Ms. Garratt Honors World History
Chapter 9: Sections 1 – 4
3
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Transformative which will gradually impact
the political, economic and social lives of the
entire world
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Begins in 1700s in England
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Agricultural Rev spurs its development
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Agric Rev (AR) included all the scientific
developments that boosted crop yields and
led to worker displacement
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Impact of enclosures
 New agricultural methods
 Farms become more profitable
 Displacement of small farmers
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New technology/discoveries
 Seed drill – Jethro Tull
 Crop rotation  Fertilizers
 Breeding – Robert Bakewell
 McCormick Reaper
Was scientific farmer
Invention allowed
farmers to sow seeds in
well-spaced rows at
specific depths.
 Boosted crop yield &
contributed to the AR
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Proved to be one of the best developments
by the scientific farmers
Improved upon the medieval three-system
Contributed greatly to the agric rev
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(1) Natural Resources:
 Water power & coal for
energy
 Iron ore to construct
machines, tools,
buildings
 Rivers for transportation
 Harbors for export
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2) Business infrastructure
 Entrepreneurial class (business people)
 Banking system for loans
 Acquisition of capital
 Parliament – laws passed to protect & encourage
industrial development
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(3) Political Stability
 Key to development in any country
 Parliament passes laws to protect & encourage
capital and foreign ventures.
 Overseas trade & commerce provides
opportunities for investment
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Due to Agricultural Revolution workers were
displaced
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Factories attracted workers to the cities
(urbanization)
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Worked in factories or coal or iron ore mines
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Britain had all the factors of production (land,
labor, capital)
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Populaton explosion meant there were
people to consume products
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Economic prosperity of middle classes
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Economies of scale for lower classes
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Britain was leader in techno
innovation.
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IR began in textile industry
 Flying Shutting- John Kay
 Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves
 Spinning mule-Sam Crompton
 Power looms – Edmund Cartwright
 Water frame – Richard Arkwright
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Water power
Factories
Cotton – production
increased due to cotton gin
FACTORY WORK
COTTAGE INDUSTRY
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Harbors
Canals
Roads
 Macadams
 Turnpikes
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Steam Engine
 James Watt
 Matthew Boulton -
entrepreneur
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Locomotives
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(1) cheap form of
transportation
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(2) creates hundreds of
thousands of jobs for
miners & rr workers
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(3) boosts agric & fishing
industries
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(4)enables suburban
living and travel
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Factories located by
energy sources
Cities lacked:
 Development plans
 Sanitary or building codes
 Adequate police/fire
protection
 Sufficient housing

Cities contained:
 Unpaved streets
 Garbage heaps
 Slums
 Epidemics
 Sweatshops
 Child Labor
 Low Wages
 12- hour days in some cases
 6-7 days a week
 Hazardous working conditions
 No workers compensation for injuries
 Exploitation

Factory Act 1833
 Illegal under the age of 9
 9-13 only 8 hrs a day
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Mines Act 1842
 Prevents women & children in mines
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Ten Hours Act 1847
National Child Labor Committee
 Supported by unions
 Reversed by Supreme Court
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Led to new fire and safety legislation
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Liberalism challenged mercantilism
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Arose out of the enlightenment
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Belief that free market was most efficient
way to generate
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Tariffs restricted trade & wealth
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Wealth of Nations 1776
Three natural laws of
economics
 Law of self interest
 Law of competition
 Law of Supply & Demand
(S/D)
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International division of
labor
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Existed in Middle Ages – long distance trade
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Industrial Capitalism

Capitalists owned the factors of production
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Free trade liberalism
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Invest for profit
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No government regulation or intervention
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Would generate wealth & prosperity for society
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Stock
Shareholders
No personal liability
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Monopolies will
develop
 Andrew Carnegie
 John D. Rockefeller
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Middle class (bourgeoisie) used to refer to
townspeople
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New industrial middle emerges (bankers, factory
owners, skilled workers, merchants, entrepreneurs)
 Benefitted from IR in short run
 Became richer than many aristocrats
 Not until late 1800s were they considered social
equals
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Factory Act 1813
Pollution
Unregulated business
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US
 Samuel Slater
 War of 1812
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Belgium
Germany
Why it didn’t spread to some countries or did
so very slowly
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What was the cause
of this explosion?
 Stable food supply
 Declining death rate
 Reduced risk of famine
 Better hygiene and
sanitation
 Less disease
 Increased infant
mortality
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He wrote Essay on the Principle of Population
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Predicted pop would outpace food production
Without checks on pop (war, epidemics…) poverty
would increase
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Urged pop control
His predictions never materialized
 Food supply increased
 Living conditions improved
 Fewer children
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Agreed that poor were having too many children
Noted that when wages were high families had
more children
More children increased the supply of workers
which led to lower wages & higher employment
Held out no hope for escape from poverty
“Dismal science”
Both Malthus & Ricardo opposed gov assistance
Best cure for poverty was “unrestricted laws of the
free market”
Individuals had to work hard & limit family size
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Jeremy Bentham – 1700s
 Role of gov was to promote the greatest good for
the greatest number of people
 Urged gov involvement
 Ideas should be based on their “utility”
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John Stuart Mill 1800s
 Questioned unregulated capitalism
 Pushed for legal and prison reforms
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Robert Owen
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Reformer
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New Lanark & New
Harmony
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Mill owner who created
utopian towns
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Factors of production should be owned by the
public & operate for the benefit of all.
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Gov intervention necessary to plan the econ rather
than rely on free market capitalism
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Control of key industries (mines, factories, railroads)
would end poverty & promote equality
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Charles Fourier and Saint-Simone
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Communist Manifesto 1848
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History is conflict between
“haves” and “have nots”
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History goes through cycles
determined by economics
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“Haves” own all the means
of production
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The oppressed proletariat
will eventually violently
overthrow the bourgeoisie
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After violent revolution a “dictatorship of
the proletariat” would be formed
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After abolition of economic differences a
“classless society” would form
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The state (a tool of the bourgeoisie) would
then “wither away”.
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No government would be necessary
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Reformers not revolutionaries.
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Denounced by Marx
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Believed that by winning the right to vote socialist goals
would be achieved gradually by working within the system.
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Workers did win many reforms such as:
 Better working conditions
 Shorter hours
 Higher pay
 Workman’s compensation
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Jobs
Wealth
Technological progress & inventions
Raised standard of living (sol)
Diet
Housing
Mass produced goods
Expanded edu opportunities
Not until after 1850 did workers