Citation Focus
Information prominent
Citation Focus
Author prominent
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Information prominent (1)
1. Publication in a scientific journal is one of the major
goals of any scientific study (Smith, 1999). No matter
how spectacular the results are, the research is not
completed until it is written and disseminated (Taylor &
Coleman, 2001).
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Information prominent (2)
2. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) has recently been
receiving a lot of attention both in the academia and
industry because of its great potential [2, 4].
3. “Coherence” is an important quality of effective
writing (Richards, 1990). However, it is often considered
an abstract and fuzzy concept (Conner, 1990; Roberts &
Kreuz, 1993) which is difficult to teach or learn.
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Author prominent (1)
1. Taylor (2003) examined the visual design of a
Japanese company’s annual report and found very
distinctive design features.
2. Jackson (1998) identified three types of
microcomputer use in classrooms: the object of a course,
a support tool, and a means of providing instruction.
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Author prominent (2)
3. Ye and Nelson (2005) have described two methods of
representing categorical relations, either as slot fillers or
as taxonomic categories.
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Verb Tense in Citation
Information prominent
Verb Tense
in Citation
Author prominent
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Information prominent: Present
1. The Internet Protocol (IP), however, is based on best effort
and lacks the ability to provide some level of Quality of Service
(QoS) guarantees [1].
2. When students perceive that their course grades, course
procedures, or instructors’ communication are unfair, they
report a greater likelihood of indirect aggression against their
instructors (Chory, 2002; Thompson, 2005a; 2005b), resisting
their instructors’ requests (Houser & Lee, 2006), and giving
their instructors lower teaching evaluations (Tata, 1999).
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Author prominent: Past
1. Aleamoni (1981) noted that opinions about student
evaluations vary, from reliable, valid and useful to
unreliable, invalid, and useless.
2. Schaller (1992) observed that teachers who engaged
in more verbal sensitivity (relational competence),
immediacy, and negative humor, all of which constitute a
relational teaching approach, experienced more
satisfaction with their students and work.
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Author prominent: present perfect (1)
1. Slemenda et al. (1997) have shown that a weak quad
Researchers such as Braskamp, Brandenburg and Ory
(l984), Aleamoni (1987) and Seldin (1999) have developed
guidelines to help conduct teaching evaluations more
successfully.
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Author prominent: present perfect (2)
2. Although recent research has provided insights into
the composing processes of second language writers
(Raimes, 1985; Zamel, 1983, 1985; see Krapels, 1990, for a
survey of L2 process studies) and into the discourse
structures of L2 texts (Connor & Kaplan, 1987), questions
still remain regarding the extent to which language
proficiency interacts with and influences writing
skill.riceps muscle is associated with a higher risk for knee
osteoarthritis, suggesting indirect evidence that inactivity
may be harmful to the joint.
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Author prominent:
Attitude and tense (1)
Note:
1. Schmidt (1998) identified three types of
microcomputer use in classrooms: the object of a course,
a support tool, and a means of providing instruction.
Foster and Kleene (1998) cite four uses of
microcomputers in vocational agriculture: drill and
practice, tutorial, simulation and problem solving.
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Author prominent:
Attitude and tense (2)
2. Similarly, a survey of L2 students taking university
courses found that they identified vocabulary as a major
factor that held them back in academic writing tasks
(Leki & Carson, 1994). Laufer (1986) argues that if
fluency is understood as “the ability to convey a
message with ease and comprehensibility” (p.72), then
vocabulary adequacy and accuracy matter more than
grammatical correctness.
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Verb Tense in Other Parts of Introduction
Research orientation
Research Purpose
Report orientation
Value
Modal auxiliaries
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Research Purpose
Research orientation: Past
1. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent
to which measures of lexical richness, as well as measures
of lexical error, are related to the quality of written
compositions of L2 learners from mixed language
backgrounds at four levels of an intensive English program.
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Research Purpose
Report orientation: Present; Future
1. This paper presents the results of a survey
conducted in Zhejiang province, China, to determine
the perceived impact of China’s accession to the WTO
on business professionals.
2. This paper will discuss some demographic factors
which might be important for queen rearing in African
honeybee colonies.
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Value of Study
Modal Auxiliaries (1)
1. The application of the strategies described here
may increase the proportion of drug abusers who can
be identified.
2. Results of this study could have considerable impact
on the estimates of land values.
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Value of Study
Modal Auxiliaries (2)
3. We suggest that the two ways of categorization
might be linked. When a new object is constructed, the
child could apply either similarity/difference relations
or suitability relations to process more elaborate
objects.
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• Sure->Tentative
Will would should may could