Benchmark
Review
Foundations, Diagnostics
2 March 2013
Foundations Overview
Recognizing Syndromes
 Etiology

Origin or cause of a disease
 Pathology

What is wrong, out of balance
 Disease

mechanisms
What happens as a result of the etiology
Disease vs. Differentiation

Disease


The chief complaint – headache, coughing and
sneezing, back pain, etc.
Differentiation

The TCM thing causing the disease
Example: client comes in with a headache across
the forehead which you determine comes from wind
heat affecting the Yangming channel.
The headache is the disease. Wind-heat affecting
the Yangming channel is the differentiation.
Five Element Theory
What to know



Know the Five Element diagram thoroughly!
Understand the application of the
generating/control sequence. Know the
normal sequences and the pathological
sequences.
Understand the application of Five Element
Theory in:




Physiology
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Where to get the info
Foundations 1, Classes 4-5
See the highlighted parts
Five Element Theory
Wu Xin - Nature
Season
Climate
Direction
Color
Taste
Smell
Wood
Spring
Wind
East
Green
Sour
Rancid
Fire
Summer
Heat
South
Red
Bitter
Burned
Earth
Last
Summer
Damp
Middle
Yellow
Sweet
Sweetish
Metal
Autumn
Dryness
West
White
Pungent
Rank
Water
Winter
Cold
North
Black
Salty
Putrid
Five Element Theory
Wu Xin – Body
Zang/
yin
Fu/yan Sense
g
Organ
Body
Tissue
Emotion
Sound
Wood
LV
GB
Eye
Sinews
Anger
Shouting
Fire
HT*
SI*
Tongue
Vessels
Joy
Laughing
Earth
SP
ST
Mouth
Muscles
Worry
Singing
Metal
LU
LI
Nose
Skin
Grief
Crying
Water
KI
BL
Ear
Bone
Fear
Groaning
* PC and SJ are also associated with fire, but not on this chart.
 Normal:


Generating
Controlling
 Pathological:




Overacting
Mother to child but very domineering
Insulting
Child to mother – like a mouthy kid
Over-controlling / Over-checking
Right direction, but too much control
Counter-checking
Wrong direction of control
Yin Yang Theory
What to know
 Origins
of the theory
 Yin yang correspondences
 Concepts of yin and yang
 Four aspects of yin/yang theory
 Yin/yang channel distribution
 How to apply yin/yang theory
Where to get the info
Foundations 1, Classes 2-3
See the highlighted parts
Yin and Yang
correspondences
Color
Temp
Time
Season
*
Dir 1
*
Dir 2
*
Gender
Moves
Other
Yang
Bright,
Red
Warm
Day
Spring,
Summer
South,
East
Left
Male
Up
Dynamic
Yin
Dark,
Black
Cold
Night
Fall,
Winter
North,
West
Right
Female
Down
Static
*only above the equator!
Concepts of Yin Yang
 Tworelated
things/phenomenon that
have opposite, but complimentary
qualities
 Two related aspects of one thing
 Yin and yang are relative, not absolute
and can be changed.
Four aspects of Yin and Yang
1.
2.
3.
4.
Yin and Yang opposition and balance
Interdependence
Mutual consumption
Intertransformation
Yin yang channel distribution
Hand/foot
Where it goes
3 Hand Yin
• Chest to hand
• Medial/palmar aspect
• Upper extremities
3 Hand
Yang
• Hand to head and face
• Lateral/dorsal aspect
• Upper extremities
3 Foot
Yang
• Face/head to foot
• Lateral/outside aspect
• Lower extremities
3 Foot Yin
• Foot to abdomen/chest
• Medial aspect
• Lower extremities
Hand yang meets foot yang at the head and face
Hand and foot yins meet at the chest
Yin Yang flow through
channels
Hand Taiyin

Hand Yangming

Foot Yangming

Foot Taiyin

Lung
Large Intestine
Stomach
Spleen
Hand Shaoyin

Hand Taiyang

Foot Taiyang

Foot Shaoyin

Heart
Small Intestine
Bladder
Kidney
Hand Jueyin

Hand Shaoyang

Foot Shaoyang

Foot Jueyin

Pericardium
San Jiao/
Triple Burner
Gallbladder
Liver
Yin Yang theory in pathology
 Excess

– too much of something
Yang Excess
 Know
causes, what the Yang pathogens are,
mechanism, and symptoms
 Excessive heat symptoms

Yin Excess
 Know
causes, what the Yang pathogens are,
mechanism, and symptoms
 Excessive cold symptoms…cannot be
relieved by warming
 Deficiencies

– too little of something
Yang Deficiency
 Know
etiology, mechanism, symptoms
 “Deficient cold” which can be alleviated by
warming

Yin Deficiency
 Know
etiology, mechanism, symptoms
 “Deficient heat”
“Relatively too much”
General Meridian and
Collateral stuff
Class 6, Foundations 2….
Forgot to highlight, but know the gist of this.
Zang Fu Theory
What to know
 Basic

Zang Fu Theory
Concept of the theory, the categories,
functions of yin and yang organs
 Specific

stuff
General intro for each organ, physiological
functions, the officials, associated tissues
and their interrelationships
Where to get the info
Foundations 1
 Class 6 (basic info)
 Classes 7-11 (specific zangfu info)



Organs, functions
Officials, tissues
Interrelationships
See the highlighted parts
Heart/Small Intestine
Heart - What to know



Most important organ in the body
Official: Ruler, emperor, monarch
Physiological functions










Governs blood
Controls blood vessels
Manifests in complexion
Houses the shen
Related to/controls Joy
Opens to tongue
Controls sweating
Controls dreaming
Loathes heat
Controls speech
Small Intestine - What to know
 Functions


Control receiving and transporting of
digested food
Separates fluids – pure from turbid
 Relationship
to the Heart
Where to get the info
Foundations 1, Class 7
See the highlighted parts
Liver/Gallbladder
Liver - What to know
 General


Most import organ for women
Location is middle jiao
 Functions

Blood
 Stores
blood, regulates blood in relation to
rest and activity
 Regulates menstruation
 Moistens/nourishes eyes and sinews
 In charge of biorhythms
Liver - What to know (con’t)
 Functions

(cont’d)
Qi – ensures smooth flow
 Governs
flow
 Affects emotional state
 Affects digestion
 Affects secretion of bile
Gallbladder - What to
know
 Functions



Stores/secretes bile
Controls decisiveness
Controls sinews
 Relationship
to the Liver
Where to get the info
Foundations 1, Class 8
See the highlighted parts
Lung/Large Intestine
Lung - What to know
 Functions

Governs Qi and respiration
 Respiration
 Qi






– transformation and transportation
Controls channels and blood vessels
Governs dispersing/descending
Regulates water passage – upper source of
water in the body
Opens to the nose
Controls skin and hair
Houses the Po (corporeal soul)
Large Intestine - What to know
 Functions



Receive digested food from Sp/St
Reabsorb body fluids and send them to the
Spleen
Move the bowels (descending qi again)
and get rid of the stool.
 Relationship


to the Lung
Descending fnx of Lu qi helps bowels move
LI reabsorbs fluids to moisten the Lu
Where to get the info
Foundations 1, Class 9
See the highlighted parts
Spleen/Stomach
Spleen - What to know
 Located
in MJ
 Functions









Governs transformation/transportation
Controls ascending of Qi
Raise clear Yang upwards
Controls blood
Controls muscles/4 limbs
Houses intellect and thoughts
Root of post-heaven Qi
Origin of birth/development
Dislikes cold/aversion to damp
Stomach - What to know
 Functions





Controls receiving of food
Rots/ripens food
Controls transportation of food essence to
Sp
Controls descent of Qi
Likes wet/cold
 Relationship
of Spleen to Stomach
 Functions





Controls receiving of food
Rots/ripens food
Controls transportation of food essence to
Sp
Controls descent of Qi
Likes wet/cold
 Relationship

of Spleen to Stomach
See page 4 of class 10 notes
Where to get the info
Foundations 1, Class 10
See the highlighted parts
Kidney/Bladder
Kidney - What to know
 General



Located in lower ab, both sides of spine
Know the landmarks along the Kidney
channel (pg 1 of class notes)
Kidney qi ascends and channel connects
with spine
Kidney - What to know

Functions











Stores essence
Governs birth, growth, reproduction,
development
Produces marrow, fills the brain, governs bones
Governs water, including open/close of Bladder
Controls reception of Qi
Opens to ears
Manifests on the hair
Opens to 2 lower orifices
Houses willpower
Dreams about water
Gate of vitality – Mingmen
Kidneys have no excess!!!
Bladder - What to know
 Functions


Receive and store Body Fluids
Discharge urine with the help of the Kidney
Bladder is prone to excess
Where to get the info
Foundations 1, Class 11
See the highlighted parts
Basic Constituents or Essential
Substances
 Essence
 Qi
 Blood
 Body
Fluids
Essence
Essence - What to know
 Definition:
fluid-like vital substance, the
most basic and important of the vital
substances to the body.
 Transformation of all other vital substances
relies on essence.
Where to get the info
Foundations 2, Class 1
See the highlighted parts
Qi
Qi - What to know
Qi can be seen, smelled, and
strengthened through Qigong
 Definition



Refined energy, produced by the internal
organs. Function = nourishing the physical
body and the mind. It is part of the vital
substances.
Indicates the functional activities of the
internal organs. All internal organ qi derives
from the essence of the Kidneys
Qi - What to know

Sources of qi









Air – heavens/lungs
Food – earth/spleen
Congenital – primary or yuan qi/parents
Qi vs essence – see class 1 pg 4 of notes
How to tonify yuan qi – see class 1 pg 5 of
notes
Wei qi functions – class 2 pg 1
General functions of Qi – class 2 pg 4
Movement of Qi – red portions of class 2, pp
5-6
Pathologies of Qi – not highlighted, but
symptoms – class 2, pp 7-10, class 3
Where to get the info
Foundations 2, Class 1-3
See the highlighted parts
Blood
Blood - What to know
 Definition
of blood
Blood is a red, fluid like vital substance
and is one of the most important in the
human body.”
 Sources
Spleen/stomach,
Lungs, Heart, Kidneys,
Yuan Qi
Blood - What to know
 Relationship

between Blood and Essence
Mutually assist each other –
 When
blood is sufficient it can be transformed
into acquired essence to support and assist
congenital essence
 When blood is sufficient it can be transformed
into acquired essence to support and assist
 Know
Blood pathology symptoms, class 3
pgs 7-9
Blood - What to know
 Functions



Nourish the physical body
Moistens the tissues of the body
Blood is the material foundation of shen
 Relationship


of Qi and Blood
Qi to blood: Qi generates blood, moves
blood, holds blood
Blood to qi: Blood roots and holds Qi,
nourishes Qi.
Where to get the info
Foundations 2, Class 3
See the highlighted parts
Body Fluids
Body Fluids - What to know
 Definition:
a fluid-like vital substance
which contains jin and ye.
 Source and transport of body fluids:

Spleen, Stomach, Small Intestine and Large
Intestine.
 Relationship


of Blood to Body Fluids
Come from the same source – St/Sp
They are mutually supported
 Retention
of Body Fluids
Where to get the info
Foundations 2, Class 4
See the highlighted parts
Internal, External, and
Miscellaneous Causes of
Disease
Causes - What to know
 Emotions
– class 7 Foundations 2, pgs 3-6
 Six Evils – class 8-9 combined notes
 Internally generated pathogens – class 10
notes