College Football Part II Violence and Brutality in Football
• Unsurprisingly, the frequency of player injuries,
on-campus student violence, and the growing
commercialism of the game attracted widespread
_____________from __________, ________, and
____________throughout the country.
• Many university presidents aligned with their
faculty members in ________ _________to the
place of football on college campuses.
Violence and Brutality in Football
• Led by Harvard University President Charles
Elliot (1834–1926), opponents argued that
college football ___________the _____of the
student body by _______ _________and
_________, encouraged habitual violations of
the rules, and diverted time from a student's
________and daily life.
University of Michigan
alumni team 1899
(Courtesy of the Library of Congress)
Violence and Brutality in Football
• By condemning the game's win-at-all cost
commercial spirit and calling for moderation and
reform, opponents argued that college football
proved __________with the ________ ________
of
_ ____________.
• Some faculty members took their opposition of
the college gridiron to the extreme by _________
__________ altogether. In the 1890s alone,
schools such as Trinity (later _____), __________,
_________, and _________abolished football for
varying lengths of time.
Violence and Brutality in Football
• In 1893 even U.S. _______________________
was forced to _______the year's Army-Navy
annual football contest due to the game's
______________ ______________.
• Fearing a student revolt, or simply recognizing
the _________of the ________ ________
and ______ ________ associated with the
game, university presidents turned a blind eye
to the evils of college football.
Violence and Brutality in Football
• Future U.S. President _________ _________
(1858–1919), defended the game on the grounds
that it supposedly helped built the necessary
__________ and ________needed for a new
________and ________lifestyle.
• Based on a belief in _______ _________ and its
“___________________” ideology, many of the
nation's leaders claimed that college football
instilled the __________and ________ ________
needed for ________men to ______ themselves,
their country, and the _______.
Geographical Diffusion of Football
• From its roots and early development in the
prestigious _____ ________ schools of the
Northeast, college football spread to every
region of the country.
• Throughout the _______and the ______, college
campuses caught football fever. In March 1892 a
game between ______and
__________even signaled
the arrival of football in
the ____ ________.
Geographical Diffusion of Football
• ________large and small took up the game in
part due to the ______of the ________ _____
and in part as a means by which to emulate
the powerful eastern institutions such as
________, _________, and ______.
• The geographical diffusion of college
football led to the
development of _______
_______of play.
Geographical Diffusion of Football
• While established _______ _______ relied heavily on
their ________, budding _______ ________adopted
an ____-_____ _________style. Similar regional
differences were witnessed in the ______, where
schools developed their game around a ______, _______________ brand of attack.
• The growth of college football throughout the country
also led to the establishment of regional
conferences, the ____of which
was the ________ _________
(predecessor to the Big Ten),
established in 1896.
Geographical Diffusion of Football
• The power enjoyed by prestigious Eastern schools
such as _____was gradually being threatened,
namely by the __________of ________,
_________, and ________.
• Despite the rising democratization of the
college game, football
remained a predominately
_______ _________ in the
1890s.
African Americans
in College Football
• _______ ________ Were in the minority on both
college campuses and the college gridiron, although a
handful of talented black athletes played on some of
the leading college teams in the nation.
• The most prominent African American player of the
day:
__________________, a native-born Virginian and son
of former slaves, who played for and captained both
Harvard University and Amherst College in
Massachusetts.
African Americans
in College Football
• He was chosen to Walter Camp's prestigious
“______-_________” team in 92’ and 93’, and
was later named the most dominating
“______ _____” of the entire decade.
• Other prominent black football players
included:
________ __________ __________ _______
and ________ ______