Transmission Line Projects
Building Capacity for Gender Mainstreaming of Energy Sector Co-operation
in Uganda: Baseline Study
ENERGIA Report to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Development and the Norwegian Embassy
23 February 2012
DRAFT
Acronyms
AfDB
CEDAW
CEfD
CSEAP
CSOs
CSR
EAPMP
EIA
ERA
GDP
ENERGIA
FHH
GFP
GM
GoU
HIV/AIDS
LPG
MHH
MDG
MEMD
MGLSD
NDP
NEMA
NGOs
NORAD
OfD
O&M
PAP
PD
PEAP
PEPD
RAP
REA
RNE
TOR
ESIA
RCDAP
SMEs
SMOGS
STDs
UEGCL
UETCL
UGX
UNDP
African Development Bank
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women
Clean Energy for Development
Contractor Social Environmental Action Plan
Civil Society Organisations
Corporate Social Responsibility
East African Power Master Plan
Environmental Impact Assessment
Electricity Regulatory Authority
Gross Domestic Product
International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy
Female Headed Household
Gender Focal Point
Gender mainstreaming
Government of Uganda
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Liquified Petroleum Gas
Male Headed Household
Millennium Development Goals
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development
Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development
National Development Plan
National Environment Authority (Uganda)
Non-Government Organisations
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperations
Oil for Development
Operation & Maintenance
Project Affected Person
Project Document
Poverty Eradication Action Plan in Uganda PEPD
Petroleum Exploration and Production Department
Resettlement Action Plan
Rural Electrification Agency
Royal Norwegian Embassy
Terms of Reference
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Resettlement and Community Development Action Plan
Small and Medium scale Enterprises
Strengthening the Management of the Oil and Gas Sector in Uganda
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Uganda Electricity Generation Company Ltd
Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Ltd
Uganda Shillings
United Nations Development Program
ii
Table of contents
1. Background to the study
2. Gender and Energy Issues in Uganda
2.1 The gender situation
2.2 Gender issues in the energy sector
3. Policy and Institutional Framework for Gender and Energy
3.1 National Gender Policy and institutions
3.2 Gender in national energy policy
3.3 Electricity sector policy and institutions
4. Gender Issues in the Electricity Sector in Uganda
4.1 Process for identifying gender issues in the transmission sector
4.2 Gender issues in construction
4.2.1 Land ownership, resettlement and compensation
4.2.2 Environmental impacts on livelihoods
4.2.3 HIV/AIDS, sexual violence, and child labour
4.2.4 Local employment in the project
4.2.5 Community support and livelihoods opportunities
4.2.6 Stakeholder consultations
4.3 Gender issues in training and recruitment of staff
4.3.1 Human resource development
4.3.2 Gender capacity of implementing agencies
4.4 Gender issues in impact measurement at regional/national level
5. Baseline and Possible Entry Points for Gender Integration in the Norwegiansupported Transmission Sector Portfolio
5.1 Transmission line projects
5.2 Twinning arrangement with Statnett
Annex 1 Possible gender entry points and indicators for enhancing gender integration
in transmission line projects
Annex 2 Identification of gender-sensitive indicators for the Nkenda-Hoima EIA
Mitigation Plan
Annex 3 Possible gender indicators for a RAP monitoring system (Excerpt from NkendaHoima Project Document)
Annex 4 List of resources consulted
1
1. Background to the study
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD) is guided by a number of key
Ugandan development policy objectives as well as energy policy, including a mandate to
mainstream gender, with the long-term objective of eliminating gender inequalities. The MEMD
has recognized gender concerns in some of its activities, and is seeking to further strengthen
gender mainstreaming in its energy projects, as part of its mandate “to establish, promote the
development, strategically manage and safeguard the rational and sustainable exploitation and
utilization of energy and mineral resources for social and economic development." It is within
this framework that the MEMD works with development partners.
Since 1995, Norway has contributed around NOK 50 million annually for investments in
Uganda’s infrastructure, mainly power infrastructure. Contributions have also been made to
capacity building and rural electrification. For the coming period three priority areas have been
identified for the Norwegian support:
1. Development of transmission system infrastructure with national and regional
significance
2. Feasibility studies and other support for commercial large-scale hydropower
investments
3. Rural electrification investments
The current program of Norwegian cooperation in the transmission sector in Uganda includes
several transmission line construction projects in progress or in the pipeline:
-
Nkenda-Hoima 220kV Power Transmission Line Project in the Western region of
Uganda, 300 million NOKs, UETCL . The feasibility study including EIA and RAP has been
completed and appraised.
Nkenda-Kafu Transmission Line Project, 7 million NOKs, UETCL. The feasibility study is
currently being carried out, including EIA and RAP; then a decision will be made on
Norway participation in the construction phase.
Mirama transmission line. An initial Project Profile is available, and financial assistance
is requested by GoU for conducting the full feasibility study, EIA and RAP.
Uganda – DR Congo Power Transmission Line Study feasibility study.
In addition, UETCL and Statnett, the Norwegian transmission system operator, have been
working together since 2006, and a Phase III of UETCL Capacity Building Twinning UETCLStatnett is supported by Norwegian cooperation to continue this institutional cooperation.
In 2007 Norway launched an Action Plan for Women's Rights and Gender Equality in
Development Cooperation. This plan emphasises the importance of mainstreaming the gender
perspective in the five priority areas of Norwegian development cooperation, one of which is
“oil and energy”. Clean energy for development (CEfD) and oil for development (OfD) are two
key priority areas for Norwegian development cooperation in Uganda. In 2010, the Embassy was
selected as a pilot embassy for the implementation of the above-mentioned Action Plan, and in
2011 the Embassy developed a Gender Strategy for 2011 – 2013. This Strategy acknowledges
the challenge of including a gender perspective in its priority sectors of oil/energy and
climate/environment. The Embassy intends to strengthen the gender component in its energy
sector programming and would like to develop a targeted and practical gender mainstreaming
programme that will guide the Embassy to implement the Action Plan.
2
At the request of the Rural Electrification Agency (REA), the Embassy provided support to
strengthen the gender component in the rural electrification projects being financed by Norway,
and assistance was provided to REA in July 2011 by ENERGIA, the International Network on
Gender and Sustainable Energy. A gender team consisting of REA-designated staff, a local
gender consultant, and an international gender expert carried out a scoping study.1 The REA is
currently assessing follow up to this report and is preparing a separate gender proposal to
Norway.
The Embassy wants to develop gender baselines for the oil and energy sector to gain a better
overview of the situation, challenges and needs in relevant areas, and to be better able to
identify results regarding the situation for men and women that may be attributed to the
Embassy’s support. The present baseline review is being carried out by ENERGIA to provide an
assessment of the context and issues for gender mainstreaming in both the clean energy and
petroleum sectors, as well as an assessment of gender integration in the Embassy’s energy
projects and programmes. In consultation with its GoU partners, the Embassy has identified
active projects in the electricity sector and the oil and gas sector for review.2
This desk study and its findings will serve as a basis for a second phase, where the partners
could request ENERGIA, through the Embassy, to assist with assessments, analyses and
stakeholder consultations in order to mainstream gender equality and empower women within
the Embassy’s two areas of development cooperation in the energy sector: Clean Energy for
Development and Oil for Development.
This report focuses on Norwegian cooperation in the electricity transmission sector; separate
reports focus on the rural electrification sector and the upstream petroleum sector. This first
chapter provides the background to the review and the second chapter describes the gender
situation and gender and energy issues in Uganda. The third Chapter gives the policy and
institutional framework for gender and energy in Uganda. Chapter 4 identifies gender issues
and possible entry points for gender integration in the transmission sector, based on a review of
project documents. Chapter 5 summarizes the current baseline on gender integration and
possible entry points in the Norwegian-supported transmission sector portfolio, with possible
actions and indicators suggested in three annexes.
2. Gender and energy issues in Uganda3
1
ETC/ENERGIA, Gender mainstreaming in rural electrification projects in Uganda: Initial scoping mission,
Final report to the Rural Electrification Agency (REA), Ministry of Energy & Mineral Development,
Government of Uganda and the Norwegian Embassy, Kampala, September 2011.
2
Projects initially selected for review include two rural electrification projects: the Hoima-Nkenda, HoimaKafu and Mirama transmission lines and UETCL capacity building project; and two oil sector projects:
Strengthening the Management of the Oil and Gas Sector in Uganda and a feasibility study on transport
and storage.
3
This section summarizes Chapters 2 and 3 of the ETC/ENERGIA report to REA.
3
2.1 The gender situation in Uganda
Both women and men play substantial economic roles in Uganda, while women bear the brunt
of domestic tasks in addition to agricultural and other productive work. Women work
considerably longer hours but tend to be poorer than men due to a number of gender
disparities in poverty determinants, as shown in Table 1 below, including ownership of land (7%
women versus 93% men), formal labour force participation (12% versus 88%), literacy (63%
versus 77%), distribution of credit (9% versus 91%), and political participation such as
membership in Parliament (24% versus 76%).
Table 1: Contributions to Production and Ownership of Land by Men and Women in
Uganda (percent)
Table 2: Gender Disparities in Poverty Determinants in Uganda
Poverty determinants
Women (%)
Men (%)
Ownership of registered land
7
93
Formal labour force participation
12
88
Wages of <40,000 USh/month
51
44
Literacy rates
Share of total enrolment (tertiary)
63
38
77
62
Maternal mortality rate per
100,000
Distribution of credit
506
n.a.
9
91
People living with HIV/AIDS
51
49
Membership in Parliament
24
76
Chairperson of land governance
structures
4
96
4
Applications for land certificates
6
94
Source: Mukasa et al 2004, in Ellis, Manuel and Blackden, 2010.
Impressive progress has been made in education, however gender inequalities remain large.
Fertility rates and maternal mortality rates are considered by the GoU to be unacceptably high,
while access to safe water stood at 68% in 2005/2006. The National Gender Policy as well as the
National Development Plan cite gender based violence as a critical concern. Furthermore,
estimates suggest that Uganda could gain up to 2 percentage points of GDP growth a year by
addressing structural gender-based inequalities in education and employment.
2.2 Gender issues in the energy sector
Current energy use in Uganda is dominated by traditional biomass energy sources, which make
up around 95% of total primary energy consumption. More than 80% of households depend on
fuelwood for cooking. At present electricity access stands at 7%, with most concentrated in
Kampala and nearby towns; rural access is about 2-5%. Kerosene (paraffin) is the major source
of lighting.
Since it is women’s responsibility to provision their household with fuel for cooking, the
principal energy issue for women is energy for cooking. Their current reliance on woodfuels for
cooking is extremely time-consuming, human-energy intensive and exhausting work, and highly
inefficient. The health effects of biomass fuel use are also becoming increasingly well known.
Figure 1: Distribution of Households by Cooking Fuel Type, 2004
Additional burdens on women include the time they spend fetching water, preparing and
transforming food products, doing household chores, taking care of children, the sick and the
elderly, as well as maintaining their productive roles in agriculture and especially food
production, all compounded by the AIDS crisis. The lack of efficient biomass, mechanical and
electrical energy are direct contributors to women being “overburdened” and a core component
5
of the “double workday of women,” in which women work substantially more than men do in
both the “market” and the “household” economies.
Figure 2: Allocation of Time by Men and Women in Katebe
The strong imbalance in the gender division of labour has been identified by the Uganda
Participatory Poverty Process Assessment as one of the major contributors to poverty in the
country.
Electricity plays a key role in education and health MDGs of concern to women. In the Ministry
of Finance’s 2010 report on progress towards the MDGs, electricity was cited as a key constraint
to meeting MDG 5 on maternal health.
3. Policy and Institutional Framework for Gender and Energy in Uganda
3.1 National Gender Policy
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The Uganda government has implemented a Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), which has
reduced the share of households living in poverty from 44 percent in 1997, to 38 percent in
2001/2, and to 31 percent in 2005/6. However, there is substantial and growing urban-rural
inequality and inequality between regions. The Government of Uganda recognizes that Uganda’s
growth record and poverty reduction cannot be sustained without a transformation of the
economy. Such transformation includes an unequivocal commitment to take actions that will
bring about more equal gender relations, through a National Gender Policy (NGP) adopted in
1997 and revised in 2007. This commitment is supported by the Constitution and the National
Development Plan (NDP) adopted in April 2010, as well as regional and international
commitments such as CEDAW, where Uganda has been a leader in recognizing the linkages
between economic growth and gender, in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Gender mainstreaming is defined in the National Gender Policy as:
“a conscious approach of an organization to take into account gender equality concerns in
all policy, programme, administrative and financial activities as well as organizational
structures and procedures. It is based on a political decision to work towards and finally
achieve the goal of gender equality within the organization thus contributing towards
gender equality in the respective society. It involves applying a variety of measures,
providing resources (financial, human, time, information) and ensuring a process of learning
and transformation.”
The National Gender Policy aims to ensure that all Government policies and programmes, in all
areas and at all levels, are consistent with the long-term goal of eliminating gender inequalities.
The policy gives a clear mandate to the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development
(MGLSD) and other Line Ministries to mainstream gender in all sectors. Since the NGP came into
force, it has institutionalized gender as a key concept in development work. The MGLSD
promotes gender analysis and planning skills among all relevant sectors, in order to build their
capacity to identify, analyse and implement gender responsive programme interventions. The
energy sector however to date has not been a priority and assistance has so far not been
requested in gender mainstreaming by the sector.
3.2 Gender in national energy policy
The Energy Policy (2002) has as its policy goal “to meet the energy needs of Uganda’s
population for social and economic development in an environmentally sustainable manner.”
Though the word gender does not appear in the Policy, labour and health burdens of biomass
energy use are mentioned twice, under energy conservation issues and under demand side
objectives.
The Renewable Energy Policy (2007) goes further, stating specifically that “the gender
dimension will be integrated in renewable energy planning and management,” Strategies are
indicated that cater for decentralized planning through gender sensitive representation on both
the Local Energy Committee (LEC) and the Village Energy Committee (VEC). Recognition of the
difference in interests, needs and priorities between women and men in planning,
implementation and monitoring are mentioned, as well as participation in decision making. The
Renewable Energy Policy also has as one of its policy objectives, “to mainstream poverty
eradication, equitable distribution, social services and gender issues”, including five activities:
7
o
o
o
o
o
study linkages and mechanisms between poverty eradication, gender and renewable
energy;
sensitize stakeholders on linkages between gender, poverty and rural electrification;
implement a comprehensive integrated renewable energy, gender sensitive, poverty
alleviation plan;
reinforce the gender related benefits of renewable energy in the PEAP; and
mainstream HIV/AIDS issues in renewable energy plans, projects and activities.
In electricity sector policy documents such as the Electricity Act (1999), the Rural Electrification
Strategy and Plan (2001), and the Rural Electrification Agency Strategic Plan 2005/06 – 2011/12,
the words gender/women/female do not appear. A new REA Strategic Plan is currently under
preparation.
3.3 Electricity sector policy and institutions
The Government of Uganda has prioritized the energy sector as one of the key sectors in the
Ugandan economy. While 93 per cent of energy consumption is from fuelwood and 6 per cent is
imported petroleum, only 1 per cent of all energy use is electricity and only 7% of households
are electrified, and only 1-2% of rural households. Recently the Government set a new
ambitious target of “electricity for all” by 2035, implying that connection rates will have to be
10-fold the current numbers per year. There is an acute shortage of power supply, due to the
growing demand for electricity and the lack of public and private investments in power
infrastructure, as well as prolonged drought with hydropower plants producing significantly less
power than the installed capacity.
To address the power crisis, significant public investment has been injected into the sector,
particularly in the area of electricity supply to alleviate the recent power shortages that the
country has experienced and which have a severe impact on industry and business. GoU with
full support of the development partners has prioritized investments in the country’s electricity
sector, to boost generation capacity, strengthen and expand transmission capacity to serve the
energy needs of the country. The GoU has set targets for increase in generation capacity;
transmission infrastructure; and access to electricity through rural electrification and increased
household connections by 2015.
In April 2010, the GoU launched a National Development Plan (NDP) 2010-2015 which notes
that “limited access and use of energy significantly slows down economic and social
transformation.” For the energy sector, the NDP focuses on increasing access and consumption
of electricity by investing in least cost power generation, promotion of renewable energy and
energy efficiency in addition to the associated transmission and distribution infrastructure.
Inadequate infrastructure, especially transport and energy, has been identified as a binding
constraint for growth and economic transformation. Increased access to electricity is an
important goal of the Plan. The NDP lays down strategies to increase generation capacity from
the current 600MW to 3800MAW and to expand the transmission grid and voltage from the
current 1300km to 2750km, and 132kV to 220kV and 400kV respectively. In order to achieve
these targets, GoU has launched a number of major projects in electricity generation, including
the Bujagali hydropower station installation 250MW and additional hydro generation capacity
to meet the projected demand for 2011 is underway; the GOU is also finalizing the feasibility
study for the 600MW Karuma hydropower project and will be starting construction in 2012.
8
The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD) is the national lead agency
responsible for the management and development of the energy sector through coordinated
national policy formulation, implementation and monitoring. However an Electricity Regulatory
Authority (ERA) regulates the industry independently of the ministry. Tariff setting, performance
and safety standards are the responsibility of the ERA. From 2001, the Uganda Electricity Board
was unbundled by the GoU, creating three subsidiary independent companies wholly owned by
the GoU: the Uganda Electricity Generation Company Ltd (UEGCL) for generation; the Uganda
Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL) for transmission; and the Uganda Electricity
Distribution Company Limited (UEDCL), for distribution. A private company called UMEME was
formed and in 2004 entered into a 20-year concession agreement to operate the distribution
business in exchange for investments. The Rural Electrification Board (REF), with its Rural
Electrification Board (REB) and Secretariat, the Rural Electrification Agency (REA) , established
under the Electricity Act of 1999, manage the Rural Electrification Program, reporting to the
MEMD.
The Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Ltd (UETCL) is mandated to develop the
transmission grid in Uganda4 and is tasked with the implementation of the developments in the
high Voltage transmission grid to cope with power evacuation and growth in energy demand.
Rehabilitation and upgrade of the transmission system and strengthening of the UMEME
distribution network is a key focus of the GoU in its electricity sector strategy. This includes a
strong interconnected national grid with links to neighboring countries for ensuring security of
supply and economies of scale, through NEPAD’s East African Power Master Plan (EAPMP).
Interconnection of major new generation projects, such as the Bujagali and other hydro electric
power, and thermal generation planned in connection with oil development, is also a factor.
In addition to the Government of Norway, other major development partners in the electricity
sector include IDA, AfDB, and JICA. A major issue, according to the World Bank, is sector
coordination so that the development of transmission and distribution networks do not outpace
the development of generation capacity, and vice versa, and Master Plans are underway.
Reducing system losses is also a major concern, with currently over 30% distribution losses, as is
reliability of supply (transmission line outages and unmet demand).
4
In terms of network infrastructure development, there are a total of 1115km of 132kV high
voltage transmission lines and 54km of 66kV lines in Uganda. The distribution facilities include
3258km of 33kV lines, 3443km of 11kV lines and 6496km of low voltage lines. This network
provides power to only 33 of the 117 districts in the country.(IIED, 2011)
9
4. Gender Issues in Transmission Line Activities in Uganda
4.1 Process of identifying gender issues in the transmission sector
UETCL has already identified in on or the other of the project documents, EIAs and RAPs for the
Nkenda-Hoima and Kawenda-Masaka project, as well as the Congo-DR regional transmission line
study, a number of gender considerations:
- spousal consent and in-kind compensation in land compensation and resettlement.
- promotion of more specific activities targeting women, children and the elderly during
the project
- the need to address the problem of HIV/AIDS and domestic violence.
- a community support program to provide development benefits to communities along
the transmission line
- inclusion of the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development in the institutional
framework of institutions that will be involved in the project
- identification of unprotected and protected springs used for water supply in the ROW of
the transmission line, that would be directly affected by construction of the
transmission line and resulting pollution and interference.
- A resettlement office/team for resettlement implementation, with two of the five
members of the team being female members to take care of issues to do with female
PAPs.
- Village Grievance Committees specified to include the Secretary for Women/Children’s
Affairs and 2 representatives of the PAPs (1 female and 1 male).
Starting from this current UETCL gender-relevant work as identified in the PDs and feasibility
studies, the following sections elaborate further on gender issues in the transmission sector in
Uganda. They are based on findings of a desk review, and will be complemented later by
interviews with UETCL and the Norway Embassy, and a partner workshop.
Major gender considerations that arise from the above transmission line project documents and
appraisals can be found in relation to:5
 Gender issues in construction
o Land ownership, resettlement and compensation
o Environmental impacts on livelihoods
o HIV/AIDS, sexual violence, and child labour
o Local employment in the project
o Community support and livelihood opportunities
o Stakeholder consultations

Gender issues in training and recruitment of staff
o Human resource development
o Gender capacity of implementing agencies
5
This section draws mainly on the feasibility studies, EIAs and RAPs for Nkenda-Hoima and
Kawenda-Masaka, as these have been completed and appraised, while Nkenda-Kafu has only a
ToR and Marama only a Project Profile; similar considerations would be expected to apply to all
transmission projects however.
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
Gender issues in impact measurement at regional/national level
2.1 Gender issues in construction
EIAs and RAPs as entry points. The major way that transmission projects address social issues,
including gender, is through Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) and
Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs), so these are logical entry points for gender actions. Most
development partners require either the World Bank or ADB guidelines as a basis for funding
projects, in addition to GoU requirements. WB OP 4.12 (8) for example requires that particular
attention be paid to the needs of vulnerable groups among those displaced such as those below
the poverty line, landless, elderly; women and children and indigenous peoples and ethnic
minorities. Safety, health and environment (SHE) impacts during the pre-construction,
construction, and post construction phases are identified and mitigation measures proposed in
an ESIA carried out by a Consultant based on Terms of Reference approved by the Ugandan
National Environment Authority (NEMA). While the primary focus is on physical and biological
impacts, social aspects are also included. Local communities who will be directly affected by
transmission construction are treated as part of the “environment.” A Contractor Social
Environmental Action Plan (CSEAP) is prepared by UETCL for the contractor use. In addition to
gender considerations, other environmental issues identified in an EIA include effect on land
use, land take and displacement, impacts of substation construction, socio-economic conditions,
operation impacts (management of waste especially waste transformer oil, cumulative impacts,
noise, ozone and corona). A safeguards unit within UETCL is responsible for implementation of
the Plan.
Safeguards also require preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), with attention to
vulnerable groups. A social survey is carried out to establish the social profile of project affected
people (PAPs) in accordance with GoU and World Bank requirements for involuntary
resettlement, covering population and demographics; landownership and land use; and business
and socio-cultural resources. Stakeholders are consulted through meetings with district officials
and villages in locally affected areas, in preparing the RAP.
This section examines gender issues that arise in the construction phase and that are typically
addressed by mitigation plans developed through the EIA and RAP.
4.2.1 Land ownership, resettlement and compensation
Different needs, treatment and compensation of women and men displaced and/or resettled
by construction activities, e.g. disruption of food sources, livelihoods and social networks, is
an important impact issue, especially in Uganda where inequality of ownership of land is high
between women and men. Transmission lines require acquisition of corridors as well as land
for transmission stations. Project Affected Persons (PAPs) may suffer loss of the use of their
land and a certain percentage of PAPs are displaced involuntarily. In the case of Nkenda-Hoima
for example, UETCL proposes to acquire a 30m corridor for the wayleaves within which a 5m
right of way at the centre is for the construction of a road for O&M purposes. In KawandaMasaka, an estimated 13,596 persons are estimated affected by the currently optimized route in
the project area. PAPs are to be compensated in a timely and adequate manner, and sufficient
to restore or improve their livelihoods. The amounts compensated may be considerable in
relation to rural incomes.
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Adequacy of the cash compensation together with resettlement impacts and compensation
measures are key concerns of communities in the Kawanda-Masaka RAP. Communities are
concerned about how resettlement usually affects men, women and vulnerable groups
differently in terms of needs and opportunities for access to land, resources, employment and
markets. Communities identified vulnerable groups as the elderly, widows/widowers, single
mothers, disabled persons, and child headed households.
Spousal consent. The RAP is primarily for property and landowners along the project route. In
Uganda, men own 94% of land and women 6%, while women provide 70% of agricultural
workers and produce most family food. Hence men landowners are likely to be compensated,
while women food producers may not be recognized. Due to time lag in compensation, wives
may not even be aware of way leaves compensation being paid; payments may be used by the
male recipients without their wives’ knowledge. Uses cited in the July 2010 REA gender study
included a) buying more land; b) more wives/mistresses; c) luxuries, alcohol.
Spousal consent, in keeping with the legal provision of Section 40 of the Land Act, is the usual
remedy suggested. As the majority of women are spouses whose food production could be
affected, the RAPs urge that spousal consent should be sought for wayleaves and resettlement
compensation, a legal requirement (Section 40 of the Land Act, 1998). The Nkenda-Hoima PD
states under gender considerations that The Resettlement Action Plan shall ensure that spousal
consent is sought during project implementation as provided for in the law. However, no
specific activities targeting women are included and the procedure for spousal consent is not
discussed in the section on 15.8 Resettlement and Compensation Requirements.
Cash versus in-kind compensation. The RAPs find that cash compensation, although much
sought after by heads of households, could be detrimental in the medium term to other
household members, particularly female spouses and children. Even spousal consent is not seen
by the Kawanda-Masaka project RAP as a panacea in the Ugandan situation, where women and
children have little say in family affairs. It recommends that wherever agreeable, the project
should provide “land-for-land” and resettlement as compensation rather than cash
compensation. The RAP, drawing from the Consultants’ experience from RAP activities in the
region, advocates for favoring land-for-land compensation “since it protects the more
vulnerable in the community especially females and children. Experience has shown that cash
compensation is less beneficial to these categories of PAPs as it is subject to abuse by the male
beneficiaries. This is truer in the rural Ugandan setting where women and children have little
say in family affairs.” Though 90% of affected households preferred cash compensation, the
team felt that this would increase the risk of misappropriation of such funds hence increasing
the vulnerability of the PAPs. Cash compensation could be used for lightly affected households
losing only a small portion of their land and livelihoods but for the more heavily affected
household, in-kind compensation and resettlement options were favored.
Another issue raised in stakeholder consultations was that “people who had very small land
parcels/holdings such that either easement or purchase of a portion of their property would
leave too little to be useful to the user, preferred the project to purchase entire property to
enable them purchase and resettle on a new larger property. “ Women are likely to be in this
vulnerable group.
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Female headed households may be especially vulnerable during resettlement. The NkendaHoima RAP finds that about 91% of heads of affected households are male and 9% are female,
including some elderly female grandparents looking after grandchildren orphaned by HIV/AIDS
and mainly secondary wives. The Kawanda-Masaka project RAP finds a much higher proportion,
100 female households out of 187. In the case of Kawanda-Masuma, only 28% of FHH own land
cultivated; more than half (58%) are tenants. For most (86%), agriculture is their only
occupation.
Possible entry points:
 For these reasons, it is important for the resettlement office/team for resettlement
implementation to include female members to take care of issues to do with female
PAPs.
 While these issues are raised in the PDs and/or RAPs, the 2010 Annual Report on RAP
Implementation for Nkenda-Hoima does not disaggregate reporting by sex of head of
household or provide information on spousal consent or cash versus land
compensation. It does not report on the gender balance of resettlement teams. These
could be included as gender indicators.
4.2.2 Environmental impacts on livelihoods
Informal livelihoods of women and men heavily dependent on land, not only property owners,
may be affected differently by disruptions to natural resources such as safe drinking water or
access to forests and fuelwood. Specific environmental impacts on livelihoods identified by the
EIAs include the disturbance and degeneration of wetland ecosystems. Immediate and long
term economic impacts of ecosystem damage could include loss and damage to livelihoods
resulting from disruptions in water quality and availability, fisheries, crops, forest resource, etc.
Women are likely to be disproportionately impacted by ecosystem damage, since they have less
access to off-farm employment opportunities than men and rely heavily on local agriculture and
natural resources for their livelihoods and to provide food, fuel and water to their families.
Furthermore, similarly to health impacts, the influx of population will result in increased loads
on the infrastructure and reduced access of local communities to water and the natural
resource base, which could affect women severely since they are responsible for household
systems of sanitation, nutrition, health and childcare.
Water supply. Loss of livelihoods and access to water points, schools, crop land and pasture are
key concerns of communities in the RAPs. Impacts of ecosystem damage could affect the wider
community and women within that community, not only PAPs, who are defined in the EIA only
as people who own land in the corridor. For example, Norplan identifies as a possible negative
effect the construction of the line can impose on the water resources in the area along the
route. The PD considers impacts on wetlands, but does not comment on the impacts on water
sources. The Kawenda-Masaka RAP found that unprotected springs were the main source of
water supply and that 3 unprotected and 2 protected springs were in the ROW of that
transmission line. The Norplan appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima recommends that UETCL include the
impact on water resources in their mitigation plan. Given women’s important role in supplying
water to their households, gender impacts are likely and would need to be considered here.
13
Possible entry points:
 Differential impacts of these environmental issues on women and men could be
disaggregated in the EIA or mitigation plan, and sex-disaggregated monitoring indicators
could be included.
 In order to later monitor and evaluate the impacts and effectiveness of the mitigation
plan, baseline data on the situation of women and men in the affected areas and PAPs
needs to be available.
4.2.3 HIV/AIDS, sexual violence and child labour
Differential impacts on women and men from the influx of male workers and likely increase in
“social vices” (alcohol, gambling, prostitution) are likely. It is widely recognized that
construction crews can facilitate the spread of HIV/AIDS, and prevention measures are required.
HIV/AIDS is already one of the top ten diseases in the affected area for Nkenda-Hoima. Under
Socio-Economic Issues, the Nkenda-Hoima PD mentions this problem as well as the potential
risk to women of increased domestic violence against women, as they attempt to benefit from
the increased potential to have a better living, as part of the community participation in project
activities. According to the EIA consultations with local people, “Most people associated
powerline contractors with social misdemeanor such as illicit sexual behaviour with local women
and girls. This was a prevalent view in urban centres.” (p98) Prostitution, gambling, abuse of
alcohol, and STDs can cause disruption of social networks and social tension between local
people and outsides. Child labour and school dropout as a result of children helping in petty
trade to provide food and supplies to the project workers are also mentioned.
The EIA monitoring indicators for Nkenda-Hoima do not however mention HIV/AIDS or sexual
violence; there is a monitoring indicator on child labour, though not disaggregated by boys and
girls. Mitigation strategies aimed at contractors are suggested in the EIA: to hire local people if
they have the requisite skills, and for the contractor to adopt a strict code of conduct for
workers to regulate behaviour in local communities and conservation areas. However no
mentions or indicators for these appear in the PD.
Possible entry points:
 The Norplan appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima suggests the need to develop a comprehensive
strategy (presumably as part of the CSEAP) to deal with the public health impacts within
the community as a result of population influx, including:
o measures to cover community health and safety
o an action plan to prevent spreading of STDs
o a clear strategy both for the work force and the general population
o components to fight transmission of HIV/AIDS
 Such a comprehensive strategy could analyse health impacts on women versus men,
and include gender analysis to target both women and men in campaigns and activities
according to their differing literacy, mobility, time availability, etc.
 Monitoring of child labour could be disaggregated by boys/girls
4.2.4 Local employment in the project
Local employment opportunities and development of local expertise and skills of both men
and women is seen as a potential important economic opportunity by communities near
14
transmission lines construction. Community desire and demand for a high level of
employment, coupled with fear that the limited local skills base will result in exclusion, is a key
issue in the Kawanda-Masaka RAP. Communities expressed concern that project implementers
import even unskilled labor, which the locals could provide.
The Nkenda-Hoima PD states that during project execution, it is expected that local residents in
the project area shall be contracted to supply unskilled and semi-skilled labour, and that
furthermore, locally available construction materials shall be utilized. Employment job
opportunities are also expected to be available both during construction and operation of the
substations. This could provide economic opportunities for both women and men, as well as for
both women-owned and men-owned businesses.
Women make up 70% of agricultural workers and 80% of unpaid labour in Uganda, yet their
participation in nonfarm employment is low. Nonfarm employment has been identified as an
important route for rural women to rise from poverty in Uganda (Ellis, Manuel & Blackden,
2010). Construction in rural infrastructure works offers one of the few opportunities for casual
labour available in rural areas. Other opportunities include providing food, services, and other
supplies to contractors and line workers. Employment in rural infrastructure offers
opportunities for women’s increased contribution to household income and increased gender
equality. Local employment of labour also reduces the risk of introduction of HIV/AIDS by
migrant construction workers, and increases sustainability through local sense of ownership.
Still, a number of obstacles to women’s employment in rural infrastructure construction projects
do exist. These include women’s own preferences and objections as workers, employers’
attitudes, and social norms and values. Specific measures may be needed to permit women to
access employment and livelihood opportunities associated with the project.
The Nkenda-Hoima PD says that the project will bring forward job opportunities, and women
shall have the same possibilities to apply for work as men do. Nonetheless women may need
support in order to take advantage of these opportunities, and this is where specific activities
targeting women could be considered. In transmission projects, most construction is fairly
skilled, compared with distribution projects. Still, opportunities may exist and could be
assessed, and measures considered to promote women’s employment. The Box shows
measures under consideration by the REA to promote local employment in rural electrification
construction, with gender targets. Making it easier for women-owned business to participate in
support and supply functions for contractors is also an option.
Box: The REA gender review identified local employment in RE works with gender targets as a
possible key activity, with possible key actions:
- an assessment of opportunities for women and men to participate in construction work
and support
- contract clauses for RE works with targets for local workers and women
- skills training for women to enable their participation
- effective communication to communities about employment opportunites, targeted to
women as well as men
- a possible advantage in bidding points given to contractors with gender-sensitive
approaches
Employment opportunities could be particularly directed at PAPs. The Norplan appraisal of
Nkenda-Hoima judges that the proposed approach will not empower the affected households to
15
restore their incomes, and that there is a need to develop a more sustainable approach to
income restoration. Norplan believes that additional measures will be necessary on top of
compensation for the affected households, since budget is only allocated for compensation of
land, crops and structures, for sustainable livelihood restoration. For example, during
construction, the project will impact agricultural field operations and destroy crops, farm fences,
windbreakers, or preclude cultivation of certain crops altogether. Impacts on livelihoods could
be substantial. Given women’s position as a vulnerable group dependent on agriculture,
targeted measures for women could be critical.
Possible entry points:
 Specific activities to assess opportunities, communicate with local communities, provide
skills training, and include targets in contracts, to promote local employment of men
and women.
 The number of PAPs (male/female) and local community workers (male/female)
employed in project work and support, could be a performance indicator.
2.1.5 Community support and livelihoods opportunities
Beyond short-term employment, transmission line construction can contribute to local
economic development through improved roads and bridges, development of local commerce
and industry, and provision of energy supply to communities along the lines. In recent years,
EIAs have been criticized as a checklist approved at the national level, that have not addressed
important local and community concerns and are limited to mitigation of negative impacts
rather than seeing the project as an opportunity for local development. In the case of
transmission lines, social tensions between communities and the project can result in damage to
equipment and lines. Some innovative efforts have been made for large hydropower projects,
to place EIAs in the framework of local development plans using a participatory methodology,
working in conjunction with the local government and taking advantage of participative
processes already underway in the area. Mitigation and compensation measures in this case is
aimed not only at solving the problems generated by negative impacts, but also towards
improving some of the negative situations identified in the local development plan concerning
health, education, and infrastructure.6 Obviously a gendered approach that included not only
mitigation of impacts but also how to use the opportunities posed by the transmission line
projects to have positive development impacts in the affected areas, would be highly desirable
and produce more benefits for both women and men.
Community support measures and specific activities to targeting women, the elderly and
children could promote community development and enhance the local reputation of UETCL
(corporate responsibility). The Nkenda-Hoima PD includes reforestation measures to mitigate
loss of trees along the line; these activities could involve community employment and
6
Eg Dora Carias, Local Development as a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment,
CS3-2_community_carias.pdf describes an EIA for the Reventazon Hydropower Project in Costa Rica, that
brought key actors of local development together and included mitigation/compensation measures that
contributed towards improvements in local quality of life, such as paving of roads and improvements in
transport infrastructure, support to health infrastructure, improvement of water supplies, and capacity
building programs in organization, leadership, administration and other themes related to building social
capital.
16
development and involve women. Community development is also presumably included in the
Resettlement and Community Development Action Plan (RCDAP) which is included in the
commitments of UETCL as part of mitigation, and there may be potential for gender integration
in this. In the EIA consultation meeting in Nairongo for the Nkenda-Hoima project, for example,
the community wished that UETCL would help advise government to extend services like loan
schemes through orphans, youth, elderly and women support programmes so as to enhance
community development. Making bridges that will need to be built for construction access
purposes, into permanent structures that could also benefit the community, has also been
mentioned in the Kawenda-Masaka RAP.
Along transmission lines that do not have distribution lines, communities desire access to
electricity as a form of benefit from lines projects. For example the Kawanda-Masaka Project
includes electrification of street lighting and markets, which are likely to be of especial benefit
to women’s safety and their roles as small entrepreneurs in the informal sector. Besides
supporting local livelihoods, this community support component is expected to reduce
vandalism and theft which have been a problem in other transmission projects. Over 80% of the
Nkenda-Hoima project route does not have access to electricity, and the population depends on
wood for cooking. Bundled electricity and cooking energy supply packages could be considered
as one means of increasing livelihood benefits to communities, and women in particular, along
the transmission line.
Possible entry points:
 Assessment of opportunities to meet community development needs of women and
men through project activities
2.1.6 Stakeholder consultations
Differing public access, mobility, and literacy of women and men means that women may
require specific measures for communications and feedback. Public consultation builds public
support for electrification initiatives. Separate consultation of women and men often results in
practical considerations that would be overlooked without women’s input. Female involvement
and participation allows for inclusion and use of both men’s and women’s knowledge and
experience. The importance of female participation at all levels is well documented, and the
cost of doing this will not be very high. Still, a specific strategy may be necessary to ensure
adequate stakeholder consultation with women as well as men.
UETCL company and organization structure states that UETCL shall have high external
stakeholder confidence. In the Nkenda-Hoima PD, the communication strategy for the public at
large includes press release briefing, fact sheets, and public meeting. Nkenda-Hoima EIA
Consultation Meetings with district officials of Kibaale District and in Rwentuha Kabarole District
included local government gender officers. The Kwenda-Masaka RAP emphasizes the
importance of a communications strategy for a non-literate audience, and involving local
officials.
A number of stakeholder communications and participation indicators have been included in the
EIA mitigation plan of the Nkenda-Hoima PD however most of these have been removed from
the simplified EIA plan proposed by Norplan. This may have been because many of these
indicators are believed to be difficult to measure and overlap. However given their inclusion in
17
the original PD it seems that UETCL and the EIA team considered these issues of importance and
there may be good reason for this: Unresolved land acquisition issues have resulted in delays in
other transmission lines in Uganda. Hence some feasible and measureable indicator(s) for
adequate stakeholder consultation could be re-considered in the planned revision of the
monitoring plan, including sex-disaggregation of these.
Possible entry points:
 A specific strategy to communicate with and obtain feedback from women and women’s
organizations may be necessary, due to their differing literacy, mobility, etc. For
example, in order to be gender-sensitive, information needs to be provided verbally in
local languages so that those who cannot read can understand it.
 Community consultations must ensure that women have the conditions they require (eg
convenient places and times for meetings, local languages) to voice their opinions. The
practice of working through traditional leaders (chiefs and headmen) does not
necessarily benefit all men and women in their communities.
 Representative groups such as Grievance Committees should include proportional
representation of women and their organizations, in order to represent the interests of
both women and men, and the gender balance of such a group should be part of
performance indicators.
18
4.2 Gender issues in training of staff and recruitment
UETCL cites an urgent need for further training in the Nkenda-Hoima PD, and has identified
several urgently needed training and capacity building programs that will help UETCL improve its
professional competence and expertise for proper management of the project. The program
will involve knowledge transfers as well as on the job training for targeted staff. One of the
indicators in the proposed monitoring system is “UETCL staff trained according to training plan”.
Training is also included in the twinning arrangement with Statnett. Opportunities for gender
integration in training and recruitment could be ensured in two ways:
4.2.1 Human resource development. Increasingly, electricity companies are adopting
equal opportunity policies to ensure that there is no unjustified discrimination in the
recruitment, retention, training and development of staff on the basis of gender as well as other
factors. There is also the recognition that unless the electricity sector is to remain a male
occupation, the talents and skills of both men and women are needed and capacity building
needs to explicitly include women, and often, provide specific support measures. At the Kenya
Policy and Light Company, for example, equal opportunity policies have been adopted to ensure
the right of all employees, customers and contractors to work and access services in an
environment which is safe, equitable, free from discrimination and harassment, and in which
everybody is respected and treated fairly.7 A European study found that some companies were
seeking to recruit women as well as men not only for equal opportunity but to address the aging
of the workforce and the need for diverse talent in a more competitive environment. 8
The UETCL mission statement includes that “UETCL shall have competent and satisfied
employees.” Special efforts may be needed to ensure women’s participation in the transmission
industry. Capacity building and retention policies would need to explicitly include women.
Otherwise the transmission industry will remain a male occupation. The talents and skills of
7
Kenya Power & Lighting Co. Ltd, Strategic Plan for Mainstreaming Gender in Kenya Power and Lighting
Company Limited 2010-2015.
8 Recommendations of the ECOTEC study for the EU state: It is clear that women remain underrepresented in the electricity
industry and there is an increasing awareness that this is to the detriment of companies in the industry.
…increasing the number of women in the industry would:
• widen the competence base and pool of talent with regard to recruitment and promotion;
• improve interpersonal and communicative skills by increasing the social competence of employees;
• enhance the organisation through a better gender mix leading to a more balanced development of the
organisation;
• generate new ideas and innovative thinking;
• promote a healthier working environment as men and women complement each other;
• keep abreast of other industries and sectors by being seen as more attractive and competitive to both
men and women, either as potential employees or customers;
• help to change negative attitudes towards equal opportunities by creating a better exchange between
men and women in the workplace;
• create new business opportunities by appealing to a wider range of clients and customers and helping
to develop a market driven culture;
• attract more young people as they will find it easier to identify with and company which is seen as
progressive because it has a good gender balance;
• create an opportunity to address the age profile of companies which tends to be high because of low
staff turnover.
19
both men and women are needed to develop the transmission industry, but pro-active
measures are needed to encourage girls to choose science and electricity sector occupations
and to encourage women in the industry.
Possible entry points:
 Special efforts may be needed to ensure women’s participation in training.
 Norplan in its appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima points out that training programs will be
arranged in order to enhance the capacity and skills of UETCL, and advises ensuring
equal prerequisites for women and men to apply for these training programs, adding
that Norplan has experience from other projects and training programs in which women
contributed to a composition of skilled employees.
 The Nkenda-Hoima training plan could include specific measures, targets, and their
monitoring, to encourage women staff to participate in training.
Twinning arrangement. In the twinning arrangement with Statnett, one conclusion from the
Appraisal of Phase II of the Institutional Co-operation between UETCL and Statnett SF was to
revise the project document, to address gender and HIV/AIDS. The Phase II PD indeed states
that “To promote equal opportunities between genders both men and women amongst the
UETCL staff should be represented in Work Groups and in the Workshops to be arranged.
Where possible, woman should be pro-actively involved in the project.” The LFA however did
not mention gender or disaggregate indicators eg workshops and committees or training by sex,
and the Annual Report for 2010 does not mention gender or women. The PD for Phase III of the
project does not include a similar activity and in fact states that it has no specific outputs on the
fight against HIV/Aids or gender but will rely on UETCL’s guidelines and sensitization programs
on these issues.
Possible entry points:
 As a first step, promotion of equal opportunities between genders among UETCL staff
could be re-instated into Phase III and the numbers of women and men staff
participating in Working Groups and Workshops could be monitored and a baseline
established.
 The question also arises from the side of the Norwegian agency, Statnett, of its internal
gender and human resources policies, and whether there are experiences or expertise
that could be shared.
4.2.2 Gender capacity of implementing agencies. In order to effectively integrate
gender into project appraisals, preparation, implementation and monitoring, the safeguards unit
that are responsible for social and environmental monitoring need to have a certain gender
capacity: a gender mandate, concept, staffing, training, sex-disaggregated indicators, etc.
Environmental authorities that play a key role in providing methodologies and reviewing and
approving EIAs need a similar capacity.
Possible entry points:
 The indicative training program proposed in Table 13 of the Nkenda-Hoima PD includes
training related to environmental and social (safeguards implementation, monitoring
and reporting, and occupational health and safety) as well as engineering, project
20




management implementation and monitoring, procurement, and financial. Gender
training could come within the planned environmental and social training.
A Project Safeguard Officer is proposed as counterpart staff to supplement the
consultant staff and for on-the-job training. However since none of the international
Consultants personnel appear to be qualified in safeguards, it is not clear how this
Officer’s capacity building would take place. This training needs to be addressed,
including capacity of the unit to carry out gender analysis and actions.
A gender component in this planned strengthening of the UETCL safeguards unit could
be considered. There might also be an opportunity to complement the training
component of the new World Bank project with a gender training module, as it also
includes capacity building of the safeguards unit.
The role of NEMA in the EIA approval process might also be strengthened through
gender capacity building.
The twinning arrangement with Statnett might also consider sharing its own experience
with carrying out EIAs and RAPs involving both women and men, if applicable.
4.3 Gender issues in impact measurement at regional/national level of
increased electricity supply and access on women and men
The ultimate goal of the transmission projects is of course economic and social development in
the country. The Impact level goal of the Nkenda-Hoima transmission line is “Increased
economic and social development in a sustainable way through increased access to affordable
electricity services,” while the Outcome level goals are “Increased access to low cost energy”
and “Improved availability and quality of power supply”. Access to electricity has been shown to
have specific benefits for women and for men, with some examples given in Table x.
Box: Some of the well documented impacts of rural electrification on women in other countries
include:
o Women in electrified households reading more (India);
o 1-2 hours per day saving in avoided journeys for battery charging, kerosene purchase,
and household activities such as grain grinding (Sri Lanka);
o Improving homework and school performance, avoiding eye problems, increased
enrolment of girls and safety from street lighting (Tunisia);
o Increased opportunities for employment of women in electrified households and greater
control over their income (Bangladesh); and
o Maternal health benefits from electrification of clinics (Philippines).
In addition, in Uganda two important potential benefits of rural electrification for women and
girls have been identified by REA:
o Security, especially for women and girls. Lighting in the night improves the general
security of a place. Women and girls are generally at higher risk of being attacked at
night and so lighting on the streets and around their homes could improve their personal
security. It is also important to note that most kitchens in rural dwellings are independent
units outside the main house. In most cases these facilities are not electrified and yet
women and girls have to stay out cooking for the rest of the family. Targeting lighting in
and around kitchen units specifically would go a long way towards improving women’s
security not only from potential attacks from people but also from wild animals, including
snakes.
o Health and safety. There have been occasional fires started in rural dwellings caused by
21
kerosene lamps or candles. The fact that most of these dwellings are grass-thatched puts
these families at even greater risk. Electricity could improve the situation.
Possible entry points:
 For Nkenda-Hoima, the Norplan appraisal suggests that UETCL should discuss the overall
wanted impact from regional/national electrification and identify some KPIs to measure
overall impact (as this is outside of the project scope). These regional/national impact
indicators could be sex-disaggregated. For example, strengthening and expanding the
transmission capacity will introduce new possibilities and increase the capacity for
public services such as schools, health services and the infrastructure in general, which
would benefit women in gender-specific ways.
 Also, the REA plans to carry out gender-sensitive baseline surveys in its new Norwegiansupported rural electrification projects, in order to demonstrate development impacts.
Gender-sensitive impact indicators have been selected in the PD.9 These surveys might
be used to establish an index of benefits to women and to men, that could be applied to
impacts from increased generation and transmission outputs, for example an increase of
100 kWh of supply due to increased access or improved availability, leads to the
establishment of x number of women-owned businesses or to x improvement in
maternal health.
9
These include eg increased employment, disaggregated by gender; schools eg increased number of
students, increased school grade average (disaggregated by gender); health facilities eg number of health
facilities connected and using electricity, change in number of women assisted in maternity units;
improved delivery of potable water, eg number of people served with safe water, number of water works
using electricity; change in # of women-owned and men-owned businesses using electricity; change in # of
electrified grain mills.
22
5 Baseline and entry points for gender integration in the Norwegian supported
transmission projects
5.1 Transmission line projects
Baseline:
The Nkenda-Hoima transmission line Project Document mentions gender in one section in
relation to spousal consent and social disruption due to increased income of men, with
reference to the RAP, and child labour with reference to the EIA. No gender-specific activities or
indicators are included however in the monitoring system, environmental and social monitoring
plan, or 2010Annual Report on RAP progress. The Uganda-DR Congo feasibility study includes a
gender section covering a number of important issues.
Possible entry points:
Potential gender entry points in transmission line projects identified in the desk review include:
- At the activity level in construction, ensuring that mitigation plans avoid negative
impacts on women as well as men; and further, provide positive impacts on both
women and men and enhance gender equality.
- at the activity and output level in training of staff, enhancing the professional
competence and knowledge of both women and men, including in gender
mainstreaming, by creating equal opportunities for women and men staff, and by
providing for gender capacity in the implementing agencies.
- at the outcome and impact levels of the project goal, the differential impacts of
increased supply and reliability of electricity on women and men could be monitored at
the national/regional level.
Gender integration at the activity level in construction could ensure that mitigation plans avoid
negative impacts on women as well as men; and further, provide positive impacts on both
women and men and enhance gender equality, by:
-
strengthening gender considerations in the EIA and RAP mitigation planning by
identifying and including specific gender-targeted activities, as part of the Norplanrecommended harmonization of the EIA, RAP and CSEAP.
adding gender indicators to the monitoring plan for EIA and RAP, and reporting on
these.
In addition, in updating the 2004 NEMA guideline for the feasibility study safeguards studies for
the energy sector, gender integration could be strengthened, perhaps following the IFC
Handbook.10 Specific gender activities and monitoring indicators could be added. For example,
the Kawanda-Masaka feasibility study has more detail on many of the safeguards issues, than
the Nkenda-Hoima safeguards studies, and it would be advisable for UETCL to adopt a standard
practice. It is not clear why the Nkenda-Hoima RAP, undated, does not follow the same model
of analysis and use the same monitoring indicators as the Kawanda-Masaka RAP, dated June
2011; both are carried out by the same consulting organization, SMEC. For example, the
10
IFC Social and Development Department, Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan.
23
Kawanda-Masaka RAP includes nearly 50 performance indicators, some of which are sexdisaggregated, while the Nkenda-Hoima RAP suggests fewer than 20 and only education and
gender of head of household of PAPs are sex-disaggregated.
Gender integration at the activity and output level in training of staff could include:
- Enhancing the professional competence and knowledge of both women and men staff,
including about gender mainstreaming
- Specific measures, targets and monitoring to encourage the participation of female staff
in training and workshops;
- specific messages to attract women in recruitment campaigns and advertisements;
- providing for gender training for safeguards units officers in UETCL and NEMA
- involve MGLSD in general education and awareness raising on gender issues for
management and staff
Annex 1 provides a table with detailed suggestions on possible gender entry points and
indicators for enhancing gender integration in transmission line projects.
Possible process and performance indicators:
Based on this analysis, key gender indicators for transmission projects could include both
process indicators and performance indicators, for example:
Process indicators such as:
- baseline situation for key gender indicators established in the feasibility study and
mitigation plans and monitored (EIA, RAP, CSEAP)
- gender integration capacity of UETCL
- human resources development of UETCL m/f staff
- participation of women and women’s organizations in policy level discussions eg Master
Plan, regional planning seminars
Performance indicators such as:
- gender-equitable land compensation and resettlement policy implemented
- local employment in construction m/f and support
- consultation with both women and men before, during and after construction
- community support activities targeted at women and men
- participation of women in training m/f
Suggestions for how these gender baseline indicators for transmission projects could be
incorporated in the EIA and RAP mitigation plans are given in Annexes 2 and 3 respectively.
According to the activities that UETCL prioritizes, these activities and indicators could be
integrated into transmission line project:
-
ToR for feasibility studies – the section on gender in the Uganda-DRC feasibility study
could be revised and used as a model
ToR for EIA and RAP and their mitigation plans
Project Documents and monitoring system
Annual Reports
24
5.2 Twinning arrangement with Statnett
Baseline:
Gender and women are not mentioned in the current Phase III Project Document for the
twinning arrangement with Statnett. One conclusion from the Appraisal of Phase II of the
Institutional Co-operation between UETCL and Statnett SF was to revise the project document,
to address gender and HIV/AIDS. The Phase II PD indeed states that “To promote equal
opportunities between genders both men and women amongst the UETCL staff should be
represented in Work Groups and in the Workshops to be arranged. Where possible, woman
should be pro-actively involved in the project.” The LFA however did not mention gender or
disaggregate indicators eg workshops and committees or training by sex, and the Annual Report
for 2010 does not mention gender or women. The PD for Phase III of the project does not
include a similar activity and in fact states that it has no specific outputs on the fight against
HIV/Aids or gender but will rely on UETCL’s guidelines and sensitization programs on these
issues.
Possible entry points:
 As a first step, promotion of equal opportunities between genders among UETCL staff
could be re-instated into Phase III and the numbers of women and men staff
participating in Working Groups and Workshops could be monitored and a baseline
established, as suggested in the Phase II Appraisal.
 The question also arises from the side of the Norwegian agency, Statnett, of its internal
gender and human resources policies, and whether there are experiences or expertise
that could be shared with UETCL.
 It could also be explored whether Statnett has its own experience with carrying out EIAs
and RAPs in Norway involving both women and men, that could be shared.
 Educating and sensitizing both Norwegian and Ugandan programme partners on gender
aspects of community impacts, environmental management and stakeholder and
community involvement could also be considered.
25
Annex 1. Possible Gender Entry Points and Indicators for Enhancing Gender Integration in Transmission Line Projects
1. Construction, including EIA, RAP, CSEAP
Effective Gender Targeted
Rationale
Activities
Gender-informed baseline and
- Sex disaggregation of beneficiary
feasibility surveys, monitoring and
indicators is essential to ensure
evaluation
equitable distributional impacts.
-Gender indicators enable the
assessment of progress towards
greater gender equality
Equitable resettlement and
compensation
-Wayleaves and resettlement
compensation targets property
owners, usually male heads of
households, which may have negative
impacts on women and children in the
household.
-Men own 93% of land in Uganda
while women provide 70% of
agricultural labour as workers and
produce mostly food for family
consumption
-Women’s land rights have been
recognized in the Land Act and Land
Acquisition Act, and spousal consent
is a requirement on all matters relating
Key Actions
Possible Indicators
- Conduct baseline and feasibility
surveys to identify current situation,
needs and constraints of households
and businesses of PAPs
disaggregated by eg male/female,
male-headed/female headed
households, women-owned/menowned businesses
- Develop relevant gender focused
indicators to assess progress towards
greater gender equality, including in
mitigation plans
- Using qualitative as well as
quantitative data collection methods
- Ensuring that times for interviews
and discussion groups fit women’s
domestic and other work schedules
- Document best practices in genderfocused actions in transmission line
projects, to use in other projects
Socio-economic indicators of
livelihoods restoration/improvements
of PAPs eg changes in:
health status
educational status
distance/access to nearest
school, health centre, church,
shop, village, water supply
-Female members of the
resettlement/compensation team, to
deal with issues of female PAPs
- Women and their organizations
represented on Village Grievance
Committees
- A communications strategy targeted
to reach women as well as men
- Spousal consent is sought in all
resettlement and wayleaves
compensation
- Preference for “land-for-land”
compensation over cash
compensation, to protect vulnerable
members of the household
- Number of households (maleheaded/female-headed) compensated
with and without spousal consent
26
Indicators of status of women:
Access to credit
Participation in training
programs
Landholding status
- Number of households (maleheaded/female-headed) compensated
with cash compensation and with inkind compensation
- Socio-economic indicators,
disaggregated by sex
Gender-sensitive prevention of
HIV/AIDS, sexual violence & child
labour
to land from which the family derives
sustenance
- Cash compensation may be abused
as women and children have little say
over family affairs
-A more participatory resettlement and
way leaves process can reduce
complaints, delays, and unintended
negative consequences
- It is widely recognized that
construction crews can facilitate the
spread of HIV/AIDS, and prevention
measures are required.
- Fewer projects address the
gendered nature of HIV/AIDS (eg
power relations of males and females
making it difficult for women to say no;
greater biological susceptibility of
women; male gender role
expectations leading to risky behavior
and gender violence).
- Prostitution, gambling, abuse of
alcohol, and STDs is expected by
communities, leading to social
disruption and social tensions with
crews
- Child labour and school dropout is
expected as children help in petty
trade to provide food and supplies to
the project workers
- Attention to female-headed
households as a vulnerable group
- Development of a livelihoods
restoration strategy that addresses
both women’s and men’s livelihoods
A comprehensive and gender-aware
strategy to deal with the public health
impacts within the community as a
result of population influx, targeting
both women and men, could be
included in the CSEAP, including:
- Hiring of local women and men, if
they have the requisite skills
- A strict code of conduct for workers
to regulate behavior in local
communities
- measures to cover community health
and safety
- an action plan to prevent spreading
of STDs
- a clear strategy both for the work
force and the general population
- components to fight transmission of
HIV/AIDS
- Public awareness campaigns using a
wider range of media to reach women
as well as men
- Workplace prevention programs
providing male and female condoms
and awareness education, including
reduction of violence towards women
- Targeting at risk groups (truckers,
construction workers and their wives,
commercial sex workers) with
eduction, testing, treatment and care
27
- Health status of women and men in
the affected areas, in relation to
HIV/AIDS, STDs, and sexual violence
- Number of school age boys/girls
involved in activities related to the
construction
Mitigate negative environmental
impacts on livelihoods of women
and men
Local employment In construction
with gender targets
- Specific environment impacts on
livelihoods identified by EIAs include
disturbance and degeneration of
wetland ecosystems, resulting in
disruptions in water quality and
availability, fisheries, crops, forest
resource, etc.
- Women rely heavily on local
agriculture and natural resources for
their livelihoods
- Women are responsible for
household systems of sanitation,
nutrition, health and childcare
- Nonfarm employment has been
identified as important route for rural
women to rise from poverty in Uganda
- Local employment reduces risk of
introduction of HIV/AIDS by migrant
construction workers
- It offers opportunities for women’s
increased contribution to household
income, decision making and
increased gender equality
- It increases sustainability through
local sense of ownership
Promote livelihood opportunities
for women and men
- Infrastructure projects can be an
opportunity for local development,
mitigating local tensions that delay
and damage lines
Stakeholder consultations with
women and men
- Public consultation that includes
females and males of different age
groups enables public support for
transmission lines
- Separate consultation of women and
men often results in practical
considerations that would be
overlooked without women’s input
- Monitor differential impacts of
environmental issues on women and
men
- Identify and mitigate water supply
sources, unprotected and protected
springs in the affected areas
- access/distance to water supply
- Assess current situation,
opportunities and barriers for women’s
participation in construction and
support work
- Skills training for women to enable
their participation
- Effective communication to
communities about employment
opportunities targeted to women as
well as men
- Possible advantage in bidding given
to contractors who employ women/
have gender training
- Explore opportunities for community
support measures, including women:
forestry, electrification, bundled
electricity/cooking packages, loan
schemes, roads/bridges
- Consult local women and men using
surveys and focus groups in feasibility
studies
- Consult regularly during construction
to get feedback on how effectively the
transmissions line project has
incorporated their suggestions
- Include women and women’s
organizations in governance and
grievance structures of the project and
Number of women and men employed
in project construction and support
28
- changes in access to natural
resources, such as fisheries and
forests, by women and men
Number of women and men PAPs
employed in project construction and
support
Number of women-owned and menowned businesses involved in project
activities and supply
Number of women and men trained
- Employment and income generated
through community support measures,
for women and men
- Number of focus groups with
women, men, mixed conducted per
village
- Number of women actively
participating in meetings
- Number of women representatives in
governance and grievance structures
in project evaluation
- A communications strategy targeted
at both women and men
2. Training of staff
Effective Gender Targeted
Activities
Equal opportunity in human
resource development
Building gender capacity of
implementing organizations
3. Regional/national impacts
Measuring impacts of increased
electricity supply and access on
women and men
11
Rationale
Key Actions
Possible Indicators
- UETCL has identified urgently
needed training and capacity building
programs for its staff
- Increasingly, electricity companies
eg KPLC, BPC are adopting equal
opportunity policies to promote talents
and skills of both women and men
- Phase II of the Statnett training
arrangement sought to promote equal
opportunities between genders in
Working Groups and Workshops
- In order to effectively integrate
gender actions into project appraisals,
preparation, implementation, and
monitoring, the safeguards unit
responsible for social and
environmental monitoring needs a
certain gender capacity
- The indicative training program for
Nkenda-Hoima includes training
related to safeguards implementation,
monitoring and reporting, and
occupational health and safety
- female staff can deal most effectively
with problems of female PAPs
- Promotion of equal opportunities
between genders among staff to
participate in working groups and
workshops
- Explore with twinning arrangement
whether the Norwegian partner has
experiences or expertise to share on
its internal gender and human
resources policies
Number of staff trained (m/f)
- A gender training component could
be included in planned capacity
building of the safeguards unit
- The environmental authority may
also be strengthened with gender
training
- Female staff included in resettlement
teams
# and % of staff trained in gender
integration, at different levels
-The impact level goal of transmission
projects is increased economic and
social development in a sustainable
way through increased access to
affordable electricity services
- Overall impact indicators of
increased electricity availability and
quality can be sex-disaggregated
where possible and include genderrelevant indicators
Increased employment, disaggregated
by gender11
Number of staff participating in
Working Groups and Workshops (m/f)
# of female staff in resettlement teams
Schools eg increased number of
students, increased school grade
These indicators are excerpted from the Logframe for the most recent Norwegian-supported rural electrification projects by REA.
29
-Access to electricity has been shown
to have specific benefits for women
and for men
-The Norplan appraisal suggests that
UETCL discuss the overall wanted
impact from regional/national
electrification and identify some KPIs
to measure overall impact (as this is
outside project scope)
- Gender-sensitive baseline surveys
planned by REA could be helpful to
establish development impacts
average (disaggregated by gender)
Health facilities eg number of health
facilities connected and using
electricity, change in number of
women assisted in maternity units
Improved delivery of potable water, eg
number of people served with safe
water, number of water works using
electricity
Change in # of women-owned and
men-owned businesses using
electricity
Change in # of electrified grain mills
30
Annex 2: Identification of Possible Gender-Sensitive Indicators for the Nkenda-Hoima EIA Mitigation Plan12
Biophysical and
Social impact
Proposed Mitigation and
Aspects for Monitoring
Monitoring Indicators, with possible gender-sensitive
adjustments
Loss of crops
within
construction
corridor
Both male and female farmers
should be notified in advance
Documentation of lost crops
with quantities and quality
Restrict movement of
Equipment
Valuation of lost property
Compensate affected persons
both men and women
Evidence of reasonable
compensation of the affected
people
Number of people (male/female)
compensated with and without spousal consent and compensated with
cash versus in-kind compensation
Additional possibilities for
gender-sensitive indicators
Socio-economic indicators of
livelihoods
restoration/improvement of
PAPs (m/f):13
Changes in health status
Changes in to educational status
Changes in distance/access to
nearest school, health centre,
church, shop, village
Changes in water supply access
Changes to status of women
(m/f):
Date of compensation
Livelihood restoration
strategy that addresses both women’s and men’s livelihoods
Number of male-headed and female-headed (MHH/FHH) households
supported by the livelihood
restoration strategy
12
Participation in training
programs
Use of credit facilities
Landholding status
Number of affected people (m/f)
employed in the project
The Monitoring Indicators used here are those in the proposed simplified Norplan monitoring plan in Annex 5 of the Norplan appraisal, plus
the indicators relating to stakeholder consultation in the PD monitoring plan which were not included in the Norplan plan, highlighted in blue.
Gender-sensitive suggestions to the current text are printed in red.
13
A full range of socio-economic indicators of homestead members is given in Table 17 of the Kawanda-Masaka RAP
31
construction
Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision:
Number of sensitization workshops conducted per village, targeting
and with active participation of both women and men
Evidence of a thorough gender-sensitive RAP
Absence of intimidation by UETCL and contractor to the affected
people both women and men
Magnitude of conflicts arising, by women and by men
Spot alteration
of agricultural
land use,
grassland and
wetlands by
Tower spots
Tower shifting should be used
to minimize adverse impacts
of the tower sites
Options considered’
Compensate affected Persons
both men and women
Number of injurious cases (m/f)
Areas altered
Evidence of sorting out the
injurious cases
Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision:
Attitudes of the local population both women and men towards the
contractor and staff
Number of complaints brought up against the contractor by women
and men
Contractors relationship with the district and local leaders, both
women and men
Absence of intimidation of women and men
Loss of Land to
the power line
in the corridor
UETCL to work with district
and local council committees
and sensitize all people both
women and men to be affected
on the intentions of land
acquisition
Documentation of size of
land lost per household (MHH/FHH)
Valuation of lost land
Evidence of compensation
32
Number of women-owned and
men-owned businesses involved
in project activities and supply
UETCL to conduct a gendersensitive RAP
Number of people (m/f)
compensated with and without spousal consent and with cash
compensation versus in-kind compensation
Date of compensation
Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision:
Level and number of stakeholder involvement from the village level
up to district level, targeting and with active participation of both
women and men
Presence of evaluation and dispute management committees with
representation of both women and men
Evidence of a detailed gender-sensitive RAP
Magnitude of conflicts and disputes arising, by women and by men
Displacement of
built up
structures
(homes, Kiosks,
commercial
buildings,
latrines) by the
Right of Way
and Way leave
UETCL to work with local
district committees
UETCL to a conduct a
detailed Resettlement Action
Plan (RAP) in accordance with
World Bank Group and its
Safeguard Policies
All sorts of compensation to
be effected at least 6 months
before structures are
demolished.
Documentation of structures
lost per household (MHH/FHH)
Evidence of compensation
Number of people (m/f)
compensated with and without spousal consent and with cash
compensation versus in-kind compensation
Date of compensation
Presence of evaluation and dispute management
committees from village level to district level with adequate
representation of both women and men
Nature of conflicts and Disputes
33
Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision:
Number of sensitization workshops conducted per village targeting
and with active participation of both women and men
Level and number of stakeholder involvement from the village level
up to district level, targeting and with active participation of both
women and men
Magnitude of conflicts and disputes arising during and before project
implementation, by women and by men
Psychological
impacts such as
stress, trauma,
shock and fear
associated with
displacement
and
resettlement
Sensitize affected
women and men in advance
using all appropriate forms of
media taking differing literacy,
mobility etc into account.
Compensate the affected
women and men in compliance
with Ugandan legislation,
IFC’s Performance Standard 5
and WB OP 4.12.
Consultative and information
sharing meetings between
the project and local
authorities, with adequate representation of both women and men
Grievances registered, sorted
and pending (m/f)
Understanding of complaint
forwarding procedures by the
PAPs (m/f)
Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision:
Level of awareness depicted by the local people both men and
women in regard to the project
Extent of curiosity expressed by the locals and the affected people
both men and women
Presence of intimidation of women and men
Willingness to talk about and criticize the project by the affected
people both women and men
Number of conflicts and disputes from the affected people , both
women and men, on the project
Loss of
Restrict movement of
Areas restored after
34
vegetation and
animal habitats
by vehicle
traffic, clearing
of Way leaves
and access
roads.
equipment to designated path
ways
Adjust tower intervals to avoid
ecologically sensitive areas
UETCL to make financial and
or material contribution
towards local environmental
programs.
UETCL to offset the
biodiversity lost
Construction
Local employment in tree
planting (m/f)
Number of ecologically
sensitive sites spared.
UETCL budget to
environmental programs
Environmental protection
programs implemented
Number of trees planted by
implementing agencies
Level of involvement of
UETCL in tree planting
project
Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision:
Attitude of the local people both men and women towards the
contractor and the UETCL
Disturbance
and
degeneration of
wetland
ecosystems
Increasing spacing of towers
so as to reduce the number of
towers in wetlands
Use low ground-pressure
construction equipment
Child Labor
All children below 18
years should not be
involved.
Number of towers within the wetlands
Number of access roads
Presence of wetland permits from WID
Consultation indicators in the PD but not in the Norplan revision:
Level of involvement of both male and female local leaders
Number of children (boys/girls) involved
in activities related to the
construction of this 220KV
power line
35
Annex 3: Possible gender indicators for a RAP monitoring system (Excerpt from NkendaHoima PD p104, with gender suggestions printed in red)
The evaluation system will be based on:
Process indicators that measure effectiveness of processes (consultation, grievance) and inputs
like people, equipment and materials and identify areas where improvements to existing processes
are required. These may include the following:

Transparency of the implementation process.

Adequacy of staff and capacity of the implementation agencies. Including gender capacity
and balance

Effectiveness of the grievance process for women and for men

Adequacy and effectiveness of Public Consultation process including women and women’s
organizations

Effectiveness of the Internal Monitoring Mechanism.

Compliance of the resettlement process with Ugandan law and international standards
(World Bank, IFC), including spousal consent under the Land Act
b)
Outcome indicators that assess the effectiveness of the resettlement and changes have
occurred to the communities’ standard of living. Key indicators are outlined in Table 22.
Table 22: Outcome Indicators disaggregated by female-headed and male-headed households
(FHH/MHH) and by male/female (m/f) as appropriate
Category
Assets
Indicator
Change in housing quality
MHH/FHH
Change in house ownership
Change in number/access/size of outbuildings
Change in access to distant land plots/ homestead land
Employment
Change in number of people employed
36
Category
MHH/FHH
Indicator
Change in the number of ‘vulnerable’ people unemployed
Change in the stability of income (e.g. from full-time to part time employment)
Income
Change in the average income per person, per household
MHH/FHH
Change in source of income
Employment
by the project
Number of affected people (m/f) employed in the project construction
Number of women-owned and men-owned businesses involved in project activities and supply
Expenditure
Change in expenditure/ time spent on travel (to work, healthcare, markets,
MHH/FHH
extracurricular activities, cultural sites, kindergarten )
Change in expenditure on healthcare, kindergarten, household goods, livestock
produce)
Infrastructure
Changes in access to entertainment/ community facilities/water supply/grain mills
MHH/FHH
Change in access to/ quality of healthcare, education, kindergarten, markets,
transportation
Availability of extracurricular activities at school
Health m/f
Change in frequency/ type of health problems, frequency of accessing healthcare
Education
Change in number of children (boys and girls) attending kindergarten/ boarding school
Community
Change in type/ frequency of interactions
Networks m/f
Change in support received within the community
Status of
Access to credit
women
Participation in training programs
Landholding status
37
Annex 4: List of resources consulted
A. UETCL and Norway project-related documents
UETCL, Nkenda-Hoima 220kV Power Transmission Line Project, Project Application Document, September
2011.
Norplan, Appraisal of Nkenda-Hoima Transmission Line; Project Document and TOR for the Supervision
Consultancy Services, Uganda, Final report, December 2011.
SMEC, Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Hoima-Fort Portal-Nkenda 220kV Power
Transmission Line, Report to UETCL, August 2011.
UETCL, Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the Proposed Hoima-Fort Portal-Nkenda 220kV Power
Transmission Line, Report to UETCL, January 2011.
UETCL, Project Implementation Department: Environment Section, Nkenda-Fort Portal-Hoima
Transmission Line Project, RAP Implementation Progress Report, December 2011.
Statement of requirements, TOR for the Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) and the Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) for the Proposed Hoima-Kafu 220kV Transmission Line and Related Substations.
Statement of requirements, ToR for the Feasibility Study for Hoima-Kafu 220kV Transmission Line and
Related Substations
Mirama-Kikagati-Nsongezi 132kV Transmission Line, Project Profile.
RFP, Nile Basin Initiative Nile Equatorial lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP), Uganda – DR Congo
Power Transmission Line Study, Feasibility Study, December 2011.
World Bank, Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Credit in the Amount of SDR74.1 Million to the
Repbulic of Uganda for an Electricity Sector Development Project, May 31, 2011.
Kawanda-Masaka Transmission Line Electricity Sector Development Project, Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP), www.smec.com, June 2011.
Statnett, Project Document, Twinning project between Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Ltd
(UETCL) and Statnett SF, Phase III 2012-2015, Draft 08/12/2011.
Scanteam, Review Phase I and Appraisal Phase II of the UETCL-Statnett Twinning Arrangement for
Capacity Development Uganda, 2008.
Project Document for Institutional Cooperation between UETCL and Statnett Phase II 2009-2011.
ETC/ENERGIA, Gender mainstreaming in rural electrification projects in Uganda: Initial scoping mission,
Final report to the Rural Electrification Agency (REA), Ministry of Energy & Mineral Development,
Government of Uganda and the Norwegian Embassy, Kampala, September 2011.
Kamilla Kolshus, Norwegian Embassy in Kampala’s effort within the area of Women’s Rights and Gender
Equality in Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Assistance (2011-2013).
38
B. Other resource documents
Dora Carias, Local Development as a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment, CS32_community_carias.pdf, EIA for the Reventazon Hydropower Project in Costa Rica
ECOTEC Research & Consulting, The impact of restructuring on women in the electricity industry: A final
report for EURELECTRIC, EPSU & EMCEF, 1999.
Ellis, Amanda, Claire Manuel, and C. Mark Blackden, (2010) Gender and Economic Growth in Uganda:
Unleashing the Power of Women, The World Bank, Washington, DC.
IFC Social and Development Department, Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan.
Kenya Power & Lighting Co. Ltd, Strategic Plan for Mainstreaming Gender in Kenya Power and Lighting
Company Limited 2010-2015.
MEMD (2007) The Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda, 2007. Government of Uganda
MEMD, The Energy Policy for Uganda, 2002.
Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Millennium Development Goals Report for
Uganda: Special theme: Accelerating progress towards improving maternal health, September 2010.
Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (2007) The Uganda Gender Policy. Governement of
Uganda
Pro-Biodiversity Conservationists in Uganda (PROBICOU), Key issues in Uganda’s energy sector,
International Institute for Environment & Development, London, UK, 2011.
Republic of Uganda, National Development Plan (2011/10-2014/15), April 2010.
World Bank Social Development & Infrastructure Departments, Making Transport Work for Women and
Men: Tools for Task Teams, World Bank, Washington DC , December 2010.
39