ADVERB PHRASE
Group of words that does the work of an adverb
Ex:
Ram ran quickly
Ram ran with great speed.
He answered rudely
He answered in a very rude manner.
ADVERB CLAUSE
Group of words which contains a subject and a
predicate of its own and does the work of an adverb
Ex:
They rested at sunset
They rested when evening came.
Adverb clauses express when, why, opposition and conditions
Dependent clauses- an adverb clause can not stand by itself
An adverbial clause tells how, when, why, how much, to
what extent and under what conditions the action in the main
clause takes place.
Punctuation
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to
separate the two clauses.
Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch..
When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need
for a comma.
Example: He gave me a call when he arrived in town.
List of Words (subordinating conjunctions) Introducing Adverb Clauses
TIME
CAUSE AND
EFFECT
after, before,
because,
when, while, as,
since, as,
by the time (that),
as long as,
as soon as,
so long as,
since, until,
due to the fact that
whenever,
the first time (that),
the next time(that),
the last time (that),
every time (that)
OPPOSITION
CONDITION
although,
even though,
though,
whereas,
while
if, only if, unless,
whether (or not),
even if,
providing (that),
in case (that),
provided (that),
in the event (that)
Adverb Clauses with Time
When


Before 

After


He was talking on the
phone when I arrived.
'When' means 'at that moment, at
that time, etc.'.
When she called, he
had already eaten
lunch.
'when' takes either the simple past
OR the present - the dependent
clause changes tense in relation to
the 'when' clause.
We will finish before he 'Before' means 'before that moment'.
arrives.
'before' takes either the simple past
She (had) left before I OR the present.
telephoned.
We will finish after he
comes.
She ate after I (had)
left.
'After' means 'after that moment'.
'after' takes the present for future
events and the past OR past perfect
for past events.
While,

She began cooking while I
was finishing my homework. 'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'.

As I was finishing my
homework, she began
cooking.
used with the past continuous because
the meaning of 'during that time' which
indicates an action in progress.

By the time he finished, I
had cooked dinner.

'By the time' expresses the idea that
one event has been completed before
another.
We will have finished our
homework by the time they Use past perfect for past events and
arrive.
future perfect for future events in the
main clause. This is because of the
idea of something happening up to
another point in time.
as
By the
time
Until, till


Since

We waited until he 'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'.
finished his
Use either the simple present or simple past
homework.
with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used
I'll wait till you
in spoken English.
finish.
I have played
'Since' means 'from that time'.
tennis since I was a Use the present perfect (continuous) with
young boy.
'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a
specific point in time.
As soon
as

He will let us know 'As soon as' means 'when something
as soon as he
happens - immediately afterwards'.
decides (or as soon 'As soon as' is very similar to 'when' it
as he has decided). emphasizes that the event will occur
immediately after the other.
We usually use the simple present for future
events, although present perfect can also be
used.
Whenever, 
every time
The first,
second,
third,
fourth
etc., next,
last time
Whenever he
comes, we go to
have lunch at
"Dick's".

We take a hike
every time he
visits.

The first time I
went to New York,
I was intimidated
by the city.


'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time
something happens'.
We use the simple present (or the simple past
in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every
time' express habitual action.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last
time means 'that specific time'.
We can use these forms to be more specific
about which time of a number of times
I saw Jack the last something happened.
time I went to San
Francisco.
The second time I
played tennis, I
began to have fun.
Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect
Because



Since


They received a high mark on
their exam because they had
studied hard.
I'm studying hard because I
want to pass my exam.
Notice how because can be used
with a variety of tenses based on
the time relationship between
the two clauses.
He works a lot of overtime
because his rent is so expensive
Since he loves music so much,
'Since' means the same as
he decided to go to a
because. 'Since' tends to be used
conservatory.
in more informal spoken English.
Important note: "Since" when
They had to leave early since
used as a conjunction is typically
their train left at 8.30.
used to refer to a period of time,
while "because" implies a cause
or reason.
As long as

As

As long as you have the
'As long as' means the
time, why don't you come same as because. 'As long
for dinner?
as' tends to be used in
more informal spoken
English.
As the test is difficult, you
'As' means the same as
had better get some sleep. because. 'As' tends to be
used in more formal,
written English.
Due to the fact  We will be staying for an
that
extra week due to the fact
that we haven not yet
finished.
'Due to the fact that'
means the same as
because.
'Due to the fact that' is
generally used in very
formal, written English.
Adverb Clauses Showing Opposition
Even
though,
though,
although

Even though it was
expensive, he bought
the car.

Though he loves
doughnuts, he has given
Even though, though and although are all
them up for his diet.
synonyms.
Although the course
was difficult, he passed
with the highest marks.

Whereas, 
while

Notice how 'though, even though' or
'although' show a situation which is
contrary to the main clause to express
opposition.
Whereas you have lots 'Whereas' and 'while' show clauses in
of time to do your
direct opposition to each other.
homework, I have very
little time indeed.
Mary is rich, while I am
poor.
Using Adverb Clauses to Express Conditions
If

If we win, we'll go to
Kelly's to celebrate!
'If' clauses express the conditions
necessary for the result.

She would buy a
house, if she had
enough money.
Even if she saves a lot,
she won't be able to
afford that house.
If clauses are followed by expected
results based on the condition.
They won't be able to
come whether or not
they have enough
money.
'Whether or not' expresses the idea that
neither one condition or another matters;
the result will be the same.
Even if

Whether
or not


Whether they have
money or not, they
won't be able to come.
'even if' show a result that is unexpected
based on the condition in the 'even if'
clause.
Notice the possibility of inversion
(Whether they have money or not) with
'whether or not'.
Unless


In case
(that),

in the event
(that)

Only if
Unless she hurries up, 'Unless' expresses the idea of 'if not’.
we won't arrive in time.
We won't go unless he
arrives soon.
In the case you need 'In case' and 'in the event' usually mean
me, I'll be at Tom's.
that you don't expect something to
I'll be studying upstairs happen, but if it does...
in the event he calls.


We'll give you your
bicycle only if you do
well on your exams.
Both are used primarily for future
events.
'Only if' means 'only in the case that
something happens - and only if'.
This form basically means the same as
Only if you do well on 'if'.
your exams will we
However, it does stress the condition
give you your bicycle. for the result.
when 'only if' begins the sentence you
need to invert the main clause.