Visual:
Reading and studying charts, drawings
and graphic information
 Auditory:
Listening to lectures and audiotapes
 Kinesthetic:
 Demonstrations and physical activity
involving
 bodily movement

Autonomy
Students take charge of their learning
(by initiating oral production, solving
problems, practice using language in
groups in and outside classrooms)

Awareness means: Becoming aware of
the process of learning and the
conscious applications of appropriate
strategies
Action: to take action of the strategies
available
Styles are the different characteristics that
differentiate one individual from another
Strategies are the specific techniques one
employs to solve a problem.
1) Learning strategies:
(input- processing- storage- retrievaltaking messages from others) dealing
with receptive domain of intake
2) Communication strategies:
(output- production of meaning- how to
deliver messages to others) verbal and
nonverbal productive communication
of information
Find their
own way of
learning
Organize
information
about
language
Learn to live
with
uncertainty
Use memory
strategies to
recall
Use contextual
cues to
comprehend
Learn tricks to
keep
conversations
going
Creative
and feel for
the
language
Make
errors work
for them
Make intelligent
guesses
Learn
production
strategies to
fill gaps
,make
opportunities
of practicing
language
Use linguistic
knowledge of 1L
to learn 2L
Learn language as
a whole
Learn styles of speech
and writing
Metacognitive
Cognitive
Sosioaffective
Information
Processing
Evaluating
learning
afterwards
Metacognitive
Think and monitor
production or
comprehension
Learning
planning
Specific tasks
Cognitive
Direct
manipulation
Limited
Social
activities
Socioaffective
Interact with
others
Writing
Reading
Speaking
Listening

Conscious plans to solve problems in
order to reach communicative goal
Avoidance strategies
Compensatory
strategies
Syntactic or
lexical
• To avoid lexical items within
semantic category
Phonological
• To avoid items of phonological
difficulty
Topic
• To avoid certain topics that to
avoid difficulty in expressing an
idea
This is to compensate missing knowledge
Prefabricated
patterns
Memorizing
phrases or
sentences
without
internalized
knowledge of
their
components
Codeswitching
The use of a
first or
second
language
within a
stream of
speech in
teh second
language.
Appeal to
authority
A direct
appeal for
help
9 teacherbilingual
dictionary
SBI is
the application of both learning and
communication strategies to classroom
learning
Understand the strategy
2) Perceive it to be effective
3) Do not consider its implementation to
be overly difficult
1)
identifying learners’ styles and potential
strategies (self-check questionnaire)
2) Incorporating SBI in communicative
language courses and classrooms
3) Providing extra class assistance for
learners
1)