Full MHRA Referencing Handbook
Contents
Part 1: The Basics of Referencing
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
1.12.
What is referencing?
Copyrighted sources
Why should I reference?
What should I reference?
How should I reference?
Setting out citations
Setting out quotations
Making changes to quotations
Paraphrasing
Summarising
Secondary referencing
Points to look out for
2. List of References
2.1.
Books
2.1.1. Printed books
2.1.2. E-Books
2.1.3. Multi-volume works
2.1.4. Sacred texts
2.2.
Journals
2.2.1. Journal articles
2.2.2. Pre-publication journal articles
2.2.3. Magazine articles
2.3.
Digital and internet
2.3.1. The internet
2.3.2. CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs
2.3.3. Computer games and programs
2.3.4. Personal and virtual learning environments
2.4.
Media and art
2.4.1. Newspaper articles
2.4.2. Live performances
2.4.3. Visual sources
2.4.4. Audio-visual material
2.4.5. Reviews
2.4.6. Interviews
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2.5.
Research
2.5.1. Unpublished or confidential information
2.5.2. Unpublished academic work
2.5.3. Reports
2.5.4. Genealogical sources
2.5.5. Scientific and technical information
2.6.
Legal material
2.6.1. House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
2.6.2. Hansard
2.6.3. Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies
2.6.4. More legal material
2.7.
Government and EU
2.7.1. European Union publications
2.7.2. Government publications
2.7.3. Departmental publications
2.8.
Communications
2.8.1. Conferences
2.8.2. Public communications
2.8.3. Advertisements and PR
3. Further referencing help
3.1.
Sample footnotes
3.2.
Sample bibliography
3.3.
Hints and tips
3.4.
FAQs
3.5.
3.6.
Further information and useful
websites
Any questions?
4. Glossary
5. Index
The overall style guide for the MHRA style is located in the link below. Before you ask your
tutor for help, see if your query can be answered using this guide. If not, then ask your tutor
or your subject advisor.
http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/StyleGuideV3_2.pdf
Note:
Some of the examples used within this guide have been invented by Library Services staff
members. Don’t be too alarmed if you click on a URL and it does not take you to the correct
website!
2
What is referencing?
The University has adopted the ‘Cite Them Right’ (www.citethemrightonline.com) style of
referencing and according to the co-authors, Graham Shields and Richard Pears,
referencing is;
“…the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in writing your essay,
assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to access your source documents
as quickly and easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary, the validity of your
arguments and the evidence on which they are based. You identify these sources by
citing them in the text of your assignment (called citations or in-text citations) and
referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the reference list or end-text
citations). The reference list only includes the sources cited in your text. It is not the
same thing as a bibliography, which uses the same referencing style, but also
includes all material, for example background readings, used in the preparation of
your work.” (http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Basics/what-is-referencing)
Copyrighted sources
At present copyright law allows only small extracts of items to be copied legally provided that
they are referenced (and following the guidance herein fulfills that perfectly!), the only what is
necessary is copied, and the use falls into one or more of the following categories:
personal private study;
non-commercial research;
criticism and review;
illustration for instruction;
parody pastiche or caricature;
or quotation.
Students’ use will fall under personal private study, criticism and review, illustration, and/or
quotation. For further information, go to; https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/copyright
Why should I reference?
Whatever else they disagree upon, all historians insist upon referencing, and there are
certain rules that we all follow. There are four good reasons for referencing, and for
referencing properly, which underpin our own work, and should also underpin yours:
(i) To let anybody check where you got your information.
(ii) So that you can come back to your own work and know where you found a particular
quotation or piece of information.
(iii) To avoid accusations of plagiarism.
(iv) To prevent you using outdated and inaccurate books, articles, or websites.
While it is certainly possible to produce respectable work which contains no references
(most textbooks, for instance), as a general rule you should not put your trust in any
resource which does not give references.
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What should I reference?
The level of referencing will depend on the nature of the piece of work you are writing: a
coursework essay for a first-year survey module will probably require less than a third-year
dissertation. There is no maximum level of referencing, but do not let referencing become a
fetish. If you have worries about the amount of referencing which would be appropriate, seek
advice from your module tutor.
As a general minimum, you should include a reference when:
(i) You quote or paraphrase from a primary source or secondary work;
(ii) You make use of a statistic;
(iii) You paraphrase or otherwise refer to the ideas or writings of a named or identifiable
historian.
For most modules you will not be required to give references for basic factual material – only
at dissertation level is it the guiding rule that ‘every substantive statement requires a
reference’. Where facts are contested, and you are taking sides in an argument, you must
then indicate the source of your own ideas, and if appropriate acknowledge the opposing
camp(s) with references as well.
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How should I reference?
There are many different ways to reference, but this handbook will focus on the MHRA style
of referencing. As of the creation of this handbook, the courses at the University that used
this method include;



Shakespeare Institute
ACS
English Literature
If you are still not completely sure which referencing style to use, consult your tutor or
subject advisor.
This handbook will focus entirely on the MHRA style of referencing, as found on the ‘Cite
Them Right’ website. For more information on other referencing styles, such as; APA,
Vancouver and Harvard (author-date), they have their own separate handbooks which are to
be found on the i-cite page on the University intranet.
Setting out citations;
Using this method of referencing, the footnotes in your work must be included in the final
word count. Footnotes give details of the source that you are quoting from or referring to.
These footnotes will then link to the same reference in your bibliography at the end of your
work. The bibliography is always arranged in alphabetical order by author. If you have cited
a work in an appendix, but not in the main body of your text, this should still be included in
the reference list.
Superscript numbers (5, 8, 9 etc) are used within this style.
If you have used a direct quote or an idea from a specific page, or set of pages, you should
include the page numbers in your footnote (but not in your bibliography). The abbreviation
for page is p. or pp. for multiple pages of books, but not journal articles. See the examples
below to see how they are used correctly.

According to Guy9, the Zulus faced many grave dangers when confronting the
British…
9. Jeff Guy, In Zululand (London: Zulu Press), p. 7. (footnote)
Guy, Jeff, In Zululand (London: Zulu Press). (bibliography)
Note that the first time you cite a source, you should give full details in the footnote or
endnote. Subsequent entries to the same source can be abbreviated to author's surname
and the first few words of the title, plus a page number if you are citing a specific part of the
text, giving you a short citation.
As well as footnotes or endnotes, you should list all your sources, including those you have
read but not cited, in a bibliography at the end of your work.
5
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Setting out quotations;
Quotations should always be relevant to your arguments and used wisely within your text.
Overuse of quotations can disrupt the flow of your writing and prevent you from
demonstrating your understanding and analysis of the sources you have read. Direct
quotations are also counted in the word count.
Short, direct quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks. These can either be single
or double quotation marks, but make sure to always be consistent. These are included in the
body of the text.
Example: short, direct quotation

'If you need to illustrate the idea of nineteenth-century America as a land of
opportunity, you could hardly improve on the life of Albert Michelson'.3
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the main
text. Quotation marks are not required.
Example: longer quotation
King describes the intertwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages, such as:
So the three of them rode towards their end of the Great Road, while summer lay
all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw something that
made him forget all about the Wizard's Rainbow. It was his mother, leaning out of
her apartment's bedroom window: the oval of her face surrounded by the timeless
grey stone of the castle's west wing.9
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Making changes to quotations
 Omitting part of a quotation
o Show this by using ellipsis […].
o ‘Thunderstorms… have become increasingly common’.8
 Inserting your own, or different, words into a quotation
o Put them in square brackets [].
o ‘Nothing [football boots] comes close…’.4
 Pointing out an error in a quotation
o Do not correct the error, instead write [sic].
o Crowley6 noted that ‘capentars [sic] worked with wood’
 Retaining/modernising historical spellings
o Decide whether to retain the original spelling, or modernise the spelling and
note this in your text.
o ‘Hast thou cleaned the water closet?’
o ‘Have you cleaned the toilet?’ (spelling modernised).4
 Emphasising part of a quotation
o Put the words you want to emphasise in italics and state that you have added
the emphasis.
o ‘Minimal numbers of men take up netball’ (my italics).6
o If the original text uses italics, state that the italics are in the original source.
o ‘Minimal numbers of women take up rugby league’ (italics in original).3
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is expressing someone else’s writing in your own words, usually to achieve
greater clarity. Used properly, it has the benefit of fitting more nearly into your own style of
writing. You must ensure that you do not change the original meaning and you must still cite
and reference your source of information.

Harrison6 clearly distinguishes between the historical growth of the larger European
nation states and the roots of their languages and linguistic development, particularly
during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. At this time, imperial goals and outward
expansion were paramount for many of the countries, and the effects of spending on
these activities often led to internal conflict.
Summarising
Summarising is providing a brief statement of the main points of a source. This differs from
paraphrasing as it only lists the main topics or headings, with most of the detailed
information being left out.

Nevertheless, one important study9 looks closely at the historical and linguistic links
between European races and cultures over the past five hundred years.
7
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Secondary referencing
It is possible that you will want to reference a work mentioned in another author’s work
(secondary referencing). If possible, you should try to locate and verify the details of the
source referred to. If you can successfully locate it, then you can reference it as normal.
Points to look out for;
Capitals
Capitalise the first letter of the first word, all nouns, verbs and adjectives. Also capitalise
articles if they are the first words of a subtitle after a colon, for example Cite Them Right:
The Essential Referencing Guide.
Commas
Use commas to separate the elements of the reference.
Dates
Dates should always be given in the form ’29 March 1995’. The name of the month should
always appear in full between the day (‘29’ not ‘29th’) and the year. No internal punctuation
should be used except when a day of the week is mentioned, e.g. ‘Wednesday, 29 March
1995’. When referring to a period of time, use from the form ‘from 1910 to 1990’ (not ‘from
1910-1990).
Footnotes
All notes should end with full stops, and a note reference number should follow any
punctuation except a dash.
Abbreviations
Never begin a sentence with an abbreviation, and avoid abbreviations as far as possible in
passages of continuous prose.
Chapter – ch. or chap.
Edition – ed.
Editors – ed. or eds.
And others – et al.
No date – n.d.
(issue) number – no.
Page – p.
Pages (page range) pp.
Series – ser.
Supplement – sup.
Table – tab.
Volume – vol. vols
Author names
In the footnotes, author names should be forename followed by surname. In the bibliography,
author names should be surname followed by forename.
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Page references
Page references are always p. 7 for a single page, or pp. 7-9 for multiple pages. However, p.
and pp. are not used for journal articles.
Place of publication and publisher
This is only required for printed books, reports, and similar sources. The place of publication
should be capitalised and, unless it is a well-known city (like London, New York, Oxford etc)
then state the county or state (if published in the US). For example:
London: Jones Publishing. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. The state name is
always abbreviated. Apart from Mass. and Calif., US state names should use their initials
(GA, WA, and so on).
Series/volumes
Only include these if they are relevant. Insert them after the publisher – Oxford: Clio Press
(World Bibliographical Series, 78).
ISBNs
They are not commonly used in references, so only use in order to eliminate confusion about
editions and reprints.
Issue information
When provided, it is necessary to use the following information in the order;
Volume number
Issue/part number
Date or season
URLS
The URL is given in full, but with < in front and > after the address, for example
http://yorkpress.co.uk then [accessed date].
DOIs
These tag individual digital sources. A ‘doi’ often replaces the URL as it is the permanent
identifier for the source, and so therefore it is not necessary to include an accessed date.
Edition
Only include the edition number if it is not the first edition. Edition is abbreviated to edn.
Italics
Avoid the use of italics for rhetorical emphasis. Foreign words and phrases which have
passed into regular English usage should not be italicized. Italics are used for the titles of all
works individually published under their own titles: books, journals, plays, longer poems,
pamphlets, and any other entire published works.
Ellipses
In quotations, points indicating an ellipsis should be enclosed within square brackets – […].
9
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List of references
BOOKS
Printed books
Printed Book (one author)
In-text citation:
According to Guy1...
Footnote:
1. Jeff Guy, The View Across the River: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu Struggle
Against Imperialism (Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 2001), p.
37.
Bibliography:
Guy, Jeff, The View Across the River: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu Struggle
Against Imperialism (Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 2001).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (all in round brackets)
Printed Book (two or three authors)
In-text citation:
Research by Banerjee and Watson1…
Footnote:
1. Avijit Banerjee and Timothy F. Watson, Pickard’s Manual of Operative Dentistry,
9th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
Bibliography:
Banerjee, Avijit and Timothy F. Watson, Pickard’s Manual of Operative Dentistry, 9th
edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (all in round brackets)
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Printed Book (more than three authors)
In-text citation:
This was proved in ‘Engineering design’1…
Footnote:
1. Clive L. Dym, and others, Engineering Design: A Project-Based Introduction
(Hoboken, New Jersey: 2009).
Bibliography:
Dym, Clive L., and others., Engineering Design: A Project-Based Introduction (Hoboken,
New Jersey: 2009).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (all in round brackets)
Printed Book (book with an editor)
In-text citation:
In ‘Complications in Implant Dentistry’4…
Footnote:
4. Mouhamed Al-Sabbagh, ed., Complications in Implant Dentistry (Philadelphia, PA:
Elsevier, 2015).
Bibliography:
Al-Sabbagh, Mouhamad., ed., Complications in Implant Dentistry (Philadelphia, PA:
Elsevier, 2015).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (all in round brackets)
11
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Printed Book (book with authors and editors)
In-text citation:
Lucas3 remarks that…
Footnote:
3. George Lucas, The Wonders of the Universe, ed. by Fred Jones, James Smith and
Tim Bradley (London: Smiths, 2004), p. 189.
Bibliography:
Lucas, George, The Wonders of the Universe, ed. by Fred Jones, James Smith and Tim
Bradley (London: Smiths, 2004).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (all in round brackets)
Printed Book (book with no author)
In-text citation:
It is clear5 that…
Footnote
5. Medicine in Old Age, 2nd edn (London: British Medical Association, 1985).
Bibliography:
Medicine in Old Age, 2nd edn (London: British Medical Association, 1985).
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (all in round brackets)
12
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Encyclopaedia Entry
In-text citation:
It is obvious that6…
Footnote:
6. David Crystal, ‘Medical Science’, The Penguin Concise Encyclopaedia, 3rd edn
(London: Penguin, 2007).
Bibliography:
Crystal, David, ‘Medical Science’, The Penguin Concise Encyclopaedia, 3rd edn
(London: Penguin, 2007).
Author
Title of entry (in single quotation marks)
Book title (in italics)
Edition
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Encyclopaedia (full)
In-text citation:
It is obvious that6…
Footnote:
6. David Crystal, The Penguin Concise Encyclopaedia, 3rd edn (London: Penguin).
Bibliography:
Crystal, David, The Penguin Concise Encyclopaedia, 3rd edn (London: Penguin,
2007).
Author
Book title (in italics)
Edition
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
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Electronic books (ebooks)
E-Book
In-text citation:
Wear5 suggests that…
Footnote:
5. Angela Wear, Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine (Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press),
<http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bham/detail.action?docID=5004608> [accessed 17 June
2015].
Bibliography:
Wear, Angela, Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine (Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press), <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bham/detail.action?docID=5004608>
[accessed 17 June 2015].
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher, year of publication (all in round brackets)
In
Title of online collection (in italics)
<URL of collection>
[accessed date]
14
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Multi-volume works
Multi-Volume Works
In-text citation:
Jones4 was very clear…
Footnote:
4. Davy Jones (ed.), Definitions of Life (London: Pirate Publishers, 1999), p. 7.
Bibliography:
Definitions of Life, ed. by Davy Jones, 6 vols (London: Pirate Publishers, 1999).
Author/editor
Title of book (in italics)
Volumes
Place of publication: publisher
Year(s) of publication
Collected Works
In-text citation:
In his collected works,6 Lee explains…
Footnotes:
Lee, Geddy, ed., Rush: The Early Years, 30 vols (Toronto: Toronto Press, 1991).
Bibliography:
Lee, Geddy, ed., Rush: The Early Years, 30 vols (Toronto: Toronto Press, 1991).
Author/editor
Title of book (in italics)
Volumes
Place of publication: publisher
Year(s) of publication
15
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Sacred texts
Bible
In-text citation:
It was evident7 that…
Footnote:
7. Bible (Matthew 5:3-12).
Bibliography:
Bible (Matthew 5:3-12).
Source type
Book of the Bible
Chapter: verse
Torah
In-text citation:
It is said that ‘a righteous man falls down several times and gets up’8…
Footnote:
8. Torah (Proverbs 24:16).
Bibliography:
Torah (Proverbs 24:16).
Torah
Book
Chapter: verse
16
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Qur’an
In-text citation:
‘Nothing is hidden from Allah, whether on Earth or in Heaven’.7
Footnote:
7. Qu’ran 14:38 (Wordsworth Limited Edition).
Bibliography:
Qu’ran 14:38 (Wordsworth Limited Edition).
Qur’an
Surah (or chapter): verse
Publisher
17
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More books
Ancient Texts
In-text citation:
The epic tale by Homer89…
Footnote:
89. Homer, The Iliad. Translated by John Davies, notes by David Wright (London,
Dover Publications, 1997).
Bibliography:
Homer, The Iliad. Translated by John Davies, notes by David Wright (London, Dover
Publications, 1997).
Author
Title of book (in italics)
Translated by (if relevant)
Notes by (if relevant)
Place of publication: publisher
Anthologies
In-text citation:
In the work by Mead and Tranter,6…
Footnote:
The Penguin Book of Modern Australian Poetry, ed. By Chris Mead and Joseph
Tranter (London: Bloodaxe Books, 1991).
Bibliography:
The Penguin Book of Modern Australian Poetry, ed. By Chris Mead and Joseph
Tranter (London: Bloodaxe Books, 1991).
Title of book (in italics)
Editor/compiler of anthology
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
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Atlases
In-text citation:
As illustrated in the text6…
Footnote:
Oxford School Atlas, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 37.
Bibliography:
Oxford School Atlas, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Edition
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
Audiobooks
In-text citation:
Fry15 was emphatic in his description of the beast.
Footnote:
Stephen Fry, The Hippopotamus (Dover Audio Books, 2004) [on Audiobook].
Bibliography:
Fry, Stephen, The Hippopotamus (Dover Audio Books, 2004) [on Audiobook].
Author/editor
Title of book (in italics)
Publisher
Year of publication
Available at: URL
Downloaded: date
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Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables
In-text citation:
Jones’ painting illustrated his immense skill6.
Footnote:
Alan Bevin, Lost Welsh Treasures (London: Davies Publishers, 1997), figure 17, p.
77-78.
Bibliography:
Bevin, Alan, Lost Welsh Treasures (London: Davies Publishers, 1997).
Author of book
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
Illus./fig./diagram/logo/table
Bibliographies
In-text citation:
Lifeson6 noted the key research…
Footnote:
6. Alex Lifeson, Select Bibliography of Canadian Autobiographies (Toronto:
University of Toronto, School of Librarianship, 1981).
Bibliography:
Lifeson, Alex, Select Bibliography of Canadian Autobiographies (Toronto: University
of Toronto, School of Librarianship, 1981).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Edition
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
20
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Non-English Works
In-text citation:
It was evident that Napoleon was a strong leader.7
Footnote:
Maria Dell’Isola, Napoléon (Paris: R. Helleu, 1934).
Bibliography:
Dell’Isola, Maria, Napoléon (Paris: R. Helleu, 1934).
Author/editor
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
Historical books in online collections
In-text citation:
James’ measured plans79…
Footnote:
79. Patrick James, Ruins of the Palace at Thermopylae (original work published in
1654) <http://site.ebrary.com/lib/birmingham> (accessed 18 June 2015).
Bibliography:
James, Patrick, Ruins of the Palace at Thermopylae (original work published in 1654)
<http://site.ebrary.com/lib/birmingham> (accessed 18 June 2015).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
When original work was published
URL
Accessed at
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Lines in plays/scripts
In-text citation:
‘I prithee do not mock me fellow student’8
Footnote:
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed. by Kevin Bryant (London: Penguin, 1998), 1.2:177.
Bibliography:
Shakespeare, William, Hamlet, ed. by Kevin Bryant (London: Penguin, 1998),
1.2:177.
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Editor
Theatre: publisher
Year of play/publication
Act.Scene: line
Manuscripts
In-text citation:
The evidence5 points to…
Footnote:
Birmingham University Library, James Simpson Collection, Letters, 15 December
1865, 6/57/896.
Subsequent references;
BU, James Simpson Collection, 6/57/896.
Bibliography:
Birmingham University Library, James Simpson Collection, Letters.
Location of manuscript in archive or repository
Author
Title of manuscript
Date
Name of collection containing manuscript and reference number
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Magazine Articles
In-text citation:
Stevens discusses this43 clearly.
Footnote:
Nicky Stevens, ‘Circular Motion’, Physics Monthly, November 2011, 8-15.
Bibliography:
Stevens, Nicky, ‘Circular Motion’, Physics Monthly, November 2011.
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Issue information
page reference
doi/URL (if available)
Pamphlet/Booklet/Programme
In-text citation:
The pamphlet7…
Footnote:
7. Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society, The
Assessment of Pain in Younger People: Local Guidelines(pamphlet), Concise
Guidance to Good Practice Series, No. 9 (London: RCP, 2008).
Bibliography:
Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society, The
Assessment of Pain in Younger People: Local Guidelines(pamphlet), Concise
Guidance to Good Practice Series, No. 9 (London: RCP, 2008).
Author
Title (in italics)
Edition
Series and volume number
Place of publication: publisher
23
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Reprints
In-text citation:
It was evident14 that…
Footnote:
14.Dave Seaman, The King of the Truth (London: B.Y. Jove, 1998) (original work
published in 1945).
Bibliography:
Seaman, Dave, The King of the Truth (London: B.Y. Jove, 1998) (original work
published in 1945).
Author
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
Year of original publication
Translated Works
In-text citation:
Ludwig feared the worst for Napoleon.7
Footnote:
7. Emil Ludwig, Napoleon, trans. by Eden Paul and Cedar Paul (London: Book
Jungle, 2005).
Bibliography:
Ludwig, Emil, Napoleon, trans. by Eden Paul and Cedar Paul (London: Book Jungle,
2005).
Author
Title (in italics)
Translated by
Place of publication:
Publisher
Year of publication
24
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JOURNALS
Journal articles
In-text citation:
In their review of the literature9…
Footnote:
J. Knapik, L. M. Cosio-Lima, and K. L. Reynolds, ‘Efficacy of Functional Movement
Screening for Predicting Injuries in Coast Guard Cities’, Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, 29(5) (2015), 1157-1162, 1158.
Bibliography:
Knapik, J, Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L., ‘Efficacy of Functional Movement
Screening for Predicting Injuries in Coast Guard Cities’, Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, 29(5) (2015), 1157-1162.
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking
words such as and, of, the, for)
Volume number. Issue number
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Page numbers of article (not preceded by pp.)
25
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Journal articles (accessed via VLE)
In-text citation:
In their review of the literature5…
Footnote:
5. J. Knapik, L. M. Cosio-Lima, and K. L. Reynolds, ‘Efficacy of Functional Movement
Screening for Predicting Injuries in Coast Guard Cities’, Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, 29(5) (2015), 1157-1162, 1158. EDUC 1028: E-learning,
<http://intranet.bir.ac.uk> (accessed 25 June 2015).
Bibliography:
Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional
movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning,
<http://intranet.bir.ac.uk> (accessed 25 June 2015).
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Module code: module title (in italics)
URL
Accessed
26
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Pre-publication journal articles
In-text citation:
Several scientists have encountered a problem in this area6.
Footnote:
6. James Jones, Jonny Free and Peter Rigby, Aerobic Capacity (to be published in
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research) (2015),
<http://journals.lww.com/jscr/Abstract/2015> (accessed 23 June 2015).
Bibliography:
Jones, James, Jonny Free and Peter Rigby, Aerobic Capacity (to be published in
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research) (2015),
<http://journals.lww.com/jscr/Abstract/2015> (accessed 23 June 2015).
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
To be published
Title of journal
Year of publication
URL
Accessed
Magazine Articles
In-text citation:
Stevens discusses this43 clearly.
Footnote:
Nicky Stevens, ‘Circular Motion’, Physics Monthly, November 2011, 8-15.
Bibliography:
Stevens, Nicky, ‘Circular Motion’, Physics Monthly, November 2011.
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Issue information
page reference
doi/URL (if available)
27
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Journal with more than three authors
In-text citation:
Research4 suggests…
Footnote:
4. H. M. Jennings, and others, ‘Food or Medicine?’, Journal of Ethnopharmology, 167,
97-105.
Bibliography:
Jennings, H. M., and others, ‘Food or Medicine?’, Journal of Ethnopharmology, 167,
97-105.
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking
words such as and, of, the, for)
Volume number. Issue number
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Page numbers of article (not preceded by pp.)
28
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DIGITAL AND INTERNET
The internet
Blogs
In-text citation:
No evidence was suggested9 in the wake of the bombings.
Footnote:
9. Amy Davidson, ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’, The New Yorker,
<http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man>
[accessed 22 June 2015].
Bibliography:
Davidson, Amy, ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’, The New Yorker,
<http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man>
[accessed 22 June 2015].
Author of message
Title of message (in single quotation marks)
Title of site
URL
Accessed
29
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Facebook
In-text citation:
It is clear that the campus for 2016 will be a hive of activity.7
Footnote:
University of Birmingham, ‘New for 2016 on campus will be a fabulous library, filled
with new and emerging technologies’ (Facebook status update),
https://www.facebook.com/unibirmingham [accessed on June 18 2015).
Bibliography:
University of Birmingham, ‘New for 2016 on campus will be a fabulous library, filled
with new and emerging technologies’ (Facebook status update),
https://www.facebook.com/unibirmingham [accessed on June 18 2015).
Author
Title of page (if not same as author)
Message (in single quotation marks)
Type of media
URL
Accessed
30
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Twitter
In-text citation:
The University of Birmingham are well accomplished in using social media
(@unibirmingham, 13 June 2015).7
Footnote:
University of Birmingham, ‘University of Birmingham. We hope our alumni are having
a great time today at the Alumni Sports Day’ (tweet),
<https://twitter.com/unibirmingham/status/609691694762627072> [accessed 18 June
2015].
Bibliography:
University of Birmingham, ‘University of Birmingham. We hope our alumni are having
a great time today at the Alumni Sports Day’ (tweet),
<https://twitter.com/unibirmingham/status/609691694762627072> [accessed 18 June
2015].
Author
Title of page (if not same as author)
Message (in single quotation marks)
Type of media
URL
Accessed
31
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Wiki
In-text citation:
Rush originated from the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario.5
Footnote:
5. Wikipedia contributors, ‘Rush (band)’, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia, 18
June 2015, 13:42 GMT, <https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rush_(band)> [accessed
June 19 2015].
Bibliography:
Wikipedia contributors, ‘Rush (band)’, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia, 18 June
2015, 13:42 GMT, <https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rush_(band)> [accessed June 19
2015].
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of wiki site (in italics)
Date last edited
URL
Accessed
Google+
In-text citation:
It is obvious in this day and age7…
Footnote:
7. Guild of Students, University of Birmingham, Ready to move out? Drop off your
non-perishable food at our collection trolley, in support of Sparkhill food bank
[Google+ post] <https://plus.google.com/+guildofstudents/posts> [accessed 9 June
2015].
Bibliography:
Guild of Students, University of Birmingham, Ready to move out? Drop off your nonperishable food at our collection trolley, in support of Sparkhill food bank [Google+
post] <https://plus.google.com/+guildofstudents/posts> [accessed 9 June 2015].
Author
Title of page (if not same as author)
Message (in single quotation marks)
Type of media
URL
Accessed
32
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Online newspaper articles
In-text citation:
The White Rose of Yorkshire is still flying high in the cricket.6
Footnote:
Graham Hardcastle, ‘The White Rose of Yorkshire is still Flying High in the Cricket’,
The Press, York (June 18, 2015)
<http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/13339665.Gale_gears_up_for_pivotal_spell_for_Y
orkshire/> [accessed 19 June 2015].
Bibliography:
Hardcastle, Graham, ‘The White Rose of Yorkshire is still Flying High in the Cricket’,
The Press, York (June 18, 2015)
<http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/13339665.Gale_gears_up_for_pivotal_spell_for_Y
orkshire/> [accessed 19 June 2015].
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Newspaper
Date published
URL
Accessed
Web pages
Web Page – individual author
In-text citation:
Dan Snow6 states that…
Footnote:
6. Dan Snow, How did so many soldiers survive the trenches? (n.d.),
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z3kgjxs> [accessed 18 July 2015].
Bibliography:
Snow, Dan, How did so many soldiers survive the trenches? (n.d.),
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z3kgjxs> [accessed 18 July 2015].
Author
Title of internet site (in italics)
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
<URL>
[accessed date]
33
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Web page – organisation as the author
In-text citation:
During WW13…
Footnote:
3. BBC News, ‘Lights Out’ Ends Day of WW1 Centenary Commemorations (2014),
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28632223> [accessed 18 June 2015].
Bibliography:
BBC News, ‘Lights Out’ Ends Day of WW1 Centenary Commemorations (2014),
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28632223> [accessed 18 June 2015].
Author
Title of internet site (in italics)
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
<URL>
[accessed date]
Web page – no authors or titles
In-text citation:
Thunderstorms have become increasingly common.8
Footnote:
8. Blitzortung.org (no title), (n.d.),
<http://www.blitzortung.org/Webpages/index.php?lang=en&page=1> [accessed 18
June 2015].
Bibliography:
Blitzortung.org (no title), (n.d.),
<http://www.blitzortung.org/Webpages/index.php?lang=en&page=1> [accessed 18
June 2015].
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
34
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Web page – no dates
In-text citation:
He was seen by many to be a great man.43
Footnote:
43. BBC History. Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) (n.d.)
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml> [accessed
18 June 2015].
Bibliography:
BBC History. Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) (n.d.)
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml> [accessed
18 June 2015].
Author
Title of web page (in italics)
No date
URL
Accessed
Web page – no authors
In-text citation:
Napoleon was a great leader6…
Footnote:
6. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) (2015),
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bonaparte_napoleon.shtml> [accessed
18 July, 2015].
Bibliography:
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) (2015),
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bonaparte_napoleon.shtml> [accessed
18 July, 2015].
Title of web page (in italics)
Year of publication
URL
Accessed
35
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Radio and internet radio
In-text citation:
According to the latest research6…
Footnote:
6. ‘The Sun’, In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 1 January 2015.
6. ‘The Sun’, In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 1 January 2015. Available at
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b048nlfb#auto [accessed 23 January 2015].
Bibliography:
‘The Sun’, In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 1 January 2015.
‘The Sun’, In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 1 January 2015. Available at
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b048nlfb#auto [accessed 23 January 2015].
Title of programme (in single quotation marks)
Series (in italics)
Name of channel
Date of transmission
Available at URL
Accessed
Photographs from the internet
In-text citation:
The great photograph5…
Footnote:
5. Chase Jarvis (photographer), ‘Blue’,
<http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0>
[accessed 18 June 2015].
Bibliography:
Jarvis, Chase (photographer), ‘Blue’,
<http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0>
[accessed 18 June 2015].
Name of photographer
Title of photograph
URL
Accessed
36
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Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
In-text citation:
Jones7 explained…
Footnote:
7. David Jones, ‘Developing Big Business’, Large Firms Policy and Research
Conference (University of Birmingham, 18-19 December) (Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses, 1999), <http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd> (accessed 19 January
2014).
Bibliography:
Jones, David, ‘Developing Big Business’, Large Firms Policy and Research
Conference (University of Birmingham, 18-19 December) (Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses, 1999), <http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd> (accessed 19 January
2014).
Author
Title of paper (single quotation marks)
Title of conference (italics)
Location and date of conference
Publisher
URL
Accessed
37
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Television programmes viewed on the internet
In-text citation:
Napoleon was defeated11…
Footnote:
11. ‘Episode 2’, Napoleon, online television programme, BBC iPlayer, 17 June 2015,
<https://www.iplayer.co.uk/napoleon> [accessed 18 January 2015].
Bibliography:
‘Episode 2’, Napoleon, online television programme, BBC iPlayer, 17 June 2015,
<https://www.iplayer.co.uk/napoleon> [accessed 18 January 2015].
Title of episode (in single quotation marks)
Title of programme/series (italics)
Name of channel
Broadcast date
URL
Accessed
Videos or films on YouTube
In-text citation:
The video produced by the University of Birmingham4 shows…
Footnote:
4. University of Birmingham, The University of Birmingham Experience, online video
recording, YouTube, 15 January 2010,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA> [accessed 18 June 2015].
Bibliography:
University of Birmingham, The University of Birmingham Experience (online video
recording), YouTube, 15 January 2010,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA> [accessed 18 June 2015].
Name of person posting video
Title of video
(type of media)
Date posted
URL
Accessed
38
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Digital repositories
Books in digital repositories
In-text citation:
Several PhD candidates gave useful advice67.
Footnote:
67. E. Davids and I. Wright. Doing referencing. (Birmingham: Reference-works,
1999).
Bibliography:
Davids, E. and I. Wright. Doing referencing. (Birmingham: Reference-works, 1999).
Reference books and journal articles in repositories should be referenced as you would for
the corresponding print versions.
Conference papers in digital repositories
In-text citation:
Jones6 revoked the theory…
Footnote:
6. S. Jones. ‘Is there a correct way to reference?’ Workshop on referencing in
universities (Main Library, University of Birmingham, UK, 30 March to 2 April 2003).
Bibliography:
Jones. S, ‘Is there a correct way to reference?’ Workshop on referencing in
universities (Main Library, University of Birmingham, UK, 30 March to 2 April 2003).
Author
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference (in italics)
Organisation or company
Location and date of conference
39
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CD-ROMS or DVD-ROMs
CD-ROM
In-text citation:
The music industry has expanded greatly2…
Footnote:
2. Various Artists, Now That’s What I Call Music 91 [CD], (2015).
Bibliography:
Various Artists, Now That’s What I Call Music 91. CD, EMI CDM B00TILNZFY (2015).
Artist(s)
Title of publication (in italics)
CD
Producer
Year published
DVD-ROM
In-text citation:
Spielberg clearly believes9…
Footnote:
9. Steven Spielberg (dir.), Saving Private Ryan [DVD], (1998).
Bibliography:
Spielberg, Steven (dir.), Saving Private Ryan [DVD], (1998).
Director
Title of film
DVD
Year produced
40
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Computer Games
In-text citation:
Games such as Rome: Total War5…
Footnote:
5. The Creative Assembly, Rome: Total War (computer video game) (London: The
Game Company, 2004).
Bibliography:
The Creative Assembly, Rome: Total War (computer video game) (London: The
Game Company, 2004).
Author
Title of program (in italics)
Media type
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
Computer Programmes
In-text citation:
It has been found28 that…
Footnote:
28. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Epi Info (computer program)
(Atlanta, GA, 1994).
Bibliography:
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Epi Info (computer program) (Atlanta,
GA, 1994).
Author
Title of program (in italics)
Media type
Place of publication
Year of publication
41
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Personal and virtual learning environments
Learning support materials
Journal articles (accessed via VLE)
In-text citation:
In their review of the literature5…
Footnote:
5. J. Knapik, L. M. Cosio-Lima, and K. L. Reynolds, ‘Efficacy of Functional Movement
Screening for Predicting Injuries in Coast Guard Cities’, Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, 29(5) (2015), 1157-1162, 1158. EDUC 1028: E-learning,
<http://intranet.bir.ac.uk> (accessed 25 June 2015).
Bibliography:
Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional
movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning,
<http://intranet.bir.ac.uk> (accessed 25 June 2015).
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Module code: module title (in italics)
URL
Accessed
42
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PowerPoint presentations
In-text citation:
The great presentation63…
Footnote:
Daniel Whittingham, History of Warfare (PowerPoint presentation) (2014)
<https://intranet.bham.ac.uk/warstudies/whittinghamd> (accessed 7 June 2014).
Bibliography:
Whittingham, Daniel, History of Warfare (PowerPoint presentation) (2014)
<https://intranet.bham.ac.uk/warstudies/whittinghamd> (accessed 7 June 2014).
Author/tutor
Title of presentation (italics)
Media type
Date of presentation
URL
Accessed
Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs/intranet
In-text citation:
The tutor’s notes15…
Footnote:
15. Daniel Whittingham, Zulu Warriors (University of Birmingham: unpublished, 2015).
Bibliography:
Whittingham, Daniel, Zulu Warriors (University of Birmingham: unpublished, 2015)
<http://intranet.bham.ac.uk> (accessed 21 June 2015).
Author/Tutor
Title of item (in italics)
Module code: module title
Place of publication
Unpublished
Year produced
URL
Accessed
43
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MEDIA AND ART
Newspaper articles
In-text citation:
Businesses and organisations around York are showing their support.6
Footnote:
Sam Lewis, ‘Rainbow Support for York Pride’, The Press (York), 18 June 2015, p. 6.
Bibliography:
Lewis, Sam, ‘Rainbow Support for York Pride’, The Press (York), 18 June 2015.
Author
Title (single quotation marks)
Title of newspaper
Date published
Page reference
Live performances
Concerts
In-text citation:
Rush2 wowed the audience…
Footnote:
2. Rush, Greatest Hits Tour (music concert) (Bishopthorpe Social Club, York, UK, 29
March 2015).
Bibliography:
Rush, Greatest Hits Tour (music concert) (Bishopthorpe Social Club, York, UK, 29
March 2015).
Composer
Title (in italics)
Media type
Location
Date seen
44
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Plays
In-text citation:
It was a spectacular feat of engineering.5
Footnote:
William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, dir. by David Smith (York: Theatre Royal,
2013).
Bibliography:
Shakespeare, William, Romeo and Juliet, dir. by David Smith (York: Theatre Royal,
2013).
Author
Title
Directed by
Location
Date seen
Visual sources
Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables
In-text citation:
Jones’ painting illustrated his immense skill6.
Footnote:
Alan Bevin, Lost Welsh Treasures (London: Davies Publishers, 1997), figure 17, p.
77-78.
Bibliography:
Bevin, Alan, Lost Welsh Treasures (London: Davies Publishers, 1997).
Author of book
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
Illus./fig./diagram/logo/table
45
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Cartoons
In-text citation:
Joe Bloggs9 highlighted the issue…
Footnote:
9. Joe Bloggs, ‘The key issue’ [Cartoon], The Times, (20 January 2013),
<http://www.times.co.uk/world/cartoon/2013/jan/20/bloggs> [accessed 25 July 2015].
Bibliography:
Bloggs, Joe, ‘The key issue’ [Cartoon], The Times, (20 January 2013),
<http://www.times.co.uk/world/cartoon/2013/jan/20/bloggs> [accessed 25 July 2015].
Author
Title of cartoon (in single quotation marks)
Media type
Title of publication (in italics)
Date
URL
Accessed
Comics
In-text citation:
Dennis the Menace is still going strong9…
Footnote:
9. The Beano, The Wrath of Gnasher (London: Beano Publishing, 25 July 2015), pp.
40-42.
Bibliography:
The Beano, The Wrath of Gnasher (London: Beano Publishing, 25 July 2015).
Author
Title of comic
Place of publication: publisher
Date of publication
46
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Displays
In-text citation:
It is obvious9…
Footnote:
9. Paintings of John Doe (display board), (Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition,
Pontefract, UK, 2012) (viewed 28 April 2015).
Bibliography:
Paintings of John Doe (display board), (Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition, Pontefract,
UK, 2012) (viewed 28 April 2015).
Title (in italics)
Media type
Name of venue, city
Year of production
Date viewed
Exhibitions
In-text citation:
The acclaimed exhibition in London is one to behold16.
Footnotes:
16. Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde [exhibition] (Tate Modern, London: 12
September 2013 – 13 January 2013).
Bibliography:
Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde [exhibition] (Tate Modern, London: 12
September 2013 – 13 January 2013).
Title of exhibition (in italics)
Media type
Location
Date(s) of exhibition
47
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Installations
In-text citation:
It was obvious18…
Footnote:
18. John Thompson, My House (Installation at Tate Modern, London), 4 January
2009.
Bibliography:
Thompson, John, My House (Installation at Tate Modern, London), 4 January 2009.
Artist
Title of installation
Media type at location
Date viewed
Graffiti
In-text citation:
The graffiti67 demonstrated that…
Footnote:
67. Unknown artist, Jimmy No! (15 West Street, York, 23 June 2015).
Bibliography:
Unknown artist, Jimmy No! (15 West Street, York, 23 June 2015).
Artist
Title (in italics)
Location
Date viewed
48
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Inscriptions
On monuments
In-text citation:
It was clear12 that…
Footnote:
12. ‘James Smith’ (monument inscription), St Andrews Churchyard, Bishopthorpe,
York.
Bibliography:
‘James Smith’ (monument inscription), St Andrews Churchyard, Bishopthorpe, York.
Name of deceased (in single quotation marks)
Media type
Location
Date viewed (if relevant)
On Buildings
In-text citation:
The exterior inscription by Stevens56…
Footnote:
56. George Stevens, Inscription on English Development Centre (Jubbergate, York,
UK: 2005).
Bibliography:
Stevens, George, Inscription on English Development Centre (Jubbergate, York, UK:
2005).
Author
Inscription on… (in italics)
Location
Date viewed (if relevant)
49
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Maps
Ordnance survey maps
In-text citation:
Archaeological sites are clearly shown23…
Footnote:
Ordnance Survey, York (sheet 56, 1:50 000) (Southampton: Ordnance Survey,
Landranger series).
Bibliography:
Ordnance Survey, York (sheet 56, 1:50 000) (Southampton: Ordnance Survey,
Landranger series, 2002).
Ordnance Survey
Title (in italics)
Sheet number, scale
Place of publication: publisher
Series, year of publication
Geological survey maps
In-text citation:
It soon became clear15 that…
Footnote:
15. Ordnance Survey, Castleford (solid)(sheet 16, 1:50 000) (Southampton:
Ordnance Survey, Geological Survey of Great Britain [England and Wales], 1988).
Bibliography:
Ordnance Survey, Castleford (solid)(sheet 16, 1:50 000) (Southampton: Ordnance
Survey, Geological Survey of Great Britain [England and Wales], 1988).
Corporate author and publisher
Title (in italics)
Sheet number, scale
Place of publication: publisher
Series, year of publication
50
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Online maps
In-text citation:
The social club is close to the playing field47.
Footnote:
47. Ordnance Survey, Ferry Lane (Tile sp15nw, 1:10 000) (2010)
<http://edina.ac.iuk/digimap/> (accessed 8 June 2014).
Bibliography:
Ordnance Survey, Ferry Lane (Tile sp15nw, 1:10 000) (2010)
<http://edina.ac.iuk/digimap/> (accessed 8 June 2014).
Map publisher
Title of map section (in italics)
Year of publication
URL
Accessed
Medical images
In-text citation:
The X-ray34 evidently showed…
Footnote
34. The Femur (X-ray) (2014), <http://www.anatomy.tv/femur >.
Bibliography:
The Femur (X-ray) (2014), <http://www.anatomy.tv/femur> (accessed on 24 June
2015).
Image title
Media type
Year of publication
URL
Accessed
51
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Mood boards
In-text citation:
The mood board12…
Footnote:
Dennis Smith, Hello (2012) <http://www.flickr.com/photos/hello/57647> (accessed 19
June 2015).
Bibliography:
Smith, Dennis, Hello (2012) <http://www.flickr.com/photos/hello/57647> (accessed
19 June 2015).
Artist (if known, or use title)
Title (in italics)
Year of publication
URL
Accessed
Packaging
In-text citation:
The company made it clear78.
Footnote:
78. Mars Incorporated, Mars Bar (wrapper) (2013).
Bibliography:
Mars Incorporated, Mars Bar (wrapper) (2013).
Manufacturer
Product name (in italics)
Media type
Year seen
52
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Paintings/drawings
In-text citation:
Works by Dali56 have fascinated people for decades.
Footnote:
56. Salvador Dali, Madonna (oil on canvas) (London: Tate Gallery, 1958).
Bibliography:
Dali, Salvador, Madonna (oil on canvas) (London: Tate Gallery, 1958).
Artist
Title (in italics)
Meda type
Institution or collection that houses the work, followed by the city
Year
Photographs/Images
Photographic prints or slides
In-text citation:
It is ever so clear37 that…
Footnote:
37. Timothy Tebow York At Night (photograph) (York: Here and There Publishing,
2009).
Bibliography:
Tebow, Timothy, York At Night (photograph) (York: Here and There Publishing,
2009).
Photographer
Title (in italics)
Media type
Place of publication
Publisher
Year
53
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Photographs from the internet
In-text citation:
The great photograph5…
Footnote:
5. Chase Jarvis (photographer), ‘Blue’,
<http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0>
[accessed 18 June 2015].
Bibliography:
Jarvis, Chase (photographer), ‘Blue’,
<http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0>
[accessed 18 June 2015].
Name of photographer
Title of photograph
URL
Accessed
Clip art
In-text citation:
The image of the dinosaur13…
Footnotes:
13. Dinosaur (clipart) <http://www.clipart.co.uk/cgibin/dinosaur > (accessed 18 June
2015).
Bibliography:
Dinosaur (clipart) <http://www.clipart.co.uk/cgibin/dinosaur > (accessed 18 June
2015).
Title of clip art
Media type
URL
Accessed
54
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Postcards
In-text citation:
The shore was beautiful89.
Footnote:
89. Timothy Terrence, Tintagel (postcard) (England: Cornwall Gallery, no date).
Bibliography:
Terrence, Timothy, Tintagel (postcard) (England: Cornwall Gallery, no date).
Artist
Title (in italics)
Media type
Place of publication
Gallery
Year
Posters
In-text citation:
It was obvious9…
Footnote:
9. Jimmy Severn, Le Joue (poster) (London: Early Morning Publishers, no date).
Bibliography:
Severn, Jimmy, Le Joue (poster) (London: Early Morning Publishers, no date).
Artist
Title (in italics)
Media type
Place of publication: publisher
Date
55
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PowerPoint presentations
In-text citation:
The great presentation63…
Footnote:
Daniel Whittingham, History of Warfare (PowerPoint presentation) (2014)
<https://intranet.bham.ac.uk/warstudies/whittinghamd> (accessed 7 June 2014).
Bibliography:
Whittingham, Daniel, History of Warfare (PowerPoint presentation) (2014)
<https://intranet.bham.ac.uk/warstudies/whittinghamd> (accessed 7 June 2014).
Author/tutor
Title of presentation (italics)
Media type
Date of presentation
URL
Accessed
War Memorial
In-text citation:
The memorial7…
Footnote:
7. Derek Boorman, For Your Tomorrow (war memorial) (Deangate, York, UK: 1995).
Bibliography:
Boorman, Derek, For Your Tomorrow (war memorial) (Deangate, York, UK: 1995).
Name of architect
Name of memorial (in italics)
Meda type
Location
Date of construction
56
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Audio-visual material
CD-ROM
In-text citation:
The music industry has expanded greatly2…
Footnote:
2. Various Artists, Now That’s What I Call Music 91 [CD], (2015).
Bibliography:
Various Artists, Now That’s What I Call Music 91. CD, EMI CDM B00TILNZFY (2015).
Artist(s)
Title of publication (in italics)
CD
Producer
Year published
DVD-ROM
In-text citation:
Spielberg clearly believes9…
Footnote:
9. Steven Spielberg (dir.), Saving Private Ryan [DVD], (1998).
Bibliography:
Spielberg, Steven (dir.), Saving Private Ryan [DVD], (1998).
Director
Title of film
DVD
Year produced
57
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Television - Programmes
In-text citation:
The Doctor is back with a vengeance9.
Footnote:
9. Doctor Who (television programme) (London: BBC One Television, January 28 2014).
Bibliography:
Doctor Who (television programme) (London: BBC One Television, January 28 2014).
Title of programme
Media type
Place of publication
Publisher/Television channel
Date viewed
Television – Episodes
In-text citation:
The Doctor is back with a vengeance9.
Footnote:
9. The Doctor Returns (Doctor Who: Series 35, Episode 8), (London: BBC One
Television, 5 November 2013).
Bibliography:
The Doctor Returns (Doctor Who: Series 35, Episode 8), (London: BBC One
Television, 5 November 2013).
Title of episode (in italics)
Series and Episode (in italics)
Media type
Place of publication
Publisher/Television channel
Date viewed
58
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Musical scores (sheet music)
In-text citation:
‘Something for Nothing’ is a song for the ages6.
Footnote:
6. Peart, Neil, Something for Nothing (Rush; Toronto Sound Studios, 1976).
Bibliography:
Neil Peart, Something for Nothing (Rush; Toronto Sound Studios, 1976).
Author
Title of song
Band/Group
Publisher/Recording studio
Year produced
Lyrics from songs
In-text citation:
Peart6 believes that…
Footnote:
‘A Passage to Bangkok’ in 2112 (Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios, 1976).
Bibliography:
‘A Passage to Bangkok’ in 2112 (Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios, 1976).
Title of song (in single quotation marks)
In album title (in italics)
Place of production
Record studio
Year of production
59
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Liner Notes
In-text citation:
“I lie awake, staring out at the bleakness of Megadon”9...
Footnote:
9. Neil Peart, 2112 (CD-ROM liner notes) (Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios, 1976).
Bibliography:
Peart, Neil, 2112 (CD-ROM liner notes) (Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios, 1976).
Author
Album title (in italics)
Media type
Place of production
Record studio
Year of production
Downloads (audio or video)
In-text citation:
It was a piece of lyrical genius9.
Footnote:
9. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Push the Sky Away (2013)
<http://www.myplaydirect.com/Nick-Cave> (accessed 13 June 2015).
Bibliography:
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Push the Sky Away (2013)
<http://www.myplaydirect.com/Nick-Cave> (accessed 13 June 2015).
Author
Title of Album (in italics)
Year produced
URL
Accessed
60
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Microform
In-text citation:
Data from Jones12…
Footnote:
12. Peter Jones, The Jones Collection (microform) (York, UK: Jones Physiological
Association, 1997).
Bibliography:
Jones, Peter, The Jones Collection (microform) (York, UK: Jones Physiological
Association, 1997).
Author
Title (in italics)
Media type
Place of publication
Publisher
Year
Phonecasts
In-text citation:
Zuckerberg created his website9…
Footnote:
9. A Conversation with Mark Zuckerberg (phonecast) (2007)
<http://www.phonecasting.com/Channel/View/Channel.aspx> (accessed 27 June
2014).
Bibliography:
A Conversation with Mark Zuckerberg (phonecast) (2007)
<http://www.phonecasting.com/Channel/View/Channel.aspx> (accessed 27 June
2014).
Title of phonecast (in italics)
Media type
Year
URL
Accessed
61
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Podcasts
In-text citation:
It was clear that George Osborne was well out of his depth.81
Footnote:
John Smith (Producer), 18th June 15 [podcast], BBC Radio 4, Yesterday in
Parliament, 18 June 2015 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02tys33> [accessed
19 June 2015].
Bibliography:
Smith, John (Producer), 18th June 15 [podcast], BBC Radio 4, Yesterday in
Parliament, 18 June 2015 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02tys33> [accessed
19 June 2015].
Author/producer
Title of podcast (in italics)
Media type
Channel
Series
Date of posted message
URL
Accessed
Screencasts
In-text citation:
An online video showed this6…
Footnote:
6. Learning Rails the Zombie Way (screencast) (no date) <http://www.rubyonrails.org>
(accessed 12 January 2014).
Bibliography:
Learning Rails the Zombie Way (screencast) (no date) <http://www.rubyonrails.org>
(accessed 12 January 2014).
Title of screencast (in italics)
Media type
Date (if relevant)
URL
Accessed
62
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Video Podcasts
In-text citation:
Bob Saget is clearly a great guy.6
Footnote:
6. Brent Butler and Annie O’Rourke, Bob Saget: Norm Macdonald Live: Video
Podcast Network, vodcast, YouTube, 20 June 2014,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peDLWyHegfI> [accessed 22 June 2015].
Bibliography:
Butler, Brent and Annie O’Rourke, Bob Saget: Norm Macdonald Live: Video Podcast
Network, vodcast, YouTube, 20 June 2014,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peDLWyHegfI> [accessed 22 June 2015].
Author(s)
Title (in italics)
Media type
Date published
URL
Accessed
Film director interviews
In-text citation:
The directors were incredibly pleased with the outcome8…
Footnote:
8. Lana Wachowski, Interview with Lana Wachowski (interviewed by Laurence Smith
on ‘The Matrix Reloaded’) (DVD) (Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc., 2003).
Bibliography:
Wachowski, Lana, Interview with Lana Wachowski (interviewed by Laurence Smith
on ‘The Matrix Reloaded’) (DVD) (Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc., 2003).
Name of person interviewed
Title of interview
Interviewed by
Title of film (in italics)
DVD or Blu-Ray
Place of distribution: distribution company, year
63
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Reviews
Book Review
In-text citation:
Stevens98 thought that the book…
Footnote:
98. Hugh Stevens, Biology of Birds (review of ‘The Birds and the Bees’ by David
Bills), Journal of the History of Biology, 50(2), 190-92.
Bibliography:
Stevens, Hugh, Biology of Birds (review of ‘The Birds and the Bees’ by David Bills),
Journal of the History of Biology, 50(2), 190-92.
Name of the reviewer
Title of the review
Review of… Author of work being reviewed
Journal title and details (if relevant)
Publication details
Drama Review
In-text citation:
One reviewer76 wrote…
Footnote:
Uwe Smith, The Big Finale (review of ‘Heaven Help Me’ (Theatre Royal, York) by
Tony Jones), (London: The Times, 8 July 2007).
Bibliography:
Smith, Uwe, The Big Finale (review of ‘Heaven Help Me’ (Theatre Royal, York) by
Tony Jones), (London: The Times, 8 July 2007).
Name of the reviewer
Title of review (in italics)
Review of… Where the drama took place
Director of work being reviewed
Publication details
Date published
64
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Film review
In-text citation:
Barnes76 believed it to be a great film…
Footnote:
76. Jimmy Barnes, Citizen Kane (review of Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles)
(London: Empire Magazine, 9 October 1989), pp. 25-29.
Bibliography:
Barnes, Jimmy, Citizen Kane (review of Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles)
(London: Empire Magazine, 9 October 1989), pp. 25-29.
Name of the reviewer
Title of review (in italics)
Review of… directed by…
Publication details
Date published
Page reference (if relevant)
Reviews of musical performances
In-text citation:
Jubb67 thought the performance was incredible.
Footnote:
67. Alex Jubb, Absolute Magic (review of the Clockwork Angels Tour (Rush), York,
UK, in The Press(review section), 29 March 2015), p. 91.
Bibliography:
Jubb, Alex, Absolute Magic (review of the Clockwork Angels Tour (Rush), York, UK,
in The Press(review section), 29 March 2015), p. 91.
Name of the reviewer
Title of review (in italics)
Review of… where the concert took place
Publication details
Date of publication
Page reference (if relevant)
65
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Interview
Newspaper Interview
In-text citation:
Jones was clearly out of his depth86.
Footnote:
86. Kevin Jones, Interview with Kevin Jones (interviewed by Steven Poulter for The
Times) (London: The Times, 7 July 2009), p. 88.
Bibliography:
Jones, Kevin, Interview with Kevin Jones (interviewed by Steven Poulter for The
Times) (London: The Times, 7 July 2009).
Name of person interviewed
Title of interview (in italics)
Interviewed by… for…
Publication details
Date of publication
TV interview
In-text citation:
Jones was clearly out of his depth9.
Footnote:
9. Kevin Jones, Interview with Kevin Jones (interviewed by Steven Poulter for
Newsnight) (London: BBC Two Television, 5 February 2009).
Bibliography:
Jones, Kevin, Interview with Kevin Jones (interviewed by Steven Poulter for
Newsnight) (London: BBC Two Television, 5 February 2009).
Name of person interviewed
Title of interview (in italics)
Interviewed by… for…
Publication details
Date of publication
66
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Internet interview
In-text citation:
Jones was clearly out of his depth76.
Footnote:
76. Kevin Jones, Interview with Kevin Jones (interviewed by Steven Poulter for
Newsnight) (7 March, 2009) <http://iplayer.co.uk/Newsnight/march7> (accessed 17
June 2015).
Bibliography:
Jones, Kevin, Interview with Kevin Jones (interviewed by Steven Poulter for
Newsnight) (7 March, 2009) <http://iplayer.co.uk/Newsnight/march7> (accessed 17
June 2015).
Name of person interviewed
Title of interview (in italics)
Interviewed by… for…
Date of publication
URL
Accessed
RESEARCH
Unpublished or confidential information
Confidential information
In-text citation:
The records they produced78…
Footnote:
78. [Placement Hospital], [Placement Hospital] Examination Criteria for Patients with
Dementia (London: [Placement Hospital].
Bibliography:
[Placement Hospital], [Placement Hospital] Examination Criteria for Patients with
Dementia (London: [Placement Hospital].
Anonymised institution/agency (in square brackets)
Anonymised title (in italics) (use square bracket for anonymised part)
Location
Year produced (if relevant)
67
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Internal reports
In-text citation:
Recommendations in the report19…
Footnote:
19. Lucy Hegenbarth, Focus Group Recommendations (Internal LGU report:
unpublished, 2014).
Bibliography:
Hegenbarth, Lucy, Focus Group Recommendations (Internal LGU report:
unpublished, 2014).
Author or organisation
Title of report (in italics)
Internal report (including name of institution)
Unpublished
Year produced
Unpublished academic work
Students’ own work
In-text citation:
The topic of the essay12…
Footnote:
12. Alex Jubb, Did the Allies Win the Battle of the Atlantic because of Superior Air
Power? (University of Birmingham: unpublished essay, 2014).
Bibliography:
Jubb, Alex, Did the Allies Win the Battle of the Atlantic because of Superior Air Power?
(University of Birmingham: unpublished essay, 2014).
Student name
Title of essay/assignment (in italics)
Module code (if relevant)
Institution
Unpublished essay/assignment
Year of submission
68
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Theses/Dissertations
In-text citation:
It was made evident9 that…
Footnote:
S. Gregory, ‘English Military Intervention in the Dutch Revolt’ (B. A. thesis, University
of Birmingham, 1970), p. 9.
Bibliography:
Gregory, S., ‘English Military Intervention in the Dutch Revolt’ (B. A. thesis, University
of Birmingham, 1970).
Author
Title of thesis (in single quotation marks)
Degree statement
Degree-awarding body
Year of submission
If viewed online:
URL
Accessed
Tutors’ handouts
In-text citation:
The tutor’s handout15…
Footnote:
15. Daniel Whittingham, Zulu Warriors (University of Birmingham: unpublished, 2015).
Bibliography:
Whittingham, Daniel, Zulu Warriors (University of Birmingham: unpublished, 2015).
Tutor
Title of handout (in italics)
Module code, module title (if relevant)
Institution
Unpublished
Year of distribution
69
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Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs/intranet
In-text citation:
The tutor’s notes15…
Footnote:
15. Daniel Whittingham, Zulu Warriors (University of Birmingham: unpublished, 2015).
Bibliography:
Whittingham, Daniel, Zulu Warriors (University of Birmingham: unpublished, 2015)
<http://intranet.bham.ac.uk> (accessed 21 June 2015).
Author/Tutor
Title of item (in italics)
Module code: module title
Place of publication
Unpublished
Year produced
URL
Accessed
Reports
Financial
Company annual reports
In-text citation:
The company expanded massively during the first half of the year9.
Footnote:
9. BSkyB Ltd., Annual Report 2012 (2012) <http://annualreview2012.sky.com>
(accessed 9 January 2013).
Bibliography:
BSkyB Ltd., Annual Report 2012 (2012) <http://annualreview2012.sky.com>
(accessed 9 January 2013).
Author or organisation
Title of report (in italics)
Year of publication
Publication details (if relevant)
URL
Accessed
70
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Financial reports from online databases
In-text citation:
BSkyB’s profit margin rose by over 7 per cent in the financial year 2011-201267.
Footnote:
67. Bureau van Dijk, BSkyB PLC Company Report <http://fame.bvdep.com/bskyb>
(accessed 8 January 2013).
Bibliography:
Bureau van Dijk, BSkyB PLC Company Report <http://fame.bvdep.com/bskyb>
(accessed 8 January 2013).
Publishing organisation
Title of extract (In italics)
Year of publication (if relevant)
URL
Accessed
Research
Internal reports
In-text citation:
Recommendations in the report19…
Footnote:
19. Lucy Hegenbarth, Focus Group Recommendations (Internal LGU report:
unpublished, 2014).
Bibliography:
Hegenbarth, Lucy, Focus Group Recommendations (Internal LGU report:
unpublished, 2014).
Author or organisation
Title of report (in italics)
Internal report (including name of institution)
Unpublished
Year produced
71
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Market research reports from online databases
In-text citation:
Mintel Oxygen7 noticed problems in the market…
Footnote:
Mintel Oxygen, Van Insurance Wales (market research report)
<http://academic.minteloxygen.com> (accessed 18 July 2014).
Bibliography:
Mintel Oxygen, Van Insurance Wales (market research report)
<http://academic.minteloxygen.com> (accessed 18 July 2014).
Author or organisation
Title of report (in italics)
Media type
Publication details (if necessary)
URL
Accessed
Research reports
In-text citation:
The minimum cost of living in Yorkshire is £15 00081.
Footnote:
81. Brad Friedland, A Minimum Income Standard for Yorkshire: What People Think
(research report) <http://www.jrf.org.uk/yorkshireresearch> (accessed 19 June 2015).
Bibliography:
Friedland, Brad, A Minimum Income Standard for Yorkshire: What People Think
(research report) <http://www.jrf.org.uk/yorkshireresearch> (accessed 19 June 2015).
Author or organisation
Title of report (in italics)
Media type
Publication details (if necessary)
URL
Accessed
72
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Genealogical sources
Birth, marriage and death certificates
In-text citation:
Jayne was born in Pontefract50…
Footnote:
‘Jayne Seaman’, Certified Copy of Birth Certificate for Jayne Seaman, 20 December
1966 (Application Number 5001977/D: Pontefract Register Office, 1966).
Bibliography:
‘Jayne Seaman’, Certified Copy of Birth Certificate for Jayne Seaman, 20 December
1966 (Application Number 5001977/D: Pontefract Register Office, 1966).
Name of person (in single quotation marks)
Certified copy of… certificate for… (in italics)
Full name of person (in italics)
Date of event (in italics)
Application number from certificate
Location of Register Office
Year of event
IF ONLINE:
Year of last update
URL
Accessed
73
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Censuses
In-text citation:
Mark Jones moved to York in the 1950s53.
Footnote:
53. ‘Mark Jones’, Census Return for Leeds Road, Bishopthorpe, York Subdistrict,
North Yorkshire (Public Record Office: PRO YO9/3765, folio 89, 2015), p. 8.
<http://www.ancestry.co.uk> (accessed 23 June 2015).
Bibliography:
‘Mark Jones’, Census Return for Leeds Road, Bishopthorpe, York Subdistrict, North
Yorkshire (Public Record Office: PRO YO9/3765, folio 89, 2015), p. 8.
<http://www.ancestry.co.uk> (accessed 23 June 2015).
Name of person (in single quotation marks)
Census return for ... (in italics)
Street, place, county (in italics)
Registration subdistrict (in italics)
Public Record Office:
Piece number, folio number, page number
Year of census
OR if you retrieved the certificate online, add:
Year of last update
URL
Accessed
74
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Military records
In-text citation:
Private Hunsley fought valiantly7…
Footnote:
‘Richard Hunsley VC’, Commonwealth War Graves Commission Casualty Details
(1956) <http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty/hunsleyvc> (accessed 21 June 2015).
Bibliography:
‘Richard Hunsley VC’, Commonwealth War Graves Commission Casualty Details
(1956) <http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty/hunsleyvc> (accessed 21 June 2015).
Name of person (in single quotation marks)
Title of publication (in italics)
Publication details
Year published
URL
Accessed
Parish registers
In-text citation:
Alex and Alice’s wedding53…
Footnote:
‘Alex Jones and Alice Roberts’, Marriage of Alex Jones and Alice Robert, 5 May 1934
(St Andrew’s Church Bishopthorpe, York (UK) Marriage Register 1900-1950, 2009)
<http://www.genuki.org.uk/bishopthorpe> (accessed 29 March 2015).
Bibliography:
Alex Jones and Alice Roberts’, Marriage of Alex Jones and Alice Robert, 5 May 1934
(St Andrew’s Church Bishopthorpe, York (UK) Marriage Register 1900-1950, 2009)
<http://www.genuki.org.uk/bishopthorpe> (accessed 29 March 2015).
Name of person/people (in single quotation marks)
Baptism, marriage or burial of ... (in italics)
Full name of person (forenames, surname) (in italics)
Day/month/year of event (in italics)
Location of parish
Title of register/ details
Year of last update
URL
Accessed
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Wills
In-text citation:
They inherited a great wealth91…
Footnote:
91. Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North Yorkshire, UK (1800), (The
National Archives, UK: Public Record Office, Catalogue Reference: PROB/15/1980).
Bibliography:
Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North Yorkshire, UK (1800), (The National
Archives, UK: Public Record Office, Catalogue Reference: PROB/15/1980).
Title of document
Year of will
Name of archive or repository
Reference number
Manuscripts
In-text citation:
The evidence5 points to…
Footnote:
Birmingham University Library, James Simpson Collection, Letters, 15 December
1865, 6/57/896.
Subsequent references;
BU, James Simpson Collection, 6/57/896.
Bibliography:
Birmingham University Library, James Simpson Collection, Letters.
Location of manuscript in archive or repository
Author
Title of manuscript
Date
Name of collection containing manuscript and reference number
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Scientific and technical information
Data
Graphs
In-text citation:
The effects of the atoms14…
Footnote:
14. Alex Gray, How to Reference Scientific Papers (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2009), p. 87 (graph).
Bibliography:
Gray, Alex, How to Reference Scientific Papers (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2009), p. 87 (graph).
Author
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
Page number or figure for graph
Graph
Scientific datasets
In-text citation:
The data9…
Footnote:
9. Andriy Shevchenko, Na Levels Holdings (scientific dataset)
<http://physics.nist.gov/ajh5 > (accessed 9 January 2015).
Bibliography:
Shevchenko, Andriy, Na Levels Holdings (scientific dataset)
<http://physics.nist.gov/ajh5 > (accessed 9 January 2015).
Author
Title of data (in italics)
Media type
URL
Accessed
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British standards
In-text citation:
Attic conversions are subject to strict controls17.
Footnote:
17. British Standards Institution, BS5678-9.8: Structural Use of Timber: Ceiling
Binders <http://www.standardsuk.com/ > (accessed 5 July 2014).
Bibliography:
British Standards Institution, BS5678-9.8: Structural Use of Timber: Ceiling Binders
<http://www.standardsuk.com/ > (accessed 5 July 2014).
Name of authorising organisation
Number and title of standard (in italics)
Publication details (if relevant)
URL
Accessed
Mathematical equations
In-text citation:
James19 notes that…
Footnote:
19. Jamie James, ‘Some Functional Equations’, in Advances in Algebra, 315(8),
1880-1899 <http://www.mathematicjournals.co.uk/James > (accessed 19 January
2015).
Bibliography:
James, Jamie, ‘Some Functional Equations’, in Advances in Algebra, 315(8), 18801899 <http://www.mathematicjournals.co.uk/James > (accessed 19 January 2015).
Author
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (italics)
Volume, issue and page numbers
URL
Accessed
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Patents
In-text citation:
Fredericks proposed a solution8.
Footnote:
8. Fred Fredericks, Vinyl Cleaning Tool (UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no.
GB2468906) <http://www.ipo.gov.uk/p/find-publication> (accessed 5 June 2013).
Bibliography:
Fred Fredericks, Vinyl Cleaning Tool (UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no.
GB2468906) <http://www.ipo.gov.uk/p/find-publication> (accessed 5 June 2013).
Inventor(s)
Title (in italics)
Authorising organisation
Patent number
Year of publication (if necessary)
URL
Accessed
Requests for Comments
In-text citation:
A number of comments were made relating to the document3.
Footnote:
David Hoff, The Baywatch Years (Nos: FYA 19 and RFC 5879) (Request for
Comment) <http://tools.ietf.org/hoff> (accessed 20 October 2009).
Bibliography:
Hoff, David, The Baywatch Years (Nos: FYA 19 and RFC 5879) (Request for
Comment) <http://tools.ietf.org/hoff> (accessed 20 October 2009).
Author/editor
Title (in italics)
Document number
Media type
Year (if necessary)
URL
Accessed
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Scientific or Technical Reports
In-text citations:
Jones has found5…
Footnote:
B. Jones. Methods in Tumour Research (Vol. 7). IARC Scientific Publication no. 46
(Manchester, UK: National Agency for Tumour Research; 1997).
Bibliography:
Jones, B. Methods in Tumour Research (Vol. 7). IARC Scientific Publication no. 46
(Manchester, UK: National Agency for Tumour Research; 1997).
Author(s)
Title of report (in italics)
Publishing organisation
Report series and number
Place of publication
Year of publication
LEGAL MATERIAL
House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
In-text citation:
Parliament reports for the year included renewable energy13.
Footnote:
13. House of Lords, Electricity From Renewables: The First Report (HL 2003-2004
(19)) (London: The Stationary Office, 2004).
Bibliography:
House of Lords, Electricity From Renewables: The First Report (HL 2003-2004 (19))
(London: The Stationary Office, 2004).
House of…
Title (in italics)
Paper number
Publication details
Year of publication
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Hansard
In-text citation:
Dr Sugar expressed his views quite clearly19.
Footnote:
19. House of Commons, House of Commons Debate (20 January 2009, vol 500 col
1990) <http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/hcdeb1990> (accessed 19 August
2010).
Bibliography:
House of Commons, House of Commons Debate (20 January 2009, vol 500 col 1990)
<http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/hcdeb1990> (accessed 19 August 2010).
House of…
House of … Debate
Date of debate
Volume number
Column number
Year of debate
URL
Accessed
Legislation from UK devolved assemblies
In-text citation:
In the legislation10…
Footnote:
10. Budget (Wales) Act 2008 (asp 2) (legislation from Welsh devolved assembly)
<http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2008/2/contents> (accessed 19 March 2009).
Bibliography:
Budget (Wales) Act 2008 (asp 2) (legislation from Welsh devolved assembly)
<http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2008/2/contents> (accessed 19 March 2009).
Title of Act including year
asp number
Media type
URL
Accessed
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More legal material
Bills from House of Commons/Lords
In-text citation:
It is clear that the ‘Green Belt Bill’8 is inadequate.
Footnote:
8. House of Commons, Green Belt Bill (Bills 1999-2000 9) (London: The Stationery
Office, 1999).
Bibliography:
House of Commons, Green Belt Bill (Bills 1999-2000 9) (London: The Stationery
Office, 1999).
House of…
Title (in italics)
Bill number
Publication details
Year of publication
Command Papers – Green and White Papers
In-text citation:
Useful advice9 includes…
Footnote:
9. Lord Chancellor’s Department, Government Policy on Referencing (Cm 4517)
(London: The Stationery Office, 2000).
Bibliography:
Lord Chancellor’s Department, Government Policy on Referencing (Cm 4517)
(London: The Stationery Office, 2000).
Name of committee or Royal Commission
Title (in italics)
Page number
Publication details
Year of publication
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Law commission reports and consultation papers
In-text citation:
The report9…
Footnote:
8. Crime Commission, Prosecution Appeals (Law Com No 567, Cm 8906) (London:
The Stationery Office, 2012).
Bibliography:
Crime Commission, Prosecution Appeals (Law Com No 567, Cm 8906) (London: The
Stationery Office, 2012).
Law commission
Title of report or consultation paper (in italics)
Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number (if given)
Publication details
Year of publication
Statutory instruments
In-text citation:
It was made clear89 that…
Footnote:
89. Terrorism Order 2004 (SI 2004/3354) (statutory instrument)
<http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3354/contents/made > (accessed 19
January 2013).
Bibliography:
Terrorism Order 2004 (SI 2004/3354) (statutory instrument)
<http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3354/contents/made > (accessed 19
January 2013).
Name/title including year (in italics)
SI year and number
URL
Accessed
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GOVERNMENT & EU
European Union publications
In-text citation:
The predicted migration of labour2…
Footnote:
2. European Commission, Making Globalisation Profitable (Luxembourg: Office for
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007).
Bibliography:
European Commission, Making Globalisation Profitable (Luxembourg: Office for
Official Publications of the European Communities, 2007).
Name of EU institution
Title (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
Government publications
Command Papers – Green and White Papers
In-text citation:
Useful advice9 includes…
Footnote:
9. Lord Chancellor’s Department, Government Policy on Referencing (Cm 4517)
(London: The Stationery Office, 2000).
Bibliography:
Lord Chancellor’s Department, Government Policy on Referencing (Cm 4517)
(London: The Stationery Office, 2000).
Name of committee or Royal Commission
Title (in italics)
Page number
Publication details
Year of publication
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Departmental publications
Publications of international organisations
In-text citation:
Reports by the International Chamber of Commerce8…
Footnote:
8. International Chamber of Commerce, Commission for Air Transport, The Need for
Greater Liberalization (2010) <http://www.iccwbo.org/liberalization> (accessed 8
February 2014).
Bibliography:
International Chamber of Commerce, Commission for Air Transport, The Need for
Greater Liberalization (2010) <http://www.iccwbo.org/liberalization> (accessed 8
February 2014).
Name of organization or institution
Title (in italics)
Publication details (if relevant)
Year of publication
URL
Accessed
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COMMUNICATIONS
Conferences
Full conference proceedings
In-text citation:
The conference1…
Footnote:
Institute for Large Businesses, Large Firms Policy and Research Conference
(University of Birmingham, 18-19 December 1999) (Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses, 1999).
Bibliography:
Institute for Large Businesses, Large Firms Policy and Research Conference
(University of Birmingham, 18-19 December 1999) (Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses, 1999).
Author/editor
Title of conference (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
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Individual conference papers
In-text citation:
Jones6 explained…
Footnote:
David Jones, ‘Developing Big Business’, Large Firms Policy and Research
Conference (University of Birmingham, 18-19 December 1999) (Leeds: Institute for
Large Businesses, 1999).
Bibliography:
David Jones, ‘Developing Big Business’, Large Firms Policy and Research
Conference (University of Birmingham, 18-19 December 1999) (Leeds: Institute for
Large Businesses, 1999).
Author of paper
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Place of publication: publisher
Year of publication
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Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
In-text citation:
Jones7 explained…
Footnote:
7. David Jones, ‘Developing Big Business’, Large Firms Policy and Research
Conference (University of Birmingham, 18-19 December) (Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses, 1999), <http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd> (accessed 19 January
2014).
Bibliography:
Jones, David, ‘Developing Big Business’, Large Firms Policy and Research
Conference (University of Birmingham, 18-19 December) (Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses, 1999), <http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd> (accessed 19 January
2014).
Author
Title of paper (single quotation marks)
Title of conference (italics)
Location and date of conference
Publisher
URL
Accessed
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Public communications
Electronic
Electronic Discussion groups and bulletin boards
In-text citation:
This was discussed by Jameson3…
Footnote:
Alex Jameson, ‘International Queries’, British Business Schools Librarians Group
Discussion List (13 March 2014).
Bibliography:
Alex Jameson, ‘International Queries’, British Business Schools Librarians Group
Discussion List (13 March 2014).
Author of message
Subject of the message (in single quotation marks)
Discussion group or bulletin board (in italics)
Date posted
Available email: email address (if relevant)
Entire discussion groups or bulletin boards
RSS feeds
In-text citation:
The library extension will be completed in 20169.
Footnote:
9. University of Birmingham Library, Library Opening (RSS feed) (26 January 2015)
<https://www.bham.ac.uk/feeds/news/178> (accessed 18 February 2015).
Bibliography:
University of Birmingham Library, Library Opening (RSS feed) (26 January 2015)
<https://www.bham.ac.uk/feeds/news/178> (accessed 18 February 2015).
Author/organisation
Title of communication (in italics)
Media type
Date of Feed
URL
Accessed
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Advertisements & PR
Advertisements
In-text citation:
The advertisement13…
Footnote:
13. British Telecom, Office Relocation Gremlins (advertisement on ITV3 Television)
(19 November, 2012).
Bibliography:
British Telecom, Office Relocation Gremlins (advertisement on ITV3 Television) (19
November, 2012).
Author/Organisation
Title of advert/brief description of advert (in italics)
Media type
Date viewed, year
Press releases and announcements
In-text citation:
This development1…
Footnote:
1. Google Inc., Google Maps Changes Forever (press release) (29 December 2015)
<http://www.google.com/intl/en/news> (accessed 30 December 2015).
Bibliography:
Google Inc., Google Maps Changes Forever (press release) (29 December 2015)
<http://www.google.com/intl/en/news> (accessed 30 December 2015).
Author/Organisation
Title of communication (in italics)
Media type
Date issued
URL
Accessed
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Displays
In-text citation:
It is obvious9…
Footnote:
9. Paintings of John Doe (display board), (Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition,
Pontefract, UK, 2012) (viewed 28 April 2015).
Bibliography:
Paintings of John Doe (display board), (Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition, Pontefract,
UK, 2012) (viewed 28 April 2015).
Title (in italics)
Media type
Name of venue, city
Year of production
Date viewed
Leaflets
In-text citation:
Barclays Bank3 provides a good level of insurance.
Footnote:
3. Barclays Bank PLC, Mortgages (leaflet) (viewed 8 June 2015).
Bibliography:
Barclays Bank PLC, Mortgages (leaflet) (viewed 8 June 2015).
Author
Title (in italics)
Media type
Date viewed
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Minutes of meetings
In-text citation:
The library staff committee9 suggested…
Footnote:
9. Library Staff Committee, ‘Item 4.2: Developing Technology’ in Minutes of Library
Staff Committee Meeting (24 January 2014) (Main Library, University of Birmingham,
2014).
Bibliography:
Library Staff Committee, ‘Item 4.2: Developing Technology’ in Minutes of Library Staff
Committee Meeting (24 January 2014) (Main Library, University of Birmingham,
2014).
Author
Item being referenced (in single quotation marks)
Title (in italics)
Date of meeting
Organisation
Location of meeting
Year of meeting
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Personal communications
In-text citation:
This was disputed by Smith3.
Footnote:
Dave Smith, Conversation with Steven Jones (13 August 2012).
Dave Smith, Letter to Steven Jones (23 January 2012)
Dave Smith, Email to Steven Jones (14 August 2012).
Dave Smith, Telephone conversation with Steven Jones (25 December 2012)
Dave Smith, Skype conversation with Steven Jones (21 June 2012).
Dave Smith, Text message to Steven Jones (14 June 2012).
Dave Smith, Fax to Steven Jones (17 December 2012).
Bibliography:
Smith, Dave, Conversation with Steven Jones (13 August 2012).
Smith, Dave, Letter to Steven Jones (23 January 2012).
Smith, Dave, Email to Steven Jones (14 August 2012).
Smith, Dave, Telephone conversation with Steven Jones (25 December 2012).
Smith, Dave, Skype conversation with Steven Jones (21 June 2012).
Smith, Dave, Text message to Steven Jones (14 June 2012).
Smith, Dave, Fax to Steven Jones (17 December 2012).
Sender/speaker/author
Medium of communication
Receiver of communication
Date of communication
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Sample Footnote List
1. Jeff Guy, The View Across the River: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu Struggle
Against Imperialism (Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 2001), p.
37.
2. Avijit Banerjee and Timothy F. Watson, Pickard’s Manual of Operative Dentistry,
9th edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
3. Clive L. Dym, and others, Engineering Design: A Project-Based Introduction
(Hoboken, New Jersey: 2009).
4. Complications in Implant Dentistry, ed. by Mouhamed Al-Sabbagh (Philadelphia,
PA: Elsevier, 2015).
5. Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society, The
Assessment of Pain in Younger People: Local Guidelines [pamphlet], Concise
Guidance to Good Practice Series, No. 9 (London: RCP, 2008).
Sample Bibliography
Al-Sabbagh, Mouhamad., ed., Complications in Implant Dentistry (Philadelphia, PA:
Elsevier, 2015).
Banerjee, Avijit and Timothy F. Watson, Pickard’s Manual of Operative Dentistry, 9th
edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
Dym, Clive L., and others., Engineering Design: A Project-Based Introduction
(Hoboken, New Jersey: 2009).
Guy, Jeff, The View Across the River: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu Struggle
Against Imperialism (Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 2001).
Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society, The
Assessment of Pain in Younger People: Local Guidelines [pamphlet], Concise
Guidance to Good Practice Series, No. 9 (London: RCP, 2008).
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Hints and tips
Be aware: if you don't already know, check with your tutor which referencing style you are
expected to use
Be positive: used properly, references strengthen your writing, demonstrating that you have
spent time researching and digesting material and produced your own opinions and
arguments
Be decisive about the best way to cite your sources and how you balance your use of direct
quotations, paraphrasing and summarising (read about these in the
introductory Basics sections of Cite them right online)
Be willing to ask for help: library/learning resource staff offer support with referencing and
academic skills. Subject Advisors can help with finding and using resources and reference
software,http://libguides.bham.ac.uk/subjectsupport/index; the Academic Skills Centre staff
can help with essay writing and the use of citations and
referenceshttp://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/asc.
Be organised: prepare well and keep a record of all potentially useful sources as you find
them
Be prepared: read the Basics sections of Cite them right online before you begin your first
assignment
Be consistent: once you have established the referencing style required, use it consistently
throughout your piece of work
Be patient: make time and take your time to ensure that your referencing is accurate
Be clear: clarify the type of source you are referencing and check Cite them right online for
examples
Be thorough: check through your work and your references before you submit your
assignment, ensuring that your citations all match with a full reference and vice versa.
(What is referencing and why is it important? (2015) Available at:
http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Basics/top-ten-tips)
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FAQs
What is the difference between footnotes and a bibliography?

Footnotes give additional information about the content, and bibliographic notes provide
additional sources related to the content. The footnote is found at the bottom, or foot, of
the page. It is marked by a superscript number within the body of the text. The superscript
number also appears at the bottom of the page, along with the additional explanatory or
bibliographic information. A bibliography is a detailed list of references but also includes
background readings or other material that you may have read but not actually cited.
Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both. It is
better to check with your tutor first. Both the reference list and the bibliography are located
at the end of the work.
What do I do if the publication has no date?

You simply write ‘n.d’ in brackets where the year would go in the footnote, and in the
bibliography. For example, (n.d).
Can I mix referencing styles?

No, you should never mix referencing styles. Always be consistent.
When should I omit page numbers?

If you are summarising what an author has argued in a book or article, you do not need to
give page numbers.
Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations?

Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until after your superscript number because the
in-text citation is part of your sentence.
Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence?

Yes, but only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar points or
use similar methods or evidence. If this cannot be avoided separate each one with a comma.
Simply use multiple superscript numbers to indicate this, for example;
o It has been suggested in many studies2,3,4…
Are my footnotes included in my word count?

Yes, they are counted in your word count. However, your bibliography is not counted in your
word count.
What are DOIs?

DOIs are digital object identifiers – a character string used to uniquely identify a digital
object.
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What sources can I legally use?

At present copyright law allows only small extracts of items to be copied legally provided
that they are referenced (and following the guidance herein fulfills that perfectly!) Only copy
what is completely necessary, and if the use falls into one or more of the following
categories:
personal private study;
non-commercial research;
criticism and review;
illustration for instruction;
parody pastiche or caricature;
or quotation.
Students’ use will fall under personal private study, criticism and review, illustration, and/or
quotation. For further information, go to; https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/copyright
Further information and useful websites
If ever in doubt, the full MHRA style guide is located here;
http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/StyleGuideV3_2.pdf
Cite them right online homepage. If you have any further questions or queries, this is
probably the best website to go to;
http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Home
A useful guide with many different source type examples;
http://www.learnwithus.southampton.ac.uk/academicSkills/pdfs/acknowledging_know
ledge.pdf
http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/author-date/author-date
A succinct example of a reference list, along with many citation examples;
http://www.spurgeons.ac.uk/_uploads/downloads/Spurgeon's_Referencing_Guideline
s_2013-2014.pdf
A useful guide with many different source type examples, probably the easiest to navigate;
http://ist.glos.ac.uk/referencing/mhra/page13.html
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Any questions?
If you have a query that is not answered within this Guide, and the answer is still not found
on any of the other useful websites that are linked further up, please speak to your tutor or
subject advisor. Always check the Cite them right online website for further information if you
are still unsure.
Glossary (from Cite them right online)
Bibliography: A list of all the sources you consulted for your work arranged in alphabetical
order by author's surname or, when there is no author, by title. For web pages where no
author or title is apparent, the URL of the web page would be used.
Citation: The in-text reference that gives brief details (for example author, date, page
number) of the source you are quoting from or referring to. This citation corresponds with the
full details of the work (title, publisher and so on) given in your reference list or bibliography,
so that the reader can identify and/or locate the work. End-text citations are more commonly
known as references.
Common knowledge: Facts that are generally known.
Digital Object Identifier (doi): A numbered tag used to identify individual digital (online)
sources, such as journal articles and conference papers.
Direct quotation: The actual words used by an author, in exactly the same order as in their
original work, and with the original spelling.
Ellipsis: The omission of words from speech or writing. A set of three dots (...) shows where
the original words have been omitted.
End-text citation: An entry in the reference list at the end of your work, which contains the
full (bibliographical) details of information for the in-text citation.
In-text citation: Often known as simply the citation, this gives brief details (for example
author, date, page number) of your source of information within your text.
Paraphrase: A restating of someone else's thoughts or ideas in your own words. You must
always cite your source when paraphrasing.
Peer-review: A process used in academic publishing to check the accuracy and quality of a
work intended for publication. The author's draft of a book or article is sent by an editor
(usually anonymously) to experts in the subject, who suggest amendments or corrections.
This process is seen as a guarantee of academic quality and is a major distinction between
traditional forms of publishing, such as books and journals, and information in web pages,
which can be written by anyone, even if they have no expertise in a subject.
Plagiarism: Taking and using another person's thoughts, writings or inventions as your own
without acknowledging or citing the source of the ideas and expressions. In the case of
copyrighted material, plagiarism is illegal.
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Proper noun: The name of an individual person, place or organisation, having an initial
capital letter.
Quotation: The words or sentences from another information source used within your text.
Reference: The full publication details of the work cited.
Reference list: A list of references at the end of your assignment that includes the full
information for your citations so that the reader can easily identify and retrieve each work
(journal articles, books, web pages and so on).
Secondary referencing: Citing/referencing a work that has been mentioned or quoted in the
work you are reading.
sic: (From the Latin meaning 'so, thus'.) A term used after a quoted or copied word to show
that the original word has been written exactly as it appears in the original text, and usually
highlights an error or misspelling of the word.
Summarise: Similar to paraphrasing, summarising provides a brief account of someone
else's ideas or work, covering only the main points and leaving out the details.
URL: The abbreviation for Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator, the address of
documents and other information sources on the internet (for example http://...).
Virtual learning environment (VLE): An online teaching environment (also known as online
learning environment – OLE) that allows interaction between tutors and students, and the
storage of course documents and teaching materials.
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