CELLS:
Final Exam Study Guide
Name:_______________________________________________________
period:_____
1. What is an enzyme/what does it do?
A catalyst- it starts/speeds up chemical reactions without being used up. (It can be used
over and over again!!!
a) What is it made of? Protein (amino acids)
b) What does it mean when an enzyme becomes denatured? It has been damaged
(by high heat, extreme pH etc) and its shape has been changed so that it no longer
works. (It can’t bind with its substrate)
2. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
PROKARYOTE
NO NUCLEUS or membranebound organelles
BOTH
Have cell membrane,
cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA
Simpler, evolved first
Single celled organisms like
BACTERIA
EUKARYOTE
NUCLEUS and organelles
like mitochondria, ER, Golgi
Apparatus
More complex evolved much
later
Multicellular organisms like
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
3. Compare and contrast animal and plant cells. In your discussion, please include the
names of at least 5 organelles.
ANIMAL
Undefined shape
Lysosomes to digest waste
Heterotrophic
BOTH
Eukaryotic- (nucleus,
organelles etc)
RCHARGEED
PLANT
Rectangular, defined shape
Cell wall and Large Central
Vacuole
Chloroplasts for
photosynthesis
Autotrophic
4. Please explain what would happen to a cheek cell when placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic,
and isotonic solution. In your discussion, please include how the size of the cell will change
based on the movement of water into and out of the cell. Draw a pic to help you!
Hypertonic solutions contain MORE solute than
the cell, so water will leave the cell causing it to
shrink.
Hypotonic solutions contain LESS solute than
the cell, so water will enter the cell causing it to
swell and possible burst.
Isotonic solutions contain the same amount of
solute as the cell so water will enter and exit
equally causing no change in cell size.
5. This diagram models the time-lapse
movement of particles across a cell
membrane. They are already labeled
passive and active. Please explain
why they are labeled this way.
PASSIVE – particles are moving from
HIGH to low concentration (WITH the
concentration gradient) so they will not
require any energy to be used.
ACTIVE- particles move from low to
HIGH concentration (against the
gradient) so ATP energy must be used.
6.
Also notice that there are two processes labeled under passive transport. Please explain
the difference between (simple) diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Simple diffusion – particles are small and can cross the membrane without help
Facilitated diffusion- particles are larger or charged so they require a protein channel to pass
through. (NO energy is used still. Particle move HIGH to low concentration)
7. In class we discussed the four macromolecules of life. What are these macromolecules
of life? What main function(s) do these molecules serve in living things?
Lipids- phospholipids in membrane, long term energy storage, insulation…
Proteins- MANY- enzymes, structural, transport, signaling, etc…
Carbohydrates- provide and store energy, structure (chitin and cellulose)
Nucleic Acids- store genetic information (order of nucleotides= the code)
8.
What are the six essential elements that these molecules contain? CHNOPS
9. Students in a biology class conduct an experiment to determine the effect of temperature
on the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. They place an Elodea plant into a test tube filled
with water. Then, the students place the test tube under a light and slowly increase the
temperature of the water. They record their results and find that the optimum
temperature is 25°C. They also noticed that the enzymes needed to perform
photosynthesis denature above that temperature. Please make a graph to show the rate
of photosynthesis vs. temperature.
25°C
10. Write the equations for photosynthesis and cell respiration. Draw a picture to
demonstrate how the products of one reaction are the reactants of the other.
11. Discuss the energy transformations that occur in a plant cell as a result of
photosynthesis and cell respiration.
Radiant ENERGY from the sun is transformed into CHEMICAL energy (glucose) during
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis transforms this CHEMICAL energy (glucose) into USABLE CHEMICAL
ENERGY (ATP) in cellular respiration.
12. How is fermentation different from cellular respiration? When would this process be
useful?
Fermentation is used when Oxygen is not available.
Less ATP is produced and cells make byproducts. (Plants make alcohol and animals make
lactic acid)
13. List and explain the 9 characteristics of life.
(RCHARGEED)
R- reproduction
C- made of CELLS
H- maintain HOMEOSTASIS (internal stable set of conditions like temp of 98.6 degrees)
A- ADAPT to environment (species have collected favorable alleles over many generations)
R- RESPOND to stimuli (Jump when someone yells or plants grow toward light)
G- GROWTH
E- ENERGY is acquired and used
E- EVOLUTION (SPECIES – not individuals- have evolved over many generations)
D- DEVELOP (changes made in an organism over their lifetime- ex- puberty)
14. What is an abiotic factor? List a few examples.
Non-living things in an ecosystem- ex- rocks, soil, water, air pollution
15. Humans have many different types of cells that perform different functions even though
they all have the same DNA. How is this possible?
Different cells are “turned on” and get transcribed and translated into proteins.
Match the following cell processes to the cell structure that does them. Some organelles may
have more than one function. Select all the letters that apply. You will need to use the letters
more than once.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Protein building
Energy transformation
Transport of materials
Movement of the cell
E. Information Feedback
F. Waste disposal
G. Movement of materials into/out of
the cell
16. Ribosomes
A
17. Proteins in the cell membrane E, G
18. Mitochondria B
19. Chloroplast B
20. Endoplasmic Reticulum
C….however rough ER builds proteins
21. Golgi Apparatus
C, F, G
22. Flagella
D
23. Cell membrane C, E,F,G
24. Lysosome
F
25. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis
Daughter cells identical to
parent
Diploid Diploid
Makes somatic cells
BOTH
Have interphase and
PMAT(s)
Meiosis
Reduction Division
(two sets of PMAT)
Diploid Haploid
Types of cell division
Make GAMETES (egg and
sperm)