6skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoskcƒ[]o[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]r
a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆ p4tuaŸPˆF^™Že^–
¾:skt‘‰O[]c"a>‹œŽ"sœv[k^bfP} — gXq¼q — ‹Ps6a>^&o4s]Žc"a> Dp4ˆ c"aŒr a>[]c"oP}
ˆ o4’‘a>^™Ž"ˆ tµ[zŽ"a>^`Ž"sLŽ"f4a —Z p4oOdºŽ"ˆ skoO^  skcXsk‰4‰sD^bˆ o4’‘‰4rF[0škace^g
ˆF^!a>[k^bšŽ"sŠˆ t‘‰4r at‘aoDŽ  skctp4r Ž"ˆ ‰4rF[0škacª<Þ üÄ|k²¤’D[]t‘a>^g
[]oO‹‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa>^2’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aa>‹dsko6nkac"’kaoOdak–$Uo‘aŸ6Ž"aoO^bˆ skoLs 
V`f4askc"atÄ¿µ^bf4sz“^8Ž"fO[zŽˆ Žd[]o&ÆOoO‹&a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[Lˆ o[‘rF[]c"’ka
ce[]o4’ka8s  tp4r Ž"ˆ ‰4rF[0škac¼’D[]t‘a>^¼\6š!t‘ˆ ŸPˆ o4’  c"ˆ aoO‹4^ []oO‹  s6a>^–
½~odskoDŽ"ce[k^™Ž>gv[k^bfP} — ‹Ps6a>^o4s]Žƒo4a>da>^"^"[]c"ˆ r š&c"a> Dp4ˆ c"aŽ"fO[zŽ
Ž"f4aµ[]’kaoDŽƒ\aŽ"skrF‹“Xf4aŽ"f4ac¤ˆ ޤˆF^  [kdˆ o4’[ž”  c"ˆ aoO‹4•skc¤[
”  s6a>•4–
q4s6a} — ‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa>^^™Ž"c"sko4’µ’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aa>^XskoŽ"f4ar a>[]c"o4a>‹‰skr }
ˆFdškgO^b‰a>dˆ Æd[]r r šµŽ"fO[zŽXŽ"f4ar a>[]c"o4ac`“Xˆ r r[kdºŽXˆ o[L“`[0šµŽ"fO[zŽ
“Xˆ r rƒ[kdef4ˆ ankaˆ Že^r a>[]c"o4a>‹Ënz[]r p4aˆ oO‹Pa‰aoO‹PaoDŽs  ˆ Že^sk‰P}
‰sko4aoDŽe^ ,¼[kdºŽ"ˆ sko?def4skˆFda>^–q4p4cbŽ"f4ac"t‘skc"akg¼ˆ Ž‘def4s6sD^ba>^¤Ž"f4a
‰skr ˆFdšŽ"fO[zŽƒ‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa>^`Ž"f4arF[]c"’ka>^™Ž^bpOdef’kpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aak–`l¼skr ˆ }
dˆ a>^`r a>[]c"o4a>‹\6šv[k^bfP} — o4aa>‹&o4s]ŽXfO[0nkaƒŽ"f4ˆF^X‰4c"sk‰acbŽ™šk–
Ãsz“8ankac>géq4c"ˆ aoO‹6} — , ^ʒkpO[]ce[]oDŽ"aa>^»[]c"adskoO^bˆF‹Pace[]\4r š
“8a>[]mkac>–¼­8a>d[]pO^baƒs  Ž"f4a¤‰sD^"^bˆ \4ˆ r ˆ Ž™šs  ˆ oOdskt‘‰O[zŽ"ˆ \4r ads]}
skce‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ sko‘a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[4g]Ž"f4ar a>[]c"o4act‘ˆ ’kfDŽ:o4s]Ž8[kdef4ˆ ankaXˆ Že^
r a>[]c"o4a>‹Lnz[]r p4akgkankaoµˆ  ˆ Že^sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽíFÖ[  c"ˆ aoO‹G– v[k^bfP} —
[]rF^bs‘‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa>^8o4sµ[]oO^b“8ac8Ž"s‘Ž"f4ˆF^`‰4c"sk\4r at–
½~o![k‹4‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ sko$g0o4aˆ Ž"f4ac2v[k^bfP} — o4skc2q¼q — [k‹4‹Pc"a>^"^Ž"f4a‰4c"sk\P}
r ats  ÆOoO‹Pˆ o4’a> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[ˆ o³d[k^ba>^“Xf4ac"a‘o4aˆ Ž"f4acLds6skcb}
‹Pˆ oO[zŽ"ˆ skoo4skc[k‹Pnkace^"[]c"ˆF[]ra> Dp4ˆ r ˆ \4c"ˆF[?aŸPˆF^™Ž>–ÄV`f4a>^ba[]c"a
Ž"f4a&t‘sD^™Ž‘ˆ oDŽ"ac"a>^™Ž"ˆ o4’Œ’D[]t‘a>^s  []r r¬g:^bˆ oOda^bskt‘a&‹Pa’kc"aa
s  dskt‘‰4c"skt‘ˆF^ba¤ˆF^Xo4aa>‹Pa>‹ 9Ž"f4a!r a>[]c"o4ac`tpO^™Ž\a“Xˆ r r ˆ o4’
Ž"s[kdda‰PŽ[]oˆ oDŽ"ac"t‘a>‹PˆF[zŽ"askpPŽedskt‘a\aŽ™“8aaoŠ[k^"^bp4t‘ˆ o4’
ˆ Že^sk‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^¤“Xˆ r r f4ar ‰ˆ Ž[kdef4ˆ ankaLˆ Že^tµ[zŸPˆ tp4t»nz[]r p4a
[]oO‹µ[k^"^bp4t‘ˆ o4’¤Ž"f4ask‰4‰sko4aoDŽe^“Xˆ r r  skcedaXˆ Ž:Ž"s[kdef4ˆ ankaXˆ Že^
t‘ˆ o4ˆ tp4ténz[]r p4ak–8V`f4ˆF^`Ž™š6‰as  c"a>[k^bsko4ˆ o4’‘ˆF^XtpOdeft‘skc"a
^bp4\PŽ"r a[]oO‹&c"atµ[]ˆ oO^`Ž"s\a[k‹4‹Pc"a>^"^ba>‹&[k‹Pa> DpO[zŽ"ar šˆ oŽ"f4a
ÆOarF‹&s  c"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽXr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’O–
 ‡ ¥ ¦ 543§ 7 3 3 ¥ „4‚
œ
¶ˆFdefO[]ar­8sz“Xr ˆ o4’Og:wkp4o4r ˆ o4’³Ãp$gX«P[zŽ"ˆ oO‹Pac«6ˆ o4’kf$g8l¼aŽ"ac
«DŽ"sko4akgO[]oO‹&¶ˆFdefO[]ar · ar r tµ[]o$g[]oO‹&[]o4sko6š6t‘skpO^8c"an6ˆ a“`}
ace^$‰4c"szn6ˆF‹Pa>‹¤f4ar ‰  p4rPdskt‘t‘aoDŽe^‹Pp4c"ˆ o4’XŽ"f4a`‹Pankar sk‰4t‘aoDŽ
s  Ž"f4ˆF^`“8skc"m–
3 :3$… 3 ¥ ‡ 3 ‚
­8sz“Xr ˆ o4’Ogk¶³–Oª¬|]jkjkjD²º–G¾:sko6nkac"’kaoOda:‰4c"sk\4r atµ^ s  ’kao4ace[]r }
^bp4ttp4r Ž"ˆF[]’kaoDŽ8c"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽ:r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’O– 8Ú"Ñ>îeÔeÔeòzíÉÓ6ÙzÖ
-Ñ ×<ø4
Ô G6Ô zÔÓO×~ÔeÔÓO×<ø ÓO×~ÔÚºÓØz׬í.ÑzÓØzÛ ÑzÓ ÔÚ"ÔÓîeÔÑzӍØzÕ
îeø6íÉÓÔ ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6Ùµª<‰4‰$–Oiky Py]¿6²º–
q2ˆ rF[]c>gXwO– gW Y c"ˆ a¹akg°‘–ª™h>yky6x]²º– ÑzÝßOÔ׬íÉ׬í zԍØzÚ kÑ
òkÔeîíFÖºí.ÑzÓßÚ"Ñ>îeÔºÖeÖÔºÖº–8«6‰4c"ˆ o4’kacb} Y ac"rF[]’O–
Ãp$g`wO– g`W · ar r tµ[]o$g`¶³–:l¼–ª™h>ykykiD²º–¶p4r Ž"ˆF[]’kaoD޵c"aˆ oP}
 skcedat‘aoDŽ!r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’OûV`f4askc"aŽ"ˆFd[]r  ce[]t‘a“8skc"m[]oO‹[]o
[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4t– 8Ú"Ñ>îeÔeÔeòzíÉÓ6ÙzÖ`-Ñ ×<ø4Ô 1 í e×~ÔeÔÓO×<ø ÓO×~ÔÚºÓØz׬í.ÑzÓØzÛ
ÑzÓ ÔÚ"ÔÓîeԑÑz
Ó Økîeø6íÉÓÔ ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6Ùµª<‰4‰$–|z¿6| 4|k¸]jD²º–
Ãp$g]wO– g]W · ar r tµ[]o$g]¶³–zl¼–6ª¬|]jkjkjD²º–Dè ŸP‰ac"ˆ t‘aoDŽe[]rDc"a>^bp4r Že^
sko — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’  skcœ’kao4ace[]r }~^bp4t ^™Ž"sPdefO[k^™Ž"ˆFd’D[]t‘a>^–
8Ú"Ñ>îeÔeÔeòzíÉÓ6Ùz֌-Ñ ×<ø4
Ô G6Ô zÔÓO×~ÔeÔÓO×<ø ÓO×~ÔÚºÓØz׬í.ÑzÓØzÛ ÑzÓOÕ
ÔÚ"ÔÓîeÔLÑz
Ó Økîeø6íÉÓÔ ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6Ùµª<‰4‰$–O¿Dj6x 6¿Oh¿6²º–
wD[k[]m6mkskrF[4g8V¤– gwkskce‹4[]o$gX¶³–:½º– gWÁ«6ˆ o4’kf$gƒ«–8l¼–ƒª™h>yky]¿6²º–
´oŽ"f4aLdsko6nkac"’kaoOda¤s  ^™Ž"sPdefO[k^™Ž"ˆFdˆ Ž"ace[zŽ"ˆ nka‹Pš6oO[]t‘ˆFd
‰4c"sk’kce[]t‘t‘ˆ o4’Œ[]r ’kskc"ˆ Ž"f4tµ^– ÷ ÔÜPÚ"Øz'Û ÑzÝßÜP×~Øz׬í.ÑzÓOg -0g
hkh>iD¸ h0|]j4hk–
°[]ar \4r ˆ o4’OgY–`l¼– gƒY$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]o$gƒ¶³–XY– gƒWô¶s6skc"akgU!– · –
ª™h>ykyk±D²º–_Xaˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽƒr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’Oû`U ^bp4c"nkašk– PÑzÜPÚºÓØzÛ
-Ñ "ں׬í 8îí.ØzÛ ÓO×~ÔÛÉÛ í ÙDÔÓîe
Ô ÔºÖÔeØzÚ"îeø6!g 4g|]{6x 4|]iD¸P–
Y$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]o$gƒ¶³–`Y–¤ª™h>yky]¿6²º–,¶Š[]c"mksznž’D[]t‘a>^[k^[  ce[]t‘a}
“8skc"m  skc‘tp4r Ž"ˆ }~[]’kaoDŽ‘c"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽLr a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’O"
– 8Ú"ÑzÕ
îeÔeÔeòzíÉÓ6ÙzÖ`-Ñ :×<ø4Ô ,8Û 6Ô zÔÓO×<ø ÓO×~ÔÚºÓØz׬í.ÑzÓØzÛ ÑzÓ ÔÚ"ÔÓîeÔÑzÓ
Økîeø6íÉÓÔ ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6ّª<‰4‰$–h0¸Dx h>±k{D²º–
Y$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]o$g¶³–8Y– gWô«DŽ"sko4akgXl¼–ƒª¬|]jkj4h0²º–ZY$a>[k‹Pˆ o4’³\a>^™Žb}
c"a>^b‰skoO^baž^™Ž"ce[zŽ"a’kˆ a>^ˆ o c"a‰a>[zŽ"a>‹ ’D[]t‘a>^– _Xa>^ba>[]cedef
o4s]Ž"ak–
Y$ˆ ŽbŽ"tµ[]o$g]¶³–0Y– gzWœ«6¹a‰a>^bn`[] c"ˆ¬g]¾–6ª™h>ykyk±D²º–kU³’kao4ace[]r ˆ ¹a>‹
c"aˆ o  skcedat‘aoDŽb}˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’¤t‘sP‹Par¬û¾:sko6nkac"’kaoOdaX[]oO‹[]‰P}
‰4r ˆFd[zŽ"ˆ skoO^#
– 8Ú"Ñ>îeÔeÔeòzíÉÓ6Ùz֌-Ñ ×<ø4Ô iø6íÉÚº×~ÔeÔÓO×<ø ÓO×~ÔÚºÓØzÕ
׬í.ÑzÓØzÛ ÑzÓ ÔÚ"ÔÓîeԝÑz$
Ó Økîeø6íÉÓ
Ô ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6Ù³ª<‰4‰$–8{4h>j {4h>iD²º–
´“8ao$g –ª™h>ykiD|k²º&
– %ØzݵԌ×<ø4ÔeÑzÚºàz–u´c"rF[]oO‹PsOgq2r skc"ˆF‹4[4û
Ud[k‹Pat‘ˆFdlc"a>^"^–4|zoO‹a>‹Pˆ Ž"ˆ sko$–
«6fO[]‰4r aškgY–ª™h>yD¸]{D²º–Å«DŽ"sPdefO[k^™Ž"ˆFdŒ’D[]t‘a>^&
– 8Ú"Ñ>îeÔeÔeòzíÉÓ6ÙzÖ
-Ñ ‘×<ø4Ô ÷ Øz׬í.ÑzÓØzÛ "îeØkòkÔÝLà-Ñ 'Gîí.ÔÓîeÔºÖ-Ñ µ×<ø4Ô ÓOíÉ×~Ôeò
×~Øz×~ÔºÖ!-Ñ "ݵÔÚºí.îeØzg ()]gh>jkyD¸ hkh>jkj4–
«6pPŽbŽ"sko$g$_–«– g$W­`[]cbŽ"sOgGU!– –ª™h>ykykiD²º– ÔíÉÓ ÑzÚ"îeÔݵÔÓO×
Û ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6+Ù * "¤ÓŠíÉÓO׬Ú"Ñ>òzÜOî׬í.ÑzÓO–V`f4a!¶½™VZlc"a>^"^–
nz[]oŒ‹Pac · []r¬gGwO– ª™h>yki4h0²º,– ×~Ñ>îeø4Ø0ֺ׬í.îòzàzÓØzÝLí.î¤ßÚ"Ñ"Ù]Ú"ØzÝLÕ
ÝLíÉÓ6Ù]–`vsO–h>{kyLˆ oжŠ[zŽ"f4atµ[zŽ"ˆFd[]r¼¾:aoDŽ"c"a¤Ž"ce[kdºŽe^–OUtL}
^™Ž"ace‹4[]tû ¶Š[zŽ"f4atµ[zŽ"ˆF^"defо:aoDŽ"c"p4t–
· [zŽ"m6ˆ oO^gO¾–6wO–4¾–PÃ!– gPW ƒ[0šD[]o$gDl¼–ª™h>ykyD|k²º– — }˜r a>[]c"o4ˆ o4’O–
Økîeø6íÉÓÔ ÔeØzÚºÓOíÉÓ6Ù]g -]g|Dxzy 4|]yD|P–