Course Introduction
Reading Course
• Intensive Reading Course
Background
Word Usage
Text Analysis
• Extensive Reading Course
What do you expect to
learn from the “extensive
reading course” ?
——You will master
• Reading skills
• Numerous new words and expressions
• Word formation
success n.
—succeed v.
—successful adj.
—successfully adv.
——You will be aware that
• One Word with Different Meanings
will
(1) modal verb 将，会；好吗；……
(2) n.
the will to live 求生的意志
Stop trying to impose your will on
others! 不要老想把自己的意愿强加于他人。
make a will
立遗嘱
——You will master
• Grammar
意群
help you to read in sense groups
Many small cultural groups live in places far away
from modern cities. Some of these tribes have never had
any communication outside of their small geographical
areas. When they do contact the outside world, their lives
usually change. Learning how to change without losing the
best of their own cultures is a problem for them. How can
primitive cultures learn to live in a technological world？
How can they do this without becoming lost？
——Read in sense groups
Many small cultural groups／live in places／far away
from modern cities. ／Some of these tribes have never had
／any communication／outside of their small geographical
areas. ／When they do contact／the outside world,／their
lives usually change. ／Learning how to change／without
losing the best／of their own cultures／is a problem for
them. ／How can primitive cultures／learn to live／in a
technological world？／How can they do this／without
becoming lost？（18个意群）
Course Arrangement in This Term
• 15 weeks (6th~20th)
• 12 units (Unit 1~Unit 12)
• 2 periods for a unit/ one unit a week
Your final score will be decided on how
well you performed in the class.
total mark 100%
= final examination score 50%
+
daily performance 50%
(attendance rate、12 times' test)
Teaching procedures
• Section A
You are expected to study this
section in class. Do not preview.
word pretest——text ——reading
comprehension ——vocabulary building
(after class & checking)
• Section B
Try to finish them within 15 minutes.
Do not preview.
• Section C
text (after class & checking)
Reading Skill: Context Clue to Word
Meaning
when you come across a new word
• you can figure out the meaning of an
unfamiliar word by looking for clues
provided by context
• the meaning of many words will be clear
from context
• the words or sentences before or after
the item you do not know
definition clues
the writer may give explanation after
such punctuation marks as comma(,),
dash(－), or give explanation within
parentheses.
• Linguistics, the scientific study of language, is
very important for language students.
• Some good readers find it helpful to use their
sense to visualize－or picture－what they read.
example clues
the examples are usually signaled
by certain words or phrases like
such as, including, for example,
for instance or to illustrate
• Like horses, human beings have a variety of
gaits: they amble, stride, jog, and sprint.
• Phobias, such as fear of height, fear of water,
or fear of crowds, can be eliminated through
conditioning.
语义关系
Semantic (about the meaning of
words) relationships are helpful in
guessing unknown words.
◆ Class relationship.
◆ Contrast relationship.
◆ Class relationship
类属关系
或
上下位关系
The higher-level term (A)
includes
the lower-level terms (B).
• Mr. Johnson's paintings show his attention to
geometric shapes of all kinds. The paintings
contain circles, squares, triangles, pirrles, etc.
geometric shapes (A)
○
circles
some kind of
geometric shape
pirrles … （B）
□ squares
does not exist
triangles
△
对比关系（运用反义词）
◆ Contrast relationship
• There was no fllip seats available, so they had
to buy expensive ones.
fllip : does not exist
cheap or inexpensive
◆ Conclusion:
useful
but
have some limitations : vague & general
★ Solution: mark the unknown words
&
look them up later
Unit 1
University Student Life
Word Pretest
1. "You shall honor your father and mother" is the fifth
commandment from the Bible.
commandment
n. — any of the ten very
important rules of behaviour which are stated in the
Old Testament (= first part) of the Bible
（《圣经‧旧约》十诫中的）诫条; 规则
• command
v./n. 命令，指示（= order）
• commander n. 司令，指挥官
2. A cynic might think that the governor visited the
hospital just to gain votes.
cynic
n. — a person who believes that people are
only interested in themselves and are not sincere
愤世嫉俗的人；认为人皆自私者
• cynical a. 愤世嫉俗的, 冷嘲热讽的
• cynically ad.
3. The school offers a variety of extracurricular activities.
extracurricular a. — describes an activity or subject
that is not part of the usual school or college course
（活动、主题等）课外的
• extracurricular activities
• school curriculum
4. She's the dean of the university's business school.
dean
n. — someone in a university who is
responsible for the organization of a department or
departments
系主任；学院院长
5. We must all strive toward our goals.
strive v. (strove, striven) — to try very hard to do
something or to make something happen
努力，奋斗，力争
• strive to do sth. / strive for sth.
6. Your computer needs regular maintenance to run
smoothly.
maintenance n. — the work needed to keep a road,
building, machine, etc. in good condition
维修；养护，保养；保持
• maintain
v.
7. The teacher tried to involve all the children in the
game.
involve
v. —to make them take part in or feel part
of it, or to include someone or something in something
使参与； 包括，涉及
• involve sb. in sth.
• involvement n.
8. The school tries to create an atmosphere conducive to
learning.
conducive a. — if a situation is conducive to
something such as work, rest etc, it provides conditions
that make it easy for you to work
有助于，有益于
• be conducive to sth.
• conduce v.
TEXT A
• Freshman is a first-year student in college, university
or high school.
• Sophomore is a second-year student.
• Junior is a student in the third year.
• Senior is a student in the last (usually fourth) year of
college, university.
Ten Commandments for a College Freshman
Dear J. B.
As you know I am asked from time to time to talk
to high school students about college and how to
prepare for it. Do you think something like the
following would be helpful? I'm thinking of calling
it: Ten Commandments for a College Freshman.
Give me your ideas about it.
• I. You Shall Plan to Succeed.
• II. You Shall Handle Freedom Responsibly.
• III. You Shall Spread the Joy of Learning.
• IV. You Shall Play Down Those Reports on Sex
and Liquor.
• V. You Shall Plan to Have Fun — and Often.
• VI. You Shall Know at Least One Professor or
One Dean Personally.
• VII. You Shall Be Concerned.
• VIII. You Shall Be Selective.
• IX. You Shall Strive to Keep Healthy.
• X. You Shall Forget and Remember.
• I. You Shall Plan to Succeed.
Does this seem as obvious as the need for a
quarterback on the football team? I don't mean hope
to succeed. I mean that success in college will be
much more likely if you really draw up a schedule
of hours for study, work, and play. Lay out your day
and your week. Get in the habit in high school. This
will be the secret of getting things done in college.
II. You Shall Handle Freedom Responsibly.
No one is going to tell you when to get up, go to
eat, study, or go to bed. It's amazing that so many
survive, and, of course, many don't. Freedom such
as a student has at college is disastrous for that
freshman who has little sense of responsibility.
• III. You Shall Spread the Joy of Learning.
Learning is an exciting adventure as you have
already discovered in the best of your high school
courses. Beware those who are "sent" to college,
for they will be taking the attitude that education is
the enemy of fun. Beware the cynics. They're on
every campus and their reaction runs like this, "poor
food, dorm is like a jail, dull professors, why did
you come here?"
• IV. You Shall Play Down Those Reports on Sex
and Liquor.
Not every co-ed(（男女同校中的）女生) takes the pill
as routinely as most takes aspirin, and the
extracurricular is not a perpetual beer party. Most
fellows on campus are still looking for the girl they
want to marry. When you read of students getting
deadly drunk, remember you're getting a minority
report.
• V. You Shall Plan to Have Fun — and Often.
The world of academia has two extremes. On
any campus there's the playboy who can't get a
book open or the body to the library, and there's
the bookworm who never finds a moment to
enjoy himself. You should expect to study in
diligence, but the bookworm learns less than the
fellow who knows how to make learning the main
thing and still plays with enthusiasm.
• VI. You Shall Know at Least One Professor or One
Dean Personally.
Even at the risk of seeming to make yourself a bore! But
much more likely you will be welcomed as a student
mature enough to relate to a mature person. Invite him for
coffee; he might be surprised, but he'll go and he will be
delighted by the invitation. At the small college this kind of
relationship should come about readily, but often it doesn't.
All the best universities are striving to make it happen
more often.
• VII. You Shall Be Concerned.
But not simply with war on the other side of the
world and the social causes of our day. Keep
informed, and do what you think is right about these.
But what about the cook, the campus maintenance
crew, and the night watchman? Just say, "We
students appreciate you," and someone will go
through the day as though it were Christmas.
• VIII. You Shall Be Selective.
Student government, dances, ball games, dates,
movies, etc., etc.! If you make them all, you're a
loser; and if you miss them all, you're a failure.
Don't spread yourself so thin that they would never
miss you if you didn't show. But do choose a few,
get involved, and get that good part of a college
education which no classroom can ever provide.
• IX. You Shall Strive to Keep Healthy.
It isn't sin, it's lack of sleep that ruins so many
college careers. Physical education is required and
that will get the body exercised, but there's no
requirement that you eat sensibly and keep hours
conducive to vigor. You will see many students just
too tired to play well or to study at all.
• X. You Shall Forget and Remember.
Take some time to sit down with yourself and recall those
things of which you are ashamed and sorry — and then
forget them. College is a new beginning. No one at college
knows about that soiled baggage you've been carrying.
Remember those relationships which have made life good.
As a freshman, look back at those relationships which
brought lasting joy and seek them again. Life is the fine art
of forgetting — and remembering.
Well, there they are, J. B. What's missing and what needs
to be said better? If you forget them all, do remember the
love of all of us here.
Dad
Reading Comprehension
• 1. The writer of this letter is a very stern father.
• 2. One secret of succeeding in college is to plan
ahead of time.
• 3. Freedom for a college student can be
dangerous if not handled responsibly.
• 4. Education is the enemy of fun.
• 5. The father wants his playboy son to become
a bookworm in college.
• 6. Colleges and universities encourage the
students to get to know their professors
personally.
• 7. A small thing, such as giving a friendly smile
to a campus worker, can be just as
important as your knowledge about the big
world.
• 8. Extracurricular activities are an important
part of college education.
Vocabulary Building
1.Word Match
•
career
vigor
conducive
a profession or job
energy or strength
helpful
perpetual
lasting forever
consolidate
to strengthen
Vocabulary Building
• assignment
biological
flexible
strenuous
homework
of living things
not fixed
stressful; requiring
effort and energy
master
overall
make out a master timetable for the term.
Vocabulary Building
• recreation
estimate
enthusiasm
priority
relaxation
activities done
for enjoyment
to calculate roughly
great excitement
for or interest in sth.
first concern
a way to rest and
enjoy yourself
Vocabulary Building, (1)
Key to the exercise: (p. 7)
1. flexible
2. career
3. enthusiasm
4. strenuous
5. priority
6. conducive
7. vigor
8. recreations
Vocabulary Building
2.Suffixes
• -ize作后缀
• -ize(-ise)可以加在名词或形容词的后面构成动
词，表示“照……样子做”、“按……方式处理”、“使成
为……”、“变成……状态”、“……化”的意思。
•
•
•
•
•
•
modern(现代的)→modernize(现代化)，
organ(机构，组织)→organize(组织，安排)，
civil(文明的)→civilize(使文明，变为文明)，
system(系统)→systemize(系统化)，
normal(正常的)→ normalize(使正常化)，
equal(平等的) →equalize(使平等，使相等)
Vocabulary Building
• -ly作后缀
• 名词+ly构成的形容词 这一类形容词的词义一般可以
从相应的名词的词义中推出来，意思是“具有…性质或特
点的。
• manly（男子气概的） fatherly（父亲般的）
brotherly（兄弟般的） cowardly（懦夫般的）
ghostly（鬼一样的） orderly（整洁的）
Vocabulary Building, (2) Suffix
-ly adjective + -ly = adverb
e. g. formally, foolishly, willingly,
quickly,
-ly noun + -ly = adjective
e. g. friendly, lovely, cowardly, manly
Vocabulary Building, (2) Suffix
副词修饰动词
– 可放在动词前面或后面：
–
He always gets up early.
–
walk slowly、 run fast、work hard
–
或者be动词、情态动词或助动词后面。如：
–
He is seldom late for school.他很少上学迟到。
–
He can never understand you.他永远也理解不了你。
–
I have never told lies to you.我从未向你说过谎 。
–
副词修饰形容词，放在形容词前面
–
very beautiful、rather angry、extremely good
Vocabulary Building, (2) Suffix
Key to the exercise: (p. 8)
1. familiarize
2. visualize
3. merely
4. idealize
5. finalize
6. necessarily
7. physically
8. highly
Key to Cloze: (p. 9)
1. conducive
2. their
3. respected
4. professors
5. authority
6. role
7. expect
8. need
9. several
10. changes
Every student needs a place to study. Some students like to
study in the quiet atmosphere（氛围）of a library. Most school
libraries have large study tables with many chairs. They also have
lots of carrels. A carrel is a small table with “walls” around three
sides. A carrel is for one person, so there is only one chair at each
carrel. Other students prefer to study in their own rooms at home
or in the dormitory. In their rooms, these students have a desk,
some bookshelves, and perhaps a study lamp to provide good
lighting. All students need comfortable chairs because they spend
many hours sitting at their desks.
Students have different ideas about the best atmosphere for
studying. Some students prefer one kind of lighting, one kind of
table or desk, and one kind of chair. Other students prefer a
different kind of lighting and furniture. Some students listen to
music or study in groups. Other students need to be alone in a
quiet room. In other words, there is not one best atmosphere for
studying. There is a “best” atmosphere for each individual student.
（图书馆内备有书桌供一人用的）
小单间, 图书馆卡座
Active Participation in the classroom is not only accepted
but also expected of the student in many courses. Some
professors base part of the final grade on the student's oral
participation. Although there are formal lectures during
which the student has a passive role (i.e., listening and taking
notes), many courses are organized around classroom
discussions, student questions, and informal lectures.
A professor's teaching style is another factor that
determines the degree and type of student participation.
Some professors prefer to control discussion while others
prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many
professors encourage students to question and challenge
their ideas. Students who make statements that contradict
the professor's point of view should be prepared to prove
their positions.
Ideally, the teacher-student relationship at universities is
characterized by trust. The ”honor system' demands that
the student be honest in all areas of school work .Thus,
cheating on tests, presenting others' ideas as original, and
turning in homework done by someone else are all forbidden.
Violation of the honor system can result in a student's
failing a course, having a record of the violation placed in
the student's school files, or even being driven out from the
university. Students who cheat may lose the respect of other
students, particularly those who study for exams and work
independently. When leaving the classroom while students
are taking an exam, an instructor may or may not say, “I
expect you all to obey the honor system.” Even if the words
are not stated, the student is expected to work alone and not
to share answers.
As a university student, you are no longer forced to stay in
school all day. Apart from your class time, you organize your
own time and place for studying. You are there to study (an
active process) rather than to be taught (passive). Your
teachers may or may not urge you, but they do want you to
share their interest in the subject and they want you to succeed.
The teacher works as your coach or trainer. If you were to
become a professional tennis player or musicians, you would
expect your coach to look out for ways of improving your
performance, and to criticize your work all the time; you
would be silly to feel fed up about this ---- in fact you would
sack your coach if s/he just said everything was fine. So if you
get your work back with a poorer mark than you expected and
with various criticisms, don't feel discouraged by this; if you
don't understand what is wrong and how to improve, then ask
your teacher to explain and don't be satisfied until you do
understand.
Getting the Best Value for Time
Are you satisfied with what you achieve in the hours spent studying
or do you wonder where all the time has gone, without much to show for
it?how hard are you really working? Here are some hints to help you make
the most of your study time.
1.Effective Learning
1.Review lecture notes as soon after a lecture as possible. Half an hour spent
while the lecture is still fresh in your mind will do more to help you to develop
an understanding of what you have heard and remember it than twice the time
later on. It can be helpful to go over new work with other students to check that
you have grasped all the points.
2.If you have been given an essay or assignment to do, note accurately what is
required and start it when your memory of it is clear.
3.Revise and review regulrly. Set regular weekly times to review the work in
each course. This revision should be cumulative—adding a bit to the total at a
time ,covering briefly all the work done so far in the term.
4.When you revise, space out the time devoted to any one topic. You will
learn more in six one-hour periods spread over one week than in one six-hour
period.
5.Limit your blocks of study to 2 hours on any one topic or type of work.
After 1.5 to 2 hours of intensive study you begin to tire and concentration
weakens. Take a break at some "achievement point“ and then changing to
another part of the course or another type of work will provide the change
necessary to keep up your efficiency.
6.Find out the best times for working for yourself. Some times may be better
than others for different types of work and also for your own biological clock；
if you tend to feel sleepy in the afternoon, this may not be the best time to try
to read history or work out math problems .You may think that working into the
early hours suits you, but does it fit in with an early class next morning? You are
likely to feel tired next day and so gain nothing!
2.Practical Steps
1. Plan a program of balanced activities. University life has many aspects
which are important for getting full benefit from your time here. Some
activities have fixed time requirements, others are more flexible (e.g.
recreation, relaxation, study time, personal matters, eating, and sleeping).
2. Plan how you will use your study time. Knowing what you are going to
do and when saves a lot of time spent on making decisions, false starts,
retracing your steps to get the books you need, etc. Commit yourself to
studying a particular assignment at a particular time.
3. Study at a regular time and in a regular place. You will learn to
associate that time and place with working. This is after all what the world’s
workers have to do.
4. Trade time and don’t steal it. When something unexpected happens and
takes up time you had planned for study, decide immediately how you can
make up the study missed.
5. Give yourself rewards for work completed on time（e.g. two-hour solid
work=a cup of tea or coffee; essay completed=one-hour TV. After a
strenuous evening finishing an essay or a set of problems, allow yourself
“unwinding time” before bed.
3.Planning Time
Working out a timetable will not turn you into a perfectly efficient person,
but having a plan and sticking to it for a few weeks can help you to form
better study habits and actually to save time, so that in the end you have
more free time than before. Here is a way to plan your time which is
flexible and practical.
1. Make out a master timetable for the term, marking your fixed
commitments only: classes, society meetings, sports, etc. Make it clear
and attractive, as you will have to look at it for a long time.
2. Draw up a weekly work program based on your present work
assignments and study commitments: take a blank postcard or file card
and divide it up, and then list:
a. your work assignments and study commitment for the week;
b. estimated amount of time needed for each of these;
c. dates when the work is due for when it is to be done. include routine
reading and revising as well as set work.
Put it in a prominent, or noticeable, place in your room, or carry it with you. A
good time to prepare this might be Sunday evening as you plan the week ahead.
3. Make a daily “shopping list” of things you have to do next day and when you
will do them. Use a small card which can be put into a pocket where it is easily
found. The best time to prepare this is before going to bed. Include everything
you have to do next day, not just work but posting a friend’s birthday card , going
to the launderette, etc.
Having prepared your cards and planned out your work, stick to your
program. Cross out each item as you deal with it. If you give study hours top
priority, the remaining hours will be really free.
Key to Section B: (p. 10-11)
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B
5. C 6. B 7. D 8. D
Key to Section C: (p. 14)
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D
5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A