A node-based representation of gameplay scripts

IT 16 001
Examensarbete 15 hp
Januari 2016
A node-based representation
of gameplay scripts
Mark Tibblin
Institutionen för informationsteknologi
Department of Information Technology
Abstract
A node-based representation of gameplay scripts
Mark Tibblin
Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet
UTH-enheten
Besöksadress:
Ångströmlaboratoriet
Lägerhyddsvägen 1
Hus 4, Plan 0
Postadress:
Box 536
751 21 Uppsala
This project expands on the Unreal Engine 4 by providing an additional tool for it.
The tool’s purpose is to convert C# code into the engine’s built in Blueprint system
which is a visual scripting kind of language.
This thesis will be going through the three big steps necessary to take in order to
complete this kind of conversion. It includes parsing and evaluating C# code, creating
an Abstract Syntax Tree from it, and generating a Blueprint from the result.
Furthermore it will also explore how to structure a graph, as a Blueprint is visualizing
through the use of graphs and nodes.
Telefon:
018 – 471 30 03
Telefax:
018 – 471 30 00
Hemsida:
http://www.teknat.uu.se/student
Handledare: Siddartha Sankar Mondal
Ämnesgranskare: Justin Pearson
Examinator: Olle Gällmo
IT 16 001
Tryckt av: Reprocentralen ITC
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
7KLV LV D %DFKHORU¶V WKHVLV VXEPLWWHG LQ &RPSXWHU VFLHQFH WR 'HSDUWPHQW RI
,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\8SSVDOD8QLYHUVLW\8SSVDOD6ZHGHQ
, ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN 0XFK'LIIHUHQW IRU JLYLQJ PH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ VXSSRUW DQG
UHVRXUFHVWREHJLQZRUNRQWKLVWKHVLV
0DQ\ WKDQNV WR 6LGGKDUWKD 0RQGDO IRU JLYLQJ PH JXLGDQFH DQG VXSSRUW LQRUGHUIRU
WKLVWKHVLVWRVHHFRPSOHWLRQ
, ZRXOG OLNH WR JLYH DSSUHFLDWLRQ WRZDUGV -XVWLQ 3HDUVRQ DQG 3HU 1RUPDQQ IRU
UHYLHZLQJWKLVWKHVLVDQGJLYLQJPRVWXVHIXOFRPPHQWVRQKRZWRLPSURYHLW
6SHFLDO WKDQNV WR P\ JLUOIULHQG DQG IDPLO\ IRU EHLQJ SDWLHQW DQG VXSSRUWLQJ PH
GXULQJP\ZRUNZLWKWKLVWKHVLV
7DEOHRI&RQWHQW
,QWURGXFWLRQ
3URMHFWRYHUYLHZ
(SLF*DPHVDQGWKHLUHQJLQH
3UHYLRXVDQGUHODWHGZRUN
3XUSRVHDQGPRWLYDWLRQ
3URMHFWOD\RXW
%DFNJURXQG
8QUHDO(QJLQHDQGLWVIXQFWLRQDOLWLHV
$FWRUV
&RPSRQHQWV
(YHQWV
%OXHSULQWV
&RPSLOHUVWHSV
7KH3DUVHUWKH/H[HUDQGWKH7UHH
/H[LFDODQDO\VLV
6\QWD[DQDO\VLV
$EVWUDFW6\QWD[7UHHV
7KHIORZRIWKHFRGH
6FRSLQJRXWWKHFRGH
$QH[FHSWLRQIRU&RPSRQHQWV
&RGHRYHUYLHZ
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHGXUH
%OXHSULQWFRQYHUVLRQ
&RQYHUVLRQRYHUYLHZ
)LUVWLWHUDWLRQ
6HFRQGLWHUDWLRQ
7KLUG,WHUDWLRQ
)RXUWKLWHUDWLRQ
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHGXUH
*UDSKUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
&ROOHFWLRQV
6WUXFWXULQJDQDO\VLV
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHGXUH
3HUIRUPDQFHDQDO\VLV
6XPPDU\
5HIHUHQFHV
&RQFOXVLRQ
)XWXUHLPSURYHPHQWV
&RQYHUVLRQSHUIRUPDQFH
)DLOVDIHV\VWHP
,QIRUPLQJWKHSURJUDPPHU
,QWURGXFWLRQ
3URMHFWRYHUYLHZ
,Q WKH JDPHV LQGXVWU\ WKHUH KDV EHHQ D VWHDG\ LQFUHDVH LQWKHSURGXFWLRQ YDOXHRI
JDPHV RYHU WKH \HDUV PRVW QRWDEO\ WKHLU JUDSKLFV EXW DOVR ZKHUH WKH SK\VLFV LV
EHLQJ VLPXODWHG ,Q RUGHU WR JHW EHWWHU SURGXFWLRQ YDOXH RXW RI JDPHV EHWWHU WRROV
DUH QHHGHG VR WKDW WKH SURFHVV LV VSHG XS 2I FRXUVH WKH FRPSXWHU¶V JUDSKLFV FDUG DQG SURFHVVRU DUH WKH RQHV WKDW DUH GRLQJ WKH DFWXDO ZRUN ZKHQ UXQQLQJ D JDPH
EXW WKH WRROV XVHG FDQ KHOS LQ EULQJLQJ RXW WKH SRZHU IURP VDLG JUDSKLF FDUGV DQG
SURFHVVRUV
&XUUHQWO\ RQH RI WKH JUHDWHVW WRROV DYDLODEOH DUH WKH JDPH HQJLQHV DQG WKH\
WKHPVHOYHV DUH D FROOHFWLRQ RI PXOWLSOH WRROV DQG WHFKQLTXHV XVHG :KLOVW D JDPH
HQJLQH LVHQRXJKIRURQHRUVHYHUDOXVHUVWRFUHDWHD KLJKTXDOLW\SURGXFWWKHUHDUH
DOZD\V PRUH DQG GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI WRROV WKDW FDQ EH XVHG SUHIHUDEO\ WRROV WKDW ZRUNLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKHHQJLQHXVHG
,W LVDOVR LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW ZKLOH WKH JDPH HQJLQHV DUH SULPDULO\ GHVLJQHG
IRU FRPSXWHU DQG YLGHR JDPHV WKH\ DUH QRW OLPLWHG WR WKRVH 7KH\ DOVR KDYH WKHLU
XVHV LQ RWKHU DUHDV ZKHUH WKHUH LV D QHHG WR FUHDWH SURJUDPV WKDW DUH RI KLJK
TXDOLW\
7KLV SURMHFW¶V DLPLVWRFUHDWHRQHRIWKRVHWRROVDQGWKHHQJLQHLWLVGHVLJQHGIRULV 8QUHDO (QJLQH E\ (SLF *DPHV >@>@ 7KH WRRO LV GHVLJQHG WR DVVLVW SURJUDPPHUV
ZKR ZLVKHV WR ZULWH WKHLU JDPH RU SURJUDP LQ D GLIIHUHQW ODQJXDJH WKDQ ZKDW LV
DOUHDG\ DYDLODEOH WR WKHP ZKLFK LV & DQG WKH EXLOW LQ YLVXDO VFULSWLQJ V\VWHP
FDOOHG %OXHSULQW ZKLFK ZLOO EH H[SODLQHG IXUWKHU GRZQ DQG WKH ODQJXDJH WKLV
SURMHFWSURYLGHVLV&
)RU ZKDW WKLV SURMHFW ZDQWV WR DFFRPSOLVK WKHUH DUH WKUHH ELJ VWHSV WKDW DUH
QHHGHG WR WDNH :H ZLOO JR LQWR PRUH GHWDLO RI HDFK VWHS ODWHU RQ EXW IRU QRZ ZH
ZLOOOLVWDOOWKHVWHSVKHUH
6RPHVRUWRIDSDUVHULVQHHGHGLQRUGHUWRSURFHVV&FRGH
1H[W LV WR JHQHUDWH WKH VDPHIXQFWLRQDOLW\ZKLFKZDVLQWKH&FRGHEXWQRZ
LWLVVKRZQLQWKHHQJLQH¶V%OXHSULQWV\VWHP
)LQDOO\WKH UHVXOW ZLOO KDYHWREHVWUXFWXUHGDVWRPDNHLWVIXQFWLRQDOLW\PRUH
DVFHUWDLQDEOH
(SLF*DPHVDQGWKHLUHQJLQH
%DFN LQ WKH\HDU(SLF*DPHV,QFZDVILUVWHVWDEOLVKHGDV3RWRPDF&RPSXWHU
6\VWHPV EXW VRRQ DIWHU FKDQJHG LW WR (SLF 0HJD*DPHV XQWLO LQ ZKHQ WKH\
ILQDOO\UHQDPHGLWWR(SLF*DPHV,QFDVLWLVWRGD\>@>@
'XULQJ WKLV WLPH WKH FRPSDQ\ KDYH UHOHDVHG D QXPEHU RI JDPHV ==7 -D]]
-DFNUDEELW DQG -LOO RI WKH -XQJOH WRQDPHD IHZ>@$QRWKHUVXFFHVVIXODQGSRSXODU
JDPH 8QUHDO >@ ZKLFK WKHQ VSDUNHG D VHULHV RI 8QUHDO JDPHV EXW PRVW QRWDEO\
ZDV WKH JDPH HQJLQH WKDW ZDV XVHG WR FUHDWH LW WKH 8QUHDO (QJLQHZKLFKPDGHLWV
GHEXWZLWKWKDWJDPH
7KH 8QUHDO (QJLQHKDVHYHU VLQFHLWVDUULYDOEHHQXVLQJFXWWLQJHGJHWHFKQRORJ\WR
UHQGHU VLPXODWH SK\VLFVDQG PRUH >@ ,W KDV HYHQ UHFHLYHG D JUHDW PDQ\DZDUGV
RYHU WKH \HDUV >@ 7KH HQJLQH DOVR EHFDPH SRSXODU DPRQJ SOD\HUV DV LW ZDV
GHVLJQHG ZLWK PRGXODULW\ PHDQLQJ WKDW LW LV HDV\ IRU SURJUDPPHUV WR PDNH
PRGXOHVWRHQKDQFHWKHJDPHVPDGHE\WKLVHQJLQH>@
3UHYLRXVDQGUHODWHGZRUN
)RUWKHSURFHVVRISDUVLQJWKHFRGHWKLVSURMHFWGUDZVLQVSLUDWLRQIURP%OXH%OXHLV
D&FRPSLOHUDQGLWVHOILVZULWWHQLQ&>@
0XFK'LIIHUHQW >@ KDV PDGH WKHLU RZQ FRQYHUWHU IURP %OXHSULQW WR & ZKLFK DW
WKH WLPH RI ZULWLQJ LV QRW \HW SXEOLF )URPWKDW WKH\ KDYH PDGH DQ H[DPSOH FRGH
FRQYHUWHG IURP D %OXHSULQW LWVHOI ZKLFK ZLOO EH XVHG LQ FKHFNLQJ KRZ ZHOO WKLV
SURMHFWFDQFRQYHUW&LQWR%OXHSULQW
3XUSRVHDQGPRWLYDWLRQ
7KH SURMHFW ZDV SURSRVHG E\ 0XFK'LIIHUHQW DV D SURRI RI FRQFHSW IRU WKHLU RZQ
%OXHSULQW WR & FRQYHUWHU 7KH PRWLYDWLRQ IRU WKH VWXGHQW GRLQJ WKLV SDSHU LV
HQWLUHO\ RXW RI LQWHUHVW IRU WKH 8QUHDO (QJLQH DQG WKH FKDOOHQJH WKLV SURMHFW
SURYLGHV
3URMHFWOD\RXW
7KH SURMHFW LV GHVLJQHG DV D SOXJLQ IRU8QUHDO(QJLQH 'HVLJQLQJLWDVVXFKPDNHV
LW HDVLHU IRU RWKHU XVHUV WR LQVWDOO WKLV RQWR WKHLU RZQ FRS\ RI WKH HQJLQH LI WKH\
ZRXOGHYHUVRZLVKWRPDNHXVHRIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSURGXFHGRXWRIWKLVSURMHFW
%DFNJURXQG
8QUHDO(QJLQHDQGLWVIXQFWLRQDOLWLHV
8QUHDO (QJLQH 8( LV D SK\VLFV DQG JUDSKLFV HQJLQH XVHG WR FUHDWHKLJKTXDOLW\
JDPHV $V VXFK WKH HQJLQH LWVHOI QHHGV WR EH LQ KLJK TXDOLW\ DQG EHFDXVH RI WKDW
FHUWDLQ IHDWXUHVKDYHEHHQFXVWRPL]HGDQGLPSOHPHQWHG WRZRUNIRU8(LQRUGHUWR
EH DEOH WR FUHDWHVXFKKLJKTXDOLW\SURGXFWVZLWKUHODWLYHHDVH:HDUHJRLQJWR WDON
DERXWVRPHRIWKHPWKDWUHODWHVWKHPRVWWRWKLVSURMHFW
$FWRUV
7KH HQJLQH GHDOV ZLWK D ORW RI REMHFWV HDFK RQH FDQ KDYH GLIIHUHQW SURSHUWLHV
EHKDYLRUV DQG VR RQ 2EMHFWV LQ 8( DUH FDOOHG $FWRUV DQG WKLV SDSHU ZLOO KHQFH
UHIHUWR8(REMHFWVDV$FWRUV
([DPSOH $Q\WKLQJ WKDW FDQ EH VHHQFRXOG EH FDOOHG DQ $FWRU )URPDVPDOOURFN WR
D IOLJKW RI VWDLUV WR D EULGJH WR D SHUVRQ 0RUH H[DPSOHV DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH WKURXJK
)LJXUH
$FRORUIXOF\OLQGHU$FWRU
)LJXUH
$URFN$FWRU
)LJXUH
$JURXSRI$FWRUVFKDLUVDQG
JOREHOLNHVWUXFWXUHZLWKWKH8QUHDO
(QJLQHORJR
&RPSRQHQWV
&RPSRQHQWV DUH REMHFWV WKHPVHOYHV EXW D VSHFLDO NLQGRI REMHFW DV WKH\ DUH XVHG
WR GHILQH WKH EHKDYLRU DQG IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI DQ $FWRU DQG KDV D XVHIXO WUDLWRIEHLQJ
HDVLO\ VZDSSDEOH WR RWKHU NLQGV RI &RPSRQHQWV :KDW WKDW PHDQV LV WKDW WKH
EHKDYLRURIDQ$FWRUFDQEHFKDQJHGDWDQ\WLPHWRVXLWGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQV
([DPSOH &RQVLGHU DQRUGLQDU\URRIODPS7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWZD\VRIWXUQLQJRQRII
WKH ODPS ZH FRXOG HLWKHU KLW D EXWWRQ KDYH LW DXWRPDWLFDOO\ WXUQ RQRII ZKHQ
VRPHRQH HQWHUV WKH VDPH URRP RU H[LWV WKH URRP RU KDYH LW UHDFW WR VRXQG HJ
FODS KDQGV WZLFH $OO WKHVH EHKDYLRUV FDQ EH VLPXODWHG E\ XVLQJ WKH NLQG RI
&RPSRQHQW WKDW VXLWV WKH GHVLUHG EHKDYLRU )XUWKHUPRUH LW LV SRVVLEOH WR VZLWFK
EHWZHHQ HDFK RI WKHVH EHKDYLRU HDVLO\ VR JHW D GLIIHUHQW EHKDYLRU IRU WKH VDPH
ODPS
(YHQWV
(YHQWV DUH KDQG\ WR XVH ZKHQ WKHUH LV D FHUWDLQ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ WKDW RQH ZLVKHV WR
RQO\ H[HFXWH ZKHQ D FHUWDLQ PRPHQW RFFXUV ZKHQ VXFK D PRPHQW KDSSHQ ZH
ZRXOG VD\ WKDW LW WULJJHUV DQ HYHQW ZKLFK LQ WXUQ H[HFXWHV VRPHIXQFWLRQDOLW\WKDW
WKH XVHU KDV GHILQHG (YHQWVDUHRIWHQXVHGULJRURXVO\DVWKH\SURYLGHDFRQYHQLHQW VROXWLRQIRUWKHHQJLQH¶VXVHUZKHQFUHDWLQJIXQFWLRQDOLWLHVDQGEHKDYLRUV
([DPSOH &RPSRQHQWV DUH JUHDW H[DPSOHV RI KRZ HYHQWV ZRUN 5HWXUQLQJ WR WKH
&RPSRQHQWV H[DPSOH WKHUH ZHKDGDURRIODPSWKDWFRXOGEHVZLWFKHGRQRIIYLDD
&RPSRQHQW HJ E\ XVLQJ D EXWWRQ .HHSLQJ HYHQWV LQ PLQG WKH ZD\ WKLV ZRXOG
ZRUN LV WKDW ZKHQ WKDW EXWWRQ LV SUHVVHG WKH DWWDFKHG &RPSRQHQW ZRXOG WKHQ
WULJJHULWVHYHQWWRWKHQVZLWFKWKHOLJKWRQRURII
%OXHSULQWV
%OXHSULQWV DUH WKH PHDW RI WKH HQJLQH DQG DOVR WKH PDLQ IRFXV IRU WKLV SURMHFW
%OXHSULQWV FDQ EH PDQ\ WKLQJV EXW RQH WKLQJ DOO%OXHSULQWVKDYHLQ FRPPRQLVWKDW
WKH\ DUH XVHG LQVWHDG RI FRGHV 7KLVPDNHVLWSRVVLEOHIRUSHRSOHZLWKMXVWDERXWQR
SURJUDPPLQJ H[SHULHQFH WR FUHDWH ORJLFDO EHKDYLRU ZLWK UHODWLYH HDVH ZKLFK LV RQH
RIWKHJUHDWHVWVWUHQJWKVRI%OXHSULQWV
7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI %OXHSULQWV WR FKRRVH IURP HDFK ZLWK WKHLURZQ
XVH 7KLV SURMHFW RQO\ IRFXVHV RQ RQH RI WKHVH EXW LW LV JRRG WR NHHS LQ PLQG WKH
YDULRXVW\SHVMXVWWKHVDPH7KHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVDUHOLVWHGEHORZ
ł
%OXHSULQW &ODVV %OXHSULQW &ODVVHV DUH FRPPRQO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV %OXHSULQWV
,W LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQ W\SH RI %OXHSULQW XVHG DQG DOVR WKH RQH WKDW WKLV
SURMHFW LV IRFXVLQJ RQ ,WLV XVHG WR GHILQH VRPH ORJLFDO EHKDYLRURIDVSHFLILF
NLQG RI $FWRU ,W GRHV VR E\ DVVLJQLQJ RQH RU PRUH $FWRU REMHFWV WR D
%OXHSULQW DQG DGG VRPH ORJLFDOEHKDYLRURQWKH%OXHSULQWZLWK UHJDUGVWRWKH
$FWRUV DVVLJQHG :LWK WKRVH IDFWRUV GHFLGHG WKH XVHU FDQ SODFH VHYHUDO
FRSLHV RI WKDW %OXHSULQW DQG WKH\ ZLOO DOO DFW WKH VDPH ZD\ DV LW ZDV GHFLGHG
LQWKH%OXHSULQW
([DPSOH 7R LQVWDOO WKUHH RU PRUHHOHYDWRUVDOOZLWKWKHVDPHEHKDYLRUVLH SUHVV D EXWWRQ WR VHQG WKH HOHYDWRU WR D IORRU$VVXPHWKDWWKHUHLVD PRGHO WKDW UHSUHVHQWV DQ HOHYDWRU ZKDW ZRXOG KDYH WR EH GRQH LV WR FUHDWH D QHZ
%OXHSULQW &ODVV DVVLJQWKHHOHYDWRU$FWRUREMHFWWRLWDGGWKHQHFHVVDU\ORJLF
VR WKH HOHYDWRU IXQFWLRQV DV H[SHFWHG DQG WKHQ SODFH VHYHUDO RI WKHVH
HOHYDWRUVVRWKH\FDQFRQQHFWWRGLIIHUHQWIORRUVLQDEXLOGLQJ
)LJXUH WKURXJK VKRZV RQH RI WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG HOHYDWRUV,W KDV
EHHQ FUHDWHG ZLWK D VLPSOHFXEH$FWRUDQGD&RPSRQHQWDVZHOOWKDWUHDFWV
LI D SOD\HU FKDUDFWHU VWDQGV RQ WKH HOHYDWRU ,I VRPHRQH GRHV VWDQG RQ LW
WKHQ LW ZLOO HQDEOH WKH VDPH SOD\HU FKDUDFWHU WR SUHVV D QXPEHU RQ WKH
NH\ERDUG ZKLFK ZLOO PRYH WKH HOHYDWRU WR WKH VDPH IORRU DV WKH QXPEHU
SUHVVHG )LJXUH7KHHOHYDWRULQTXHVWLRQ1RWHWKHRXWOLQHGER[RQWRSRILWWKDWLVWKHFRPSRQHQWZKLFKFKHFNVLID
SOD\HUFKDUDFWHUVWDQGVRQWKHHOHYDWRU
1RWHWKDWLWKDVEHHQPDQLSXODWHGWRDSSHDUIODW
$VVXPLQJWKDWWKHIORRUH[LVWVRIFRXUVH
)LJXUH$SOD\HUFKDUDFWHUVWDQGVRQWKHHOHYDWRU
ZKLFKLVRQWKHILUVWIORRU )LJXUH7KHVDPHSOD\HUFKDUDFWHUSUHVVHVWKH¶·
NH\ZKLFKPRYHVWKHHOHYDWRUXSWRWKHVHFRQGIORRU
ł
/HYHO %OXHSULQW ,W KDQGOHV WKH ORJLF WKDW DIIHFWV DQ HQWLUH JDPH OHYHO RU
FHUWDLQ SDUWV RI LW 7KLV RQH LV DOVR D FRPPRQ W\SH RI %OXHSULQW WKDW LV EHLQJ
XVHG
([DPSOH :KHQ WKH SOD\HU HQWHUV D SUHYLRXVO\ XQGLVFRYHUHG URRP WKH
FDPHUD ZLOO WKHQ WDNH FRQWURO RI LWVHOI DQG PRYH DURXQG WKH URRP VKRZLQJ
RIIDQ\SRLQWVRILQWHUHVWIRUWKHSOD\HU
ł
%OXHSULQW ,QWHUIDFH -XVW DV LQWHUIDFHV ZRUN LQ JHQHUDO SURJUDPPLQJ WKLV
W\SH RI %OXHSULQW GHFODUHV D VRUWRIH[SHFWHGEHKDYLRUWKDWDUHVLPLODUDPRQJ
VHYHUDO RI %OXHSULQW FODVVHV DQG DV WKH UHDGHU PLJKW KDYH JXHVVHG LW LV FRQQHFWHGGLUHFWO\WR%OXHSULQWFODVVHVWRVXSSRUWWKHLUIXQFWLRQDOLW\
([DPSOH &RQVLGHUD ERXOGHUWKDWKDSSHQVWREHPRYLQJDWDYHU\KLJKVSHHG
DQG LW LV WKHQ VPDVKLQJ LQWR D VPDOOHU REMHFW 7KH H[SHFWHGUHVXOWLVWKDWWKH
ERXOGHU EUHDNV WKH REMHFW VR D %OXHSULQW ,QWHUIDFH ZRXOG EH KDQG\ KHUH WR
GHILQH WKDW WKH VPDOOHU REMHFWV DUH EUHDNDEOH ZKHQ EHLQJ KLW E\ D ODUJHU REMHFWVXFKDVDERXOGHU
ł
%OXHSULQW 0DFUR /LEUDU\ 7KHVH DUH VRPHZKDW VLPLODU WR %OXHSULQW
,QWHUIDFHV WKH GLIIHUHQFH KHUHLVWKDWH[FHSWIRUEHLQJFRQQHFWHGWR%OXHSULQW
&ODVVHV LW VLPSO\ GHILQHV FHUWDLQ IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV WKDW DUH QRW VSHFLILF WR DQ\
RQH %OXHSULQW EXW UDWKHU FDQ EH GHILQHG JHQHUDOO\ $QG WKH RWKHU %OXHSULQWV
FDQ WKHQ UHIHU WR WKHVH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ LQVWHDG RI GHILQLQJ LW D VHFRQG WLPH
ZKLFK HIIHFWLYHO\ VDYHV WLPH IRU WKH XVHU ZKHQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ D IXQFWLRQ RI
WKLVNLQG
:KHQ GHILQLQJ IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV DQG EHKDYLRUV RI %OXHSULQWV RQH PDLQO\ XVHVQRGHV
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI QRGHV DOUHDG\ DYDLODEOH ZKLFK DUH XVHG LQ
FRPELQDWLRQWRFUHDWHVRPHVRUWRIIXQFWLRQ,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOH IRUWKHXVHUWRFUHDWH
WKHLURZQQRGHVWRILWDSDUWLFXODUVLWXDWLRQ
:KHQ DWWHPSWLQJ WR FRQQHFW WZR RU PRUH QRGHV WRJHWKHU LW LV GRQH VR WKURXJK VR
FDOOHG SLQV7KHSLQVDUHQHFHVVDU\WRNHHSXSDIORZEHWZHHQDOOWKHYDULRXVQRGHV
ZKHWKHU LW LV WR JHW H[WUD LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP DQRWKHU QRGH RU WR FRQWLQXH RQWR RWKHU
QRGHVZKHQDQRGHKDVILQLVKHGLWVIXQFWLRQ
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI SLQV ZKLFK DUH UHSUHVHQWHG LQWKHLURZQFRORU
ZLWKLQ WKH%OXHSULQWJUDSKV)LJXUHVKRZVWZRGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRISLQV H[HFXWLRQ
SLQ ZKLWH XVHG WR H[HFXWH VXEVHTXHQW QRGHV ERROHDQ SLQ UHG VHQGV DORQJ D
ERROHDQ W\SH YDOXH :KHQ WZR SLQV DUH FRQQHFWHGLW PXVW EH RI WKH VDPH NLQGRI
SLQ WKH HQJLQH ZLOO QRW DOORZ DSLQ RIW\SH$EHFRQQHFWHGWRDGLIIHUHQWSLQRIW\SH
%
1RGHV DOZD\V KDYH DW OHDVW RQH SLQ ZKLFK FDQEH FRQQHFWHG WR RWKHU QRGHV D SLQ
FDQ HLWKHU EH DQ LQSXW SLQ GLVSOD\HG RQ D QRGH¶V OHIW KDQG VLGH RU DQ RXWSXW SLQ
GLVSOD\HGRQDQRGH¶VULJKWKDQGVLGH
([DPSOH ,Q )LJXUH WKUHH GLIIHUHQW QRGHVDUHVKRZQLQD%OXHSULQWJUDSK )DQ
HYHQW WKDW WULJJHUV ZKHQ WKH µ)¶ NH\ LV DFWLYDWHG &RQGLWLRQ 9DOXH D XVHU PDGH
YDULDEOH LQ WKH %OXHSULQW DQG %UDQFK ZKLFK WHVWV DFRQGLWLRQWREHWUXHRUIDOVHLQ
WKLV FDVH LW FKHFNV WKH YDOXH IURP &RQGLWLRQ 9DOXH )XUWKHUPRUH WKH\ DUH
FRQQHFWHGWRHDFKRWKHUYLDWKHLUSLQV)WKURXJKLWV3UHVVHGSLQWRPHQWLRQRQH
)LJXUH%OXHSULQWJUDSKH[DPSOH
7KRVHWZRNLQGVRISLQVDUHWKHRQO\RQHVWKDWDUHVKRZQLQWKLVSDSHU
$V PHQWLRQHG EHIRUH ) LV DQ HYHQW WKDW WULJJHUV ZKHQ WKH µ)¶ NH\ LV SUHVVHG VR
ZKHQ WKH SOD\HU VWDUWV WKH JDPH DQG SUHVVHV µ)¶ WKDW HYHQW ZLOO EH WULJJHUHG ZKLFK
LQ WXUQ VHQGV D VLJQDO DORQJ WR %UDQFK ,Q WXUQ %UDQFK ZLOO WHVW DFRQGLWLRQLQWKLV
FDVH LW LV WKH YDOXH IURP &RQGLWLRQ 9DOXH VLQFH LWV QRGH LV GLUHFWO\ FRQQHFWHG WR
%UDQFK¶V &RQGLWLRQ SLQ )URP WKHUH LW FRQWLQXHV WR VHQG RXW D VLJQDO HLWKHU IURP
7UXHRU)DOVHGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSUHYLRXVUHVXOW
&RPSLOHUVWHSV
7KH3DUVHUWKH/H[HUDQGWKH7UHH
8VXDOO\ D FRPSLOHU WUDQVIRUPV D SLHFH RI FRGH LQWR PDFKLQH ODQJXDJH VR WKDW D
FRPSXWHU FDQ UHDG LW DQG SHUIRUP WKH RSHUDWLRQ WKDW ZDV GHILQHG LQ WKH FRGH )RU
WKLVSURMHFWWKRXJKZH DUHWDNLQJDSLHFHRIFRGHWRJHQHUDWHD%OXHSULQWLQVWHDGVR
ZHFDQHDVLO\VNLSVRPHRIWKHVWHSVWKDWDFRPSLOHUJRHVWKURXJK
,Q RUGHU WR FRQYHUW WR DQRWKHU ODQJXDJH RU LQWKLV FDVH LQWR QRGHV DQG VXFK ZH
ILUVW QHHG WR NQRZ ZKDW WKH FRGH LV GHVLJQHGWRDFFRPSOLVK)RUWKLVZHWDNHDORRN
DWWKH FRGH LQ LWV HQWLUHW\ FRQYHUW DOO WKH VWDWHPHQWV H[SUHVVLRQVHWFLQWRWRNHQV
ZLWK WKH KHOS RI D OH[LFDO DQDO\]HU >@ XVH LWV UHVXOW LQ D V\QWD[ DQDO\]HU >@ WR
EXLOG XS DQ $EVWUDFW 6\QWD[ 7UHH >@ ZKLFK ZLOO EH ODWHU XVHG WR FUHDWH WKH
%OXHSULQWV
)XUWKHU RQ ZH DUH DOVR JRLQJ WR ORRN VRPH RWKHU FRPPRQ WHFKQLTXHV XVHG IRU
FRPSLOHUV WHFKQLTXHV OLNH )ORZ &RQWURO >@ DQG 6FRSH >@ 7KLVSDSHUZLOOQRWJR
LQWR JUHDW GHWDLO IRU HDFK RI WKHVH WRSLFV WKRXJK IRU WKLVUHSRUWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWR DW
OHDVWEHIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHP
/H[LFDODQDO\VLV
$W WKHILUVW VWDJHV RI WKH FRPSLOHU LW UHDGVLQ WKH WH[W RI D VRXUFH FRGH LQRUGHU WR FRQILUP WKDW WKH FRGH LV XVLQJ WKH SURSHU V\QWD[ LQ DFFRUGDQFH RI WKH ODQJXDJH LW
UHSUHVHQWV :KLOVW WKDW SDUWLFXODU RSHUDWLRQ LV EHLQJ SHUIRUPHG LQ WKH V\QWD[
DQDO\]HU LW XVHV D OH[LFDO DQDO\]HU IRU DVVLVWDQFH 7KH OH[LFDO DQDO\]HU LV WKH RQH
WKDW LV DFWXDOO\ UHDGLQJ LQ WKH VRXUFH FRGH DIWHU ZKLFK LW ZLOO SURGXFH WRNHQV WR
VHQGRQWRV\QWD[DQDO\]HUIRUIXUWKHUDQDO\]LQJ
$ WRNHQ FRQWDLQ LQIRUPDWLRQ UHJDUGLQJ VRPH FKDUDFWHU RU OH[HPH IRXQG ZKLOH
SURFHVVLQJ D FRGH LW KDV D W\SH DQG D SRVVLEOH YDOXH DWWDFKHG WR LW 7KH WRNHQ¶V
W\SH LV DQ DEVWUDFW UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI DNLQGRIOH[LFDOXQLWRUDVHULHVRIFKDUDFWHUV
VXFKDVDQLGHQWLILHURUDNH\ZRUG
:KLOH SURFHVVLQJ WKH FRGH DQG FUHDWLQJ WRNHQV IURP LW WKH OH[LFDO DQDO\]HU DOVR
LJQRUHV DOO ZKLWHVSDFH WKDW LW VWXPEOHV XSRQ LQ RUGHU WR RQO\ JHW WKH NLQG RI
LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW DUH UHOHYDQW 7KDW LV QRW WR VD\ WKDW ZKLWHVSDFH DUH QRW LPSRUWDQW
,QWKHFDVHRIWKLVSURMHFWWKHODQJXDJHLV&
1RWDOOW\SHVRIWRNHQVKDVDQHHGRIDYDOXH
DV WKH\ DUH DPHDQVWRVHSDUDWHWH[WIRUUHDGDELOLW\DQG IRUWKHFRUUHFWIXQFWLRQDOLW\
LQ FRGH %XW ZKHQ SURFHVVLQJ WH[W WKHUH LV D JUHDW GLIIHUHQFH IRU H[DPSOH
EHWZHHQ³ZKHUHDV´DQG³ZKHUHDV´
([DPSOH*LYHQWKHVWDWHPHQW
LIQU!
^
QU QU
`
:KHQ WKH OH[LFDO DQDO\]HU SURFHVVHV WKLV SLHFH RI FRGH LW ZLOO SURGXFH D VHULHV RI WRNHQV RQH E\ RQH XQWLO UHDFKLQJ WKH HQG 7KH WRNHQV SURGXFHG DORQJ ZLWK WKHLU
UHVSHFWLYHSDUWRIWKHFRGHDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
&RGH
7\SH
9DOXH
LI
,I
/HIW3DUHQ
QU
:RUG
³QU´
!
5LJKW&KHYURQ
1XPEHU
5LJKW3DUHQ
^
/HIW%UDFH
QU
:RUG
³QU´
(TXDOV
QU
:RUG
³QU´
'DVK
1XPEHU
6HPLFRORQ
`
5LJKW%UDFH
)LJXUH$WDEOHRIDOOWKHWRNHQVPDGH
IURPWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHSLHFHRIFRGH
1RWLFH WKDW WKH ILUVW WRNHQ LV RI W\SH ,I 7KDW LV DPRUHVSHFLILFW\SHRIWRNHQZKLFK
ZDV FUHDWHG E\ VHDUFKLQJ IRU RQH RI WKH SUHGHWHUPLQHGNH\ZRUGVIRU &7KHUHDUH
DOVR RWKHU VXFK NH\ZRUGV IRU & HJ ZKLOH SXEOLFDQGVRRQZLWKWKHLURZQW\SH
RI WRNHQ $OO WKH RWKHU ZRUGV WKDW GR QRW PDWFK DQ\ RI WKH NH\ZRUGV DUH WUHDWHG
JHQHUDOO\DVDQLGHQWLILHUZLWKWKHW\SH:RUG
6\QWD[DQDO\VLV
0RUH FRPPRQO\ FDOOHG WKH SDUVHU ,WV SULPDU\ IXQFWLRQ LV WR PDNH VXUH WKH V\QWD[
RI D VRXUFH FRGH PDWFKHV WKDW RI LWV ODQJXDJH :KLOVW UHFHLYLQJ WRNHQV IURP WKH
OH[LFDO DQDO\]HU WKH SDUVHU FKHFNV HDFK W\SH RI WRNHQ WR VHH LI WKH\ DUH YDOLG LQ
UHJDUGV RI WKH JUDPPDU RI WKH VRXUFH ODQJXDJH 2I FRXUVH LW VKRXOG DOVR KDQGOH
HUURU RXWSXW IRU WKH XVHU LQ FDVH RI WKHUH EHLQJ D V\QWD[ HUURU VRPHZKHUH LQ WKH
FRGH
7KHUH DUH YDULRXV UHDVRQV ZK\ WKH OH[LFDO DQDO\VLV DQG WKH V\QWD[ DQDO\VLV KDYH
EHHQ VSOLW XS LQWR WKHLU RZQ V\VWHPV DQG QRW PDGH DVRQHVHHLQJDVWKH\ERWKDUH
ZRUNLQJWRZDUGVDFRPPRQJRDOWRSDUVHFRGH
7KH PRVWLPSRUWDQW RI ZKLFK LV WKH VLPSOLFLW\ RI WKH GHVLJQ 6HSDUDWLQJWKHWZR
DOORZV IRU D VLPSOHU DSSURDFK RQ ERWK V\VWHPV ,I WKH SDUVHU KDG WR GHDO ZLWK WKH
WDVNV WKDW WKH OH[LFDO DQDO\]HU GRHV LW ZRXOG KDYH WR EH PXFK PRUH FRPSOH[ WKDQ
QHFHVVDU\ $W WKH VDPH WLPH LW DOVR DOORZV IRU IXUWKHU VSHFLDOL]HG WDVNV WKDW DUH
PRUHILWWLQJIRURQHUDWKHUWKDQWKHRWKHU
$QRWKHU UHDVRQ LV WKDW ,W PDNHV LW HDVLHU WR SRUW HLWKHU RI V\VWHPV RQWR RWKHU
SURJUDPV 7KLV LV HVSHFLDOO\WUXHIRUWKHOH[LFDODQDO\]HUDVLWVSULPDU\IXQFWLRQLVWR
UHDG DQ DUELWUDU\ WH[W DQG FRQYHUW LW LQWR WRNHQV ZKLOH LJQRULQJ FHUWDLQ SDUWV HJ
ZKLWHVSDFH7KDWFDQEHDSSOLHGWRDQ\NLQGRISDUVHUQRWOLPLWHGWRDFRPSLOHU
$EVWUDFW6\QWD[7UHHV
$Q $EVWUDFW 6\QWD[ 7UHH $67 FRQWDLQV DOO WKH LPSRUWDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP D SLHFH
RI FRGH LQ D ZD\ WKDW LV PXFK HDVLHU WRZRUN ZLWK FRPSDUHG WR KDYLQJ D EORFN RI
WH[W $V LWV QDPH VXJJHVWV DQ $67 LV EXLOW XS DV D WUHH RI QRGHV DQG HDFK QRGH
GHVFULEHV D VLQJOH SDUW RI WKH FRGH %HIRUH JRLQJ LQWR PRUH GHWDLO RQ KRZ LW ZRUNV
ZHVWDUWRIIZLWKDQH[DPSOHRQKRZDQ$67FDQORRNOLNH
([DPSOH7DNHDORRNDW)LJXUH$DQGFRPSDUHLWWRWKHVWDWHPHQW%
LQW[ $V VHHQ E\ $ % FDQ EH VSOLW XS LQWRQRGHVDQGHDFKQRGHGHVFULEHVHDFKSDUWRI%
7KH ILUVW QRGH LVRI W\SH DVVLJQPHQW DQG ZKDW LV UHOHYDQW IRU LWLVRQO\ZKDWLWV OHIWKDQG DQG ULJKWKDQG VLGH FRQWDLQV ZKLFK LQ WKLV FDVH LV D YDULDEOH QDPH
OHIWKDQGVLGHDQGDQDGGLWLRQRSHUDWLRQULJKWKDQGVLGH
)LJXUH$PLQLPDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDQ$67
$Q $67 LV D WUHH GDWDVWUXFWXUH >@ ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW ZH KDYH VRPH VRUW RI
LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW FDQ EH YLVXDOLVHG DV D WUHH $ WUHH FRQVLVWV RI RQH RU PRUH QRGHV
DQG RQH RI WKRVH DUH FDOOHGWKH URRW QRGH(DFK QRGHPD\KDYHDODEHODWWDFKHGWR
WKHP ,Q WKH DERYH H[DPSOH WKH URRW QRGH RI WKH WUHH VKRZQ LV WKH DVVLJQPHQW
QRGH ZLWK WKH ODEHO µ ¶ $ QRGH PD\ DOVRKDYHD FRQQHFWLRQWRVXEVHTXHQWQRGHV
WKRVH QRGHV DUH WKHQ FDOOHG FKLOG QRGHV $ QRGH WKDW KDV QR FKLOG QRGHVLV FDOOHGD
OHDIQRGH
&RPSLOHUV KDYH JUHDW XVH RI $67V IRU VHYHUDO UHDVRQV 2QH RI ZKLFK LV WKDW LW FDQ
HDVLO\ EH HGLWHG DQG HQKDQFHG GRLQJ VR ZLWK WKH VRXUFH FRGH ZRXOG LPSO\ WKDW LW
ZLOOEHFKDQJHGZKLFKLVQRWZDQWHGEHKDYLRU
$QRWKHU DGYDQWDJH FRQFHUQLQJ WKLV SURMHFW LV WKDW ZKHQ JHQHUDWLQJ D %OXHSULQW ZH
FDQ HDVLO\GR LW E\VWHSSLQJWKURXJKDOOWKHQRGHVLQ DQ$676LQFHHDFKQRGHUHIHUV
WR LWV RZQ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ LQ VRXUFH FRGH WKHUHIRUH HDFK QRGH FDQ FUHDWH LWV
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ%OXHSULQWIXQFWLRQDOLW\
7KHIORZRIWKHFRGH
$QRWKHU FRQFHSW RI LPSRUWDQFH LV WKH FRQWURO IORZ &RQWURO IORZV GHVFULEH KRZ
ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQV DUH XVHG WRJHWKHU ZLWK LIHOVHVWDWHPHQWV DQG
ZKLOHVWDWHPHQWV DQG VLPLODU VWDWHPHQWV :KHQ ZULWLQJ DQ LIHOVHVWDWHPHQW IRU
H[DPSOH WKHQ WKH SURJUDP PLJKW H[HFXWH ZKDW LVLQWKHLIERG\RULQWKHHOVHERG\
GHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRQGLWLRQSURYLGHGIRUWKHLI
([DPSOH7KHVWDWHPHQW
LI[[ VKRZV WKDW LI [ ZRXOG EH OHVV WKDQ WKHQ WKH SURJUDP ZLOO JR DKHDG DQG VHW WKH
YDOXH RI [ WR EXW LI WKH FRQGLWLRQ WXUQV RXW WR EH IDOVH WKHQ WKDW SDUW ZLOO EH VNLSSHGDQGWKHSURJUDPZLOOMXPSWRWKHQH[WVWDWHPHQW
6FRSLQJRXWWKHFRGH
2WKHU WKLQJV WR WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW DUH VFRSHV ZLWKLQ WKH FRGH :LWKLQ & DOO WKH
QDPHVSDFHV FODVVHV PHWKRGV LIVWDWHPHQWV DQG VR IRUWK KDYHWKHLU RZQ VFRSH
6FRSHV ZLWK FRGH DUH VWDWHPHQWV ZKHQ DORFDOYDULDEOHLVGHILQHGZLWKLQDPHWKRG
WKDW YDULDEOH EHORQJV WRWKDW PHWKRG¶V VFRSH DQG QRRWKHUPHWKRG¶VVFRSHVKRXOG
RWKHUPHWKRGVEHGHILQHGDORQJVLGHWKDWRQH
:KHQ RQH ZULWHV FRGH LQ & RQH XVXDOO\ ZULWHV LW ZLWK FODVVHV PHWKRGV
YDULDEOHV DQG VR RQ $OO RI WKHVH KDYH WKHLU RZQ W\SHV DQG QDPHV DQG LW LV
LPSRUWDQWWRNQRZWKDWHDFKW\SHLVYDOLGDQGWKDWWKH\DUHQRWFRQIOLFWLQJZLWKHDFK
RWKHU7KHVHPHPEHUVDQGEDVHGHFODUDWLRQVFDQRQO\FRQIOLFWZLWKHDFKRWKHULIDQG
RQO\LIWKH\VKDUHWKHQDPHZLWKLQWKHVDPHVFRSH
([DPSOH FRQVLGHU WKDW LQ VRPH DUELWUDU\ PHWKRG ZH KDYH GHFODUHG D ORFDO
YDULDEOH ³LQW [´ ZKHUH ³LQW´ LV WKH YDULDEOH¶V W\SH DQG ³[´ LV WKH QDPH 1RZ
ZLWKLQ WKLV VDPH PHWKRG ZH ZLVK WR GHFODUH D VHFRQG YDULDEOH DQG WR QDPH LW ³[´
DJDLQ QR PDWWHU WKH W\SH 7KLV LV QRW DOORZHG DQG ZLOO UHVXOW LQ DQ HUURU IURP WKH
FRPSLOHU XSRQ FRPSLODWLRQDQG ZH ZRXOG KDYH WR FKDQJH WKHQDPHWRJHWSDVWWKH
SUREOHP
7KH UHDVRQV IRU WKLV LV VLPSO\ KRZ & LV GHVLJQHG ,W LV D VHFXULW\ PHDVXUH ZKLFK
IRUFHV WKH SURJUDPPHU WR XVH GLIIHUHQWQDPHV IRUHDFK YDULDEOH VR QR YDULDEOH ZLOO
EHRYHUZULWWHQE\DFFLGHQWUHPRYLQJORWVRISRWHQWLDOO\FRQIXVLQJEXJV
$QH[FHSWLRQIRU&RPSRQHQWV
3UHYLRXVO\ ZH WDONHG DERXW VFRSHV ZLWK YDULDEOHVDQG ILHOGV DQG WKDW LWLVLPSRUWDQW
WKDW WKRVH H[LVW ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR WKHP EXW &RPSRQHQWV DUH VSHFLDO &RPSRQHQWV
DUH WUHDWHG DV ILHOGV EXW KDYH QR YDULDEOH GHILQHG DV ILHOGV XVXDOO\ GR ,W LV VR WR
GLIIHUHQWLDWH &RPSRQHQWV IURP UHJXODU ILHOGV DQG DV VXFK ZH KDYH WR PDNH DQ
H[FHSWLRQZKHUHWKH&RPSRQHQWVDUHFRQFHUQHG
*HQHUDOO\FDOOHGEDVHGHFODUDWLRQVPHPEHUVVWDWHPHQWVDQGH[SUHVVLRQV
7R NQRZ ZKHQ WR GLIIHUHQWLDWH &RPSRQHQWV IURP ILHOGV WKH NH\ OLHV LQ WKH
FRQVWUXFWRU ZKHUH WKH &RPSRQHQWV DUH ILUVW FUHDWHG LQ WKH FRGH :KHQ D
&RPSRQHQW REMHFW LV EHLQJ FRQVWUXFWHG DQG LWV REMHFW LV VDYHG LQWR D YDULDEOH WKDW
KDV QRW EHHQ GHILQHG EHIRUHKDQG WKHQ WKDW LV WKH TXH WR FUHDWH D QHZ &RPSRQHQW IRUWKH%OXHSULQWDQGXVHWKHYDULDEOHDVLWVQDPH
$V WR ZK\ &RPSRQHQWV DUH WUHDWHG DV ILHOGV EXW QRW FRGHG DV VXFK LV EHFDXVH
&RPSRQHQWV DUH PRUH FRPSOH[ WKDQ ILHOGV 1RW RQO\ FDQ WKH\ EH GLUHFWO\ UHIHUUHG IURP HYHQW QRGHV DQG WULJJHUHG ZKHQ VRPHWKLQJ VSHFLILF KDSSHQV FRQFHUQLQJ WKDW
&RPSRQHQWEXWWKH\DUHDOVRYLVLEOHLQWKHHQJLQH¶VZRUOGDORQJVLGH$FWRUV$VVXFK
WKH\ QHHG WR EH VSHFLILHG VRDV WKH\ DUH QRW FRQIXVHG ZLWK ILHOGV ZKLFK ZRXOG MXVW
FUHDWHDYDULDEOHIRULWV%OXHSULQWDQGQRWKLQJPRUH
&RGHRYHUYLHZ
7KHUH DUH D ORW RI NH\ZRUGV DQG IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV ZLWKLQ WKH & ODQJXDJH EXW WKLV
SURMHFWZLOORQO\IRFXVRQVHYHUDORIWKRVHLQRUGHUWRNHHSLWDVVLPSOHDVSRVVLEOH
)LJXUH VKRZV D URXJKRYHUYLHZRIZKDWNLQGRIFRGHWKLVSURMHFWFDQH[SHFW
7KHUH DUH GHILQLWLRQV IRU QDPHVSDFHV FODVVHV ILHOGV D FRQVWUXFWRU DQG
PHWKRGV 7KH FRQVWUXFWRU DOVR KDV GHILQLWLRQV IRU &RPSRQHQWVOLNHZLVHLWDQGWKH
PHWKRGVKDVH[SUHVVLRQVDQGVWDWHPHQWV
QDPHVSDFHGHILQLWLRQ!
^
FODVVGHILQLWLRQ!
^
ILHOGGHILQLWLRQV!
FRQVWUXFWRUGHILQLWLRQ!
^
&RPSRQHQWGHILQLWLRQV!
`
PHWKRGGHILQLWLRQV!
^
H[SUHVVLRQV$1'VWDWHPHQWV!
`
`
`
)LJXUH&RGHRYHUYLHZ
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHGXUH
7KH JRDO LQ WKLV VWHSLVWREXLOGXSDQ$67IURPDWH[WUHSUHVHQWLQJ&VRXUFH FRGH
:H ZLOO EH XVLQJ D OH[LFDO DQDO\]HU WRNHQL]HU DQG D V\QWD[ DQDO\]HU SDUVHU WR
SDUVHWKHVRXUFHFRGHDQGWREXLOGXSRXU$67DWWKHVDPHWLPH
7KH $67 LV LPSOHPHQWHG XVLQJ RQH EDVH FODVV FDOOHG 1RGH DQG ZLWK VXEFODVVHV ZKLFK DOO GHULYHIURP 1RGH DQG HDFK GHVFULEH WKHLU RZQ FRGH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ VXFK DV
RQH FODVV IRU HDFK NLQG RI H[SUHVVLRQ RQH FODVV IRU HDFK NLQG RI VWDWHPHQWDQGVR
RQ 7KH SDUVHU LWVHOI ZLOOWKHQFUHDWHDQREMHFWRIWKHFODVVWKDWFRUUHVSRQGVWRZKDW
LW KDV GHWHFWHG )RU LQVWDQFH ZKHQ WKHSDUVHU ILQGV D ZKLOH VWDWHPHQW LW ZLOO WKHQ
FRQVWUXFW DQ REMHFW IURP WKH :KLOH6WDWHPHQW FODVV ZKLFK DOVR FRQWDLQV DOO WKH
QHFHVVDU\ LQIRUPDWLRQ SHUWDLQLQJ WR WKDW SDUWLFXODU VWDWHPHQW LH LWV FRQGLWLRQ WR FRQWLQXHWKHORRSDQGLWVERG\
7KHUH DUH RWKHU FODVVHV WKDW GR QRW GHULYH IURP WKH 1RGH FODVV EXW VWLOO
VXSSOHPHQW LWV VWUXFWXUH WKHVH LQFOXGHWKH ,GHQWLILHU DQG0RGLILHU FODVVHV7KH
,GHQWLILHU FODVV FRQWDLQV DQ LGHQWLILHU RI D QRGH FODVV VXFK DV D YDULDEOH RU D
PHWKRG QDPH 7KH 0RGLILHU FODVV FRQWDLQV DOO WKH NH\ZRUGV DVVRFLDWHG WR D
SDUWLFXODU QRGH FODVV QRGHV YDULDEOH QRGHV PHWKRG QRGHV DPRQJ RWKHU QRGHV
DOOPDNHXVHRIWKH0RGLILHUFODVV
7KH WRNHQL]HUKDVRQHFRQVWUXFWRUDYDLODEOHZKLFKWDNHVDILOHQDPHDVLWVDUJXPHQW
7KH ILOHQDPH ZLOO EH XVHG WR RSHQ WKH ILOH LW SRLQWV WR VR LW FDQ EH UHDG IURP )URP
WKDW SRLQW WKHUH DUH D FRXSOH RI IXQFWLRQV WKDW FDQ EH FDOOHG RQ 1H[W7RNHQ DQG
3HHN7RNHQ
1H[W7RNHQ SURFHVVHV WKH QH[W SDUW RI WKH WH[W FKHFNV WR VHH ZKDW W\SHRIWH[W
FRPHV WKHUHDIWHU PDNHV D WRNHQ RXW RI LWDQG UHWXUQVWKDWWRNHQ3HHN7RNHQGRHV
WKH VDPH WKH GLIIHUHQFH LV WKDW LW ORRNV DKHDG WR VHHZKDWWRNHQZRXOGFRPHQH[W
,WLVYHU\XVHIXOIRUVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHWKHSDUVHUGRHVQRWNQRZZKDWNLQGRIWRNHQ WR
H[SHFW
,QWHUQDOO\ ZKHQ WKH WRNHQL]HU LV DERXW WR FUHDWHD QHZ WRNHQ 7KH ILUVW WKLQJ LW
ZLOO FKHFN IRU LV ZKLWHVSDFH LI LW ILQGV VXFK WKLQJV WKHQ WKRVH DUH LJQRUHG DQG WKH
WH[W LV UHDG XQWLO UHDFKLQJ D FKDUDFWHU WKDW LV QRW D ZKLWHVSDFH $IWHU ZKLFK LW ZLOO
VHH ZKDW FKDUDFWHU LW LV ORRNLQJ DW ZKLFK ZLOO GHWHUPLQH ZKDW W\SH RI WRNHQ WR
FUHDWH
7KH SDUVHU ZLOO WDNH DOO WKH WRNHQV FUHDWHG IURP WKH WRNHQL]HU RQH E\ RQH FKHFN
ZKDW NLQG RI WRNHQ HDFK RQH LV DQG FUHDWH WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ $67 QRGH :KHQ DQ
HQWLUH ILOH RI FRGH KDV EHHQ WKRURXJKO\ SDUVHG WKHQ DFRPSOHWH$67ZLOOKDYHEHHQ
FUHDWHGZLWKWKHURRWQRGHDOZD\VEHLQJDQLQVWDQFHRIWKH3URJUDPFODVV
7KH3URJUDPFODVVRQO\FRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJJOREDOQDPHVSDFHV
7KH ZD\ WKH SDUVHU FKHFNV ZKDW NLQG RI $67 QRGH WR FUHDWH LV E\ VRPHWKLQJ
FDOOHG ERWWRPXS SDUVLQJ %RWWRPXS SDUVLQJ LV D PHDQV RI KRZ WR SDUVH FRGH WR
FUHDWH D WUHH DOWHUQDWLYHV DUH WRSGRZQ SDUVLQJ DQG XQLYHUVDO 5HFDOO IURP WKH
VHFWLRQ RI $67V WKHUH LV DQ H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH YDULRXV WHUPLQRORJLHV XVHG DPRQJ
WKHP ZHUH WKH OHDYHV ZKLFK DUH WKH QRGHV ZKLFK KDYH QR FKLOGQRGHV WKHPVHOYHV
:KHUH ERWWRPXS SDUVLQJ LVFRQFHUQHGWKDWWUHHLVFRQVWUXFWHGE\ILUVW FUHDWLQJWKH
OHDI QRGHV ILUVW DQG WKHQ ZRUNLQJ XSZDUGV XQWLO UHDFKLQJ WKHURRW QRGH ZKLFK ZLOO
EHFUHDWHGODVWRIDOO
7R DFKLHYH D ERWWRPXS SDUVLQJ ZH DUH ILUVW ORRNLQJ D VWDUWLQJ SRLQW VXFK DV
ZKHQ DQ LQFOXGH LV XVHG ZKHQ D QDPHVSDFH VWDUWV RUWKH VWDUWRI D FODVV HWF
:KHQ VXFK D WRNHQ DSSHDUV ZH DUH ORRNLQJ IXUWKHU IRU ZKDW FDQ EH H[SHFWHG
ZLWKLQ 8VLQJ D FODVV GHFODUDWLRQ DV DQ H[DPSOH ZKDW LW FDQ H[SHFW WR ILQG
WKHUHDIWHU DUH ILHOGV SURSHUWLHV PHWKRGV DQG HYHQQHVWHGFODVVHV 6RWKHQ ZHDUH
JRLQJ WKURXJK D ORRS WR ILQG DQ\ RI WKHVH WKLQJV XQWLO ZH DUULYH DW WKHHQG RI WKH FXUUHQWFODVVIURPWKHUHZHZLOOEHORRNLQJIRURWKHUFODVVHVRUWKHOLNH
2QFH ZH KDYH UHDFKHG VRPHWKLQJ WKDWFDQEHFDOOHGDOHDIQRGHIRUWKH$67LWV
DSSURSULDWH QRGH ZLOO WKHQ EH FUHDWHG XVXDOO\ LW LV D OLWHUDO YDOXH RU DQ LGHQWLILHU
$IWHU ZKLFK ZH ZLOO EH UHWXUQLQJ WR WKH SUHYLRXVO\ IRXQG WRNHQ DQG FUHDWH DQ $67
QRGHRXWRIWKDWRQHXVLQJWKHQRGHWKDWZDVFUHDWHGPRPHQWVDJR
([DPSOH &RQVLGHU D ILOH FDOOHG ([&RGHFV WKDW FRQWDLQV WKH FRGH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH
SXEOLFFODVV)RR
^
VWULQJV SXEOLFYRLG%DU
^
V +HOOR:RUOG?Q
`
`
)LJXUH7KHFRGHFRQWDLQHGLQWKHILOH([&RGHFV
7KH SDUVHU ZLOO ILUVW JHWWKHWRNHQ IRUSXEOLFIRUZKLFKLWZLOO FUHDWHDQHZLQVWDQFH
RI 0RGLILHUV )XUWKHU RQ WKH µFODVV¶ WRNHQLVIRXQGZKLFKPHDQVD&ODVVQRGHZLOO
EH FUHDWHG DIWHUZDUGV IROORZLQJ WKDW LV LWV LGHQWLILHU WRNHQ ZKLFK LV ³)RR´ VR DQ
,GHQWLILHU LQVWDQFH LV FUHDWHG FRQWDLQLQJ WKDWQDPH 7KH QH[W WRNHQLWFDQH[SHFW
FRXOG EH D µ¶ ZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKLVFODVVGHULYHVIURPDQRWKHUFODVVRULPSOHPHQWV
DQLQWHUIDFHEXWWKDWLVRSWLRQDODQGEHFDXVHRQHLVQRWKHUHLW LVLJQRUHG,QVWHDGD
µ^¶ WRNHQ LV IRXQG DIWHUZKLFKWKHSDUVHUZLOO ORRNIRURWKHUWRNHQVWKDWPD\FRQWDLQ
ZLWKLQDFODVVVWUXFWXUH
$W WKLV SRLQW WKH SDUVHU ZLOO VHDUFK IRU WRNHQV VXFK DV ILHOGV PHWKRGV
FRQVWUXFWRUV SURSHUWLHV DQG VR RQ $OO RI ZKLFK DFFHSWV PRGLILHUV VR RQH VXFK
LQVWDQFH LV FUHDWHG ILUVW RI DOO EXW QR VXFK NH\ZRUG LV IRXQG KHUH VR LWZLOOKDYHQR
PRGLILHUV DW DOO ,QVWHDG D µVWULQJ¶ WRNHQ LV IRXQG ZKLFK PDUNV D W\SH DQG LW LV
IROORZHG E\ WKH LGHQWLILHU WRNHQ ³V´ 7KHQH[WWRNHQ IRXQGKHUHLVDµ ¶ZKLFKPHDQV
WKDW ZH DUH ORRNLQJ DW D )LHOG NLQG RIQRGH DQG ZKDW FRPHV DIWHU DUH WKH WZR µ¶
WRNHQV ZKLFK VD\V ZKDW LQLWLDO YDOXH WKH ILHOG ZLOO KDYH $QG WKHQLWLVFORVHGRIIE\
WKH µ¶ WRNHQ DIWHU ZKLFK WKH DFWXDO)LHOGQRGHLVFUHDWHGDQGRXUILUVWQRGHRIWKH
WUHH
1RZ LW EHJLQVDJDLQWRFKHFNIRU DOOWKHWKLQJVDFODVVFDQ FRQWDLQ XQWLOUHDFKLQJ
D WRNHQ ZLWK WKH W\SH µ`¶ $IWHU WKH UHPDLQLQJ FRGH KDV EHHQ SDUVHG VXFFHVVIXOO\
DQG D &ODVV QRGH KDV EHHQ FUHDWHG LW ZLOO WKHQ FUHDWH D 3URJUDP QRGH ZKLFK
FRQWDLQV DOO WKH QDPHVSDFHVWKDW KDYH EHHQIRXQG ZKLFK LQFOXGHV WKH QDPHV RI DOO
WKH ILOHV WKDW KDV EHHQ SDUVHG ,Q WKLV H[DPSOH LW LV RQO\ ([&RGH VR D 1DPHVSDFH
QRGH ZLOO EH FUHDWHG IRU WKDW RQH EHIRUH WKH 3URJUDP QRGH LV FUHDWHG 7KH ILQDO
UHVXOWLVWKHWUHHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
,QWKLVFDVHLWLVMXVWDQHPSW\VWULQJ
)LJXUH7KHUHVXOWDVDQ$67DIWHUSDUVLQJWKHFRGHLQWKHILOH([&RGHFV
%OXHSULQWFRQYHUVLRQ
1RZ LQ WKLV VWHS ZH DUH JRLQJ WR WDNH DORRNDWWKHUHVXOWIURPWKHSUHYLRXVVWHSWR
FUHDWH D %OXHSULQW WKDW KDV WKH VDPH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ :KDW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR ILQG KHUH
DUH ZKDW QRGHV DUH WR EH XVHG DQG ZKHQ WR XVH WKHP 8VLQJ WKH $67 WKDW ZDV
FUHDWHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VWHS VHH VHFWLRQ IRU PRUH GHWDLOV DERXW $67V RQH
FDQXVHWKHLQIRUPDWLRQJDWKHUHGIURPWKHFRGHWRHDVLO\ILQGZKDWZHQHHG
&RQYHUVLRQRYHUYLHZ
7KH ILUVW WKLQJ WKDW KDV WR EH GRQH LV WR FUHDWH WKH DFWXDO %OXHSULQWV DV ZLWKRXW
WKHP QR QRGHV FDQ EH FUHDWHG .HHS LQ PLQG WKDW WKHUH PD\ EH PRUH WKDQ RQH
%OXHSULQW WKDW FDQ EH JHQHUDWHG IURP HDFK & VFULSW )RU WKLVZHDUHORRNLQJIRUDOO
WKH EDVH GHFODUDWLRQV VXFK DV FODVVHV HQXPV LQWHUIDFHV HWF 7KH EDVH
GHFODUDWLRQ ZLOO WHOO XV ZKDW NLQG RI %OXHSULQW WKDW VKRXOG EH FUHDWHG DQG ZKDW
SDUHQWFODVVLWVKRXOGKDYH
$V H[SODLQHG LQ WKH %DFNJURXQG VHFWLRQD%OXHSULQWFDQWDNHRQGLIIHUHQWSXUSRVHV
DQG D SDUHQW FODVV LV WKHUH WR VHW VRPH EDVLF SURSHUWLHV RI WKH %OXHSULQW WR KHOS
GHFLGH LWV SXUSRVH 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ SDUHQW FODVV LV WKH $FWRU FODVV DQG LW LV DOVR
WKH RQH WKLV SURMHFW IRFXVHV RQ EXW WKHUHDUHRWKHUFODVVHVDV ZHOOWKDWGHULYHIURP
$FWRUDQGKDYHDPRUHVSHFLILFXVDJH
$IWHU D %OXHSULQW LV SURSHUO\ FUHDWHG LW WKHQ QHHGV WR EH SRSXODWHG ZLWK
&RPSRQHQWV YDULDEOHV DQG QRGHV $OVR NHHS LQ PLQG WKDW FHUWDLQ QRGHV GLUHFWO\
UHIHUHQFHV &RPSRQHQWV YDULDEOHV DQG HYHQ RWKHU QRGHV IRU WKLV UHDVRQ LW LV
QHFHVVDU\ WRJHQHUDWHWKHP EHIRUHWKHQRGHVWKDWFRXOGUHIHUWRWKHP7KHZD\WKLV
SURMHFW FKRVH WR JR DERXW WKLV LVE\ PDNLQJ PRUHWKDQRQHLWHUDWLRQWKURXJKDOOWKH
QRGHV LQ WKH $67 ZKHQ JHQHUDWLQJ WKH FRQWHQW IRU D %OXHSULQW +HUH LV DQRYHUYLHZ
RIHDFKLWHUDWLRQEHIRUHJRLQJLQWRPRUHGHWDLO
7KHILUVWLWHUDWLRQZLOOFUHDWHYDULDEOHVE\SURFHVVLQJWKHILHOGGHILQLWLRQV
7KH VHFRQG LWHUDWLRQ ZLOO JR WKURXJK WKH FRQVWUXFWRU ZLWK QR SDUDPHWHUV WR
FUHDWH DOO WKH VWDUWLQJ &RPSRQHQWV DQG VHWXS VRPH EDVLF EHKDYLRU IRU WKH QHZO\
FUHDWHG&RPSRQHQWV
7KHWKLUGLWHUDWLRQZLOOFUHDWHFHUWDLQ QRGHVFDOOHG HYHQWQRGHVE\SURFHVVLQJ WKH
PHWKRG GHILQLWLRQV (YHQW QRGHV DUH WKH NLQGRIQRGHVZKLFKDUHWULJJHUHGWKURXJK
ZHOO HYHQWV DQG VRPH UHIHUHQFHVD&RPSRQHQWZKLFKZHUHFUHDWHGLQWKHSUHYLRXV
SDVV
7KH IRXUWK DQG ILQDO LWHUDWLRQ FUHDWHV DOO WKH RWKHU QRGHV WKDW DUH SRWHQWLDOO\
UHIHUULQJWRRWKHUQRGHV
)LUVWLWHUDWLRQ
9DULDEOHV DUH FUHDWHG LQ WKLV LWHUDWLRQ 7KHVH DUH EHLQJ UHSUHVHQWHG DV V\PEROV
ZKLFK PHDQV ZH FDQ HDVLO\ JHW DFFHVV WR WKHP DQG WKLV KHOS XV TXLWH D ELW ZKHQ
FUHDWLQJ QRGHV ZKLFKUHIHUHQFHVYDULDEOHV:KDWZLOOKDSSHQLQWHUQDOO\LVWKDWDQHZ
YDULDEOH ZLOO EH FUHDWHG IRU WKH FXUUHQW %OXHSULQW E\XVLQJWKHHQJLQH¶VH[LVWLQJ$3, DIWHUZDUGV D UHIHUHQFH WR WKDW YDULDEOH ZLOO EH VWRUHG ZLWKLQ WKH $67 QRGH LW LV
FRQQHFWHGWRLQRUGHUWRHDVLO\JHWDUHIHUHQFHWRLWODWHURQ
([DPSOH :KHQ ZH KDYH DQ$67 WKDW KDV D )LHOG W\SH RI QRGHLQLWZLWKWKHQDPH
³DQVZHU´ WKH YDOXHW\SH RI LQW DQG DQ LQLWLDO YDOXH RI DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH WKHQ D YDULDEOH IRU LWV %OXHSULQW ZLOO VLPSO\ EH FUHDWHG ZLWK WKH VDPH QDPH
YDOXHW\SHDQGLQLWLDOYDOXH,WVUHVXOWLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH$VQLSSHWRIDQ$67VKRZLQJDILHOGYDULDEOHGHILQLWLRQ
)LJXUH7KHUHVXOWLQWKH%OXHSULQW
ZKHUHLWLVVKRZLQJWKHYDULDEOHDPRQJWKH%OXHSULQW·VYDULDEOHOLVW
6HFRQGLWHUDWLRQ
7KHFRQVWUXFWRUVKDYHWREHLWHUDWHGWKURXJKILUVWVLQFHWKH\FUHDWHWKH&RPSRQHQWV WKDW DUH UHIHUUHG WR E\ ODWHU LWHUDWLRQV )XUWKHUPRUH WKH RQO\ FRQVWUXFWRU WKDW DUH
EHLQJ ORRNHG DW DUH WKH RQHV ZLWK QR SDUDPHWHUV 7KLV LV VR WR PDNH WKH SURFHVV
PRUH VLPSOHU WKH FRQVWUXFWRUVKDYH QR SDUWLFXODU QHHG ZKHQD%OXHSULQWLVDOUHDG\
FUHDWHG DQG D VHFRQG %OXHSULQW FDQQRW EH FUHDWHG YLD DQRWKHU &XUUHQWO\ WKLV ZLOO
QRW EH DSSDUHQW IRU WKH SURJUDPPHU WKDW LW LV OLNH WKLV EXW IXWXUH IHDWXUHV ZLOO
LQFOXGHVKRZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVWKLV
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR FUHDWLQJ DOO WKH VWDUWLQJ &RPSRQHQWV WKLV LWHUDWLRQ DOVR VHWV XS
VRPH VWDUWLQJ YDOXHV DQG EHKDYLRU IRU WKH &RPSRQHQWV $Q H[DPSOH LV KRZ WKH
FROOLVLRQ VKRXOG EHKDYH IRU HDFK RQH RUZKLFKPHWKRGVGHILQHGE\WKHSURJUDPPHU
DUH VXSSRVHG WR KDQGOH HYHQWV FRQQHFWHG WR D SDUWLFXODU &RPSRQHQW PRUH RQ WKLV
LQWKHQH[WLWHUDWLRQ
([DPSOH )LJXUHVKRZVSDUWRIDQ$67ZKHUHD&RPSRQHQWLVDERXWWREHPDGH &RQQHFWHG WR /HIW WKHUH LV DQ ([S6LPSOH2EMHFW W\SH RI $67 QRGH ZKLFK LV DQ
DEVWUDFW NLQG RI QRGH WKDW FRQWDLQV DQ LGHQWLILHU RQO\ DQ LGHQWLILHU ZKLFK ZLOO EH
XVHGDVWKHQDPHRIWKHQHZ&RPSRQHQWZKLFKLV³7ULJJHU9ROXPH´
&RQQHFWHG WR 5LJKW WKHUH LV DQ ([S1HZ2EMHFW W\SH RI $67 QRGH ZKLFK KDV WKH
YDOXHW\SH RI µ%R[&RPSRQHQW¶ DQG VLQFHLW LV D &RPSRQHQW WKHQ VXFK DQ REMHFW ZLOO EHFUHDWHG
)XUWKHU GRZQ ZH FDQ VHH WKDW LW KDV D YHFWRU RI WKUHH YDOXHV DV LWV DUJXPHQW
WKDWGHILQHVWKHDUHDRIZKLFKWKH&RPSRQHQWREMHFWZLOOFRYHU6RWKH&RPSRQHQW¶V
H[WHQWLVVHWWRWKHYDOXHVVKRZQ
7KHILQDOUHVXOWLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH
)LJXUH$VQLSSHWRIDQ$67VKRZLQJDVHULHVRIQRGHVZLWKDQHZ%R[&RPSRQHQWREMHFWZKLFKZLOOEHFDOOHG
7ULJJHU9ROXPHDQGLWVHOILVFRQQHFWHGWRDQHZREMHFWZKLFKLVDYHFWRURIWKUHHYDOXHV
)LJXUH7KHUHVXOWLQWKH%OXHSULQW
ZKHUHLWLVVKRZLQJWKH&RPSRQHQWDPRQJWKH%OXHSULQW·V&RPSRQHQWOLVW
)LJXUH7KHVDPHUHVXOWDVLQ)LJXUH
EXWLQVWHDGLWLVVKRZLQJWKHSK\VLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH&RPSRQHQWZKHQSXWLQDZRUOGLQDFWXDOLW\LWLV
LQYLVLEOHEXWLWLVQLFHWRVHHKRZPXFKDUHDLWFRYHUVKHQFHWKHRXWOLQH
7KLUG,WHUDWLRQ
+HUH D VSHFLILF NLQG RI QRGH LV FUHDWHG HYHQW QRGHV 7KH UHDVRQ WKHVH QRGHV DUH
FUHDWHG KHUH DQG QRW ZLWK WKH RWKHU QRGHV DUH EHFDXVH WKHUH DUH RWKHU NLQG RI
QRGHV WKDW DUH UHIHUULQJ GLUHFWO\ WR DQ HYHQW QRGH HJ IXQFWLRQ FDOO QRGHV 6R IRU
WKRVH QRGHV WR IXQFWLRQ FRUUHFWO\ HYHQW QRGHV KDYH WR EH FUHDWHG ILUVWDW DOO WLPHV
7KHVH NLQGV RI QRGHV DUH FUHDWHG IURP WKH PHWKRGV¶ GHILQLWLRQ VR ZKDW LV EHLQJ
ORRNHG DW KHUH DUH WKH QDPHV RQO\ WKH UHWXUQ W\SH LV QRW LQWHUHVWLQJ KHUH DV WKLV
RQO\ FRQFHUQV WKH VWDUWLQJ SRLQW RI D VHULHV RI QRGHV ZKHUH WKH UHWXUQ LV WKH ODVW
QRGHWRRFFXU
)LJXUH VKRZV D GLIIHUHQW $67 FRQWDLQLQJ D 0HWKRG W\SH RI QRGH ,WKDVWKHYHU\ ORQJ QDPH RI ³2Q&RPSRQHQW%HJLQ2YHUODSB7ULJJHU9ROXPH´ WKH YDOXHW\SH RI
µYRLG¶ DQG WKH PRGLILHU µSXEOLF¶ ,W DOVR KDV DQ DUELWUDU\ QXPEHU RI VWDWHPHQWV
FRQQHFWHGWRLWEXWWKRVHDUHQRWLPSRUWDQWIRUWKLVH[DPSOH
:KHQ LW LV SURFHVVHG LQ WKLV VHFRQG LWHUDWLRQ DQ HYHQW QRGH ZLOO EH FUHDWHG IRU
LWV %OXHSULQW ,W LV D VSHFLDO NLQG RI HYHQW QRGH WRR DV LW LV VXSSRVHG WR UHIHU WR DQ
H[LVWLQJ &RPSRQHQW ZKDW &RPSRQHQW ZH DUH ORRNLQJ IRU FDQ EH VHHQ IURP WKH
PHWKRG¶V QDPH LW KDV JRW WZR SDUWV WR LWV QDPH WKH QDPH RI WKH HYHQW QRGH
³2Q&RPSRQHQW%HJLQ2YHUODS´ IROORZHG E\ WKH QDPH RI WKH &RPSRQHQW
³7ULJJHU9ROXPH´DQGWKH\DUHVHSDUDWHGE\DµB¶FKDUDFWHU
7KHUHIRUH D 2Q&RPSRQHQW%HJLQ2YHUODS W\SH RI %OXHSULQWQRGHLVFUHDWHGDQGLW
LV UHIHUULQJ WR D &RPSRQHQW FDOOHG ³7ULJJHU9ROXPH´ 7KH UHVXOW LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH
)LJXUH$VQLSSHWRIDQ$67VKRZLQJDPHWKRGGHILQLWLRQRQO\
)LJXUH7KHUHVXOWLQWKH%OXHSULQW
ZKHUHLWLVVKRZLQJWKHHYHQWQRGHIRUWKH7ULJJHU9ROXPH&RPSRQHQWLQLWVJUDSK
)RXUWKLWHUDWLRQ
1RZ LW LV WLPH WR JHQHUDWH DOO WKH RWKHU NLQGV RI QRGHV 7KLV WLPH ZHDUHORRNLQJDW
WKH PHWKRGV¶ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV 7KLV LV ZKHUH WKH FRUH ORJLF KDSSHQV DOO WKH
LIHOVHVWDWHPHQWV ORRSVWDWHPHQWV YDULDEOH DVVLJQPHQWVDQG VRRQDQGVRIRUWK
7KLV LVZKHUHWKH$67UHDOO\FRPHVLQKDQG\QRZLVWKHWLPHWRVWHS WKURXJKDOOWKH
QRGHV LQ WKH $67 FRQQHFWHG WR HDFK PHWKRG DQG FUHDWH WKH %OXHSULQW QRGHV IURP
HDFK$67QRGHWKDWLVEHLQJFDOOHGRQ
([DPSOH 7KH$67 LQ )LJXUH VKRZV DQ LI VWDWHPHQWWKDWFRPSDUHVWZRDUELWUDU\
YDOXHV D DQG E DQG UHWXUQV WKH ODUJHVW RI WKH WZR YDOXHV 7KRVHWZRYDULDEOHVDUH
VKRZQ DV UHIHUHQFHV WR YDULDEOHV IRU VLPSOLFLW\¶V VDNH ZH DVVXPH WKDW WKH\ KDYH
DOUHDG\EHHQFUHDWHGIURPEHIRUH
7R WUDQVODWH WKLV WR QRGHV LQ D %OXHSULQW ZH ILUVWFKHFN RXWWKHILUVWQRGHZKLFK
LV WKH 6WPW,I QRGH2QFH WKHUH ZHILUVW RI DOO JHQHUDWH D %UDQFK W\SH RI %OXHSULQW
QRGH EHFDXVH WKDWW\SH RI QRGH KDV WKH VDPHIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DVDQLIHOVHVWDWHPHQW
1H[W XS LV WR JR WKURXJK WKHQRGHV WKDW DUH FRQQHFWHG WKURXJK WKH 6WPW,I QRGH¶V
&RQGLWLRQ
,Q WKHUH ZH FRPH WR D ([S%LQDU\ W\SH RI QRGH ZKLFK GRHV D FRPSDULVRQ
EHWZHHQ WZR RWKHU QRGHV LQWKLVFDVHLWLVFRPSDULQJLIWKH/HIW QRGHLVJUHDWHU LQ
YDOXH WKDQ WKH 5LJKW QRGH 6R WKHQ D *UHDWHU7KDQ W\SH RI %OXHSULQW QRGH LV
FUHDWHG ZKLFK GRHV WKH VDPHWKLQJ)LQDOO\ERWKRIWKHIROORZLQJQRGHVWXUQVRXWWR
EH UHIHUHQFHV WR ILHOG YDULDEOHV VR WKHQ ZH DUH FUHDWLQJ D 9DULDEOH*HW W\SH RI
%OXHSULQWQRGHIRUHDFKRIWKHP
$IWHU WKDWWKH 6WPW,I QRGH ZLOO JR WKURXJK WKHQRGHVFRQQHFWHGWRLWV7KHQ DQG
(OVH DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ FUHDWH WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ %OXHSULQW QRGHV IURP WKRVH 7KH
UHVXOWRIWKHHQWLUHSURFHGXUHLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH$VQLSSHWRIDQ$67VKRZLQJSDUWRIDQLIVWDWHPHQWQRGH
)LJXUH7KHUHVXOWLQWKH%OXHSULQW
ZKHUHLWLVVKRZLQJWKHJHQHUDWHGQRGHVLQLWVJUDSK
7KH RWKHU NLQGV RI QRGHV DUH DOVR FUHDWHG LQ VLPLODU ZD\V EXW IXQFWLRQ FDOO QRGHV
DUH D ELW VSHFLDO WKH\ QHHG D UHIHUHQFH WR DQ HYHQW NLQG RI QRGH ZKLFK ZHUH
FUHDWHG GXULQJ WKH SUHYLRXV LWHUDWLRQ $QRWKHU SDUW WR FRQVLGHU DERXW IXQFWLRQ FDOOV
LV WKDW LW FDQ UHWXUQ YDOXHV DQG WDNH YDOXHV DV DUJXPHQWV WKLV LV XQIRUWXQDWHO\QRW
\HW KDQGOHG LQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ EXW LW LV VRPHWKLQJ ZRUWK KDYLQJIRU WKH IXWXUH
DVLWLVDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRILWVIXQFWLRQDOLW\
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHGXUH
7KLV LV LPSOHPHQWHG E\ H[SDQGLQJ RQWKH$67VWUXFWXUHLQWURGXFHGDERYHLQVHFWLRQ
6LQFH HYHU\ NLQG RI $67 QRGH LV WKHLU RZQ FODVV ZH FDQ TXLWH HDVLO\ DGG VRPH QHZ DEVWUDFW PHWKRGV WKDW EHKDYHV LQ D ZD\ WKDW ZDV GLVFXVVHG GXULQJ WKLV
FKDSWHU
7KH ILUVW LWHUDWLRQ KDQGOHV WKH SDUW DERXW FUHDWLQJ QHZ &RPSRQHQWV ZKLFK DUH
GHILQHG LQ FRGH LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWRU 6R ZH MXVW PDNH VXUH WR SURFHVV WKH
FRQVWUXFWRUV ILUVW RI DOO LQ RUGHU WR LQVWDQWLDWH DOO WKH &RPSRQHQWV DQG WR DOVR
SURFHVV RWKHU WKLQJV VXFK DVVHWWLQJ LQLWLDO YDOXHV WR WKH &RPSRQHQWV ZKLFK ZRXOG
EHGHILQHGE\WKHSURJUDPPHU
7KH VRUWRI YDOXHV WKDW FDQ EH H[SHFWHG DUH WKH H[DFW SRVLWLRQLQJ D&RPSRQHQW
KDV IURP LWV URRW ZKDW NLQG RI FROOLVLRQ YDOXHV LW VWDUWV RII ZLWK DQGZKDWPHWKRGV
DUH DUH VXSSRVHG WR EH UHIHUULQJ WR D &RPSRQHQW WKLV ZLOO EH GLVFXVVHG LQ PRUH
GHWDLO PRPHQWDULO\ DV LW LV DQ LPSRUWDQWSDUWZKHQ FUHDWLQJ HYHQW QRGHV :LWKWKH
ODVW SDUW ZKHQ D PHWKRG LV VXSSRVHG WR EH UHIHUULQJ WR D &RPSRQHQW WKHUH LV D
UXOH WR KRZ LW PXVW DSSHDU DV ,W PXVW FRQWDLQ WKH QDPH RI DQ &RPSRQHQW W\SH
HYHQW DOUHDG\ H[LVWLQJ LQ WKH HQJLQH IROORZHG E\ WKH QDPH RI D &RPSRQHQW DQG
VHSDUDWHGE\DµB¶
,Q WKH $67 VWUXFWXUH ZKHQ D FODVV RU VWUXFW LV EHLQJ SURFHVVHG LW ZLOO WKHQ SURFHVV DOO WKH PHWKRGV WKDW DUH PDUNHG DV FRQVWUXFWRUV LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH WKLV
NLQGRIIXQFWLRQDOLW\
7KH VHFRQG LWHUDWLRQ LV ZKHUH WKH YDULDEOHV DQGHYHQW QRGHV DUH WR EH FUHDWHG)RU
YDULDEOHV LW LV HDV\ HQRXJK WR DGG VLQFH ZH FDQ XVH WKH HQJLQH¶V RZQ $3, LQ RUGHU
WR FUHDWHYDULDEOHV ZKLFK ZH GR %XW WKHQ ZH ZRXOG DOVR KDYHWRVWRUHDUHIHUHQFH
WR WKDW YDULDEOH IRU ODWHU XVHHVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ D YDOXHQHHGV WR EH UHDG RUVDYHGWR
LW
(YHQW QRGHV QHHG D ELW PRUHZRUNWREHFUHDWHG,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHWKDWIRU
WKLV ZH DUH RQO\ ORRNLQJ DW WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH PHWKRGV DQG QRW LQ WKHLU
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DV WKH PHWKRGV¶ GHILQLWLRQ KDVDOOWKHLQIRUPDWLRQQHHGHGWRFUHDWH
HYHQW QRGHV DQG WKRVH DUH WKHRQO\QRGHVWREHFUHDWHGDWWKLVSRLQW$VPHQWLRQHG SUHYLRXVO\ WKH FRQVWUXFWRU KDV LQIRUPDWLRQ RI ZKLFK PHWKRGV DUH WREHHYHQWVWKDW
UHIHU WR &RPSRQHQWV .HHSLQJ WKLV LQ PLQG ZH ORRN DW WKH QDPHV RI HDFK PHWKRG
WKDW DUHEHLQJSURFHVVHG,IWKHUHLVDPDWFKEHWZHHQWKHQDPHDQG ZKDWVKRXOGEH
UHIHUUHG WR D &RPSRQHQW WKHQVXFK DQ HYHQW QRGH LV FUHDWHG RWKHUZLVH D UHJXODU
HYHQWQRGHLVFUHDWHGXVLQJWKHPHWKRG¶VQDPH
7KH WKLUG DQG ILQDO LWHUDWLRQ LV ZKHUH DOO WKH RWKHU NLQGV RI %OXHSULQW QRGHV DUH WR
EH PDGH )RU WKLV ZH UHYLVLW WKH PHWKRGV EXW WKLV WLPH WKHLU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DUH SURFHVVHGUDWKHUWKDQWKHLUGHILQLWLRQ
7KLV ZLOO SURFHVV DOO WKH YDULRXV H[SUHVVLRQ DQG VWDWHPHQW QRGHV VWRUHG ZLWKLQ DQG JHQHUDWH WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH%OXHSULQW QRGHV :KLFK%OXHSULQWQRGHVWKDWDUHWR EH
FUHDWHG GHSHQGV RQ ZKDW $67 QRGHV DUH EHLQJ SURFHVVHG 5HPHPEHU WKDW VLQFH
HDFK $67 QRGH DUH WKHLU RZQFODVV WKH\FDQDOVRKDYHWKHLURZQLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
KRZWRJHQHUDWH%OXHSULQWQRGHV
*UDSKUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
&ROOHFWLRQV
%HIRUH GHOYLQJ LQWR WKH DQDO\VLV RQKRZ WR VWUXFWXUH D JUDSK ZH ZLOO LQWURGXFH WKH
FRQFHSW RI DFROOHFWLRQRIQRGHV$FROOHFWLRQFRQWDLQVRQHRUPRUHQRGHVDQG HYHU\
QRGH LV SDUW RI D FROOHFWLRQ 7KH FROOHFWLRQ¶V SXUSRVH LV WR DEVWUDFW DZD\ FHUWDLQ
JURXSV RI QRGHV IRU WKH QRGHV WKDW RQO\ FRQWLQXH RQ WRZDUGV RQH QRGH LQ D
GLUHFWLRQ )LJXUH VKRZV D VW\OL]HG JUDSK RI QRGHV DQG )LJXUH VKRZVRIIWKH
VDPHJUDSKEXWZLWKFROOHFWLRQVLQVWHDGRIQRGHV
)LJXUH$JUDSKZLWKQRGHV
)LJXUH$JUDSKZLWKFROOHFWLRQV
,Q RUGHU IRU WKHUH WR EH PRUH WKDQRQH QRGH ZLWKLQ DFROOHFWLRQWZRQRGHVQHHGWR
KDYHH[DFWO\RQHFRQQHFWLRQIURPWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHGLUHFWLRQ
([DPSOH 1RGH $ KDYH RQH FRQQHFWLRQ IURP LWV RXWSXW GLUHFWLRQ ZKLFKLVFRQQHFWHG
WR QRGH %V LQSXW GLUHFWLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH $V WKHUH DUH QR RWKHU
FRQQHFWLRQV IURP WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH GLUHFWLRQV WKH WZR QRGHV FDQ EH PDGH LQWRRQH
FROOHFWLRQ
)LJXUH7ZRQRGHVWKDWDUHSDUWRIWKHVDPHFROOHFWLRQ +RZHYHU LI % ZHUH WR KDYH DQRWKHU FRQQHFWLRQ IURP LWV LQSXW GLUHFWLRQ WR D QHZ
QRGH&WKHQDOOWKHQRGHVDUHSDUWRIWKHLURZQFROOHFWLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH&DQQRWFUHDWHDFRPPRQFROOHFWLRQZLWKQRGHV$%DQG&
EHFDXVHRIKRZWKH\DUHFRQQHFWHGWRHDFKRWKHU
&ROOHFWLRQV DUH XVHG WR PDNHWKHVWUXFWXULQJSURFHVVHDVLHU6LQFHLWDEVWUDFWVDZD\
WKH QRGHV VR WKHUH DUH SRWHQWLDOO\ OHVV HOHPHQWV WR NHHS LQ PLQG 2I FRXUVH WKH
SURFHVV RI FUHDWLQJ WKH FROOHFWLRQV WDNHV VRPH WLPH EXW RQFH WKDW LV GRQH WKH
SURFHVVWKDWIROORZVFDQEHPDGHVLPSOHU
6WUXFWXULQJDQDO\VLV
$W WKLV SRLQW ZH KDYH RXUVHOYHV DW OHDVW RQH QHZO\ FUHDWHG %OXHSULQW EXW D QHZ
SUREOHP DULVHVDOOWKHQRGHVLQHDFK%OXHSULQWDUH FROOHFWHGDWWKHYHU\FHQWHULQLWV
JUDSK 7KHUH LV QR ZD\ ZH FDQ ORRN DW WKH JUDSK DQG VHH ZKDW ZH KDYH
DFFRPSOLVKHG 6R ZH QHHG WR PRYHDURXQG WKH QRGHV VR WKDW LW LV PXFK HDVLHU WR VHHZKDWLVJRLQJRQ
6RPHTXHVWLRQVWKDWZHDVNRXUVHOYHV
:KHUHVKRXOGHDFKQRGHEHSODFHGUHODWLYHWRHDFKRWKHU"
+RZIDUDSDUWVKRXOGWKHQRGHVEHIURPHDFKRWKHU"
:KDWDERXWQRGHVWKDWDUHLQGHSHQGHQWIURPRWKHUV"
:HZLOOJRRYHUHDFKTXHVWLRQLQRUGHUVWDUWLQJIURPWKHWRS
:KHUHVKRXOGHDFKQRGHEHSODFHGUHODWLYHWRHDFKRWKHU"
7KLV TXHVWLRQ FRQFHUQV ZKHQ D QRGH LV FRQQHFWHG WRDQRWKHUQRGHZKHUHLWVKRXOG
EH SODFHG UHODWLYH WR DQRWKHU 5HPHPEHU WKDW D QRGH KDV LQSXW DQG RXWSXW SLQV
FRQQHFWHG WR RWKHU QRGHV DQG WKHLU LQSXW SLQV DUH DOZD\V RQ WKH OHIW KDQG VLGH RI
WKHQRGHZKLOHRXWSXWSLQVDUHRQWKHULJKWKDQGVLGH
:LWKWKLV NQRZOHGJH RQH FDQ ILJXUH WKDW DQRGHWKDWLVFRQQHFWHGWR DQRWKHU QRGH¶V
RXWSXW SLQ WKHQ WKDWQRGHVKRXOG DSSHDU WRWKHULJKWIURPWKHRWKHUQRGH7KHUHLV
DOVR WKH FDVH ZKHUH WKHUH LV D WKLUG QRGH WKDW LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH VHFRQG QRGH¶V
RXWSXW SLQDV ZHOO LQ WKDW FDVH WKHILUVWDQGWKLUGQRGHULVNRYHUODSSLQJHDFKRWKHU )RU WKDW UHDVRQ LW VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG WR VHSDUDWH WKH ILUVW DQG WKLUG QRGHV VR LV
PRYHGEHORZRUDERYHWKHRWKHU$YLVXDOL]DWLRQRIWKLVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH([DPSOHRIKRZWKUHHQRGHVFDQDSSHDUDVLQDJUDSK
$QGZLWKWKDWZHPRYHRQWRWKHQH[WTXHVWLRQ
+RZIDUDSDUWVKRXOGWKHQRGHVEHIURPHDFKRWKHU"
,W GHSHQGV RQ WKH QRGHV WKHPVHOYHV QRW DV PXFK LQ WKHLU SXUSRVH EXW UDWKHU LI
WKH\KDYHRWKHUQRGHVFRQQHFWHGWRWKHP
&RQWLQXLQJ IURP WKH H[DPSOH LQ)LJXUHWKHQRGHV%DQG&FRXOG KDYHWKHVDPH
GLVWDQFH WR QRGH $ RQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO D[LV &RQVLGHU WKRXJK WKDW & PLJKW KDYH
DQRWKHU QRGH ' RQ LWVULJKW )XUWKHUPRUH % DQG ' PLJKW DOVR FRQQHFW WR DQRWKHU
QRGH ( IXUWKHU WR WKHLU ULJKW 6HH )LJXUH IRU D VW\OL]HG YLVXDOL]DWLRQ RI WKLV
VFHQDULR
)LJXUH9LVXDOL]LQJDJUDSKRIQRGHV
,Q )LJXUH WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ $ DQG % LV JUHDWHU WKDQ $ LV IURP & ,W LV VR
EHFDXVH RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQVWR(DV ERWKWUDLOLQJFRQQHFWLRQVIURP $ OHDGVWR (,WLV
JHQHUDOO\ PRUH YLVXDOO\ SOHDVLQJ WR FHQWHU %V SRVLWLRQ EHWZHHQ $ DQG ( 7KH VDPH
DSSOLHV IRU & DQG ' HYHQ WKRXJK WKH\ DUH D JURXS RI WZR QRGHV WKHPVHOYHV RU
UDWKHUDFROOHFWLRQRIWZRQRGHV
7R JHW WKH FRUUHFW GLVWDQFH IRU DOO QRGHV LQ EHWZHHQ $ DQG ( ZH ZLOO ILQG DQG
FDOFXODWH WKH ODUJHVW FROOHFWLRQ IURP $ OHDGLQJ XS WR ( FDOFXODWH LWV FHQWHUSRVLWLRQ
DQG VHW WKH SRVLWLRQ RI WKH RWKHU FROOHFWLRQV EHWZHHQ $ DQG ( E\ XVLQJ WKH
FDOFXODWHGSRVLWLRQ
1RZRQWRWKHILQDOTXHVWLRQ
:KDWDERXWQRGHVWKDWDUHLQGHSHQGHQWIURPRWKHUV"
,W LV SRVVLEOH WKDW WKHUH DUH QRGHV LQ WKH VDPH JUDSK WKDW KDYH QR SDWK WR HDFK
RWKHU 7KHVH QRGHV DUH VWLOO UHOHYDQW IRU WKHLU %OXHSULQW EXW IRU D GLIIHUHQW
IXQFWLRQDOLW\ 7KH\ ZLOO WKHQ EH SDUWRI WKHLU RZQ VHSDUDWH JURXS RI QRGHV DQG WR
VKRZ LW ZKHQ VWUXFWXULQJ DOO WKH YDULRXV JURXSV RI QRGHV ZLOO KDYH WR EH PRYHG
DVLGHVRWKHUHLVDJUHDWGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQDOOJURXSV
7ZR ODUJH JURXS RIQRGHVDUHHDV\HQRXJKWRVHSDUDWHDOOWKDWLVQHHGHGWRGRLVWR
PRYHRQH RI WKH JURXSV RII WR WKH VLGH 7KH GLVWDQFH WR PRYH GHSHQGVRQWKHWRWDO
VL]H RI WKH ILUVW ODUJH JURXS SOXV DQ H[WUD GLVWDQFH WR PDNH LW PRUH FOHDU WKDW WKH
QRGHVLQWKHRWKHUJURXSDUHQRWGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHILUVWJURXS
)RU WKH FDVHV ZKHQ WKHUH DUH PRUH WKDQ WZR ODUJH JURXS RI QRGHV WKH SULQFLSOHLV
WKH VDPH PRYH WKH RWKHU ODUJH JURXSV RII WR D GLVWDQFH IURP WKH ILUVW RQH %XW
LQVWHDG RI WDNLQJ WKH VL]H IURP RQH RI WKH ODUJH JURXSV LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR FRQVLGHU
WKHVL]HVRIHDFKJURXSWKDWLVRIWKRVHWKDWDUHDGMDFHQW
([DPSOH ,PDJLQH D SLHFH RI FRGH WKDW RSHQV D GRRU ZKHQ DQ $FWRU HJ D SOD\HU
FKDUDFWHU JHWV FORVH HQRXJKWR LW )RU VLPSOLFLW\¶V VDNHWKH FRGHZLOORQO\FKDQJH D
YDOXHLQGLFDWLQJLIWKHGRRULVRSHQRUQRW
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH UHVXOW RI WKH FRQYHUVLRQ SURFHVV QRWLFH WKDW LW DOO WKH QRGHV
FUHDWHG DUH EXQGOHG XS LQ RQH SODFH WKXV PDNLQJ LW KDUG WR GLVFHUQ HDFKQRGHDQG
WKHRYHUDOOIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGSXUSRVH
)LJXUH$OOWKHQHZO\FUHDWHGQRGHVDUHDWWKHVDPHORFDWLRQ
2QH VLPSOH PHWKRG ZRXOG EH WR PRYH DURXQG WKH QRGHV PDQXDOO\ EXW WKLV LV DQ
DUGXRXV SURFHVV DQG QRW WR EH UHFRPPHQGHG DV WKH DPRXQW RI QRGHV FDQ HDVLO\
EHFRPH YHU\ ODUJH DQG WKXV WDNLQJ XS D ORW RI WLPH IRU WKH XVHU WR PRYH WKHP DOO
DURXQG:KLFKLVZK\DQDXWRPDWHGV\VWHPWRKDQGOHWKLVLVRIDQHFHVVLW\
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH UHVXOW RI WKH QRGHV EHLQJ VWUXFWXUHG DFFRUGLQJWRWKHDQDO\VLV
PDGH DERYH ,W LV PXFK HDVLHU WR VHH ZKDW LV JRLQJ RQ KHUH WKDQ LQ WKH SUHYLRXV
ILJXUH
)LJXUH7KHQRGHVKDYHEHHQVWUXFWXUHGDFFRUGLQJO\
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHGXUH
:H ZLOO GHILQH VRPH FODVVHV IRU WKLV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH DQDO\VLV PDGH DERYH
*UDSK6WUXFWXUHU WKH PDLQ FODVV WKDW UXQV WKLV V\VWHP &ROOHFWLRQ IRU HDFK
FROOHFWLRQ PDGH GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV &KHFNHG1RGHV D VLPSOH FODVV WR NHHSWUDFNRQ
DOO WKH QRGHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ SURFHVVHG LQ RUGHU WR GLVFHUQ ZKLFK QRGHV DUH SDUWRI
ZKLFKJURXSRIQRGHV*ULGWROD\RXWWKHJURXSVRIQRGHVLQD Q Q PDWUL[SDWWHUQ
7KH SURFHVV VWDUWV RII ZLWK *UDSK6WUXFWXUHU JUDEELQJ D KROG RQ D %OXHSULQW DQG
VWDUWV WR VWUXFWXUH HYHU\ JUDSK FRQWDLQHG ZLWKLQ WKDW %OXHSULQW )RU HYHU\ JUDSK
ILUVW FUHDWH FROOHFWLRQV IRU HYHU\ QRGH LQ WKH JUDSK WKHQ SRVLWLRQ DURXQG WKH QRGHV ZLWKLQWKHJUDSKZLWKWKHKHOSIURPWKHFROOHFWLRQV
+HUHLVWKHDOJRULWKPIRUFUHDWLQJDOOWKHFROOHFWLRQV
$ QHZ LQVWDQFH RI &KHFNHG1RGHV LV FUHDWHG ZKLFK ZLOO EHXVHGZKLOHFUHDWLQJ
FROOHFWLRQVZLWKDOOWKHQRGHVLQWKHJUDSK&1
/RRSWKURXJKDOOWKHQRGHVLQWKHJUDSK
,IWKHUHDUHQRQRGHVOHIWWKHQH[LWHOVHFRQWLQXH
,IWKHFXUUHQWQRGHLVDOUHDG\FRQWDLQHGZLWKLQ&1 WKHQJREDFNWR VWHSZLWK
DQHZQRGH
&UHDWHDQHZLQVWDQFHRI&ROOHFWLRQZKLFKFRQWDLQVWKHFXUUHQWQRGH
$GGWKHFXUUHQWQRGHWR&1
&KHFNWKHFXUUHQWQRGH¶VFRQQHFWLRQIURPLWVLQSXWSLQV
,I LW KDV RQO\ RQH RWKHU FRQQHFWLQJ QRGH DQG WKH RWKHU QRGH KDV RQO\ RQH
FRQQHFWLRQ ZKLFK LV WR WKH FXUUHQW QRGH IURP LWV RSSRVLWH GLUHFWLRQDO SLQV
WKHQFRQWLQXHHOVHJRWRVWHS
,I WKH RWKHU QRGH LV DOUHDG\ FRQWDLQHG ZLWKLQ &1 WKHQ PDNH VXUH WKH WZR
QRGHVDUHSDUWRIWKHVDPHFROOHFWLRQDQGJRWRVWHSHOVHFRQWLQXH
5HSHDW VWHSV WKURXJK EXW ZLWK WKHRWKHU QRGH LQVWHDG WKHQFRQWLQXHWR
VWHS
/RRSWKURXJKDOOWKHQRGHVFRQQHFWLQJIURPWKHFXUUHQWQRGH¶VLQSXWSLQV
,IWKHUHDUHQRQRGHVOHIWWKHQJRWRVWHSHOVHFRQWLQXH
,I WKH RWKHU QRGH LV DOUHDG\FRQWDLQHGZLWKLQ&1WKHQJREDFNWRVWHS ZLWK
DQHZQRGH
5HSHDW VWHSV WKURXJK EXW ZLWK WKHRWKHU QRGH LQVWHDG WKHQ JR WR VWHS
EXWZLWKDQHZQRGH
5HSHDW VWHSV WKURXJK EXW ZLWK WKH FXUUHQW QRGH¶V RXWSXW SLQVLQVWHDG
WKHQFRQWLQXH
*REDFNWRVWHSEXWZLWKDQHZQRGH
$IWHU WKH DERYH DOJRULWKP LVGRQHLWZLOOSURGXFHDOLVWFRQWDLQLQJJOREDOFROOHFWLRQV
2QH JOREDO FROOHFWLRQ FRQWDLQ DOO FROOHFWLRQV WKDW DUH GLUHFWO\ FRQQHFWHG WR RQH
DQRWKHU ,I WKHUH DUH FROOHFWLRQV WKDW KDYH QR GLUHFW FRQQHFWLRQ WR RQH JOREDO
FROOHFWLRQ WKHQ WKRVH FROOHFWLRQV DUH SDUW RI DQRWKHU JOREDO FROOHFWLRQ *OREDO
FROOHFWLRQV DUH XVHG WR VHSDUDWH ODUJH JURXSV RI QRGHV ZKLFK KDYH QR GLUHFW
FRQQHFWLRQWRRQHDQRWKHU
1RZIRUWKHDOJRULWKPGHWDLOLQJKRZWRSRVLWLRQDOOWKHQRGHV
/RRSWKURXJKDOOWKHJOREDOFROOHFWLRQV
,IWKHUHDUHQRJOREDOFROOHFWLRQVOHIWWKHQH[LWHOVHFRQWLQXH
6WDUWLQJZLWKWKHILUVWFROOHFWLRQ&ORRSWKURXJKLWVQRGHV
6HWDQRIIVHWYHFWRUWREHXVHGIRUDOOWKHQRGHVZLWKLQ&
,IWKHUHDUHQRQRGHVOHIWWKHQJRWRVWHSHOVHFRQWLQXH
6HWWKHFXUUHQWQRGH¶VSRVLWLRQE\XVLQJWKHRIIVHW
,QFUHDVH WKH RIIVHW ZLWK WKH FXUUHQW QRGH¶V VL]H SOXV D SUHGHWHUPLQHG
GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHQRGHV
*REDFNWRVWHSEXWZLWKDQHZQRGH
5HSHDW VWHSV WKURXJK EXW ZLWK &V FRQQHFWLQJ FROOHFWLRQV LQVWHDG ZKLOVW
PDNLQJ VXUH WKDW LW KDV RQO\ GRQH WKH VWHSV IRU HDFK FROOHFWLRQ RQFH WKHQ
FRQWLQXH
*REDFNWRVWHSEXWZLWKDQHZJOREDOFROOHFWLRQ
$W WKLV SRLQW DOO WKH QRGHV ZLWKLQ HDFK JOREDO FROOHFWLRQ KDV KDG WKHLUSRVLWLRQ VHW
1RZ DOO WKDW UHPDLQV LV WR PRYHDURXQGWKHFROOHFWLRQVVRWKH\DUHDOOVHSDUDWHGDV HDFK QRGH¶V SRVLWLRQ KDV EHHQ VHW ZLWKLQ WKHLU RZQ JOREDO FROOHFWLRQ ZLWKRXW
FRQVLGHULQJWKHRWKHUJOREDOFROOHFWLRQV¶SRVLWLRQV
7R PRYH DURXQG WKH JOREDO FROOHFWLRQV ZH PDNH XVH RI WKH *ULG FODVV ,W LV D
OLJKWZHLJKW FODVV ZKRVH RQO\ UROH LV WR EH D OD\RXWIRUDOOWKH JOREDO FROOHFWLRQVDV LQ
ZKHUH WKH\ VKRXOG HDFKEHSODFHGLQWKHLUJUDSK$QLQVWDQFHRIWKH*ULGFODVVXVHV
D QXPEHUQUWRGLFWDWHKRZODUJHWKHJULGLWVHOIVKRXOGEH7KHJULGLWVHOILV Q Q LQ
VL]H ZKHUH Q ¥QU $ JULG LQVWDQFH DOVR KDV D FRXQWHU ZKLFK LVXVHGWRNHHSWUDFN
RI ZKLFK ORFDWLRQ LQ WKH JULG LV WKH FXUUHQW RQH ZKHUH WKH ILUVW ORFDWLRQ LV LQ WKH
XSSHU OHIW FRUQHU DQG WKH ODVW ORFDWLRQ LV LQ WKH ORZHU ULJKW FRUQHU :KHQ WKH
FXUUHQW FRXQWHU LV LQFUHPHQWHG LW PRYHV RQ WR WKH ORFDWLRQ RQ LWV ULJKW VR LW ZLOO
FRYHUWKHJULGURZE\URZEHIRUHUHDFKLQJWKHHQG
+HUHLVWKHDOJRULWKPIRUOD\LQJRXWWKHJOREDOFROOHFWLRQV
&UHDWH DQ LQVWDQFH RI *ULG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI WKH QXPEHU RIJOREDOFROOHFWLRQV
*
6HW*VFXUUHQWSRVLWLRQWRWKHVHFRQGRQH *HWWKHVL]HRIWKHODUJHVWJOREDOFROOHFWLRQ/6
/RRSWKURXJKDOOWKHJOREDOFROOHFWLRQVVWDUWLQJIURPWKHVHFRQGRQH
,IWKHUHDUHQRJOREDOFROOHFWLRQVOHIWWKHQH[LWHOVHFRQWLQXH
&DOFXODWH KRZ PXFK WR PRYH WKH FXUUHQW JOREDO FROOHFWLRQ E\ ORRNLQJ DW WKH
FXUUHQWORFDWLRQLQWKH*PXOWLSOLHGZLWK/67
/RRS WKURXJK DOO WKHQRGHV ZLWKLQ WKH FXUUHQWJOREDO FROOHFWLRQ DQG DGG WKHLU
FXUUHQWSRVLWLRQZLWK7
*REDFNWRVWHSEXWZLWKDQHZJOREDOFROOHFWLRQ
5HSHDW WKH DERYH DOJRULWKPV IRU DOOWKH JUDSKV LQ DOO WKH %OXHSULQWV DQG WKH UHVXOW
ZLOOEHVRPHWKLQJDNLQWRZKDWLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
$VWKHILUVWJOREDOFROOHFWLRQLVDOUHDG\ORFDWHGLQWKHFRUUHFWSODFHLWFDQEH
LJQRUHG
3HUIRUPDQFHDQDO\VLV
7R GHFLGH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKLV WKHVLVWKHIROORZLQJWHVWV
ZHUH PDGH WR VKRZ KRZ ZHOO RU SRRUO\ LW ZRUNV LQ FHUWDLQ DUHDV 7KH FRPSXWHU
WKDW ZDV XVHG WR WHVW WKHSHUIRUPDQFHZHUHXVLQJ,QWHO&RUHL.4XDGFRUH
*+]DVLWV&38DQGDWRWDORI*%RIPHPRU\
7KHUH ZHUH WKUHH GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI WHVWLQJ PDGH RQ WKLV HDFK ZLWK YDU\LQJ
FRPSOH[LW\ 7KH ILUVW WHVW FUHDWHV D QXPEHU RI QRGHV IURP QRGHV XS WR
QRGHV DQG VHHV KRZ IDVW LW WDNHV GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH DPRXQW RI QRGHV 7KH
VHFRQG WHVW FUHDWHV YDULDEOHV RQO\ IURP WR YDULDEOHV $QG WKH WKLUG WHVW
FUHDWHV D EXQFK RI &RPSRQHQWV RQO\ IURP WR &RPSRQHQWV (DFK RIWKRVH
WHVWV ZLOO LQ WXUQ VHH KRZ ORQJ D WLPH WKH %OXHSULQW JHQHUDWLRQ VWHS WDNHV WR
FRPSOHWH 7KH FRGH SDUVLQJDQGWKHQRGHVWUXFWXULQJ ZLOOEHORRNHGDWVHSDUDWHO\DV
WKHLUUXQWLPHDUHGHSHQGHQWRQRWKHUIDFWRUV
)LUVW ZH ORRN DW WKH WLPH WDNHQ ZKHQ SDUVLQJ DQG HYDOXDWLQJ FRGH 7KH RQO\WKLQJ
WKDWDIIHFWV WKHUXQWLPHIRUWKLVVWHSLVKRZODUJHWKHFRGHLVVRWKDWLVZKDWZHZLOO EH IRFXVLQJ RQ 7KH WHVW ZLOO WKHQ SDUVH DQG HYDOXDWH FRGHV RI YDU\LQJ VL]HV
UDQJLQJ IURP DURXQG FKDUDFWHUV XS WR DURXQG FKDUDFWHUV ZLWK D
FKDUDFWHULQFUHPHQWEHWZHHQHDFKFRGHVFULSW
$V VHHQ LQ WKH UHVXOW LQ )LJXUH WKH WLPH WDNHQ LV OLQHDU ZLWK VRPH
DOWHUDWLRQV )XUWKHUPRUH LW LV YHU\ IDVWDV LW DYHUDJHVWR PLOOLVHFRQGV DW DURXQG
FKDUDFWHUV
1H[W ZH ORRN DW KRZ PXFK WLPH LW WDNHV WR VWUXFWXUH %OXHSULQW QRGHV WKDW KDYH
DOUHDG\ EHHQJHQHUDWHG6LQFHRQO\RQHNLQGRIWKHWHVWLQJPDGHSURGXFHV %OXHSULQW
QRGHV ZH ZLOO RQO\ EH ORRNLQJ DW WKDW WHVW LQ RUGHU WR GHWHUPLQH WKH UXQWLPH 7KH
DPRXQW RI QRGHV FUHDWHG DUH IURP XS WR QRGHV ZLWK DQ LQWHUYDO RI
EHWZHHQHDFK
$V VHHQ LQ WKH UHVXOW LQ )LJXUH WKH JUDSK KDV D VOLJKW FXUYH WR LW ZKLFK LPSOLHV WKDW WKH WLPH FRPSOH[LW\ LV ZRUVH WKDQ OLQHDU EXW VWLOO UHODWLYHO\ IDVW DV LW DYHUDJHVWRPLOOLVHFRQGVZKHQVWUXFWXULQJQRGHV
7KH %OXHSULQWJHQHUDWLRQ SURFHVV LV QRZ ORRNHG DW:HZLOOXVHWKHVDPHDPRXQWRI
QRGHV DV IURP WKH DERYH WHVW WR QRGHV DQG IRU WKH YDULDEOHV DQG
&RPSRQHQWV FUHDWHG WKH DPRXQW FUHDWHG RI HDFK ZLOO EH IURP XS WR ZLWK
DQLQWHUYDORIEHWZHHQHDFKWHVW
7KH UHVXOWV RI WKHVHWHVWV FDQ EH VHHQ LQ )LJXUH)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH
$V RQHFDQ VHH WKLV LV ZKHUH PRVW RI WKH WLPH LV VSHQWRQWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ)RU
YDULDEOHV DQG &RPSRQHQWV DOLNH WKH WLPH WDNHQ LV DOPRVW LGHQWLFDOO\ WKH VDPH
WKRXJKWKHUHDUHRQO\DIHZPLOOLVHFRQGVGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPQRWVKRZQLQWKH
JUDSKV WKRXJK VR ZH DVVXPH WKDW WKH WLPH LW WDNHV IRU D YDULDEOH WR EHJHQHUDWHG
LVDERXWWKHVDPHDVIRUD&RPSRQHQW
7KRXJK WKH\ DUH DOO OLQHDU LQ WKH WLPH WDNHQ WKH\ DUH DOO VKRZQ WR EH DQ
H[SHQVLYH RSHUDWLRQ DV WKH YDULDEOHV DQG &RPSRQHQWV WDNH RQ DYHUDJH VHFRQGV WR FRPSOHWH ZKHQ JHQHUDWLQJ RIHLWKHUZKLOVWQRGHVWDNHRQDYHUDJH
DOPRVWVHFRQGVWRFRPSOHWHZKHQJHQHUDWLQJRIWKHP
)LJXUH3DUVLQJDQG(YDOXDWLQJFRGH
)LJXUH6WUXFWXULQJQRGHV
)LJXUH*HQHUDWLQJQRGHV
)LJXUH*HQHUDWLQJYDULDEOHV
)LJXUH*HQHUDWLQJ&RPSRQHQWV
6XPPDU\
&RQFOXVLRQ
:LWK WKH XVH RI WKH WRRO GLVFXVVHG LQ WKLV UHSRUW IRU WKH 8QUHDO (QJLQH SURJUDPPHUV FDQ PDNH XVH RI & FRGH WR FRQYHUW WR WKH EXLOW LQ %OXHSULQW V\VWHP
LQ RUGHU WR FUHDWH JDPH ORJLF ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW WKLV WRRO GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ PDNH LW HDVLHU IRU WKH SURJUDPPHU WRZRUN ZLWK WKH HQJLQHEXWLWGRHV
RIIHUWKHDOWHUQDWLYHWRZRUNZLWKDGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHWKDQZKDWLVDOUHDG\RIIHUHG
7KHWKUHHELJVWHSVWKDWZHUHWDNHQWRFRQYHUWFRGHLQWR%OXHSULQWZHUHWR
3DUVH WKH FRGH DQG JHQHUDWH D WUHH WKDW FRQWDLQV DOO WKH QHFHVVDU\
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH FRGH $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKH WUHH ZLOO EH ORRNHG WKURXJK
LQ RUGHU WR FKHFN IRU DEQRUPDOLWLHV VXFK DV YDULDEOHV WKDW DUH GHILQHG PRUH
WKDQRQFHVWRUHWKHYDULDEOHVLQV\PEROLFWDEOHVDQGPRUH
*HQHUDWH WKH %OXHSULQWV E\ XVLQJ WKH WUHH IURPWKHSUHYLRXVVWHSLQWKHUH
DOO LWV QRGHV YDULDEOHV DQG&RPSRQHQWV DUH DOVR FUHDWHG WR KHOS GHILQHHDFK
%OXHSULQWGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFRGH
6WUXFWXUH WKH JUDSKV LQ HDFK %OXHSULQW 7KLV LV QHFHVVDU\ DV WR DVFHUWDLQ
WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ ZLWKLQ HDFK %OXHSULQW JUDSK RWKHUZLVH DOO WKHQRGHV ZRXOG
EH SRVLWLRQHG DW WKHYHU\FHQWHUPDNLQJLWQHDUO\LPSRVVLEOHWRNQRZZKDWLV
JRLQJRQ
)XWXUHLPSURYHPHQWV
1RZ WKDW ZH DUH GRQH ZLWK KRZ WKLV SURMHFW ORRNV OLNHDQGKRZWRLPSOHPHQWLWZH
DUH JRLQJ WR JR WKURXJK VRPH LGHDV RQ KRZ WR SRVVLEO\ LPSURYH WKHSURGXFW LQWKH
IXWXUH
&RQYHUVLRQSHUIRUPDQFH
/RRNLQJ WR PDNH WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ EHWWHU DQG IDVWHU DQG LPSRUWDQWO\ PRUH
UREXVW LV DOZD\V D JRRG WKLQJ 2QH WKLQJ WR NHHS LQ PLQG ILUVW ZKDW LI ZH ZHUH WR
SDUVHWKURXJK VHYHUDO ILOHV RI FRGH DQG HDFK ILOH FRXOG EH DWOHDVW OLQHVRI
FRGH 2I FRXUVH LW LV JRLQJ WR WDNH VRPH WLPH WR SDUVH WKURXJK HYHU\WKLQJ QR
PDWWHUKRZ JUHDW WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ PLJKW EH 6R FRQVLGHU WKDW ZHKDYHWKDWDQG
DOUHDG\ SDUVHG WKURXJK LW DOO JHQHUDWLQJ DOO WKH %OXHSULQWV IURP WKDW :KDW LIRQH
WKHQ FKDQJHG RQH RU D IHZ OLQHV RI FRGH DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH ZDQW WKH VDPH
FKDQJH WR UHIOHFW RQ WKH %OXHSULQWV 2QH WKLQJ WKDW FRXOG EH GRQH LV WR PDNH WKH
VDPH FKDQJHVPDQXDOO\LQWKH%OXHSULQWVEXWPDNLQJWKHVDPHFKDQJHWZLFHLVMXVW WHGLRXV 6R WKH PRUH IOH[LEOH ZD\ ZRXOG EH WR SDUVH WKURXJK WKH ILOHV DJDLQ DQG
UHJHQHUDWHWKH%OXHSULQWV
7KH SUREOHP WKDW VXUIDFHV KHUH LV WLPH 7KH XVHU PLJKW KDYH VSHQW VRPH VHFRQGV
RU PD\EH PLQXWHV ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH %OXHSULQW WR EH JHQHUDWHG DQG WKHQ VRPH
FKDQJHV ZHUH PDGH LQ WKH FRGH ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ WKH QHHG RI KDYLQJ WR JHQHUDWH D
%OXHSULQW RQFH PRUH 2QH ZD\ WR LPSURYH RQ WKLV ZRXOG EH WR KDYH D V\VWHP LQ
SODFH WKDW RQO\ SDUVHV WKURXJK HDFK SDUW WKDW LVQHZRU FKDQJHG WKHUHE\ LJQRULQJ
WKRVH WKDW UHPDLQV WKH VDPH DQG UHPRYLQJ D JUHDW GHDO RI WLPHUHTXLUHG WR SDUVH
WKHHQWLUHFRGHPXOWLSOHWLPHV
)DLOVDIHV\VWHP
$QRWKHU LPSURYHPHQW LV LPSOHPHQWLQJ D VRUW RI IDLOVDIH V\VWHP $V WKHUH LV QR
JXDUDQWHH WKDWWKHSURJUDPPHUZKRXVHVWKLVSOXJLQZLOOZULWHFRPSOHWHO\VDIHFRGH
DWDOO WLPHV VR VRPH ZD\ RI QRWLI\LQJ WKDWDQ HUURU DURVH ZRXOGEHXVHIXOERWKIRU
WKH XVHU DQG WKH HQJLQH LWVHOI DV LW ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH FUDVK EHFDXVHRI WKLV SRVVLEOH LVVXH
,QIRUPLQJWKHSURJUDPPHU
7KH QHZ SDUVHU WKDW FRPHV ZLWK WKLV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LQFOXGHVQHZUXOHVIRU& DQG
IRU KRZ WR ZULWH FRGH IRU WKH 8QUHDO (QJLQH WKHVH PD\ QRW EH VR REYLRXV IRU WKH
SURJUDPPHU 6R VRPH ZD\ WR H[WHQG 0LFURVRIW 9LVXDO6WXGLR RU DQ\ RWKHU ,'( IRU
WKDW PDWWHUZRXOGEHKDQG\DVWRSURYLGHH[WUDLQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKHSURJUDPPHURQ
WKHYDULRXVUXOHVWKDWQHHGVWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
5HIHUHQFHV
>@
8QUHDO(QJLQH>,QWHUQHW@1RUWK&DUROLQD(SLF*DPHV>GDWHXQNQRZQ@>FLWHG
1RY@$YDLODEOHIURP
KWWSVZZZXQUHDOHQJLQHFRPZKDWLVXQUHDOHQJLQH
>@
6KDK50DVWHUWKHDUWRI8QUHDO(QJLQH%OXHSULQWV+8'%OXHSULQW
%DVLFV9DULDEOHV3DSHU'8QUHDO0RWLRQ*UDSKLFVDQGPRUH>,QWHUQHW@
>[email protected]>FLWHG'HFHPEHU@$YDLODEOH
IURP.LWDWXV
KWWSZZZNLWDWXVFRXNPDVWHUWKHDUWRIXQUHDOHQJLQHEOXHSULQWVERRN
KXGEOXHSULQWEDVLFVYDULDEOHVPDNLQJVPDOOSURMHFWVDQGPRUH
>@
+RUYDWK67KHLPDJLQDWLRQHQJLQHZK\QH[WJHQYLGHRJDPHVZLOOURFN\RXU
ZRUOG>,QWHUQHW@>3ODFHXQNQRZQ@:LUHG>FLWHG'HFHPEHU@
$YDLODEOHIURP:LUHGKWWSZZZZLUHGFRPIIBXQUHDODOO
>@
3ODQWH&%HWWHUZLWKDJHDKLVWRU\RI(SLF*DPHV>,QWHUQHW@>3ODFH
XQNQRZQ@3RO\JRQ>FLWHG'HFHPEHU@$YDLODEOHIURP3RO\JRQ
KWWSZZZSRO\JRQFRPEHWWHUZLWKDJHDKLVWRU\RIH
SLFJDPHV
>@
7KRPVHQ0+LVWRU\RIWKH8QUHDO(QJLQH>,QWHUQHW@>3ODFHXQNQRZQ@,*1
>FLWHG'HFHPEHU@$YDLODEOHIURP,*1
KWWSZZZLJQFRPDUWLFOHVKLVWRU\RIWKHXQUHDOHQJLQH
>@
6LU%UL]]+LVWRU\RI8QUHDOSDUW>,QWHUQHW@>3ODFHXQNQRZQ@
%H\RQG8QUHDO>FLWHG'HFHPEHU@$YDLODEOHIURP
KWWSZZZEH\RQGXQUHDOFRPDUWLFOHVKLVWRU\RIXQUHDOSDUW
>@
0RGGE>,QWHUQHW@>3ODFHXQNQRZQ@0RGGE>GDWHXQNQRZQ@>FLWHG
'HFHPEHU@$YDLODEOHIURP
KWWSZZZPRGGEFRPHQJLQHVXQUHDOHQJLQH
>@
8QUHDO(QJLQH>,QWHUQHW@1RUWK&DUROLQD(SLF*DPHV>FLWHG
'HFHPEHU@$YDLODEOHIURP
KWWSVZZZXQUHDOHQJLQHFRPDZDUGVDFFRODGHV
>@
QRUPDQ'RRPWR'XQLDDYLVXDOKLVWRU\RI'JDPHHQJLQHV>,QWHUQHW@
>3ODFHXQNQRZQ@0D[LPXP3&>FLWHG'HFHPEHU@$YDLODEOH
IURP0D[LPXP3&
KWWSZZZPD[LPXPSFFRPGRRPWRGXQLDDYLVXDOKLVWRU\RIGJDPHHQ
JLQHV"SDJH &SDJH
>@ 6WDOO*LW+XE>,QWHUQHW@>3ODFHXQNQRZQ@0DWW6WDOO2FW>XSGDWHG
2FWFLWHG)HE@$YDLODEOHIURP
KWWSVJLWKXEFRPVWHVKDZEOXH
>@ 0XFK'LIIHUHQW>,QWHUQHW@6ZHGHQ8SSVDOD0XFK'LIIHUHQW>GDWHXQNQRZQ@
>FLWHG)HE@$YDLODEOHIURPKWWSZZZPXFKGLIIHUHQWFRP
>@ $KR9/DP66HWKL8OOPDQ'&RPSLOHUVSULQFLSOHVWHFKQLTXHVDQGWRROV
QGHG,QGLD'RUOLQJ.LQGHUVOH\
>@ &RUPHQ+/HLVHUVRQ(5LYHVW/6WHLQ,QWURGXFWLRQWRDOJRULWKPVUGHG
&DPEULGJH0DVVDFKXVHWWV0DVVDFKXVHWWV,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\