Biology Essential Standard 4.1
Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.
Bio.4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms.
1. Compare the structure and function of each of the listed organic molecules in organisms. Check those
related to the biological molecules:
Amino
acid
Glucose
Glycerol
and 3
fatty
acids
nucleotides
Peptide
bonds
monosaccharaide
Triglyceride
Phosphate,
sugar, base
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
a. Carbohydrates
i. What is the function of glucose?
ii. What is the function of cellulose and where is it found?
iii. What is starch used for?
iv. What is glycogen and how is it related to starch?
b. Proteins
i. What is the function of insulin?
ii. What is the function of enzymes?
iii. What is the function of hemoglobin and where is it found?
c. Lipids
i. What is the function of phospholipids/where are they found?
ii. Why are steroids important to our bodies?
d. Nucleic Acids
What is the function/purpose of DNA and RNA?
Bio.4.1.3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.
2. Develop a cause and effect model for specificity of enzymes.
Please use this word bank to answer the next questions:
all, lower, pH, re-usable, lactose, substrate,3-D, speed up, lactase, temperature, active site,
specific, catalysts, denaturation
The folding of proteins produces a _____________ shape that is linked to function. Enzymes are proteins that
________________ chemical reactions. Because of this, enzymes are called __________________. Enzymes
_______________ the activation energy of a reaction. Enzymes are _______________ and ________________.
Enzymes are affected by factors such as __________ and _____________________ and it’s called
____________. Enzymes are necessary for _________ biochemical reactions! The substance that fits into the
enzyme is called the_______ and it attaches to the enzyme at the __________.
________is an enzyme which breaks down the sugar _______found in milk.
Biology Essential Standard 1.1
Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.
Bio.1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells:
3. Match these organelles with their functions:
a. Nucleus
1. Sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.
b. Plasma Membrane
2. Powerhouse of the cell, where cell respiration occurs.
c. Cell Wall
3. Brain of the cell, contains the DNA & chromosomes.
d. Mitochondria
4. Sites of protein synthesis, where mRNA & tRNA meet.
e. Vacuoles
5. Cell’s outer boundary, maintains homeostasis, semipermeable.
f. Chloroplasts
6. In Plants and Prokaryotes, provides support and protection.
g. Ribosomes
7. Large in plants, small in animals, used for storage.
4. Describe how these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell:
Nucleus and ribosome 5. Label the plant and animal cell with the above organelles:
6. When using a light microscope, what is the total power magnification if the lens is 10x and the objective
is 60x?
Bio 1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma
membrane and genetic material) and degree of complexity.
7.
a.Which are more complex, prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells? (circle)
b.Compare the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of these organelles are found in
each type of cell? (check which are found in each)
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Prokaryote
Eukartyote
DNA
Genetic material
enclosed in
nuclear
membrane
Plasmids
Smaller cells
Larger cells
Prokaryote
Eukartyote
c. What are plasmids?
d. Compare the structure of plant and animal cells. Which of these organelles are found in each type
of cell? (check which are found in each)
Mitochondria Nucleus Cell
Vacuole Cell Chloroplasts Ribosomes
membrane
wall
Plant
Animal
Bio 1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to
perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.
8. Compare a variety of specialized cells and understand how the functions of these cells vary:
Match these cells with their functions:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
nerve cells
muscle cells
blood cells
sperm cells
xylem
phloem
1. Vascular tissue in plants that carry water.
2. Vascular cells that carry oxygen & nutrients & fight disease.
3. Cells which send impulses back and forth to brain and spinal cord.
4. The male gamete.
5. Vascular tissue in plants that carry food.
6. Cells which flex & extend (contract) to allow movement.
9. Match the cell picture with the cell type.
1.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Nerve cell
Muscle cell
Blood cell
Sperm cell
2.
3.
4.
10. Multicellular organisms begin as _____________________________masses of cells and variation in
____________ expression and ____________activity determines the differentiation of cells and ultimately
their specialization. (word bank - DNA, gene, undifferentiated)
11. Do all cells in an organism contain the same DNA?
12. Do all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell?
13. What is the process in which the cell becomes specialized for its particular job? (choose one)
a. crossing over
b. differentiation
c. natural selection
14. What is the name for cells which have not yet differentiated into various cell types? (choose one)
a. blood cells
b. bone marrow cells
c. stem cells
15. How are Embryonic stem cells different from Adult Stem Cells?
Bio.1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various
environments (including temperature and pH).
Bio 4.2.2 Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis (active
transport).
16. What are some ways your body maintains homeostasis? (give three examples)



17. Compare active vs. passive transport: (check which apply)
Diffusion Low to High
High to Low
ATP Osmosis
Concentration Concentration
With the
Concentration
Gradient
Against the
Concentration
Gradient
Active
Transport
Passive
Transport
18. The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without
energy being used from the cell: (choose the best choice) diffusion
active transport osmosis
19. The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across the
cell membrane without energy being used from the cell is _________________.
Biology Essential Standard 4.2
Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell.
Bio.4.2.1 Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released, and
transferred within and between these systems.
20.. Analyze overall reactions including reactants and products for photosynthesis and cellular
respiration and factors which affect their rates.
a. Write the equation for photosynthesis.
b. What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
c. What are the products of photosynthesis?
d. Write the equation for cellular respiration.
e. What are the reactants for respiration?
f. What are the products for respiration?
g. How would low levels of carbon dioxide or water affect the rate of photosynthesis?
h. How would high levels of oxygen and glucose affect the rate of cellular respiration?
i. How does the amount of light affect photosynthesis?
j. The xylem carries _______up and phloem carries ________down.
k. The __________is where carbon dioxide enters the leaf.
l. The _________is a waxy layer on the leaf which prevents water loss
21.. Compare these processes with regard to efficiency of ATP formation, the types of organisms
using these processes, and the organelles involved.
a. Which organisms perform photosynthesis?
b. Which organelles are involved?
c. Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
d. Which organelles are involved?
e. How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration?
f. What is another name for anaerobic respiration?
g. In which organisms does lactic acid fermentation occur?
h. In which organisms does alcoholic fermentation occur?
i. How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?
Biology Essential Standard 3.1
Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA.
Bio.3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell.
Use these words to complete #44: DNA, double helix, deoxyribose, proteins, cytosine, S phase, base,
thymine, phosphate-sugar, hydrogen, covalent bond, nucleus, hydrogen bonds
22. . The structure of DNA is a _________________________ or “twisted ladder” structure. The sides
are composed of alternating __________________________ groups and “rungs of the DNA ladder” are
composed of complementary nitrogenous _______ pairs. Adenine (A) bonds with ___________________.
Guanine (G) bonds with _________________________. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for
___________________, which is central key to cell function and life. Replication occurs during the
________________of the cell cycle and allows daughter cells to have an exact copy of _______________. It
happens in the ______ of the cell. A _______ bond connects the phosphates to the sugars in nucleotides.
__________________are weak bonds that hold nitrogen bases together. The sugar in DNA is
_______________.
23. Write one sentence connecting the following words: Mutation, DNA, Cancer, Mitosis.
Bio.3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.
Use these words to answer #46: peptide, transcription, ribose, ribosome, proteins, thymine, tRNA, nucleus,
translation, uracil
24. Explain the process of protein synthesis:
a. _______________________ produces an RNA copy of DNA, and happens in the _______ of
the cell.
b. RNA’s sugar is _______ and it has ______ instead of _________.
c. mRNA travels to the __________________ (rRNA)
d. _____________ supplies appropriate amino acids
e. Amino acids are linked by ______________ bonds to form polypeptides or ________. This
process is called____________
25. Complete the problems below:
a. What is the complementary DNA to this
sequence? AGTCGAGCT
b. After transcription, what will the RNA be for
this DNA sequence?
c. If the DNA sequence is GCATCG, what will
the amino acids be?
d. If the mRNA sequence is GCUAGC, what
will the protein be?
e. If the tRNA sequence is AGUCGA, What
will the amino acids be?
Bio.1.2.2 Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
Bio.3.2.1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation.
26. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. ____→ ____→ ____→ ____ →____
27. Complete the following table:
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Type of reproduction
(Asexual or sexual)
Different or identical cells made?
Chromosome number of
daughter cells (haploid or
diploid)
Number of cell divisions
Number of cells produced
28. Crossing over, fertilization and independent assortment all result in ___________.
Biology Essential Standard 3.2
Understand how the environment, and/or the interaction of alleles, influences the expression of genetic
traits.
Bio.3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, and sex-linked traits).
29. Draw the Punnett squares to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
a. In rabbits, black fur is dominant over white fur. Show the cross of a heterozygous black male
with a white female. What percent will be black?
b. Blue eyes are dominant to red eyes in rabbits. Show a pure blue-eyed rabbit crossed with a redeyed rabbit. What percent will be red?
c. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). A brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed
woman and they have three children, two of whom are brown-eyed and one of whom is blueeyed. What are the father’s and mother’s genotypes?
d. Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease. John has cf and his wife is pure normal. Do
the punnett square. What percent of their kids will have the disease? What are the symptoms for
CF?
e. Huntington’s is an autosomal dominant disease. Victor is normal and Mary has hybrid
Huntington’s. Do the punnett square. What percent of their kids will have the disease?
30. Define Codominance and give an example
31. John is normal and Jenny has sickle cell trait. What percent of their kids will have the disease? Do the
punnett square. Having sickle cell trait will protect you from what other disease?
32. Two parents think their baby was switched at the hospital. The mother has blood type “O,” the father
has blood type “AB,” and the baby has blood type “B.” Complete a Punnett square showing all possible
genotypes for children produced by this couple. Complete a punnett square to determine if this could be
there child.
33. A woman with type A blood whose mother had O blood has a child with a man with type B blood. His
Mom was AB and his dad was B. Do the punnett square and list the possible genotypes of the children.
34. Define Incomplete dominance and give an example.
35. Why are males more likely to express a sex-linked trait?
36. Hemophilia is inherited as a sex-linked recessive disease. An affected male marries a carrier female.
Draw a Punnett square of the possible offspring. What is the chance that they will have an affected
child? What chance that they will have an affected girl? What are the symptoms of this disease?
37. Examine the Karyotype below.
a. What is the gender of this child?
b. Which genetic disorder does this child have?
c. What is the cause of this disorder?
38. What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree (simple dominant, simple recessive, or sexlinked)? _________________________
39. Using A,a to represent the alleles, give the genotype of person II4 ____
Biology Essential Standard 3.3
Understand the application of DNA technology.
Bio.3.3.1 Interpret how DNA is used for comparison and identification of
organisms.
40. Summarize the process of gel electrophoresis as a technique to separate
molecules based on size. Students should learn the general steps of gel
electrophoresis
a. What are used cut DNA into different sized fragments?
b. Which fragments move more slowly, the long ones or the short
ones?
41. Interpret or “read” a gel: Which suspect should be questioned about the crime?
Bio.3.3.2 Summarize how transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society.
42. Transgenic bacteria and cows have been used to make _________ to help people affected with
____________.
43. Put the steps in bacterial transformation in the correct order:
a. selecting the transformed bacteria
b. insertion of a gene into a bacterial plasmid
c. producing the product
d. getting bacteria to take in the plasmid
First:
Second:
Third:
Fourth:
Bio.3.3.3 Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (including cloning,
genetically modified organisms, stem cell research, and Human Genome Project).
44. The Human Genome Project.
a. What was the project?
b. Medically, why was it important?
45. What could stem cells be used for?
46. What disease has gene therapy been successful in curing?
47. How could cloning be useful?
Biology Essential Standard 3.4
Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as a mechanism for how species change over time.
Bio.3.4.1 Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution.
48. Summarize the hypothesized early atmosphere and experiments that suggest how the first “cells” may
have evolved and how early conditions affected the type of organism that developed
(use these words: multicellular, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, anaerobic, photosynthetic)
First organisms were believed to be: ____________________ and ____________________. They were then
________________________. Then ________________________________. And then
_______________________________.
49. What did the Miller and Urey experiment show?
50. Explain how the first Eukaryotes evolved.
51. What do shared anatomical structures (homologies) tell us about organisms?
Bio.3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time.
52. Who developed the concept of natural selection?
53. Explain Natural Selection using the following words: Fit, favorable, variation, competition,
environment, reproduction.
54. Explain how Geographic isolation leads to speciation.
Bio.3.4.3 Explain how various disease agents (bacteria, viruses, chemicals) can influence natural selection.
55. Explain why some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.
56.Explain why some insects are resistant to pesticides.
Biology Essential Standard 3.5
Analyze how classification systems are developed upon speciation.
Bio.3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems.
57. How many kingdoms of organisms did the first classification system (Aristotle and Linnaeus) have
and what where the categories?
58. What are the six kingdoms?
59. What are the 8 levels of organization?
D
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
Bio.2.1.2 Analyze the survival and reproductive success of organisms in terms of behavioral, structural,
and reproductive adaptations.
60. A seed is made from ______ reproduction and a spore is made from ______reproduction.
61What is an advantage to making spores?
62.What is a placenta? What is an advantage to having a placenta?
63.Check which applies for each animal type:
External Fertilization and
external development (egg)
Internal fertilization and external
development (egg)
Internal fertilization and
internal development
Amphibian
Reptile
Mammal
64.What is the advantage of internal reproduction and internal development over external?
65.What are 3 adaptations that help reptiles live on land better than amphibians?
66.What advantage do lungs give an organism over breathing through skin or gills?
67.Define innate behavior or instinct?
68.Match these with their definitions/examples AND write an L if its learned and an I if its
innate.
a. Suckling
1. Seasonal movement of animals.
b. Taxes/taxis
2. In mammals this helps with feeding young.
c. Migration
3. Moving toward or away from a stimulus.
d. Estivation
4. Reduced metabolism (sleeping) during cold months.
e. Hibernation
5. Birds label their mother based on first to feed it.
f. Habituation
6. Learning from mistakes
g. Imprinting
7. Learning by to associate unrelated things.
h. Classical conditioning
8. Reduced metabolism (sleep) during intense heat.
i. Trial and error learning 9. Behavior used to attract a mate
j. Reflex
10. An automatic response often a protection mechanism
k. Courtship
11. When an organism protects its habitat and resources
l. Territorial
12. When an organism ignores a stimulus that happens repeatedly
69. Define pheromones and give an example of how bees and termites use them.
70.Define the following:
a. Phototropism:
b. Gravitropism:
c. Thigmotropism:
Bio.1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments (focus on
unicellular organisms).
71. Match each with their definition/examples:
a. Contractile vacuoles
b. Cilia
c. Flagella
d. Pseudopods
e. Eyespots
1. Long whip-like tails that are used in movement
2. Extensions of the cytoplasm that are used in movement &
nutrition.
3. A photo-sensitive area that detects light.
4. Pumps excess water out of the cell. Helps maintain homeostasis
5. Tiny hair-like projections that are used in movement & nutrition
72. Define each:
a. Chemotaxis:
b. Phototaxis:
Biology Essential Standard 2.1
Analyze the interdependence of living organisms within their environments.
Bio.2.1.1 Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (such as water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen)
through ecosystems relating the significance of each to maintaining the health and sustainability of an
ecosystem.
73. Carbon Cycle
a. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
b. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere?
c. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
d. What effect might increase atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?
74. Nitrogen cycle.
a. Why do living things need nitrogen?
b. What makes the nitrogen usable for plants?
c. What kind of symbiotic relationship is this?
d. How do animals get their usable nitrogen?
e. How do animals put nitrogen back into the ecosystem?
75. Living systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain organization.
a. Which organisms are responsible for the conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy?
b. What is the name of the process described above?
c. What are the end products of the process named above?
76. Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem in relation to producers and consumers.
Bio 2.1.3 Explain various ways organisms interact with each other (including predation, competition,
parasitism, mutualism) and with their environments resulting in stability within ecosystems.
77. Match the relationship with the definition and examples (put a check):
One organism Both
Bacteria live in Tapeworms
Lichens
Bedbugs
benefits, the
organisms
the guts of
(algae and
other is
benefit
termites and
fungus)
harmed
help digest
cellulose
Mutualism
Parasitism
Bio.2.1.4 Explain why ecosystems can be relatively stable over hundreds or thousands of years, even
though populations may fluctuate (emphasizing availability of food, availability of shelter, number of
predators and disease).
78. Define carrying capacity:
79. Explain how predator/prey and competition relationships help maintain stability between an
ecosystem’s resources and populations.
80. How does having a dense population increase the spread of disease? (think in terms of contact,
sanitation, and nutrition).
Biology Essential Standard Bio.2.2
Understand the impact of human activities on the environment (one generation affects the next).
Bio.2.2.1 Infer how human activities (including population growth, pollution, global warming, burning of
fossil fuels, habitat destruction and introduction of nonnative species) may impact the environment.
81. Explain factors that impact ecosystems.
a. How does acid rain affect ecosystems?
b. How is urban development leading to habitat destruction/water runoff?
c. How are waste lagoons on hog farms affecting the environment?
d. What is kudzu doing to the environment?
Bio.2.2.2 Explain how the use, protection and conservation of natural resources by humans impact the
environment from one generation to the next.
82. Explain the impact of humans on natural resources:
Issue
Cause
Effect
Bioaccumulation
Invasive species
Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Example
Bio.3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including
dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees).
83. Using the dichotomous key below name Leaf B and Lead V.
84. According to the diagram below which organism is the closest related to the leopard?
Bio.3.4.3 Explain how various disease agents (bacteria, viruses, chemicals) can influence natural selection.
85.Complete this table by checking the related terms (some may have more than 1 checkmark!)
Passive
Active Immunity Antivirals
Vaccines
Antibiotics
immunity
Life lasting
immunity
Short term
immunity
Destroy the cell
walls of bacteria
Slow growth of
viruses
Dead/weakened
pathogen given
for immunity
Contracting
chicken pox or
the measles once
only
A mother breastfeeding her child