Introduction
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJ4GR
H81H_A
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS IN THE
CHILDBEARING CLIENT
Developed by
D. Ann Currie , R.N., M.S.N.
2012
ENIVRONMENTAL FACTORS
• EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS AGENTS
OR FACTORS
• OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
• HOME
• COMMUNITY
• RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
• EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS HAZARDOUS
AGENTS IN DIFFERENT WORK
SETTINGS THAT CAN EFFECT THE
INDIVIDUAL,THE DEVELOPING
FETUS,THE PREGNANCY’S
OUTCOME,NEONATE, AND
REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
• WOMEN ARE A PART OF THE LABOR
FORCE
• THE NUMBER OF WOMEN ARE
INCREASING IN THE LABOR FORCE
BETWEEN 18-64
• WOMEN ARE IN CIVIL AND MILITARY
JOBS
• VARIOUS TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS.
EPA
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY- FEDERAL AGENCY.
• IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS WHICH MAYBE HAZARDOUS
• INDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES
• PROTECTION OF PUBLIC AND
WORKERS
EPA
• HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS AGENTS
• STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS AGENTS
• MSDS-MATERIAL SAFETY DATA
SHEETS-BY LAW EACH COMPANY
MUST HAVE THESE AVAILABLE FOR
EMPLOYEES TO READ ON EACH
CHEMICAL/HAZARDOUS AGENT.
• DEPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
HAZARDOUS AGENTS AND
THEIR EFFECTS ON
REPRODUCTION
ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETO
HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONS
HEAVY METALS
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
IONIZING RADIATION
PESTICIDES
HERBICIDES
ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETO
• USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF
ETHYLENE GLYCOL-FOR
ANTIFREEZE,POLYESTER FIBER,
FILMS, & DETERGENTS.
• USED IN STERILIZING EQUIPMENT &
SUPPLIES IN HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES
ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETO
• USED A FUMIGANT IN MEDICAL
PRODUCTS,FOODSTUFFS,IN
LIBRARIES,& MUSEUMS
• EXPOSURE- HX OF EXPOSURE
DURING ALL STAGES OF CELL
DIVISION IS IMPORTANT
• EFFECTS- MAY PRODUCE MUTAGENIC
EFFECTS OR SPONTANEOUS
ABORTIONS
HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONS
• USED IN THE LAUNDRY AND DRY
CLEANING INDUSTRIES AND RUBBER
INDUSTRIES.
• EXPOSURE- OF THE MOTHER OR
FATHER TO
TERACHOROETHYLENE,VINYL
CHLORIDE, CHOROPRENE MAY
PRODUCE NEGATIVE EFFECTS.
HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONS
• EFFECTS- EXPOSURE TO THESE
AGENTS HAVE
MUTAGENIC,TERATOGENIC, OR
CARINOGENIC EFFECTS.
• MATERNAL &/or PATERNAL EXPOSURE
BEFORE PREGNANCY MAY HAVE
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON PRGNANCY
HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONS-EFFECTS
• EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY
CAN HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON
THE PREGNANCY OR FETUS.
• LOSS OF PREGNANCY.
• EARLY FETAL DEATH
• SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.
• STILLBORNS
• BIRTH DEFECTS.
HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONS-EFFECTS.
• WOMEN ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO
THE EFFECTS OF THESE
SUBSTANCES.
• INCREASED RISK OF CANCER IN
WOMEN EXPOSED TO THESE
AGENTS.
HEAVY METALS
• CADIUM
• LEAD
• MERCURY
CADMIUM
• USED IN
BATTERIES,PIGMENTS/PAINTS,
SOLDERING LIQUIDS,
SEMICONDUCTORS, PHOTOCELLS,
INSECTICIDES, AND FUNGICIDES.
• *cadmium is in cigarettes b/o insecticides
used in growing tobacco
CADMIUM
• EXPOSURE ANYTIME DURING
PREGNANCY ESPECIALLY IN FIRST
TRIMESTER CAN NEGATIVE EFFECTS.
• EFFECTS-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS
PREMATURE BIRTHS
• CAN DECREASE MALE FERTILITY
LEAD
• USED IN GASOLINE,
BATTERIES,PAINTS, INK,
CERAMICS/POTTERY, AMMUNITION,
AND TEXTILES.
• EXPOSURE CAN OCCUR IN STAIN
GLASS ARTISTS,AUTOMOTIVE&/or
AIRCRAFT PAINTERS TOO.
• EXPOSURE AT ANYTIME IN
PREGNANCY
LEAD
• EFFECTS-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS
PREMATURE BIRTHS,EARLY FETAL
DEATHS, FETAL DEATHS,IMPAIRED
NEUROLOGIC
DEVELOPMENT,COGNITIVE
IMPAIRMENT(MENTAL RETARDATION)
LEAD
• EFFECTS- PREMATURE BIRTHS , LOW
BIRTH WEIGHT, DECREASED MENTAL
DEVELOPMENT
MERCURY
• USED IN MECURY VAPOR
LAMPS,PAINT,AND THERMOMETERS.
• EXPOSPURE AT ANYTIME TO AGENT
DURING PREGNACY ESPECIALLY
FIRST TRIMESTER.
• EFFECT-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS,
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES,AND
CP
ORGANIC SOLVENTSBENZENE
• USED IN CHEMICAL LABORATORIES.
• EXPOSURE TO AGENTS CAN
PRODUCE-TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
OR CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS.
• TERATOGENIC EFFECTS CAN HAPPEN
DURING EARLY UNDIFFERENTIATION
PHASE.
IONIZING RADIATION
• USED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND
THERAPEUTICAL PROCEDURES IN
THE HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY
• AIRPORT SECURITY
• SECURITY FOR BUILDINGS.
• X-RAYS…...
IONIZING RADIATION
• TIME OF EXPOSURE MAY EFFECT THE
PREGNANCY/FETUS
• MAY EFFECT FERTILITY IN BOTH MEN
AND WOMEN.
• IF PREGNANT-A WOMENS EXPOSURE
SHOULD NOT EXCEED 1.5 RAD
DURING PREGNANCY.
•
IONIZING RADIATION
• EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE-HIGH
DOSES- SPONTANEOUS ABORTION,
LATE FETAL DEATH, NEONATAL
DEATH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT,
MICROCEPHALY,MENTAL
RETARDATION,INCREASE RISK OF
CHILHOOD MORTALITY
• INCREASE RISK OF CANCER
IONIZING RADIATION
• EFFECTS-DECREASE FERTILITY IN
MEN AND WOMEN.
• CHROMOSONAL ABERRATIONS
• LOW DOSES- ALTERED SEX RATIO,
CHILDHOOD
MALIGANCIES,CHILDHOOD
MORTALITY
VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS
• ??? DANGER OF VDT IS INCONCLUSVE
FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED
PESTICIDES-CHORINATED
HYDROCARBONSCHLORDANE
• USED IN CONTROLLING UNWANTED
INSECTS IN CROPS, HOME, BUSINESS.
• FARMWORKERS MAYBE EXPOSED
MORE
• EXPOSURE AT ANY STAGE OF
PREGNANCY.
• EFFECTS-MUTAGENIC,
CARCINOGENIC,TERATOGENIC.&
DECREASE FERTILITY.
HERBICIDES-2T,4T,5T
• USED IN CONTROLLING UNWANTED
VEGETATION--WEEDS.
• EXPOSURE IN FIRST TRIMESTER.
• EFFECTS- TERATOGENIC,
SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS.
• *agent orange-herbicide used in Vietnamreproductive problems and other health
problems-DM,GI problems, etc.
WASTE ANESTHETIC
AGENTSHALOGENATED GASES
• USED IN HEALTH CARE AREAS SUCH
AS HOSPITALS/SURGERY,DENTAL
OFFICES,VETERINIAN CLINICS FOR
ANESTHETIA
• EXPOSURE IN ANY STAGE INCLUDING
BEFORE PREGNANCY.
* ALSO ALL
HEALTH CARE WORKERS SHOULD
HAVE CBC, LIVER STUDIES.
WASTE ANESTHETIC
AGENTS
• EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE-EARLY
FETAL DEATHS, ALTERED SEX
RATIO,LATE FETAL FETAL DEATHS,
LOW BIRTH WEIGHTS,BIRTH
DEFECTS,MUTAGENIC,TERATOGENIC,
CARCINOGENIC, DECREASED
FERTILITY IN MEN
• GASES TEND TO DECREASE B
VITAMINS
NOISE
• AMOUNT OR LEVEL ?
• SEEN IN MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES,HEAVY
MACHINERY/EQUIPMENT
OPERATION,ENVIRONMENT,AND
PERFORMING(ROCK CONCERTS)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_xe1U
naZeg
NOISE
• EXPOSURE-TO MORE THAN 85
DECIBELS(dB),CUMULATIVE
EXPOSURE
• UNCERTAIN WHICH TIME IS MOST
CRITICAL----POSSIBLY ALL STAGES.
NOISE EFFECTS
•
•
•
•
SGA-GROWTH RESTRICTION
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
PREMATURITY
CHILD HAVING HIGH FREGUENCY
HEARING LOSS
• DECREASED FERTILITY
• SPONTANEOUS ABORTION
• CONGENITAL ABNOMALIES
NOISE LEVELS
• 30DB-QUIET
LIBRARY/SOFT
WHISPER
• 40DB-QUIET
OFFICE/BEDROOM
AWAY FROM
TRAFFIC
• 50DB-LIGHT
TRAFFIC,REFRIGER
ATOR.
• 60DB-AIR
CONDITIONER@20F
T.,CONVERSATION,SEWING
MACHINE
• 70DB- BUSY
TRAFFIC, NOISY
RESTAURANTCONSTANT.
NOISE LEVELS
• 80DBSUBWAY,HEAVY
CITY
TRAFFIC,ALARM
CLOCK @
2ft.,FACTORY
NOISE*DANGEROUS IF
MORE THAN 8HRS.
• 90DB- TRUCK
TRAFFIC,NOISY
HOME
APPLIANCES,SHOP
TOOLS,LAWN
MOWER* DANGEROUS IF
MORE THAN 2HRS.
NOISE LEVELS
• 100DB- CHAINSAW, BOILER SHOP
PNEUMATIC DRILL*dangerous if more than 2 hrs.
OTHER FACTORS
•
•
•
•
TEMPERATUREInternal
External
PHYSICAL
DEMANDS-
QUESTIONS
THANK YOU
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw7gP
mOGxIY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sx1I979
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