External Relations –Cooperation
Agreements with Third Countries
 Differentiated approach
 European Economic Area



EU and Iceland, Lichtenstein, and Norway
Single market and competition
Highly institutionalized
 Switzerland


Bilateral agreements
EU- Switzerland summits
External Relations –Cooperation
Agreements with Third Countries
 Western Balkans
Stabilization and Association Process
 Development assistance
 Membership perspective
 Mediterranean and Middle East
 No membership perspective
 1995 Barcelona Declaration
 Bilateral association agreements
 Regional forum
 Dominance of security considerations



Israel-Palestinian conflict
2008 Union for the Med


Includes Western Balkans
Unclear about objectives and means
Source: Laura Lecharpentier (Eurohorizons Danışmanlık), “Akdeniz İçin Birlik:
tuzak mı fısat mı?”, Kriter Türkiye- AB İlişkileri Haber- Yorum Dergisi, August
2008, Issue 26, Page 25.
External Relations –Cooperation
Agreements with Third Countries
 European Neighborhood Policy
• Avoid new dividing lines
• Progressive integration in common market, all but institutions
 Russia
 1994 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, EU-Russia summits
 Russia does not want membership, neighborhood policy
 Chechnya, energy.
 Ukraine
 Between Russia and EU
 1994 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
 Orange Revolution and afterwards.
 2004 European Neighborhood Policy
 Common Strategy, Eastern Partnership
External Relations –Cooperation
Agreements with Third Countries
 North America

No agreement with NAFTA

EU-US Relations



1990 Transatlantic Declaration
1995 New Transatlantic Agenda
EU-US Summits
 Central and South America


Relations develop with democratization in the
1990s.
Inter-regional cooperation:



EU-MERCOSUR Agreement (1995)
Central America, San Jose Dialogue
Cooperation Agreement with the Andean Community
External Relations –Cooperation
Agreements with Third Countries
 Conflict with ‘Asian Values’
 Asia-Europe Meetings (ASEAN, China, Japan, and
Korea)

Dispute over Myanmar
 Japan
 1991 EC-Japan Declaration
 Trade disputes
 China
 Human rights, Tiananmen Square events
 Trade issues, EU-China deal for WTO membership
 India -2004 Strategic Partnership
Development Policy
 Relations with former colonies of member states
 EU-ACP Agreements (1964 to present)
 Yaounde-Lome-Cotonou
 Development assistance,
 Preferential trade
 Stabilisation of export prices
 Innovations of Cotonou agreement
Trade liberalization
 Political conditionality
 Regional and economic differentiation –Least
Developed Countries
 Everything But Arms Regulation
 Development policy at member-state and at EU level.

External Relations – Trade Policy
 Rome Treaty gave EU exclusive competence.
Commission-Council relations
 Diversifying issues in international trade
 Shared competence in some areas.
 Trade in services
 Intellectual property rights
 Single Market –fortress Europe?
 Agriculture and audio-visual sectors
 Trade diverting effects of EU enlargement
 Preferential agreements with third countries
 Anti-dumping actions
 Health, safety, and environmental regulations

External Relations –Trade Policy
 EU and WTO


Trade relations with US
Use dispute resolution as a major policy
instrument




Bananas, beef, steel
Promote multilateral liberalization in certain
areas.
Support membership of China and Russia
Doha Development Round
Turkey and EU Trade Policy
 Customs Union requires harmonization of
trade policy
 Turkey needs to implement the EU’s Free
Trade Agreements with Third countries


Turkey lacks decision-making power
Third countries are only invited to conclude
FTAs with Turkey.