Научно-исследовательская конференция
Профессиональная иноязычная компетенция в аспекте новых
образовательных стандартов
Тема:
Cравнение систем здравоохранения в
России, США и Великобритании
Comparison of health systems in Russia, the
US and the UK
Выполнила: Харитоненко Анна Юрьевна,
Студентка группы М-22 2-го курса
Специальности « Сестринское дело»
The objects of our study are:
 the British health care system
The United States health care system
The Russian health care system
Objective: To analyze and compare the three models of health care, to identify
positive and negative qualities of each model.
To accomplish this objective, we must solve several problems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
To study the features of the three health systems;
Expand the structure of health systems;
Review existing health programs;
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of each of health system.
Currently, there are three fundamentally different basic health care
systems:
1) In the UK and Canada - mainly the public health system;
2) in Germany, France, Holland, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and some
States, Latin America, Japan and Israel (in these countries are home to more than 1
billion people) - mainly insurance health system..;
3) in the United States - mostly private (paid) health care system.
A special place is occupied by countries with a mixed health care system. These
countries are countries of Eastern Europe and Russia
Noteworthy is the fact that the health care system of the United
Kingdom was created taking into account the experience of the USSR.
Experience of British public health system testifies to its high
efficiency and accessibility at a relatively low cost of medical care.
Most of the funds come from the state budget and is distributed from
top to bottom on vertical management. Centralized financing allows
containing the rising cost of treatment. A major shortcoming of budget
financing of health care is a tendency to monopoly, disregard for the
rights of patients, as a rule, lack of choice of physician, hospital.
Mostly private health insurance system, the most widely represented in the United
States, is characterized by decentralization, and the development of infrastructure of
insurance companies and the lack of state regulation. For most US health insurance is a
private matter. Voluntary health insurance system covers more than 80% of the population.
In the US, approximately 1,500 private insurance companies. Of these, one of the largest
and most famous - "Blue Cross and Blue Shield."Often, health insurance paid by
employers in the United States. In most large companies, health insurance is almost an
essential condition, and in 1990 it covered about 75% of the US population.
Currently in Russia legislatively, functionally, complementing each other, the three health system:
state, municipal and private. For the public health system concerns the authorized federal
executive body (the Ministry). The main tasks of institutions and organizations that are part of
the public health system is the management of the industry, the organization and conduct of
research activities, organization and monitoring of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the
population, as well as providing the citizens of specialized, high-tech medical care. By the
municipal health care system include municipal health management and municipally owned
medical and research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, pharmacies, institutions, forensics,
educational institutions, which are legal entities and operate in accordance with the law the
Russian Federation, normative legal acts of subjects of the Russian Federation, federal and
regional health authorities, as well as local governments . By the private health care system are
medical and pharmaceutical institutions whose property is privately owned, as well as persons
engaged in private medical practice and private pharmaceutical activity.
The advantages of British health care system:
- Central
and regional planning,
- Financing through direct taxation,
- Management of the system through health care providers,
- Quality control of the state and health workers,
- Cost-effective use of resources,
-Lower administrative costs.
The principal problems:
- Have little incentive to improve the efficiency of treatment work
- The state restrains the growth of spending by macroeconomic aspects,
- Consideration of opinion and freedom of choice for patients is limited,
- Turn are providing medical care regulator and stimulate private practice in respect of the
privileged population, lack of comfort hospitals
- Inequalities in access to health care for certain social groups and territories,
-Central planning limits innovation, weakly into account local interests and the interests of
consumers,
- State monopoly in determining priorities,
- Authoritarian control system, weak links between the center and the periphery.
- Low labor cost of staff
The main advantages of the Russian health care :
1. Effectiveness in emergency situations (wars, epidemics);
2. Ensure that all segments of the population and all the main types of medical care;
3. The high rate of health system performance for your buck;
4. The efficient utilization of resources;
5. The large capacity to the replacement of the medical profession, the use of a team
approach to ensure that the choice between medical care in the hospital and at home;
6. No problem insurance markets;
7. Saving resources. It provides organizations with payment of staff, because the lack of
payment for a medical service does not encourage the appointment of unnecessary diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures. Wages fixed. Hard order of budgeting and control of the prescribing
physician.
The disadvantages of Russian
health care system:
1. The lowest rates of health care
development;
2. Lack of motivation on the quality of
medical care;
3. The low salaries of health workers.
4. The political risks, fluctuations
manifested share of health financing,
depending on the policy priorities.
5. The risk of reducing the quality of
health services due to lack of feasibility on
the part of consumers control
6. The risk of increasing the flow of
articles without adequately improve services
7. Possible increase in the deficit of
health services, which is manifested in the
increase of the service life expectations.
8. Excessive bureaucratization, due to
control state agencies and state employees.
The advantage of US health care system:
- A wide range of services, respectively the interests of patients,
- Lack of queues,
- The availability of specialized care guarantee
- Treatment of confidentiality, attention to the patient,
- High quality hospitalization conditions.
The principal problems:
- high price,
- Low affordability for the poor,
- A large number of trials,
- Inadequate spatial distribution of health
institutions
- Low level of use of capital and human resources,
- Insufficient attention to the provision of home care and prevention,
- The limited range of activities support staff nursing,
- The difficulty of regulation and quality control of clinical work.
The major aspects
The Great Britain
1. The principle
underlying
model.
1. Medical service is available for
everyone.
1. The US medical
service is private good.
2. The share of
health care costs.
2. The share of expenditure in health in
GDP- 6%.
2. The share of
expenditure on health
in the US-14%.
3. Sources of
funding.
3. The British
health is
financed almost
entirely by the
state.
3. Health care is
supported by private
insurance, and the two
programs.
Russia
3. The medicine is
supported by the
state budget and
insurance.
The US
4. The control over
the expenditure of
funds.
4. The control is carried
out by the Ministry of
Health.
4. The control exercised 4. The control
by the Government
is carries out
and local authorities.
by insurance
companies.
5. The availability of
medicine.
5. Medicine should be available to all citizens of the 5. The
state.
availability
of services
limited
solvency
patients.
6. The range of
medical service.
6. The new methods and 6. The introduction of
technologies are being
new technologies is
introduced slowly.
constrained by
uncontrolled
investment.
6. US
introduces
the biggest
investment
is in the
health
sector.