PRIMARY JUDGE
MANUAL
BC/YK Section
September 2013
0
Table of Contents
WELCOME
2.
JUDGING QUALIFICATIONS
3.
PRIMARY TO JUVENILE PROMOTION COORDINATOR/JUDGES TRAINING REPRESENTATIVES
4.
WHAT IS THE STAR COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE?
STAR 1 and STAR 2
STAR 3/4
5-6.
7.
PROGRAM COMPONENTS
8.
PREPARATION FOR JUDGING AT A COMPETITION
9-10.
SKATE CANADA LEARN TO TRAIN PILOT
11.
PANEL MARKING SHEET
STAR 1
STAR 2-3/4
12.
13.
ELEMENT CODES AND ABBREVIATIONS
14.
REFEREE REPORT
15.
1
Welcome!
You have the opportunity to be part of the new era of figure skating! Just as CanSkate is the place where all
figure skaters start out, the Primary Singles Clinic is your stepping stone to the world of competitive figure
skating judging.
To receive your primary singles promotion, the following criteria must be met:
Skating Background: To advance beyond the primary level you must have passed at least two junior bronze
tests or one senior bronze test.
Registration: You must be registered with Skate Canada through a Skate Canada club
Clinic: You must attend a Primary Clinic, including a written examination. Listening on a headset will be part
of the clinic and trial judging. Your clinic leader will collect the Code of Ethics.
Recommendation: You must receive a satisfactory evaluation and recommendation from your clinic leader.
This program is designed so that suitable judging candidates can complete all requirements during the clinic
and be able to start judging singles events as Judge #3 at the next regional competition in their area.
Once receiving a primary level singles promotion you will be eligible to judge singles events up to the STAR
4 level as Judge #3 at Skate Canada sanctioned competitions. The evaluation promotion (judging tests at
test days) is completely separate from the competitive judging promotion.
Advancing your Qualifications
While competition judges are an important in our sport, the role of the evaluator should not be forgotten. It
is vital that judges are also trained to evaluate tests. Being an evaluator provides you with the opportunity
to meet and interact with skaters and coaches and provide valuable feedback for their development.
Evaluators compare a skater's performance with pre-determined standards and award an assessment of the
performance in specific criteria that determine of the test is pass or a retry. The evaluator also has the
opportunity to determine if the test meets the minimum standard to pass or exceeds this standard. This
information is then conveyed to the skater and coach, along with pertinent comments.
Regardless of your judging qualifications, it is always good practice to review standards and requirements
for the events you are going to be judging prior to the competition.
Should you have any questions about this material or anything related to the judging process, please
contact any of the names listed on your contact sheet you received at your clinic.
Good Luck and Happy Judging!
2
Judging Qualifications Required
For Various Skate Canada Events
Note: following is an outline of the judging qualifications required by judges for different types of Skate
Canada competitive events. This is in accordance with Rules 7402, 7405, 7409, and 7504
Judging
Level:
Primary
Can judge the following levels:
What level of competition?
Preliminary Test events and lower. STAR 1-4 as judge
3, Introductory Interpretive, Prelim Skills, Prelim
Dance, Open Pairs events & lower.
Club competitions, Invitationals,
Interclubs. Not Sectionals.
Juvenile
Juvenile events and below. STAR 1-4 as judge 2 or 3
Star 5, Sr. Bronze level events and lower. Br
Interpretive, Sr Br Skills, Sr Br Dance, Open Pairs
events & lower.
Pre-Novice Pre-Novice events and below. STAR 1-4 as referee,
judge 2 or 3
Gold level events and lower, including Interpretive,
Skills, Biathlon & Triathlon.
Novice
Novice events and below.
Gold level events and lower.
Club competitions, Invitationals,
Interclubs, Sub-Sectionals, Sectionals
Junior
Junior events and below.
Any level test event.
Club competitions, Invitationals,
Interclubs, Sub-Sectionals, Sectionals
Senior
Senior events and below.
Any level test event.
Club competitions, Invitationals,
Interclubs, Sub-Sectionals, Sectionals
Challenge
Senior events and below.
Any level test event.
Canadian
Senior events and below.
Any level test event.
Challenge Events and lower –
including Sub-Sectionals and
Sectionals.
Can judge at any level of Canadian
competition, up to and including
Canadian Championships.
Club competitions, Invitationals,
Interclubs, Sub-Sectionals, Sectionals
Club competitions, Invitationals,
Interclubs, Sub-Sectionals, Sectionals
These judging qualifications apply for each discipline. For example, in order to judge Pre-Novice Pairs at
Sectionals, you must be a Pre-Novice Pair judge. Your level of judging is considered separate for each
discipline.
3
Primary/Juvenile Promotion Coordinator
Ms. Amie Garras
#307 1040 Pacific Street
Vancouver, B.C.
V6E 4C1
[email protected]
Region Judges Training Representatives
Okanagan Region
Helen Eddie
[email protected]
Kootenay Region
Debbie Mandryk
[email protected]
Vancouver Island Region
Judy Burwash
[email protected]
BC Coast Region
Hilary Quick
[email protected]
BC Coast Region
Kortney Story
[email protected]
CNCR Region
Darlene Dorsey
[email protected]
Region Judges Representatives
Okanagan Region
Cheyenne Irvine
[email protected]
Kootenay Region
Debbie Mandryk
[email protected]
CNCR Region
Carol Giesbrecht
[email protected]
Vancouver Island Region
Karen Mallon
[email protected]
BC Coast Region
Hilary Quick
[email protected]
BC Coast Region
Kortney Story
[email protected]
Region Judges Test Day Coordinators
Kootenay Region
Jacinta Marina
[email protected]
BC Coast Region
Penny Nicholas
[email protected]
Vancouver Island Region
North/Mid- Paul Francisty [email protected]
South- Sandra Noel [email protected]
CNCR Region
Carol Giesbrecht
[email protected]
Okanagan Region
North- Cheyenne Irvine [email protected]
Central - Karen Deans [email protected]
South- Helen Eddie [email protected]
Check www.skatinginbc.com website for current year test day coordinators and region judges reps
4
What is the STAR Competitive Structure? Why was it developed?
In 2004, the judging system changed from OBO (or 6.0) to CPC, the Cumulative Points Calculation system.
However, this system was not used for the lower categories within the Skate Canada structure, so these
skaters were unable to benefit from the detailed assessments and feedback that the system gives skaters.
Several options were explored that would allow for individual assessments and feedback from their
performance. The STAR competition model was developed to align the Learn to Train phase with the Long
Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model. The LTAD model identifies what athletes should be doing at
certain ages and stages in order to be successful and to minimize injury. Figure skating (along with diving
and gymnastics) is identified as an early-specialization sport, where it is appropriate to provide more
training hours and a concentrated focus in learning and refining the basics. The LTAD was developed by
Sport Canada and adapted by Skate Canada for sport-specific skills necessary for figure skating. One of the
areas identified for change was that athletes at the Learn to Train stage should be spending more time
training and less time competing. It is at this stage where the basic skills are identified and accomplished so
more time should be spent on developing these skills. It is thought that by spending more time training the
basics, the skaters will significantly reduce injury in future years. All Skate Canada Sections were asked to
review their competition structure and changes were made accordingly so that skaters will have more time
to train and will compete less.
In this system, the first three stages of the STAR competition model are now assessment-based. In these
events, a panel of three judges assess the skater and provide feedback in the form of a report card, while in
a competition setting. This feedback shows the development of the basic skills and identifies areas of
accomplishment and weaknesses for improvement. The structure is designed for skaters to progress at
their own level and it is not mandatory to complete one level before progressing to the next. STAR 5 skaters
are judged in the CPC system and placements within the event or group are given. For more detail on the
STAR competition model please refer to the information package on the skatinginbc.com website under
Technical – star page link – STAR Pilot.
STAR 1
This event is geared to skaters who have not mastered more than 3 singles jumps and are not ready to
perform elements in a freeskate program. They perform their elements in a group event and the coaches
are permitted on the ice with the skaters. There are a maximum of 6 skaters in each group.
The judging panel for STAR 1 consists of a referee and 2 judges. The referee will direct the skater and call an
assessment for each element. Judge number 2 serves as a scribe and writes down all assessments. Judge
number 3 times the stroking exercise and observes the skater's performance. If there is a disagreement
about the element or the assessment, it is discussed so the other 2 judges may provide their opinions. If the
result is not agreed upon by all 3, then the assessment of the referee will stand. All skaters in a group are on
the ice and all skate their elements together as a group.
Skaters may not have passed any part of the Preliminary Free Skating Test. The elements are scored to a
standard (Merit, Bronze, Silver, or Gold); skaters may be grouped by age and they perform their elements in
a group situation.
5
There are 8 elements:
1) Three Jumps.
a) Waltz Jump,
b) Single Salchow,
c) Single Toe-Loop.
2) Two Spins.
a) Forward Upright Spin,
b) Backward Upright Spin.
3) Forward Spiral Sequence: A sequence of two forward spirals; one spiral on each foot, unassisted position
4) Stroking Exercise – skaters perform crosscuts on a circle and are timed. The evaluation depends on
technique and on speed.
5) Creative Expression Routine (30 seconds – music provided by the section, selection randomly
chosen at the competition. This is assessed as “completed” only.
See page 12 for a sample STAR 1 marking sheet.
STAR 2
STAR 2 consists of one 1:30 (+ or - 10 seconds) program (performed to their own music or one of the
prescribed music selections chosen by Skate Canada). As the skater performs the program, the referee will
identify the element and provide a level of assessment for the element. Both judge 2 and 3 will write down
the element called, the assessment level and take any notes about the element that may be relevant in case
a review takes place.
This event is open to skaters who not have passed the complete Preliminary Free Skating Test.
Individual elements plus two Program Components - Skating Skills and Performance/Execution (emphasis
on Carriage/Line/Form) scored to standard (Merit, Bronze, Silver, or Gold); Skaters may be grouped by age.
There are 8 Elements
1) Five jump elements.
a) Waltz jump
b) Single Toe-Loop,
c) Single Salchow + Single Toe-Loop Combination,
d) Single Loop,
e) Single Flip or Single Lutz.
2) Two spins are prescribed as:
a) Backward upright spin.
b) Forward entry Sit Spin or Camel Spin with no change of foot, no flying entry. A Forward Upright
Spin is not permitted.
3) Forward Spiral Sequence: A sequence of two forward spirals; one spiral on each foot, unassisted
position; on either inside or outside edge
See page 13 for a sample STAR 2 and 3/4 judging sheet.
6
STAR 3 and 4
The judging of STAR 3 and 4 are the same format as for STAR 2. Skaters may choose to compete in either
STAR 3: 1:30 minutes in length (+/- 10 seconds) of individually selected music or from the STAR 2 music
selections; or STAR 4: 2:00 minutes in length (+/- 10 seconds) of individually selected music. Skaters
transition in STAR 3 and 4 to full CPC marking in STAR 5. Beginning May 3013, STAR 4 skaters will receive a
ranking based on the element and program component assessments.
Individual elements plus Skating Skills, Performance/Execution, and Interpretation components scored to
standard (Merit, Bronze, Silver, or Gold); may be grouped by age.
Skaters may not have passed the complete Junior Bronze Free Skating Test.
There are 8 elements:
1) Five jump elements.
a) All single jumps permitted including single Axel. No double jumps permitted.
b) Must include at least one Axel type jump (waltz or single Axel).
c) Must include at least 5 different types of single jumps (note, Waltz and Axel are considered the
same type).
d) Must include a single loop + single loop combination.
e) Maximum 1 additional jump combination. Jump combinations may not include more than two
jumps.
f) Jump Sequences are not permitted.
g) No jump may be included more than twice and if a jump is repeated it must be in
combination.
2) Two spins.
a) Must include backward upright spin.
b) Must include a combination spin that must include at least one camel and one sit position and
commence with a forward entry. No flying entry or change of foot permitted. A change of foot in
the combination spin will be optional.
3) Forward Spiral Sequence: A sequence of two forward spirals; one spiral on each foot, unassisted
position; on either inside or outside edge.
STAR 5: Is part of the Juvenile promotion process so will not be discussed at this clinic
For all levels of judging, judges must know the codes for all technical elements. See page 14 for the codes
for STAR 1-4.
7
PROGRAM COMPONENTS
At the STAR levels, the Program Components portion of the events will consist of up to 4 components:
Skating Skills and Performance/Execution (added in STAR 2), Interpretation (added in STAR 3/4) and
Transitions (added in STAR 5). As these are the only basic concepts of the components, for additional
information and explanation of the components, please see the guide in the Appendix. Each component will
have a specific value depending on the level
1. Skating Skills
Specific criteria are listed for each level of assessment of this component. However, the development of
strong skating skills is of prime importance at this level. The focus encompasses the following criteria:
1. Stroking Technique (absence or presence of toe-pushing), thrusting technique on crosscuts and
basic strokes
2. Power, Speed and Flow
3. Edges and turns - both CC/CCW directions, forward/backwards skating, depth of edge, overall
edge quality
4. Skating knee - soft or stiff?
2. Performance/Execution
The assessment criteria for this component are greatly simplified to reflect the ability of the STAR skater. In
Performance, the focus is placed on projection and commitment. In projection it must be noted how long
the skater holds this feature - at the beginning and ending only, or occasionally, or throughout the program
or not at all. Commitment refers to the intensity of performance and the effort given to performing all
elements and movements. Execution criteria centre on the skater's carriage, line and form.
Performance also incorporates the skater's ability to add movements to the musical highlights; if they are
placed throughout the program, only at the beginning and /or ending or if they are included at all.
3. Interpretation (added in STAR 3/4)
It is presumed that STAR 3 skaters have developed their range of skating skills and confidence in performing
elements in order to have this PC assessed. At this level, Interpretation is assessed at the basic level - are
there movements which reflect the character of the music or the theme of the program? Does the skater
feel the music and is he or she able to convey the feeling? Also, a judge takes into consideration if the
skater is able to skate to the tempo of the music. For example, if the music is fast, is the skater able to keep
up? Or, when the music slows down, is there a corresponding change in skating to reflect the change in the
music tempo?
4. Transitions (added in STAR 5)
Transitions are the steps, turns and body movements that connect the elements in a program. There are
many different types of transitions but at this level, they will mainly fall into the following:
1. Footwork or connecting steps
2. Body movements
3. Field movements
Transitions that are done immediately preceding or following an element (adding intricacy) should be
rewarded.
8
PREPARATION FOR JUDGING AT A COMPETITION
1. Prior to the competition the Chief Referee or Technical Representative (tech rep) will send out a
judging schedule. Carefully review the schedule to ensure the following:
 You are available for the times/days that you are scheduled to judge.
 You are qualified to judge all the events that you have been assigned.
 You do not have any conflicts of interests with any events (ie. you are closely related to a
skater or the coach of a skater)
If you encounter any problems or issues, contact the Chief Referee or Tech Rep immediately.
2. Check that you are familiar with the technical requirements for the events you are scheduled to judge.
Make sure that you have current technical information, specifically the current STAR Pre-Event
Technical Package. Double check the Section website (www.skatinginbc.com) for any new updates.
3. Make sure that all arrangements for childcare, work or other commitments are handled well in
advance. The skaters deserve our full concentration and attention. This is not possible if your mind is
focussing on other responsibilities or issues. If something arises that you know will prevent you from
focussing on your judging and will affect your performance, contact the Chief Referee immediately.
Life happens and sometimes it is best for all involved if you excuse yourself from judging. Everyone has
had difficult circumstances arise at less than opportune times. If at all possible, don’t leave it until the
last moment to contact the Chief Referee to withdraw as re-arranging judging schedules and finding
substitutes can be very difficult.
4. Make all necessary travel arrangements. Ensure that you know where you are going, how long it will
take to get there etc. Allow extra time for inclement weather, rush hour traffic etc. You don’t want to
be rushing to the rink and getting stressed out before you go out to judge. Record your travel mileage.
5. Dress appropriately in a manner befitting the competition, your position as an official and rink
conditions. You are an official of Skate Canada and must present yourself in a respectable manner.
While jeans may be considered appropriate at some local competitions, leave the torn ones at home as
well as any other undergarment revealing attire. It is not professional and you will likely freeze. Do
layer clothing, have a winter coat, and footwear that will keep your feet warm. You may also want a
pair of gloves or fingerless wrist warmers.
6. Remember that you should present yourself professionally at all times. Proper deportment includes
using extreme discretion when engaging in verbal discussions with other officials, skaters, coaches and
parents! A general rule of thumb is never talk to parents and skaters about the skater's performance
without the coach being present; when speaking to a coach or parent, never discuss another skater’s
performance/assessment.
7. Stationary: Clipboards and standard pencils are provided for officials at competitions. If you prefer to
use mechanical pencils or other writing instruments, please bring your own (and refill leads).
8. Judges Room. Once you arrive at the arena, ask someone at the skater’s registration desk where the
judges room is if you are unfamiliar with the arena. Once there you may find your clipboard and your
accreditation. It is important that you wear your accreditation at all times in the arena as it will allow
you access to the judges stand and other areas that are off limits to others.
9
9. Have fun and relax. Do the best you can. Remember that if you want a report on an event, you need to
speak with the referee prior to the start of the event.
10. Ask if you don’t know! Don’t hesitate to ask for help if you don’t know. We have all been in your
position before and would like to help you.
10
Skate Canada Learn to Train Pilot
Officials Process Quick Reference
The STAR Element Standards document for each level should be readily available for the panel to reference
General:
To invalidate an element, write “**Ilegal**” clearly beside the affected element on the marking sheet. The
data specialists/DIO will adjust accordingly.
The process listed below applies to STAR 1 (spiral sequence only), STAR 2 and STAR 3/4
Element
Error
Process
Jumps
Skater repeats a jump but does not perform it in
combination
Skater performs a jump more than twice
Skater does not perform the prescribed
combination (ie. no 1Lo+1Lo+C for STAR 3)
Skater includes a jump not permitted for level
Reduce the assessment by one level
Spins
Spin does not meet requirements (i.e. back entry, Invalidate the element
not a combo if required, change of foot etc.)
Skater performs an upright position for several
Assessment not affected
revolutions at the conclusion of forward entry one
position spin
Skater changes feet to back spin position (starts in Invalidate the element
forward upright, changes feet to back upright to
enter back spin)
Spiral Sequence More than 4 Steps between Spirals
Spiral sequence does not meet requirements (ie
skater does not change feet, at least one spiral is
assisted or backwards)
STAR 1
Invalidate the element
If two other combinations have been
included, invalidate one
Invalidate the element
Reduce the assessment by one level
Invalidate the element
Individual Element Assessment:
Three assessment point scores, except for the Back Upright Spin, are used to calculate the
rating of an element. The majority assessment point score shall determine an element’s
overall rating. Any assessment point rated Merit shall result in the element receiving no
higher than a Bronze and any element with two or more assessment points scored at Merit
shall result in an overall rating of Merit. Assessment point ratings of Gold, Silver and
Bronze will produce an overall element rating of Silver.
For the Back Upright Spin, based on the first assessment point, if the second point is less
than the 1st, the element rating will drop one level. If the second assessment point is higher
than the first, the overall rating will increase by one level.
11
Skate Canada Learn to Train Pilot
Panel Marking Sheet STAR 1
May 2013
Competition:
Event:
Judge:
ELEMENT
Circle
Stroking
Date:
Group:
Skater 1
Skater 2
Skater 3
Skater 4
Skater 5
Skater 6
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
Circle Time
Circle Time
Circle Time
Circle Time
Circle Time
Circle Time
CCW
CW
CCW
CW
CCW
CW
CCW
CW
CCW
CW
CCW
CW
Waltz
Jump
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
Single
Salchow
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
Single Toe
Loop
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
Fwd Upright
Spin
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
Back Upright
Spin
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
Fwd Spiral
Sequence
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
Creative
Expression
OVERALL
Complete  Complete  Complete  Complete  Complete  Complete 
Incomplete  Incomplete  Incomplete  Incomplete  Incomplete  Incomplete 
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
G S B M
12
Skate Canada Learn to Train Pilot
Panel Marking Sheet STAR 2 & 3/4
May 2013
Competition:
Skater:
Judge:
Element Executed
Date:
Event:
Group:
Assessment Review
G/S/B/M
Comments
Well Balanced Check
Check box each time element is performed
4.
STAR 2:
 Waltz
 Toe Loop
 Salchow+Toe Loop Combo
 Loop
 Flip or Lutz
 Back Upright Spin
 Fwd Spin (CSp or SSp)
 Forward Spiral Sequence
5.
STAR 3/4
1.
2.
3.
Must include 1 of *
5 different jumps. Jumps with 2 boxes
may be repeated as part of 2nd combo.
6.
 Waltz* or Axel*
Toe Loop
Salchow
 Loop+Loop Combo*
Flip
Lutz
 Max 1 additional jump combo
 Back Upright Spin*
 Combo Spin* Must attempt C&S pos
 Forward Spiral Sequence
7.
8.
9.
10.
Program Components
Skating Skills
Performance/Execution
Interpretation (STAR 3/4)
Overall Result Calculation
STAR 2:
Gold: 6 assessments @ Gold, Skating Skills at least Silver.
Silver: 6 assessments @Silver or better, Skating Skills at least Bronze.
Bronze: 6 assessments @ Bronze or better, Skating Skills at least Bronze.
OVERALL
ASSESSMENT
STAR 3/4
Gold: 7 assessments @ Gold, Skating Skills & P/E at least Silver.
Silver: 7 assessments @Silver or better, Skating Skills & P/E at least Bronze.
Bronze: 7 assessments @ Bronze or better, Skating Skills & P/E at least Bronze.
13
Skate Canada Learn to Train
Pilot
Element Codes and Abbreviations for STAR 2 and STAR 3/4
Jumps
Waltz Jump
Single Toe Loop
Single Salchow
Single Loop
Single Flip
Single Lutz
Single Axel
Jump
Combinations
Spins
Forward Upright Spin
Backward Upright Spin
Sit Spin
Camel Spin
Combination Spin
1W
1T
1S
1Lo
1F
1Lz
1A
Jump+Jump+C
Forward Spiral
Sequence
USp
BUSp
SSp
CSp
CoSp
FSpSq
To indicate an element is illegal:
Next to the element write:
** ILLEGAL Jump or ILLEGAL Spin**
STAR 2 and 3/4 Process Check List
1. Judge 2 leads the review process for all the elements.
2. Judge 2 prompts the referee for component assessments.
3. Judge 2 reads back the elements, components and assessments. Judge 3 reviews notes for discrepancies.
4. A well balance check is performed on the elements, changes made if necessary.
5. The Overall Result is calculated and reviewed.
6. Judge 2 submits their marking sheet to the data specialists.
14
PRIMARY JUDGE REFEREE REPORT STAR 1-4
NAME:
SKATE CANADA #:
ADDRESS:
COMPETITION:
PHONE #:
DATE:
EMAIL:
LEVEL:
ASSESSOR SIGNATURE:
STAR 1 STAR 2 STAR 3/4
(circle one)
POSITION ON THE PANEL:
YES/NO
COMMENTS
UNDERSTANDS ELEMENT STANDARDS MERIT
UNDERSTANDS ELEMENT STANDARDS
BRONZE
UNDERSTANDS ELEMENT STANDARDS
SILVER
UNDERSTANDS ELEMENT STANDARDS
GOLD
KNOWS AND WRITES JUMP ELEMENT CODES
CORRECTLY (STAR 2,3/4)
KNOWS AND WRITES SPIN ELEMENT CODES
CORRECTLY (STAR 2,3/4)
PROGRAM COMPONENTS (STAR 2,3,4)
YES/NO
COMMENTS
YES/NO
COMMENTS IF ASSESSMENT IS NO
UNDERSTANDS SKATING SKILLS STANDARDS
MERIT
UNDERSTANDS SKATING SKILLS STANDARDS
BRONZE/SILVER/GOLD
UNDERSTANDS PERFORMANCE/EXECUTION
STANDARDS MERIT
UNDERSTANDS PERFORMANCE/EXECUTION
STANDARDS BRONZE/SILVER/GOLD
UNDERSTANDS INTERPRETATION
STANDARDS MERIT TO GOLD (STAR 3/4)
COMPLETED REQUIREMENTS FOR JUDGING
AT THIS STAR LEVEL
COMPETENCIES MET FOR THIS LEVEL
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS
TO DEVELOP JUDGING AT THIS LEVEL
15