The ACM Transactions (acmtrans) bibliography
style
Glenn Paulley
Andrew W. Appel
David M. Jones
Rebecca L. Davies
30 October 1997
Version 1.5 β
Contents
1 Introduction
1
2 Further features of acmtrans
2
3 Modifications and bug fixes from newapa.bst
3
4 To-do list
3
5 The docstrip modules
4
6 The macros
6.1 The field names and useful utilities
6.2 The entry types . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1 The article type . . . . .
6.2.2 The book type . . . . . . .
6.2.3 The booklet type . . . . .
6.2.4 The inbook type . . . . . .
6.2.5 The incollection type . .
6.2.6 The inproceedings type .
6.2.7 The conference type . . .
6.2.8 The manual type . . . . . .
6.2.9 The mastersthesis type .
6.2.10 The misc type . . . . . . .
6.2.11 The phdthesis type . . . .
6.2.12 The proceedings type . . .
6.2.13 The techreport type . . .
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4
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c
1995,
all rights reserved. Copying of this file is authorized only if either (1)
you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or (2) if you do
make changes, you name it something other than “acmtrans.bst”. There are undoubtably bugs in this style. Please send any bug reports, suggestions for improvements, etc., to [email protected].
1
6.3
6.4
1
6.2.14 The unpublished type .
6.2.15 The default.type type
Standard abbreviations . . . .
Sorting the entries . . . . . . .
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29
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31
Introduction
This is the acmtrans BibTEX style, which is based Glenn Paulley’s chicago bibliography style (for further information about the history of this code, please see
the comments in chicago.bst). The acmtrans style was hacked by Andrew W.
Appel and Rebecca L. Davies of Princeton University, and further modified and
reworked by David M. Jones.
This style implements an “author-year” bibliography format, where in-text
citations have the general form “[author name(s) year]” and the Reference list is
sorted alphabetically by the author or whatever passes for author in the absence
of one. The style also supports abbreviated author lists in citations.
This style must be supplemented by some TEX macros to process the citation
information generated by acmtrans. The citation information deposited in the
bibliography has the following format:
\citeauthoryear{hfull-author-infoi}{habbrev-author-infoi}{hyear i}
The LATEX style should define something like the following:
\let\@internalcite\cite
\def\fullcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1 ##3}\@internalcite}
\def\fullciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1}\@internalcite}
\def\shortcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2 ##3}\@internalcite}
\def\shortciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2}\@internalcite}
\def\citeyear{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##3}\@internalcite}
Additional commands to manipulate different components of a citation can be
defined so that, for example, you can list author’s names without parentheses if
using a citation as a noun or object in a sentence. See the acmart document class
for a more complete example.
In order to provide more flexibility for use with both LATEX 2.09 and LATEX 2ε ,
acmtrans uses the following macros for all font changes:
\bibsc for small caps
\bibemph for italics without an italic correction
\bibemphic for italics with an italic correction at the end.
For LATEX 2ε , the following is appropriate:
\let\bibsc\textsc
\let\bibemph\emph
\let\bibemphic\emph
For LATEX 2.09, the following should do:
\newcommand{\bibsc}[1]{{\sc#1}}
\newcommand{\bibemph}[1]{{\em#1}}
\newcommand{\bibemphic}[1]{{\em#1\/}}
2
One further macro, \bibyear, is needed, to format the year. The following definition is used in the acmart class. See the comments before output.year.check
below and before \bibyear in acmart for more information.
\newcommand{\bibyear}[2]{%
\unskip\quad\ignorespaces#1\unskip
\if#2. .\quad \else \quad#2 \fi
}
These TEX macro definitions are found in the acmart document class.
2
Further features of acmtrans
• full names used in citations, but abbreviated citations are available (see
above)
• if an entry has a “month”, then the month and year are also printed as part
of that bibitem.
• all conjunctions use “and” instead of “&”
• major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that only the
first author in a reference appears last name first- additional authors appear
as J. Q. Public.
• pages are listed as “pp. xx-xx” in all entry types except article entries.
• book, inbook, and manual use “location: publisher” (or organization) for
address and publisher. All other types list publishers separately.
• “pp.” are used to identify page numbers for all entry types except articles.
• organization is used as a citation label if neither author nor editor is present
(for manuals).
• “et al.” is used for long author and editor lists, or when “others” is used.
3
Modifications and bug fixes from newapa.bst
• added month, year to bib entries if month is present
• fixed bug with In proceedings, added necessary comma after title
• all conjunctions changed to “and” from “&”
• fixed bug with author labels in my.full.label: “et al.” now is generated when
“others” is an author name
• major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that only
the first author in a reference appears last name first—additional authors
appear as J. Q. Public.
• pages are listed as “pp. xx-xx” in all entry types except article entries.
Unnecessary (IMHO) “()” around page numbers were removed, and page
numbers now don’t end with a period.
3
• created chicago.sty for use with this bibstyle (required).
• fixed bugs in format.vol.num.pages for missing volume, number, and/or
pages. Renamed to format.jour.vol.
• fixed bug in formatting booktitles: additional period an error if book has a
volume.
• fixed bug: editors usually given redundant period before next clause
(format.editors.dot) removed.
• added label support for organizations, if both author and editor are missing
(from alpha.bst). If organization is too long, then the key field is used for
abbreviated citations.
• In proceedings or books of several volumes, no comma was written between
the “Volume x” and the page numbers (this was intentional in newapa.bst).
Fixed.
• Some journals may not have volumes/numbers, only month/year (eg. IEEE
Computer). Fixed bug in article style that assumed volume/number was
always present.
4
To-do list
Here are a few of the many things that need to be done to finish this style file.
• Figure out what, if any, copyright notice should cover this file.
• Decide what parts of the above documentation to keep. Sort out credit
issues.
• Get style rules from ACM and implement them.
• Implement format.proc.publisher and sort out other issues mentioned in
connection with inproceedings.
• Sort out format.key business.
• Munge month to standardize month abbreviations when authors fail to use
the standard strings.
• Sort out journal abbreviations.
• Make .bbl file look more like what the ACM wants for its automatic conversion programs. (In fact, we could output SGML code directly for them,
if they’d tell us what they want.)
• Rewrite macrocode to index BST macros.
5
The docstrip modules
This code uses the following modules:
xref
driver
use crossrefs in the bibliography
generate a driver file for the documentation
4
6
The macros
6.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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9
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13
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15
16
17
The field names and useful utilities
ENTRY
{ address
author
booktitle
chapter
edition
editor
howpublished
institution
journal
key
month
note
number
organization
pages
publisher
In addition to the standard fields, we introduce three new fields, pub-year,
pub-month and pub-address. These are for use in proceedings, where the year,
month and address fields normally refer to the date and location of the conference
rather than the publisher. For compatibility with the standard BibTEX styles, we
introduce new fields for the publisher information rather than the conference information, although it would probably be more logical for the existing fields always
to refer to the publisher and to introduce new fields for the conference information.
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pub-year
pub-month
pub-address
school
series
title
type
volume
year
}
{}
{ label.year extra.label sort.year sort.label }
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INTEGERS {
output.state
before.all
mid.sentence
after.sentence
after.block
}
init.state.consts
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FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 ’before.all :=
#1 ’mid.sentence :=
#2 ’after.sentence :=
5
#3 ’after.block :=
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}
44
STRINGS { s t u }
output.nonnull
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52
53
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60
61
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64
65
output.nonnull.colon
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ ’s :=
output.state mid.sentence =
{ ", " * write$ }
{ output.state after.block =
{ add.period$ write$
newline$
"\newblock " write$
}
{ output.state before.all =
’write$
{ add.period$ " " * write$ }
if$
}
if$
mid.sentence ’output.state :=
}
if$
s
}
Use a colon to separate output. Used only for address/publisher combination in
book/inbook types, address/institution for manuals, and organization:publisher
for proceedings (inproceedings).
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83
84
85
FUNCTION {output.nonnull.colon}
{ ’s :=
output.state mid.sentence =
{ ": " * write$ }
{ output.state after.block =
{ add.period$ write$
newline$
"\newblock " write$
}
{ output.state before.all =
’write$
{ add.period$ " " * write$ }
if$
}
if$
mid.sentence ’output.state :=
}
if$
s
}
output
86
87
FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
6
’pop$
’output.nonnull
if$
88
89
90
91
}
92
FUNCTION {output.colon}
{ duplicate$ empty$
’pop$
’output.nonnull.colon
if$
}
output.colon
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94
95
96
97
warn.null
Issue a warning message if a field is empty.
98
99
100
101
FUNCTION {warn.null}
{
"empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$
}
output.check
102
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105
106
107
108
109
110
field.or.null.check
FUNCTION {output.check}
{
’t :=
duplicate$
empty$
{ pop$ t warn.null }
’output.nonnull
if$
}
field.or.null.check is similar to field.or.null, but it also issues a warning
if the field is null.
111
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113
114
115
116
117
118
119
FUNCTION {field.or.null.check}
{
’t :=
duplicate$
empty$
{ pop$ "" t warn.null }
’skip$
if$
}
output.check.colon
126
FUNCTION {output.check.colon}
{ ’t :=
duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ t warn.null }
’output.nonnull.colon
if$
}
127
FUNCTION {new.block}
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123
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125
new.block
7
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132
{ output.state before.all =
’skip$
{ after.block ’output.state := }
if$
}
new.sentence
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136
137
138
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140
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142
143
output.year.check
FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{
output.state after.block =
’skip$
{ output.state before.all =
’skip$
{ after.sentence ’output.state := }
if$
}
if$
}
This is somewhat nasty. We need to put a quad space around the year. Unfortunately, the obvious thing (i.e., putting out “\quadhyear i\quad”) won’t work
because the next call to output will add a period after the second \quad. Because
of the way BibTEX writes things, it would be difficult to get the \quad in the right
place, so instead we cheat by wrapping the year in the macro \bibyear, which is
defined in acmart to look ahead one character and, if necessary, move the period
before the second quad space.
This should be thought about some more.
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149
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FUNCTION {output.year.check}
{ year empty$
{ "year" warn.null }
{ add.period$ write$
" \bibyear{" year * extra.label * "}" *
mid.sentence ’output.state :=
}
if$
}
fin.entry
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154
155
156
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FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
write$
newline$
}
not
162
FUNCTION {not}
{
{ #0 }
{ #1 }
if$
}
163
FUNCTION {and}
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161
and
8
164
{
165
166
’skip$
{ pop$ #0 }
if$
167
}
168
FUNCTION {or}
{
{ pop$ #1 }
’skip$
if$
}
or
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172
new.block.checka
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177
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FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
{ empty$
’skip$
’new.block
if$
}
new.block.checkb
179
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181
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183
184
185
186
FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
swap$ empty$
and
’skip$
’new.block
if$
}
new.sentence.checka
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189
190
191
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FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
{ empty$
’skip$
’new.sentence
if$
}
new.sentence.checkb
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FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
{ empty$
swap$ empty$
and
’skip$
’new.sentence
if$
}
field.or.null
201
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204
205
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FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
’skip$
if$
}
9
parenthesize
Put parentheses around the top string on the stack.
207
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emphasize
Emphasize the top string on the stack.
It’s a shame that we can’t assume people are using LATEX 2ε , since the \emph
command would be much more convenient here. As it is, we have to try to guess
whether or not we will need an italic correction, and use either emphasize or
emphasize.ic as appropriate. As a partial solution, we use the macros \bibemph
and \bibemphic, which should be defined by the style file. For LATEX 2ε , these
can both be equivalent to \emph; for LATEX 2.09, \bibemphic should add an italic
correction and \bibemph should not.
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218
219
emphasize.ic
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225
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FUNCTION {emphasize.ic}
{
duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
{ "\bibemphic{" swap$ * "}" * }
if$
}
Put the top string on the stack in small caps.
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228
229
230
231
232
format.names
FUNCTION {emphasize}
{
duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
{ "\bibemph{" swap$ * "}" * }
if$
}
Emphasize the top string on the stack, and add an italic correction.
220
smallcaps
FUNCTION {parenthesize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
{ " (" swap$ * ")" * }
if$
}
FUNCTION {smallcaps}
{ duplicate$ empty$
{ pop$ "" }
{ "\bibsc{" swap$ * "}" * }
if$
}
Format bibliographical entries with the last name first. All names are formatted
in this routine.
Also moved “Junior” part to the very end, so that it appears after the first
initial instead of before.
This function no longer automatically puts its output in smallcaps; that’s left
to the functions that call format.names, so we can use format.names to format
“internal” editor names. – dmj, 4/28/96
233
INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
234
235
236
FUNCTION {format.names}
{ ’s :=
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252
253
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266
#1 ’nameptr :=
% nameptr = 1;
s num.names$ ’numnames :=
% numnames = num.name$(s);
numnames ’namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
{
%
nameptr #1 =
%
{s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}" format.name$ ’t := } {
s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, f.}{, jj}" format.name$ ’t :=
%
} if$
nameptr #1 >
{ namesleft #1 >
{ ", " * t * }
{ numnames #2 >
{ "," * }
’skip$
if$
t "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style
if$
}
if$
}
’t
if$
nameptr #1 + ’nameptr :=
% nameptr += 1;
namesleft #1 - ’namesleft :=
% namesleft =- 1;
}
while$
}
my.full.label
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
FUNCTION {my.full.label}
{ ’s :=
#1 ’nameptr :=
% nameptr = 1;
s num.names$ ’numnames :=
% numnames = num.name$(s);
numnames ’namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ ’t := % get the next name
nameptr #1 >
{ namesleft #1 >
{ ", " * t * }
{ numnames #2 >
{ "," * }
’skip$
if$
t "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style
if$
}
if$
}
’t
11
if$
nameptr #1 + ’nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - ’namesleft :=
289
290
291
}
while$
292
293
294
format.names.fml
}
Format names in “familiar” format, with first initial followed by last name. Like
format.names, ALL names are formatted.
Removed small caps from format.names.fml since it’s used for “internal”
editor names, which should be in ordinary text. – dmj, 4/28/96
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296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
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315
316
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321
322
format.authors
% nameptr += 1;
% namesleft =- 1;
FUNCTION {format.names.fml}
{ ’s :=
#1 ’nameptr :=
% nameptr = 1;
s num.names$ ’numnames :=
% numnames = num.name$(s);
numnames ’namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ ’t :=
nameptr #1 >
{ namesleft #1 >
{ ", " * t * }
{ numnames #2 >
{ "," * }
’skip$
if$
t "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * t * }
if$
}
if$
}
’t
if$
nameptr #1 + ’nameptr :=
% nameptr += 1;
namesleft #1 - ’namesleft :=
% namesleft =- 1;
}
while$
}
Added smallcaps, which used to be inside format.names. – dmj, 4/28/96
323
324
325
326
327
328
FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author empty$
{ "" }
{ author format.names smallcaps }
if$
}
format.key
329
330
331
332
333
FUNCTION {format.key}
{ empty$
{ key field.or.null }
{ "" }
if$
12
334
format.editors.fml
Format editor names for use in the “in” types: inbook, incollection, inproceedings:
first initial, then last names. When editors are the LABEL for an entry, then
format.editor is used which lists editors by last name first.
Removed parens around “Ed.” since that seems to be desired by the ACM.
[8/18/95—dmj]
335
336
337
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339
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341
342
343
344
345
format.editors
}
FUNCTION {format.editors.fml}
{ editor empty$
{ "" }
{ editor format.names.fml
editor num.names$ #1 >
{ ", Eds." * }
{ ", Ed." * }
if$
}
if$
}
Format editor names for use in labels, last names first.
Removed parens around “Ed.” since that seems to be desired by the ACM.
[8/18/95—dmj]
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor empty$
{ "" }
{ editor format.names smallcaps
editor num.names$ #1 >
{ ", Eds." * }
{ ", Ed." * }
if$
}
if$
}
format.title
357
358
359
360
361
362
FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title empty$
{ "" }
{ title "t" change.case$ }
if$
}
n.dashify
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{ ’t :=
""
{ t empty$ not }
{ t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
{ "--" *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ ’t :=
}
{
{ t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
13
{ "-" *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ ’t :=
}
while$
}
if$
373
374
375
376
377
378
}
{ t #1 #1 substring$ *
t #2 global.max$ substring$ ’t :=
}
if$
}
while$
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
}
387
FUNCTION {format.edition}
{
edition empty$
{ "" }
{ edition " ed." * }
if$
}
format.edition
388
389
390
391
392
393
format.btitle
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{
title emphasize "title" output.check
new.sentence
format.edition output
new.sentence
}
format.emphasize.booktitle
401
402
403
404
405
FUNCTION {format.emphasize.booktitle}
{
edition empty$
{ booktitle emphasize.ic }
{ booktitle empty$
See above.
{ booktitle emphasize }
{ booktitle emphasize.ic edition " ed." * parenthesize * }
406
407
if$
}
408
409
if$
410
411
tie.or.space.connect
}
Enhanced so that if the first string is empty, no extra space is put in. It’s not
clear that this is really useful, but it shouldn’t hurt. – dmj, 4/28/96
412
413
414
415
FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
{
swap$
duplicate$
14
empty$
’pop$
{
swap$
duplicate$
text.length$ #3 <
{ "~" }
{ " " }
if$
swap$ * *
}
if$
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
}
429
FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
’pop$
{ "can’t use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
if$
}
either.or.check
430
431
432
433
434
format.bvolume
What should be done if there is both a volume and a number in a book? Currently,
the number is silently ignored, and only the volume is used. Surely there should
at least be some sort of warning message. Besides, if there’s both a number and
a series, the series gets printed twice. Must sort this out.
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
format.number.series
FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{
volume empty$
{ "" }
{ series emphasize " vol." volume tie.or.space.connect * }
if$
}
Should this be “Series no. 5”? If so, we should be able to merge this with
format.bvolume.
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{
volume empty$
{ number empty$
{ series field.or.null }
{ series empty$
{ "there’s a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
{ series " no." number tie.or.space.connect * }
if$
}
if$
}
{ "" }
if$
}
multi.page.check
15
457
INTEGERS { multiresult }
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
format.pages
gnp - removed ()
Removed “pp.” since as far as I can tell, it’s not wanted. – dmj, 4/28/96
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
format.jour.vol
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ ’t :=
#0 ’multiresult :=
{ multiresult not
t empty$ not
and
}
{ t #1 #1 substring$
duplicate$ "-" =
swap$ duplicate$ "," =
swap$ "+" =
or or
{ #1 ’multiresult := }
{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ ’t := }
if$
}
while$
multiresult
}
FUNCTION {format.pages}
{
pages empty$
{ "" }
{ " " pages n.dashify * }
if$
}
By Young (and Spencer) GNP - fixed bugs with missing volume, number, and/or
pages
Format journal, volume, number, pages for article types.
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
FUNCTION {format.jour.vol}
{
journal "journal" field.or.null.check
volume empty$
{ "volume" warn.null }
{ volume tie.or.space.connect }
if$
emphasize.ic output
number field.or.null
month parenthesize
*
output
format.pages "pages" output.check
}
format.chapter.pages
499
500
FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
16
’format.pages
{ type empty$
{ "Chapter" } % gnp - changed to mixed case
{ type "t" change.case$ }
if$
chapter tie.or.space.connect
pages empty$
{"page numbers missing in " cite$ * warning$}%gnp - added check
{ ", " * format.pages * }
if$
}
if$
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
format.in.ed.booktitle
}
I think this is backwards; editors should come after booktitle.
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{
booktitle empty$
{ "" }
{
"In " format.emphasize.booktitle *
editor empty$
’skip$
{ ", " * format.editors.fml * }
if$
}
if$
}
format.thesis.type
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type empty$
’skip$
{ pop$
type "t" change.case$
}
if$
}
format.thesis.title
535
536
537
538
%%
%%
%%
%%
FUNCTION {format.thesis.title}
{
title field.or.null "t" change.case$
}
format.tr.number
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ type empty$
{ "Technical Report" }
’type
if$
number empty$
{ "t" change.case$ }
{ number tie.or.space.connect }
17
if$
547
548
format.crossref
}
Merged format.article.crossref and format.incoll.inproc.crossref into
a single macro, format.crossref, which has proper spacing.
549
550
551
552
553
554
h∗xrefi
FUNCTION {format.crossref}
{
"See \citeN{" crossref * "}" *
}
h/xrefi
format.crossref.editor
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
h∗xrefi
FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
editor num.names$ duplicate$
#2 >
{ pop$ " et~al." * }
{ #2 <
’skip$
{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
if$
}
if$
}
if$
}
h/xrefi
format.book.crossref
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
h∗xrefi
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume empty$
{ "empty volume in " cite$ * "’s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
"In "
}
{ "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect % gnp - changed to mixed case
" of " *
}
if$
editor empty$
editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
or
{ key empty$
{ series empty$
{ "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
crossref * warning$
"" *
}
{ series emphasize.ic }
if$
18
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
format.lab.names
}
{ key * }
if$
}
{ format.crossref.editor * }
if$
" \citeN{" * crossref * "}" *
}
h/xrefi
Determines “short” names for the abbreviated author information. “Long” labels
are created in calc.label, using the routine my.full.label to format author
and editor fields.
There are 4 cases for labels (n = 3 in the example):
1. one author: Foo
2. one to n: Foo, Bar and Baz
3. use of “and others”: Foo, Bar et al.
4. more than n: Foo et al.
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
{ ’s :=
s num.names$ ’numnames :=
numnames #2 >
% change number to number of others allowed before
% forcing "et al".
{ s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ " et~al." * }
{
numnames #1 - ’namesleft :=
#2 ’nameptr :=
s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ nameptr numnames =
{ s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
{ " et~al." * }
{ " and " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
if$
}
{ ", " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
if$
nameptr #1 + ’nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - ’namesleft :=
}
while$
}
if$
}
author.key.label
629
630
631
632
FUNCTION {author.key.label}
{ author empty$
{ key empty$
{ "no key, author in " cite$ * warning$
19
cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
’key
633
634
if$
}
{ author format.lab.names }
if$
635
636
637
638
639
}
640
FUNCTION {editor.key.label}
{ editor empty$
{ key empty$
{ "no key, editor in " cite$ * warning$
cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
’key
if$
}
{ editor format.lab.names }
if$
}
editor.key.label
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
author.key.org.label
added - gnp. Provide label formatting by organization if author is null.
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
editor.key.org.label
FUNCTION {author.key.org.label}
{ author empty$
{ organization empty$
{ key empty$
{ "no key, author or organization in " cite$ * warning$
cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
’key
if$
}
’organization
if$
}
{ author format.lab.names }
if$
}
added - gnp. Provide label formatting by organization if editor is null.
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
FUNCTION {editor.key.org.label}
{ editor empty$
{ organization empty$
{ key empty$
{ "no key, editor or organization in " cite$ * warning$
cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
’key
if$
}
’organization
if$
}
{ editor format.lab.names }
if$
}
20
author.editor.key.label
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
calc.label
FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
{ author empty$
{ editor empty$
{ key empty$
{ "no key, author, or editor in " cite$ * warning$
cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
’key
if$
}
{ editor format.lab.names }
if$
}
{ author format.lab.names }
if$
}
GNP: changed. Form label for BibTEX entry. The classification of which
fields are used for which type of entry (book, inbook, etc.) are taken from
alpha.bst. The change here from newapa is to also include organization as a
citation label if author or editor is missing. See also author.organization.sort,
editor.organization.sort.
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
FUNCTION {calc.label}
{ type$ "book" =
type$ "inbook" =
or
’author.editor.key.label
{ type$ "proceedings" =
’editor.key.org.label
{ type$ "manual" =
’author.key.org.label
’author.key.label
if$
}
if$
}
if$
author empty$ % generate the full label citation information.
{ editor empty$
{ organization empty$
{ "no author, editor, or organization in " cite$ * warning$
"??" }
’organization
if$
}
{ editor my.full.label }
if$
}
{ author my.full.label }
if$
leave label on the stack, to be popped when required.
724
725
%
"}{" * swap$ * "}{" *
year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ *
21
save the year for sort processing afterwards (adding a, b, c, etc.)
year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$
’label.year :=
726
727
728
}
729
FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
"\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{" write$
calc.label write$
sort.year write$
"}]{" write$
cite$ write$
"}" write$
newline$
""
before.all ’output.state :=
}
output.bibitem
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
6.2
6.2.1
The entry types
The article type
article
741
742
743
744
FUNCTION {article}
{
output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
Some but not all types contain the following line. It’s questionable whether it
belongs there at all, but if it does, shouldn’t it be in all the types?
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
author format.key output
% added
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
h∗xrefi
crossref missing$
{
h/xrefi
format.jour.vol
h∗xrefi
}
{
format.crossref output.nonnull
format.pages output
}
if$
h/xrefi
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
22
6.2.2
The book type
book
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
FUNCTION {book}
{
output.bibitem
author empty$
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
{
format.authors output.nonnull
h∗xrefi
crossref missing$
{
h/xrefi
But what if there really is both an author and an editor, e.g., an edited version of
someone else’s book?
"author and editor" editor either.or.check
778
779
h∗xrefi
}
’skip$
780
781
if$
782
783
h/xrefi
784
}
if$
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.btitle % "title" output.check
h∗xrefi
crossref missing$
{
h/xrefi
format.bvolume output
new.block
format.number.series output
new.sentence
publisher "publisher" output.check
address output
h∗xrefi
}
{
new.block
format.book.crossref output.nonnull
}
if$
h/xrefi
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
6.2.3
The booklet type
booklet
23
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
FUNCTION {booklet}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors output
author format.key output
% added
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
howpublished output
address output
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
6.2.4
The inbook type
inbook
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
FUNCTION {inbook}
{
output.bibitem
author empty$
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
{ format.authors output.nonnull
crossref missing$
{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
’skip$
if$
}
if$
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.btitle % "title" output.check
h∗xrefi
crossref missing$
{
h/xrefi
format.bvolume output
format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
new.block
format.number.series output
new.sentence
publisher "publisher" output.check.colon
address output
h∗xrefi
}
{
format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
new.block
format.book.crossref output.nonnull
}
if$
h/xrefi
new.block
24
note output
fin.entry
861
862
863
}
6.2.5
The incollection type
incollection
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
author format.key output
% added
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
h∗xrefi
crossref missing$
{
h/xrefi
format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
format.chapter.pages output % gnp - was special.output.nonnull
%
left out comma before page numbers
new.sentence
address output
publisher "publisher" output.check.colon
h∗xrefi
}
{
format.crossref output.nonnull
format.chapter.pages output
}
if$
h/xrefi
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
6.2.6
The inproceedings type
format.date
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year empty$
{ month empty$
{ "" }
{ "there’s a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
month
}
if$
}
{ month empty$
25
’year
{ month " " * year * }
if$
906
907
908
}
if$
909
910
911
}
912
FUNCTION {format.proc.loc.date}
{
address field.or.null
format.date
duplicate$ empty$
’pop$
{ swap$
duplicate$ empty$
’pop$
{ ", " * swap$ * }
if$
}
if$
parenthesize
*
}
format.proc.loc.date
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
inproceedings
Added format.proc.loc.date to format proceedings location and date. Should
also add something like format.proc.publisher to handle the pub-year, pub-month
and pub-address fields, but should first find out from ACM how such things
should be handled. In particular, if year of publication is different from year of
conference, which should be used in citation (presumably the year of publication).
A related problem is to decide exactly what the year refers to. In the standard
styles, if there is a year but no address, the year is assumed to refer to the date
of publication, while if there is an address, the address and date are assumed to
refer to the conference. For true compatibility with the standard styles, we should
probably preserve this distinction.
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{
output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
author format.key output
% added
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
h∗xrefi
crossref missing$
{
h/xrefi
format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
%
address output
format.proc.loc.date %output
26
946
%
format.pages output
new.sentence
organization output
publisher output %.colon
format.pages output
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
h∗xrefi
}
{
format.crossref output.nonnull
format.pages output
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
}
if$
h/xrefi
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
6.2.7
The conference type
conference
963
FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
6.2.8
The manual type
manual
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
FUNCTION {manual}
{ output.bibitem
author empty$
{ editor empty$
{ organization "organization" output.check
organization format.key output } % if all else fails, use key
{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
if$
}
{ format.authors output.nonnull }
if$
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.btitle % "title" output.check
organization address new.block.checkb
Reversed the order of “address” and “organization”, added the “:”.
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
address output
organization "organization" output.check.colon
% address output
% ":" output
% organization output
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
27
6.2.9
The mastersthesis type
mastersthesis
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
author format.key output
% added
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
"Master’s thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
school "school" output.check
address output
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
6.2.10
The misc type
misc
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors output
author format.key output
% added
output.year.check
% added
title howpublished new.block.checkb
format.title output
new.block
howpublished output
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
6.2.11
The phdthesis type
phdthesis
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
author format.key output
% added
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.btitle % "title" output.check
new.block
"Ph.\ D. thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
school "school" output.check
address output
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
28
6.2.12
The proceedings type
proceedings
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
editor empty$
{ organization output
organization format.key output }
{ format.editors output.nonnull }
if$
% author format.key output
%
output.year.check
new.block
format.btitle % "title" output.check
format.bvolume output
format.number.series output
% address output
format.proc.loc.date % output
new.sentence
organization output
publisher output.colon
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
6.2.13
% gnp - changed from
% author format.key
% gnp - removed (should be either
editor or organization
% added (newapa)
The techreport type
techreport
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
author format.key output
% added
output.year.check
% added
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
format.tr.number
month empty$
’skip$
{ month parenthesize * }
if$
output.nonnull
institution "institution" output.check
address output
new.block
note output
fin.entry
}
29
6.2.14
The unpublished type
unpublished
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
format.authors "author" output.check
author format.key output
output.year.check
new.block
format.title "title" output.check
new.block
note "note" output.check
fin.entry
}
6.2.15
% added
% added
The default.type type
default.type
1085
FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
6.3
Standard abbreviations
The following abbreviations should all be checked to make sure they correspond
to what the ACM wants.
1086
MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}
1087
1088
MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}
1089
1090
MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}
1091
1092
MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}
1093
1094
MACRO {may} {"May"}
1095
1096
MACRO {jun} {"June"}
1097
1098
MACRO {jul} {"July"}
1099
1100
MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}
1101
1102
MACRO {sep} {"Sept."}
1103
1104
MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}
1105
1106
MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}
1107
1108
MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}
1109
1110
MACRO {acmcs}
{"ACM Comput. Surv."}
MACRO {acta}
{"Acta Inf."}
MACRO {ai}
{"Artif. Intell."}
1111
1112
1113
1114
30
1115
1116
MACRO {cacm}
{"Commun. ACM"}
MACRO {ibmjrd}
{"IBM J. Res. Devel."}
MACRO {ibmsj}
{"IBM Syst. J."}
MACRO {ieeese}
{"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."}
MACRO {ieeetc}
{"IEEE Trans. Comput."}
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
MACRO {ieeetcad} {"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits"}
1127
1128
MACRO {ipl}
{"Inf. Process. Lett."}
MACRO {ic}
{"Inf. Comput."}
MACRO {jacm}
{"J. ACM"}
MACRO {jcss}
{"J. Comput. Syst. Sci."}
MACRO {scp}
{"Sci. Comput. Program."}
MACRO {sicomp}
{"SIAM J. Comput."}
MACRO {tocs}
{"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}
MACRO {tods}
{"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}
MACRO {tog}
{"ACM Trans. Graph."}
MACRO {toms}
{"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."}
MACRO {toois}
{"ACM Trans. Off. Inf. Syst"}
MACRO {tois}
{"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."}
MACRO {toplas}
{"ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst."}
MACRO {tcs}
{"Theor. Comput. Sci."}
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
READ
6.4
Sorting the entries
sortify
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
FUNCTION {sortify}
{
purify$
"l" change.case$
}
chop.word
31
1162
INTEGERS { len }
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ ’s :=
’len :=
s #1 len substring$ =
{ s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
’s
if$
}
sort.format.names
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
{ ’s :=
#1 ’nameptr :=
""
s num.names$ ’numnames :=
numnames ’namesleft :=
{ namesleft #0 > }
{ nameptr #1 >
{ "
" * }
’skip$
if$
s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{
nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
{ " et~al" * }
{ t sortify * }
if$
nameptr #1 + ’nameptr :=
namesleft #1 - ’namesleft :=
}
while$
}
jj{ }}" format.name$ ’t :=
sort.format.title
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
{ ’t :=
"A " #2
"An " #3
"The " #4 t chop.word
chop.word
chop.word
sortify
#1 global.max$ substring$
}
author.sort
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
FUNCTION {author.sort}
{ author empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
"" }
{ key sortify }
if$
32
}
{ author sort.format.names }
if$
1210
1211
1212
1213
}
1214
FUNCTION {editor.sort}
{ editor empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ editor sort.format.names }
if$
}
editor.sort
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
author.editor.sort
1226
1227
1228
FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
{
author empty$
Removed warning generated by lack of author since there’s nothing wrong with
having an editor and no author. – dmj, 4/26/96
{ % "missing author in " cite$ * warning$
editor empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author, editor, or key in "
cite$ * warning$
""
}
{
key sortify
}
if$
}
{
editor sort.format.names
}
if$
}
{
author sort.format.names
}
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
if$
1249
1250
author.organization.sort
}
added - GNP. Stack author or organization for sorting (from alpha.bst). Unlike
alpha.bst, we need entire names, not abbreviations
1251
1252
1253
FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}
{ author empty$
{ organization empty$
33
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need author, organization, or key in "
cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ organization sortify }
if$
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
}
{ author sort.format.names }
if$
1264
1265
1266
1267
editor.organization.sort
added - GNP. Stack editor or organization for sorting (from alpha.bst). Unlike
alpha.bst, we need entire names, not abbreviations
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
presort
}
FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}
{ editor empty$
{ organization empty$
{ key empty$
{ "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in "
cite$ * warning$
""
}
{ key sortify }
if$
}
{ organization sortify }
if$
}
{ editor sort.format.names }
if$
}
Presort creates the bibentry’s label via a call to calc.label, and then sorts the
entries based on entry type. Chicago.bst adds support for including organizations
as the sort key; the following is stolen from alpha.bst.
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
FUNCTION {presort}
{ calc.label sortify % recalculate bibitem label
year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
"
"
*
type$ "book" =
type$ "inbook" =
or
’author.editor.sort
{ type$ "proceedings" =
’editor.organization.sort
{ type$ "manual" =
’author.organization.sort
’author.sort
if$
34
}
if$
1300
1301
}
if$
#1 entry.max$ substring$
’sort.label :=
sort.label
*
"
"
*
title field.or.null
sort.format.title
*
#1 entry.max$ substring$
’sort.key$ :=
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
}
1316
ITERATE {presort}
% added for newapa
% added for newapa
% added for newapa
1317
1318
SORT
% by label, year, author/editor, title
1319
init.extra.label.stuff
1320
STRINGS { last.label next.extra }
1321
1322
INTEGERS { last.extra.num }
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
forward.pass
FUNCTION {init.extra.label.stuff}
{ #0 int.to.chr$ ’last.label :=
"" ’next.extra :=
#0 ’last.extra.num :=
}
Pass through all entries, comparing current entry to last one. Need to concatenate
year to the stack (done by calc.label) to determine if two entries are the same
(see presort)
1343
FUNCTION {forward.pass}
{ last.label
calc.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
#1 entry.max$ substring$ =
% are they equal?
{ last.extra.num #1 + ’last.extra.num :=
last.extra.num int.to.chr$ ’extra.label :=
}
{ "a" chr.to.int$ ’last.extra.num :=
"" ’extra.label :=
calc.label
year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
#1 entry.max$ substring$ ’last.label := % assign to last.label
}
if$
}
1344
FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
reverse.pass
35
1351
{ next.extra "b" =
{ "a" ’extra.label := }
’skip$
if$
label.year extra.label * ’sort.year :=
extra.label ’next.extra :=
}
1352
EXECUTE {init.extra.label.stuff}
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1353
1354
ITERATE {forward.pass}
1355
1356
REVERSE {reverse.pass}
1357
1370
FUNCTION {bib.sort.order}
{ sort.label
"
"
*
year field.or.null sortify
*
"
"
*
title field.or.null
sort.format.title
*
#1 entry.max$ substring$
’sort.key$ :=
}
1371
ITERATE {bib.sort.order}
bib.sort.order
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1372
1373
SORT % by sort.label, year, title --- giving final bib. order.
1374
1380
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
’skip$
{ preamble$ write$ newline$ }
if$
"\begin{thebibliography}{}" write$ newline$
}
1381
EXECUTE {begin.bib}
begin.bib
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1382
1383
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
1384
1385
ITERATE {call.type$}
1386
1389
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
"\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
1390
EXECUTE {end.bib}
end.bib
1387
1388
36