UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM
Discussion Papers in Economics
________________________________________________
Discussion Paper
No. 02/16
THE GEOMETRY OF THE COMPARATIVE STATICS
by Christophe Muller
__________________________________________________________
December 2002
DP 02/16
ISSN 1360-2438
UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM
Discussion Papers in Economics
________________________________________________
Discussion Paper
No. 02/16
THE GEOMETRY OF THE COMPARATIVE STATICS
by Christophe Muller
Christophe Muller is Research Fellow, School of Economics, University of
Nottingham
__________________________________________________________
December 2002
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