The Iliad
By Homer
The Iliad is an epic Greek poem that tells the story of the Trojan War. This was a
war between the Greeks (Achaeans) and the people of Troy.
The war began after the abduction of Helen of Sparta by Paris, the prince of Troy.
Helen’s jealous husband Menelaus convinced his brother Agamemnon, the king of
a Greek city-state, to lead an expedition to retrieve her. Agamemnon was joined by
the Greek heroes Achilles, who was the greatest warrior of the day and basically
invincible. They crossed the Aegean Sea to Asia Minor to lay siege to Troy and
demand Helen’s return by Priam, the Trojan king.
Nine years after the start of the Trojan War, the Greek (“Achaean”) army destroys
Chryse, a town allied with Troy. During the battle, the Achaeans capture a two
women, Chryseis and Briseis. Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean forces,
takes Chryseis, and Achilles, the Achaeans’ greatest warrior, claims Briseis.
Chryseis’s father, Chryses, who serves as a priest of the god Apollo, offers an
enormous ransom in return for his daughter, but Agamemnon refuses to give
Chryseis back. Chryses then prays to Apollo, who sends a plague upon the
Achaean camp.
After many Achaeans die, Agamemnon consults a prophet to determine the cause
of the plague. When he learns that Chryseis is the cause, he reluctantly gives her up
but then demands Briseis from Achilles as compensation. Furious at this insult,
Achilles returns to his tent in the army camp and refuses to fight in the war any
longer. He vengefully yearns to see the Achaeans destroyed and asks his mother,
the sea-nymph Thetis, to enlist the services of Zeus, king of the gods, toward this
end. The Trojan and Achaean sides have declared a truce with each other, but now
the Trojans break the treaty and Zeus comes to their aid.
With Zeus supporting the Trojans and Achilles refusing to fight, the Achaeans
suffer great losses. The Trojans push the Achaeans back, forcing them to take
refuge on the coast by their ships. They advance all the way up to the boundary of
the Achaean camp and set fire to one of the ships. Defeat seems imminent, because
without the ships, the army will be stranded at Troy and almost certainly destroyed.
Concerned for his comrades but still too proud to help them himself, Achilles
agrees to a plan proposed by Nestor that will allow his beloved friend Patroclus to
take his place in battle, wearing his armor. Patroclus is a fine warrior, and his
presence on the battlefield helps the Achaeans push the Trojans away from the
ships and back to the city walls. But the attack soon falters. Apollo knocks
Patroclus’s armor to the ground, and Hector, the prince of Troy, slays him. When
Achilles discovers that Hector has killed Patroclus, he fills with such grief and rage
that he agrees to reconcile with Agamemnon and rejoin the battle. Thetis goes to
Mount Olympus and persuades the god Hephaestus to forge Achilles a new suit of
armor, which she presents to him the next morning. Achilles then rides out to battle
at the head of the Achaean army.
Meanwhile, Hector, not expecting Achilles to rejoin the battle, has ordered his men
to camp outside the walls of Troy. But when the Trojan army glimpses Achilles, it
flees in terror back behind the city walls. Achilles cuts down every Trojan he sees.
Strengthened by his rage, he even fights the god of the river Xanthus, who is
angered that Achilles has caused so many corpses to fall into his streams. Finally,
Achilles confronts Hector outside the walls of Troy. Ashamed at the poor advice
that he gave his comrades, Hector refuses to flee inside the city with them. Achilles
chases him around the city’s periphery three times, but the goddess Athena finally
tricks Hector into turning around and fighting Achilles. In a dramatic duel,
Achilles kills Hector. He then lashes the body to the back of his chariot and drags it
across the battlefield to the Achaean camp.
At last, the gods agree that Hector deserves a proper burial. Zeus sends the god
Hermes to escort King Priam, Hector’s father and the ruler of Troy, into the
Achaean camp. Priam tearfully pleads with Achilles to take pity on a father and
return Hector’s body. Deeply moved, Achilles finally relents and returns Hector’s
corpse to the Trojans. Both sides agree to a temporary truce, and Hector receives a
hero’s funeral.
Homework
1. Paragraph (10-12 sentences) – Describe the story of the Iliad in your
own words. Include the following:
a. The two sides of the war
b. Agamemnon, Achilles, Hector, Priam
c. How did the gods involve themselves in the war?
After the events of the Iliad and the death of Hector, the Trojan War still wasn't
over. Neither the Greeks nor the Trojans seemed to be able to win, until one of the
Greek kings had an idea.
Build a big wooden horse on wheels," he said, "big enough for a bunch of Greek
soldiers to hide inside it." So the Greeks did. Then the Greeks all pretended
to sail home (except the ones hiding inside the horse!). They acted like they had
given up and left. But really they hid just around the corner.
Soon the Trojans found the horse. "What is it?" they asked each other. Nobody
knew. (The Greek soldiers hiding inside kept very quiet). Then they found a Greek
soldier hiding nearby. He said (though this was part of the trick) that the other
Greeks hated him and they had left him behind. So the Trojans asked him what the
horse was for. He said it was an offering to Athena.
The Trojans didn't want to upset Athena either, so they rolled the big horse into the
city of Troy. It was so big it wouldn't go through the gate, and they had to tear
down a piece of the city wall to get it in. They left it at the temple of Athena, and
then the Trojans had a big party to celebrate the end of the war. (Still the Greek
soldiers inside the horse kept very quiet).
Finally, everyone fell asleep, and NOW the Greek soldiers came
out of the Trojan Horse and killed the guards on the walls. They
signaled to the other Greeks to come attack Troy. They could get
in now because the walls were torn down. There was a big battle
and the Greeks won. All the Trojan men were killed, and all the
women and children were taken back to Greece as slaves.
Achilles would die in the battle. Although he was the greatest warrior in all of
Greece, and basically invincible, his one weak spot in his body was behind is
ankle. An arrow was shot and hit him in his weak spot. He was then attacked and
killed. That is why today, behind your ankle is referred to as your Achilles heal.
HOMEWORK
1. Paragraph (6-8 sentences) - Describe how the Greeks tricked the people
of Troy and were able to win the war.