Appendices for Reviewers:
Can Verifiable Information Cut Through
the Noise about Climate Protection?
An Experimental Auction Test
Appendix A: Information sets
Figure 1A: Climate Change Information – Noisy for
Humans are contributing to this problem, and 97% of experts agree.
Introduction
While there have been variations in the climate throughout earth’s history, the incredibly rapid warming of
the planet and the increasing variability in weather patterns can’t be explained by natural processes alone.
Quite simply, human activities are directly increasing the quantity of greenhouse gases that are continually
accumulating in our planet’s atmosphere. These heat-trapping gases are at a record-high level compared to
both the distant and recent past, and human beings are to blame. We have caused the problem with the
emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that we have released since the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution, along with our practice of deforestation.
Human and Economic Impact
The problem of climate change is projected to only get worse, as the earth’s temperature is expected to rise
by 3 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2100. This will make the effects of climate change only
increasingly worse, as heat waves will be longer and more severe, and hurricanes will be more intense and
frequent. This will only serve to hurt human health and economic activity because climate change will
limit our opportunity to live a healthy life and to sustain a working economy. Fixing climate change
actually would help the economy, because workers would be needed to build solar panels and wind turbines
so we can reduce our emissions and continue production in the economy.
Environmental Impact
As the earth heats due to climate change, we will face changing precipitation patterns, the loss of
biodiversity, rising sea levels, and a great deal of glacial ice melt. This means that species critical to the
food web may well become extinct, and coastal cities will be threatened with higher sea levels and
frequent, severe hurricanes. Locations away from the coast will face changing agricultural patterns and
harsh heat waves.
Answer to the critics
Those who deny climate change are typically pushing a political agenda to profit the oil companies and
energy conglomerates. They say reducing greenhouse gases will hurt the economy, but they are far too
short-sighted; the effects of climate change will destroy our productive capabilities and hurt the economy
far worse than any preventative measure. In fact, climate change may very well destroy our future ability
to sustain agriculture or industry in several parts of the country. People that do not believe climate change
is taking place ignore facts and sacrifice the future for the sake of short-term profit.
Quick Facts
1.
Global surface temperatures have increased 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the last 100 years.
2.
The time period from 2000 to 2010 was the warmest on record.
3.
The rate that temperatures increased from 1950 to 2000 is nearly double the rate of increase from
1900 to 1950.
4.
Climate change has caused rising sea levels, rising ocean temperatures, and increased acidification
of the ocean.
5.
Precipitation patterns are changing, and hurricanes are becoming more severe.
6.
Rising temperatures have caused ice in the Arctic to melt, and glaciers and ice to melt throughout
the rest of the world.
7.
There has been a loss in biodiversity, which can be catastrophic for the food web and our
ecosystems.
What can we do?
In order to stop this problem, we have to change human behavior. Individually, protecting trees and
reducing deforestation can help, as well as recycling, using compact fluorescent light bulbs, and keeping
car tires inflated to the proper pressure. In stopping climate change, trees are especially important because
they act as a carbon sink, preventing greenhouse gases from reaching the atmosphere. When using
recycled paper products or items that encourage sustainable forestry practices and tree preservation, we
slow climate change and protect human health and future economic wellbeing.
Figure 2A: Climate Change Information – Noisy Against
It is not a problem, and humans are not responsible for changes in the climate
Introduction
While the scientific community likes to talk about climate change, not all experts agree that it is a problem,
and fewer experts believe that humans are responsible for the observed changes in the climate. Greenhouse
gases are blamed for climate change, but these scientific compounds are required for life on earth to exist in
the first place. Adding more to the atmosphere simply is not going to destroy human life or the economy.
Further, we cannot accurately predict the weather in three days, so we certainly cannot accurately predict
the whole climate for one hundred years; computer models just are not that accurate.
Human and Economic Impact
While we might have to adapt to rising temperatures if climate change is real, the larger impact would be if
we were forced to cut production in the present to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. This would mean
additional unemployment and reduced production, so all people, poor and rich, would suffer if we
decreased our emissions of greenhouse gases. To sustain growth, reduce poverty, and provide
opportunities to all people, we must continue to engage in the emission of greenhouse gases. Reduced
economic growth would be far worse for the planet than the mere possibility of a warmer climate because
people would have fewer opportunities at gainful employment.
Environmental Impact
If the earth warms, we will be able to adapt and offset any changes with technological advances and the
increased production that we gain from continuing with our current economic behaviors. Any climate
change that takes place is probably from natural factors anyway, and it would just mean that rising
temperatures might cause a variation in sea levels or in precipitation patterns. We as a people are certainly
capable of handling any of these changes as we move into the future, though it is not certain that any
changes will take place.
Answer to the critics
The entire premise of climate change is flawed in the first place, as the climate has changed repeatedly
throughout history, and there is simply no way that human beings are responsible for the recent warm trend.
Just because we have released carbon dioxide, it does not mean we are killing the planet. We are
improving life by producing electricity and useful products. Our way of life is reducing poverty, hunger,
and unemployment, so it would be foolish to cut back on production when so many people are in need.
Even if we did reduce our emissions, China and India will not, so we will just lose jobs to them. In that
case, the climate change issue would not be improved much since China produces more carbon dioxide
than we do, and we would simply just fall behind in the world economy while doing nothing to improve the
planet. Some argue that the whole issue of climate change is simply a bunch of scientists seeking attention
and grant money.
Quick Facts
1. Climate change might not even be a problem
2. Climate change might not be due to human activity.
3. Experts and governments recognize that natural factors impact climate change. The intensity of the
sun or the wobble of the earth’s orbit are just two examples.
4. Temperatures have increased over the last decades, but these changes have taken place since the
time of the dinosaurs.
5. Fighting climate change will hurt the economy, because we will have to burn less fossil fuels in
order to slow the emission of greenhouse gases.
6. Fighting climate change will hurt the United States in comparison with the developing world, as it
is unlikely that India and China will reduce their emissions even if we do.
7. Biodiversity has changed, but species have gone extinct and changed since the beginning of time.
What can we do?
Those who believe climate change is taking place argue that we should save trees through the purchase of
recycled products and items that promote sustainable forestry practices. Trees hold carbon, so they believe
that practices that encourage saving trees will cause climate change to be slowed. Instead, those who
disagree with climate change think that buying those products is a waste of money and an insult to those
who want economic growth as it is more expensive to produce these goods. We are not sure that climate
change is real or if humans are responsible, so buying products that save trees just slows growth,
perpetuates the idea that climate change is real, and hurts our competitiveness in the world marketplace.
Figure 3A: Climate Change Information – Verifiable
Verifiable climate change science
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Scientific Information
Source
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Scientific Information, with its source
being the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of scientists that conducts its own
studies, reviews worldwide research, and issues regular assessment reports, special reports, and technical
papers. According to the IPCC, “The IPCC's findings, because they reflect global scientific consensus and
are apolitical in character, form a useful counterbalance to the often highly charged political debate over
what to do about climate change.
Current evidence of climate change
 Numerous long-term changes in the climate have been observed, including the occurrence of and
increased intensity in extreme weather events like droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves, and the
intensity of hurricanes and cyclones.
 Heavy precipitation events have increased over most land areas.
 The intensity of hurricanes in the Atlantic has increased since 1970.
 Drying has occurred over large reasons, and this contributes to increased desertification.
 Water availability has decreased significantly in parts of impoverished Africa.
 Average Arctic temperatures have risen at almost twice the global rate in the last 100 years.
 Temperatures at the top of the permafrost layer have risen by up to 3 degrees Celsius since
1980, and buildings in the Russian Arctic are collapsing because the permafrost under their
foundations have melted.
 Glaciers are melting, and snow cover has decreased.
 Snow cover has decreased by 10% in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern
Hemisphere since the 1960s.
 Mountain glaciers and snow cover has declined worldwide, and this contributes to increased
sea levels. This glacial melt, largely from Greenland and Antarctica, is blamed for the 3.1
mm per year increase in sea levels worldwide.
 Glaciers are retreating. In Switzerland, glacial volume has decreased by two-thirds over the
last century.
 Biological and physical processes are impacted.
 Scientists observe over 420 impacts to physical processes and biological species because of
climate change.
 Growing seasons have lengthened in certain regions as climate change has taken place.
 Regional changes are taking place in the distribution and production of different species of
fish.
 Many butterflies, beetles, dragonflies, and other insects are now living at higher latitudes than
ever, in places where it was previously too cold for them to survive. Bugs are essentially
migrating north.
 Egg-laying and mating seasons have been altered for many animals.
 Many plant species are migrating up mountains, and plant species that used to exist only on
mountain tops have disappeared in places like the Alps.
 Increased acidification of the oceans.
Projected Future Effects of climate change
 The consequences of climate change are projected to be disruptive to catastrophic.
 The minimum warming trend is projected to be twice that of the record increase that has taken
place in the past century.
 Extreme storm events, floods, and droughts are predicted to be more common and more
severe.


Snow melt and glacial retreat will continue, and the Greenland ice sheet will continue to melt
until it is entirely gone. This would cause sea levels to rise by up to 7m. Most of the world’s
endangered species (25% of mammals and 12% of birds) may become extinct over the next
few decades as climate change threatens their habitats.
Warmer temperatures will increase the threat from diseases like malaria. Crop yields will be
reduced in places like the central United States.
Causes of climate change:
 Increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere during the 20 th century have altered the balance of the
atmosphere. Warming of the climate system is now unequivocal and can be attributed to human
activity.
Appendix B: Experimental Instructions
Random nth-Price Auction Instructions
In a random nth-price auction, monitors determine participants’ preferences over a good.
The monitors conduct an auction for the good, and participants have the opportunity to
purchase ONE good. In this auction, participants are asked to tell the monitors the most
they are willing to pay (if anything) for the good by writing bids on the bid sheets. The
bids are private information and are not shared with any other participants. The process
is as follows:
1. First, each of the participants has a bid sheet. On the bid sheet, they write the
MOST they are willing to pay for the good.
2. After they have finished writing the bid, the participants fold the bid in half and
one of the monitors collects it.
3. The monitors then rank the bids from highest to lowest.
4. Next, a random number is drawn by the monitor to determine how many
participants will win the good. The random number will be somewhere between 2
and the number of participants, and it is denoted by n .
5. The n 1 highest bidders win the auction and all winning bids pay the nth highest
bid amount for the transaction. For instance, if there are 10 participants, and the
randomly drawn number is 4 (i.e. n  4 ), then the 3 (i.e. n 1 ) highest bidders
win the auction and each pays the 4th highest bid amount for the good.
6. After the auction, one of the monitors writes the random number n , and the
winning price of the good on the chalkboard for everyone to see.
7. The bidders are told whether they have won the auction and the market-clearing
price that they are to pay at the end of the auction. All other participants pay
nothing and receive no good.
Important notes about the random nth-price auction:
 You can only win one good. Since only one auction is binding, you cannot win
more than one good.
 This auction is not hypothetical, and winners will actually pay money and receive
an actual good.
 In this auction, your best strategy is to bid exactly your private value of obtaining
the good. When you submit your bid, you do not know what the market-clearing
price of the good will be. If you bid more than the good is worth to you, you will
end up paying a price that is higher than you really want to pay. If you bid less
than it is worth to you, you will not win the auction even though you could have
paid a price that you were willing to pay. Your best strategy is to bid exactly your
private value of the good.
 You are free to bid $0.00 if you do not want to purchase the good.
Single Candy Bar Auction Instructions
We are going to conduct an auction to determine your preferences over a Snickers candy
bar. In the front of the room, we have the Snickers bar that was briefly described on the
“Snicker Bar Information Sheet” in your packet. If you haven’t done so, please read the
brief description now.
We will conduct an auction for the candy bar, and you will have the possibility of
purchasing ONE Snickers bar. In this auction, you will be asked to tell us the most you
are willing to pay (if anything) for the Snickers bar by writing bids on the enclosed bid
sheet. Your bids are private information and will not be shared with any other
participants. The instructions are as follows:
1. First, each of you has a “Snickers Bar Bid Sheet” in your packet. On the bid
sheet, you will write the MOST you are willing to pay for the Snickers bar.
2. After you have finished writing the bid, please fold the bid sheet in half and one
of the monitors will collect it from you.
3. In the front of the room, the monitors will rank your bid from highest to lowest.
4. Then, a random number is drawn by the monitor to determine how many
participants will win the good. The random number will be somewhere between 2
and the number of participants, and it is denoted by n .
5. The n 1 highest bidders will win the auction and all winning bids will pay the
nth highest bid amount for the transaction. For instance, if there are 10
participants, and the randomly drawn number drawn by the monitor is 4 (i.e.
n  4 ), then the 3 (i.e. n 1 ) highest bidders will win the auction and each will
pay the 4th highest bid amount for the candy bar.
6. If it is determined at the end of the session that this auction is THE binding
auction, the monitors will write the random number n , and the winning price of
the candy bar on the chalkboard for everyone to see at the end of the session.
Important notes about the single candy bar auction:
 You can only possibly win one Snickers bar. Since only one of the four auctions
is binding, you cannot win more than one auction good.
 This auction is not hypothetical, and winners will actually pay money and receive
an actual candy bar.
 In this auction, your best strategy is to bid exactly your private value of obtaining
the Snickers bar. When you submit your bid, you do not know what the marketclearing price of the good will be. If you bid more than the good is worth to you,
you will end up paying a price that is higher than you really want to pay. If you
bid less than it is worth to you, you will not win the auction even though you
could have paid a price that you were willing to pay. Your best strategy is to bid
exactly your private value of the Snickers bar.
 You are free to bid $0.00 if you do not want to purchase a certain good.
Are there any questions before we begin? At this point, please remove the bid sheets
labeled “Single Candy Bar Auction” and use these for the following auction.
Multiple Candy Bar Auction Instructions
We are going to conduct an second auction to determine your preferences over different
candy bars. We have two candy bars: Snickers and Milky Way. In the front of the room,
we have the two candy bars are described on the “Multiple Candy Bar Information Sheet”
in your packet. Please read the brief descriptions now.
We will conduct an auction for each of the candy bars, and you will have the
opportunity to purchase ONE candy bar. In this auction, you will be asked to tell us the
most you are willing to pay (if anything) for each of the candy bars by writing bids for
each on the enclosed bid sheet. Your bids are private information and will not be shared
with any other participants. The instructions are as follows:
1. First, each of you have a “Multiple Candy Bar Bid Sheet” in your packet. On the
bid sheet, you will write the MOST you are willing to pay for each of the
following: 1) Snickers and 2) Milky Way. Note: you will write two bids, one for
each candy bar.
2. After you have finished writing the bids, please fold the bid sheet in half and one
of the monitors will collect it from you.
3. In the front of the room, the monitors will rank your bids from highest to lowest
for each candy bar.
4. Then, a random number is drawn by the monitor to determine how many
participants will win a candy bar. The random number will be somewhere
between 2 and the number of participants, and it is denoted by n .
5. The n 1 highest bidders win the auction and all winning bids pay the nth highest
bid amount for the transaction. For instance, if there are 10 participants, and the
randomly drawn number drawn by the monitor is 4 (i.e. n  4 ), then the 3 (i.e.
n 1) highest bidders win the auction and each pays the 4th highest bid amount for
the winning candy bar.
6. If it is determined at the end of the session that this auction is THE binding
auction, the monitors will then determine which candy bar is the binding good by
randomly drawing a number between 1 and 2. For example, if we draw the
number 1, the Snickers bar will be the binding good. Again, if this is the binding
auction, the monitors will write the random number n , and the winning price of
the binding candy bar on the chalkboard for everyone to see at the end of the
session.
Important notes about the multiple candy bar auction:
 You can only possibly win one candy bar. Since only one auction is binding, you
cannot win more than one auction good.
 This is auction is not hypothetical, and winners will actually pay money and
receive an actual candy bar.
 In this auction, your best strategy is to bid exactly your private value of obtaining
the candy bar. When you submit your bid, you do not know what the marketclearing price of the good will be. If you bid more than the good is worth to you,
you will end up paying a price that is higher than you really want to pay. If you
bid less than it is worth to you, you will not win the auction even though you

could have paid a price that you were willing to pay. Your best strategy is to bid
exactly your private value of the candy bar.
You are free to bid $0.00 if you do not want to purchase a certain good.
Are there any questions before we begin? At this point, please remove the bid sheets
marked “Multiple Candy Bar Auction” and use these for the following auction.
Coffee Auction Instructions
We are going to conduct an auction to determine your preferences over different types of
coffee. We have two types of coffee: standard coffee and shade-coffee. In the front of
the room, we have the two types of coffee that have brief descriptions on the “Coffee
Information Sheet” in your packet. Please read the brief descriptions now.
We will conduct an auction for each type of coffee, and you will have the opportunity
to purchase ONE 4 oz packet (makes 12.5 cups) of coffee. In this auction, you will be
asked to tell us the most you are willing to pay (if anything) for each type of coffee by
writing bids for each on the enclosed bid sheet. Your bids are private information and
will not be shared with any other participants. The procedures for this auction are exactly
the same as the candy bar auction. To refresh your memory, I will go through the
instructions again.
1. First, each of you have a “Coffee Bid Sheet” in your packet. On the bid sheet,
you will write the MOST you are willing to pay for each of the following: 1)
standard coffee and 2) shade-coffee. Note: you will write two bids, one for each
type of coffee.
2. After you have finished writing the bids, please fold the bid sheet in half and one
of the monitors will collect it from you.
3. In the front of the room, the monitors will rank your bids from highest to lowest
for each type of coffee.
4. Then, a random number is drawn by the monitor to determine how many
participants will win coffee. The random number will be somewhere between 2
and the number of participants, and it is denoted by n .
5. The n 1 highest bidders win the auction and all winning bids pay the nth highest
bid amount for the transaction. For instance, if there are 10 participants, and the
randomly drawn number drawn by the monitor is 4 (i.e. n  4 ), then the 3 (i.e.
n 1) highest bidders win the auction and each pays the 4th highest bid amount for
the winning coffee.
6. If it is determined at the end of the session that this auction is THE binding
auction, the monitors will then determine which type of coffee is the binding good
by randomly drawing a number between 1 and 2. For example, if we draw the
number 1, the standard coffee will be the binding good. Again, if this is the
binding auction, the monitors will write the random number n , and the winning
price of the binding on the chalkboard for everyone to see at the end of the
session.
Important notes about the coffee auction:
 You can only possibly win one 16 oz packet of coffee. Since only one auction is
binding, you cannot win more than one auction good.
 This is auction is not hypothetical, and winners will actually pay money and
receive an actual 16 oz packet of coffee.
 In this auction, your best strategy is to bid exactly your private value of obtaining
each type of coffee. When you submit your bid, you do not know what the
market-clearing price of the good will be. If you bid more than the good is worth

to you, you will end up paying a price that is higher than you really want to pay.
If you bid less than it is worth to you, you will not win the auction even though
you could have paid a price that you were willing to pay. Your best strategy is to
bid exactly your private value of the coffee.
You are free to bid $0.00 if you do not want to purchase a certain good.
Are there any questions before we begin? At this point, please remove the bid sheet
labeled “Coffee Auction” and use these for the following auction.
Paper Auction Instructions
We are going to conduct an auction to determine your preferences over different types of
paper. We have two types of paper: standard paper and recycled paper. In the front of
the room, we have the two types of paper that have brief descriptions on the “Paper
Information Sheet” in your packet. Please read the brief descriptions now.
We will conduct an auction for each type of paper, and you will have the opportunity
to purchase ONE ream that contains 500 sheets of paper. In this auction, you will be
asked to tell us the most you are willing to pay (if anything) for each type of paper by
writing bids for each on the enclosed bid sheet. Your bids are private information and
will not be shared with any other participants. The procedures for this auction are exactly
the same as the candy bar auction. To refresh your memory, I will go through the
instructions again.
1. First, each of you have a “Paper Bid Sheet” in your packet. On the bid sheet, you
will write the MOST you are willing to pay for each of the following: 1) standard
paper and 2) recycled paper. Note: you will write two bids, one for each type of
paper.
2. After you have finished writing the bids, please fold the bid sheet in half and one
of the monitors will collect it from you.
3. In the front of the room, the monitors will rank your bids from highest to lowest
for each type of paper.
4. Then, a random number is drawn by the monitor to determine how many
participants will win paper. The random number will be somewhere between 2
and the number of participants, and it is denoted by n .
5. The n 1 highest bidders win the auction and all winning bids pay the nth highest
bid amount for the transaction. For instance, if there are 10 participants, and the
randomly drawn number drawn by the monitor is 4 (i.e. n  4 ), then the 3 (i.e.
n 1) highest bidders win the auction and each pays the 4th highest bid amount for
the winning paper.
6. If it is determined at the end of the session that this auction is THE binding
auction, the monitors will then determine which type of paper is the binding good
by randomly drawing a number between 1 and 2. For example, if we draw the
number 1, the standard paper will be the binding good. Again, if this is the
binding auction, the monitors will write the random number n , and the winning
price of the binding on the chalkboard for everyone to see at the end of the
session.
Important notes about the paper auction:
 You can only possibly win one packet of paper. Since only one auction is
binding, you cannot win more than one auction good.
 This is auction is not hypothetical, and winners will actually pay money and
receive an actual packet of 500 sheets of paper.
 In this auction, your best strategy is to bid exactly your private value of obtaining
each type of paper. When you submit your bid, you do not know what the
market-clearing price of the good will be. If you bid more than the good is worth

to you, you will end up paying a price that is higher than you really want to pay.
If you bid less than it is worth to you, you will not win the auction even though
you could have paid a price that you were willing to pay. Your best strategy is to
bid exactly your private value of the coffee.
You are free to bid $0.00 if you do not want to purchase a certain good.
Are there any questions before we begin? At this point, please remove the bid sheet
labeled “Paper Auction” and use these for the following auction.
Example of Bid Sheets
Information Sheets
Single Candy Bar Information Sheet
Please take a moment to read the following information regarding the specific candy bar
that is available in the single candy bar auction.
Snickers
1. The Snickers bar contains roasted peanuts, nougat, caramel, and milk chocolate.
2. The Snickers bar weighs 2.07 oz, and the serving size is one package.
3. The Snickers bar has 280 calories, 130 of which come from fat. It has 14 g of fat,
140 mg of sodium, 35 g of carbohydrates, 30 g of sugar, and 4 g of protein.
4. The Snickers bar was produced by Mars, Incorporated, headquartered in McLean,
Virginia, with its chocolate segment headquartered in Hackettstown, New Jersey.
Multiple Candy Bar Information Sheet
Please take a moment to read the following information regarding the specific candy bars that are
available in the multiple candy bar auction.
Snickers
1. The Snickers bar contains roasted peanuts, nougat, caramel, and milk chocolate.
2. The Snickers bar weighs 2.07 oz, and the serving size is one package.
3. The Snickers bar has 280 calories, 130 of which come from fat. It has 14 g of fat, 140 mg
of sodium, 35 g of carbohydrates, 30 g of sugar, and 4 g of protein.
4. The Snickers bar was produced by Mars, Incorporated, headquartered in McLean,
Virginia, with its chocolate segment headquartered in Hackettstown, New Jersey.
Milky Way
1. The Milky Way bar contains caramel, nougat, and milk chocolate.
2. The Milky Way bar weighs 2.05 oz, and the serving size is one package.
3. The Milky Way bar has 260 calories, 90 of which come from fat. It has 10 g of fat, 95 mg
of sodium, 41 g of carbohydrates, 24 g of sugar, and 2 g of protein.
4. The Milky way bar was produced by Mars, Incorporated, headquartered in McLean,
Virginia, with its chocolate segment headquartered in Hackettstown, New Jersey.
Coffee Information Sheet
Please take a moment to read the following information regarding the types of coffee that are
available in the auction.
Standard Coffee (by Cameron`s)
1. This product is Cameron`s standard French Roast bold coffee.
2. The producer describes the characteristics of this coffee by stating “This coffee possesses
a superb flavor for a wonderful cup of coffee.”
Shade Coffee (Shade-Grown Coffee by Cameron`s)
1. Shade-Grown Coffee is produced by Cameron`s, and it is French Roast bold coffee. The
producer describes its characteristics by stating “This coffee possesses a superb flavor for
a wonderful cup of coffee.”
2. This product is grown under canopy trees, resulting in the preservation of trees. Trees
help to mitigate the climate change by storing carbon emissions.
These two types of coffee are identical except the production of the shade-grown coffee helps to
protect canopy trees.
Paper Information Sheet
Please take a moment to read the following information regarding the types of paper that are
available in the auction.
Standard Paper (Georgia - Pacific Everyday Copy & Print Paper)
1. This paper is produced by Georgia-Pacific Company and is widely used in offices,
schools etc.
2. The producer describes this product as “Solid printing performance for general home and
office use. Standard weight and brightness provide high quality results.”
3. This product is compatible with all printers, copiers and fax machines.
Recycled Paper (Georgia – Pacific Recycled Copy & Print Paper)
1. This paper is produced by Georgia-Pacific Company and is available to purchase in many
stores and from the producer`s website.
2. The producer describes this product as “High value choice for solid quality printing.
Standard weight and brightness provide crisp images and printed text. ”
3. This product is compatible with all printers, copiers and fax machines.
4. The production of recycled paper is made from recycled materials, resulting in the
preservation of trees. Trees help to mitigate climate change by storing carbon emissions.
These two types of paper are identical except the production of recycled paper results in the
preservation of trees.
Appendix C: Bid Data
Table 1C. Bids in the coffee auction
Id
Session
Treatment
Standard Coffee Bid
Shade Coffee Bid
Coffee Difference
10101
1
1
1
1.5
0.5
10102
1
1
5
6.5
1.5
10104
1
1
0.35
0.5
0.15
10106
1
1
2
2
0
10107
1
1
2.75
2.75
0
10108
1
1
0
4
4
10109
1
1
6
6
0
10110
1
1
4
5
1
10111
1
1
4.01
4.51
0.5
10112
1
1
5.02
5.1
0.08
10113
1
1
0
4.95
4.95
10114
1
1
1
1.5
0.5
10115
1
1
7
7
0
20201
2
2
1
1
0
20202
2
2
1.5
1.5
0
20203
2
2
0
0.5
0.5
20204
2
2
0.75
1
0.25
20205
2
2
1.5
1.5
0
20206
2
2
0
0
0
20207
2
2
2
2
0
20208
2
2
2.65
3.05
0.4
20209
2
2
1
1
0
20210
2
2
0
0
0
20211
2
2
15
18
3
20212
2
2
2.29
2.99
0.7
20213
2
2
2
2.5
0.5
20214
2
2
3
3
0
20215
2
2
3
3.25
0.25
30101
3
1
1.5
1.75
0.25
30102
3
1
3.5
4
0.5
30103
3
1
3
0
-3
30104
3
1
0.1
0.1
0
30105
3
1
0.9
1
0.1
30106
3
1
2.6
3
0.4
30107
3
1
0.2
0.25
0.05
30108
3
1
2
2
0
30109
3
1
0.5
0.5
0
30110
3
1
0
0
0
30111
3
1
0
0.5
0.5
30112
3
1
8
10
2
30113
3
1
2.25
2.75
0.5
30114
3
1
5
6.5
1.5
30115
3
1
1.5
0
-1.5
10103
3
1
2
2.5
0.5
10105
3
1
7
8.5
1.5
40201
4
2
2.5
5
2.5
40202
4
2
1
1.5
0.5
40203
4
2
3.5
3.5
0
40204
4
2
0
1
1
40205
4
2
4
5
1
40206
4
2
0.27
1
0.73
40207
4
2
4
6
2
40208
4
2
1
2
1
40209
4
2
7.79
8.79
1
40211
4
2
6.5
8
1.5
40212
4
2
0
0
0
40213
4
2
1
2
1
40214
4
2
0.55
1.1
0.55
40215
4
2
2
4.01
2.01
50101
5
1
2
2.2
0.2
50102
5
1
1
1.35
0.35
50103
5
1
3
4
1
50104
5
1
2.5
3.5
1
50105
5
1
2
4
2
50106
5
1
1
2
1
50107
5
1
5
7
2
50108
5
1
5
6
1
50109
5
1
3
3.5
0.5
50110
5
1
4
5
1
50111
5
1
1
2
1
50112
5
1
1
1.6
0.6
50113
5
1
6
7
1
50114
5
1
5
5.5
0.5
50115
5
1
5
6.5
1.5
50116
5
1
4
5
1
50117
5
1
4
4.5
0.5
50118
5
1
1
2
1
50119
5
1
3
3.5
0.5
50120
5
1
5
6
1
50121
5
1
2
3
1
60101
6
2
1
4
3
60102
6
2
2
4
2
60103
6
2
1
1.5
0.5
60104
6
2
0.5
2
1.5
60105
6
2
1
3
2
60106
6
2
5
7
2
60107
6
2
4
7
3
60108
6
2
2
5
3
60109
6
2
3
5
2
60110
6
2
3
6
3
60111
6
2
2
3.5
1.5
60112
6
2
1
2.5
1.5
60113
6
2
2
3
1
60114
6
2
1
2.5
1.5
60115
6
2
0.5
2
1.5
60116
6
2
5
7
2
60117
6
2
4
7
3
60118
6
2
3
5
2
60119
6
2
2
3
1
60120
6
2
1
3
2
60121
6
2
1
2
1
60122
6
2
2
4
2
2.55
3.52
Average
Table 2C. Bids in the paper auction
Id
Session
Treatment
Standard Paper Bid
Recycled Paper Bid
Paper Difference
10101
1
1
1.5
2
0.5
10102
1
1
2.5
5
2.5
10104
1
1
0
0
0
10106
1
1
0
0
0
10107
1
1
0
0
0
10108
1
1
0
0
0
10109
1
1
2
2
0
10110
1
1
4
6
2
10111
1
1
4.51
5.01
0.5
10112
1
1
2.05
3.05
1
10113
1
1
3.95
0
-3.95
10114
1
1
2
2.5
0.5
10115
1
1
6.75
6
-0.75
20201
2
2
0
0
0
20202
2
2
1
1
0
20203
2
2
0
0.5
0.5
20204
2
2
2
2.25
0.25
20205
2
2
1.25
1.25
0
20206
2
2
2.75
1.25
-1.5
20207
2
2
1.25
1.25
0
20208
2
2
0.5
1
0.5
20209
2
2
0
0
0
20210
2
2
2
3
1
20211
2
2
18
20
2
20212
2
2
3.8
4.99
1.19
20213
2
2
3
3.75
0.75
20214
2
2
0.5
0.5
0
20215
2
2
0.25
0.25
0
30101
3
1
7.55
9.55
2
30102
3
1
5
4.5
-0.5
30103
3
1
0
1
1
30104
3
1
0
0.01
0.01
30105
3
1
1.56
1.77
0.21
30106
3
1
1.8
2
0.2
30107
3
1
0.2
0.25
0.05
30108
3
1
0
0
0
30109
3
1
1
2
1
30110
3
1
0
0
0
30111
3
1
0
1
1
30112
3
1
14
15
1
30113
3
1
4.5
5
0.5
30114
3
1
7
10
3
30115
3
1
0
0
0
10103
3
1
2.5
3.5
1
10105
3
1
6.99
7.99
1
40201
4
2
0
0
0
40202
4
2
2
3
1
40203
4
2
2
2.5
0.5
40204
4
2
1
2
1
40205
4
2
3.5
4
0.5
40206
4
2
4
5.5
1.5
40207
4
2
3
4
1
40208
4
2
0
1.5
1.5
40209
4
2
3.28
4.15
0.87
40211
4
2
12
13.5
1.5
40212
4
2
0
0
0
40213
4
2
1
1.5
0.5
40214
4
2
0.4
0.76
0.36
40215
4
2
1
2.01
1.01
50101
5
1
2
2.5
0.5
50102
5
1
2
3
1
50103
5
1
3
3.5
0.5
50104
5
1
3
4
1
50105
5
1
2
2.5
0.5
50106
5
1
3
3.7
0.7
50107
5
1
2
2.6
0.6
50108
5
1
2
2.8
0.8
50109
5
1
1
1.5
0.5
50110
5
1
4
5
1
50111
5
1
3
3.4
0.4
50112
5
1
3
3.8
0.8
50113
5
1
3
4
1
50114
5
1
5
6
1
50115
5
1
3
4
1
50116
5
1
2
2.5
0.5
50117
5
1
1
1.5
0.5
50118
5
1
1
1.5
0.5
50119
5
1
2
3
1
50120
5
1
1
2
1
50121
5
1
1
1.5
0.5
60101
6
2
3
4
1
60102
6
2
3
4.5
1.5
60103
6
2
1
3
2
60104
6
2
2
3
1
60105
6
2
2
4
2
60106
6
2
1
2
1
60107
6
2
1
2.4
1.4
60108
6
2
2
3.5
1.5
60109
6
2
3
5
2
60110
6
2
2
5.5
3.5
60111
6
2
1
4
3
60112
6
2
2
6
4
60113
6
2
2
3
1
60114
6
2
4
6
2
60115
6
2
3
3.5
0.5
60116
6
2
4
6
2
60117
6
2
4
7
3
60118
6
2
3
4
1
60119
6
2
4
5
1
60120
6
2
2.5
3.5
1
60121
6
2
3
4
1
60122
6
2
4
5.5
1.5
2.51
3.32
Average
Appendix D: Some Graphical Representation of the Results
0
2
4
6
8
10
Figure 1D: Bids ($) in the Noisy Information Coffee Auction
0
20
40
participants
standardcoffeebid
60
shadecoffeebid
80
0
5
10
15
20
Figure 2D: Bids ($) in the Verifiable Information Coffee Auction
20
40
60
Participants
StandardCoffee
80
100
ShadeCoffee
2
0
-2
-4
coffeedifference
4
6
Figure 3D: Bid Difference under Noisy Information Coffee Auction
0
20
40
participants
60
80
0
1
CoffeeDifference
2
3
Figure 4D: Bid Difference under Verifiable Information Coffee Auction
20
40
60
Participants
80
100
0
1
2
3
4
Figure 5D: Mean of Standard and Shade Coffee Bids under Noisy Information
mean of standardcoffeebid
mean of shadecoffeebid
0
1
2
3
4
Figure 6D: Mean of Standard and Shade Coffee Bids under Verifiable Information
mean of StandardCoffee
mean of ShadeCoffee
0
5
10
15
Figure 7D: Bids ($) in the Noisy Information Paper Auction
0
20
40
participants
standardpaperbid
60
recycledpaperbid
80
0
5
10
15
20
Figure 8D: Bids ($) in the Verifiable Information Paper Auction
20
40
60
participants
standardpaperbid
80
100
recycledpaperbid
0
-2
-4
paperdifference
2
4
Figure 9D: Bid Difference under Noisy Information Paper Auction
0
20
40
participants
60
80
-2
0
paperdifference
2
4
Figure 10D: Bid Difference under Verifiable Information Paper Auction
20
40
60
participants
80
100
0
1
2
3
Figure 11D: Mean of Standard and Recycled Paper Bids under Noisy Information
mean of standardpaperbid
mean of recycledpaperbid
0
1
2
3
4
Figure 12D: Mean of Standard and Recycled Paper Bids under Verifiable
Information
mean of standardpaperbid
mean of recycledpaperbid