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Topic 8
Motivation
DDG 1223
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
1
REV 01
Motivation
- The willingness to exert high levels of effort to
reach organizational goals, conditioned by
the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual
need.
Unsatisfied
Need
Tension
Drives
Search
behavior
DDG 1223
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Satisfied
need
Reduction
of
tension
2
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Best known motivational theory introduced by
Abraham Maslow.
- He stated that within every human being
exists a hierarchy of five types of needs.
Self-actualization – growth, self-fulfillment, etc.
Esteem – self-respect, achievement, etc.
Social – affection, belongingness, etc.
Safety – security and protection
Physiological – Food, drinks, shelter, etc
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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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McGregor’s Theory X and Y
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Theory X - The assumption that employees
dislike work, are lazy, seek to avoid
responsibility, and must be coerced to
perform.
Theory Y – The assumption that employees are
creative, seek responsibility, and can
exercise self-direction.
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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
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- He suggested emphasizing to the hygiene
factors (working conditions, salary , etc) will
motivate people on their jobs. Those are the
factors that increase job satisfaction.
McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory
- The needs for achievement (nAch), power
(nPow) and affiliation (nAff) are major motives
in work.
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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
- An individual tends to act in a certain way,in
the expectation that the act will be followed by
given outcome, and according to the
attractiveness of that outcome.
- Variables: Effort-performance linkage,
performance-reward linkage, and
attractiveness.
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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Designing Motivating Jobs
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Job Enlargement - The horizontal expansion of
a job; an increase in job scope.
Job enrichment – Vertical expansion of a job by
adding planning and evaluating
responsibilities.
Job characteristics model (JCM) – A framework
for analyzing and designing jobs; identifies
five primary job characteristics, their
interrelationships, and their impact on
outcome variables.
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PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Motivating a Diverse Workforce
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•
•
•
•
•
Professionals employees
Technical employees
Contingent workers
Low-skilled workers
Minimum-wage workers
Motivating a diverse workforce means that
managers must be flexible enough to
accommodate culture differences.
DDG 1223
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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