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A:\FIRM_BEH.FG1
May 25, 2000 (1:32PM)
Figure 2
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May 25, 2000 (1:32PM)
Figure 3
A:\FIRM_BEH.FG3
May 25, 2000 (1:33PM)
Figure 4
A:\FIRM_BEH.FG4
May 25, 2000 (1:33PM)
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