Generating Strategic Options
and
Exploring Distributional Impacts
Final workshop of the DISTILLATE programme
Great Minster House, London
Tuesday 22nd January 2008
Peter Jones
UCL
1
Objectives
Objectives/Indicators
(7)
Scenarios
(11)
Assess problems
(8)
Barriers
(10)
Possible instruments
(9)
Possible strategies
(11)
Predict impacts
(12)
Optimisation
(14)
Appraisal
(13)
Compare solutions
(13)
Implement
(15)
Evaluate performance
(15)
Monitor
(15)
• To develop option
generation methods
• To enhance the range,
innovation and quality of
options
• For strategies and schemes
Four Option Generation
Products
Strategies
‘Inside’ the
box
Packages of urban
measures
[KonSULT]
‘Outside’ the Accessibility
Planning options
box
(Barnsley Dearne)
Schemes
Streetspace main
road redesign
(Bloxwich)
Community space
design
(Blackpool)
Four Option Generation
Products
Strategies
‘Inside’ the
box
Packages of urban
measures
[KonSULT]
‘Outside’ the Accessibility
Planning options
box
(Barnsley Dearne)
Schemes
Streetspace main
road redesign
(Bloxwich)
Community space
design
(Blackpool)
KonSULT:
Generating Packages of Measures
• KonSULT is a web based knowledgebase
developed at the University of Leeds
http://www.konsult.leeds.ac.uk
• Assesses potential contribution of over 40 transport
and land use policy instruments, to achieving a
range of objectives/ addressing problems
• Uses both a first principles assessment and review
of case studies
• Provides information about previous applications of
selected instruments
KonSULT
Developing Option Generation
Component
• The option generation tool has been
developed to allow users to interrogate the
information within the KonSULT database
and develop packages of policy instruments
• Users define their local circumstances and
requirements, and the software then scores
instruments in terms of their suitability – in
two steps:
Step 1
Uses information within KonSULT to assess
each policy instrument, based on the criteria
supplied by the user. Scores and then ranks
each one. Accessible at:
http://www.konsult.leeds.ac.uk/new/private/level2/filter.php
Step 2
Takes data from Step 1 and adds information
on synergy or barriers to create potential
packages of pairs of instruments.
Add on available from [email protected]
Input Criteria for Step 1
Example Output Step 1
Step 2 (Packages)
• .xls spreadsheet model
• Uses output from step 1
• Individual can select / unselect the indicators
to be included in packages
• It creates a ranking of pairs of indicators using
the combined score of the two policy
instruments from step 1 and then modifies this
score using either the synergy or barrier
matrices
Example Output Step 2
Accessibility Planning Options
Development of several techniques:
• To assist with problem diagnosis as well as
option identification
• Some designed for use with local residents
• Others designed for application by sector
professionals
• Includes consideration of distributional
impacts
Resident Discussion Groups:
Existing Access Patterns
Resident Discussion Groups:
Exploring Options
Professional Workshops:
Investigating Spatial Strategies
Professional Workshops:
Developing solutions to access problems
Defining Type of Service Provision
Service Provision
What
Hospital Outpatients
At Home
Where
In Villages
In Wider Area
Home Service/Delivery
Telephone/ Internet
Mobile Service
Local Service
Direct Public Transport Access
Public Transport Access via Interchange
Monday-Friday
Add service
Reset
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
Saturday
When
Add service
Reset
Sunday
Add service
Reset
General Problems Relating to
Residential Location
Wider Area
Previous Sheet
At Home
In Villages
Direct Access by
Public Transport
Access via
Interchange by
Public Transport
Limited Availability of Local Fresh Food
Information, Quality and
Availability
Add Access Issue
Clear List
Suggested Solutions
Personal security concerns – groups hanging around
Walking and Street
Environment
Add Access Issue
Clear List
Suggested Solutions
Can’t use pass on different operators on same route
Cost of Transport
Add Access Issue
Clear List
Suggested Solutions
Low frequency
Lack of evening services
Public Transport
Add Access Issue
Clear List
Suggested Solutions
Uncertainty about making connection
Interchanges
Add Access Issue
Clear List
Suggested Solutions
Solutions: Known Options
Walking and Street Environment
Problems
Solution 1
Solution 2
Solution 3
Pavements not suitable for buggies Widen footways
Ban pavement parking and enforce
and wheelchairs (too narrow or
pavement parking)
Cars drive too quickly on
Introduce physical speed reduction Use of regulations: 20 mph speed
residential streets
measures: speed humps, chicanes limits, give way at junctions, park
on alternate sides of street
Unsafe crossing places at
Provide informal crossing facilities: Provide zebra, pelican or puffin
junctions
refuges, speed tables
crossings
Designate priority walking routes,
with better physical conditions,
maintenance and enforcement
Enforcement of speed limits
Unsafe crossing places at bus
stops/stations
Resite bus stops to safer locations
Provide informal crossing facilities: Provide zebra, pelican or puffin
refuges, speed tables
crossings
Personal security concerns – poor Improve lighting levels and colour
lighting
Remove potential hiding places
and improve sight lines
Personal security concerns –
groups hanging around
Improve leisure facilities for young School sessions, to encourage
people
more responsible behaviour
Provide community wardens
Solutions: More Open Options
 Re-DEFINE types of services provided?
– Align more closely to customer needs
 Re-LOCATE points of service delivery?
– Become closer to customers/users
 Re-TIME patterns of service delivery?
– Align with customer timing needs
 Re-FRESH services?
– To improve quality
 CO-OPERATE with other agencies?
– ‘Joined-up’, seamless service delivery, for
better efficiency and effectiveness
Distributional Impacts
• For different groups of people
• For different residential locations/public
transport service patterns
• For different sector agencies
Constraints: Older People
Type of Person
Older person
Service
Hospital Outpatients
Previous Sheet
N
Type of constraint
Monday to Friday
Personal Constraints
Add Constraint
1 Full fare travel
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
Delete...
Child/Adult Care
Constraints
1 Home carer
Add Constraint
Delete...
Service Hours
Available Time
Constraints: Young Families
Type of constraint
Monday to Friday
Personal Constraints
1 Shift work
6 AM
Add Constraint
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
Delete...
Child/Adult Care
Constraints
Add Constraint
Delete...
1 Children to school
1 Children after school
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
6 AM
9 AM
12 PM
3 PM
6 PM
9 PM
12 AM
Service Hours
Available Time
Problems Relating to Location:
Public Transport Timings
Distributional Impacts: Agencies
• Sectors work to tightly drawn targets, or
profit seeking criteria
• Efficiency savings are sometimes based
on externalising internal costs
• So, changes in service delivery patterns in
one sector can have (negative) impacts on
others
Cross-sector Impacts
KEY:
School Closure/Consolidation
• Better educational
provision
• Efficiency savings
Benefit to
Sector
Close School:
Consolidate Sites
• Larger numbers of
pupils at one site
• Further travel
distances for some
Disbenefit
to Sector
• Loss of after-school
activities at closed site
Consequences
• Greater risk of
bullying
• Intimidation in
surrounding streets
• Fewer social/
leisure activities
• Fewer walk or cycle
• More go by car
• Greater antisocial behaviour
SECTORS:
Education
• More go by bus/train
Policing
• Reduced
physical
exercise
• More traffic
around school:
- congestion
- accidents
• More pupils
on buses:
-crowding
- intimidation
Health
Transport
Questions?
Contact
Professor Peter Jones
Centre for Transport Studies, UCL
[email protected]
Tel: 020 7679 0478
www.distillate.ac.uk