Reduction in losses incurred in
power distribution
Introduction
The key mission of the Distribution function is
to purchase and sell electrical and gas power.
This is accounted for on a monthly basis
through purchases from electricity producers
through the electricity conveyance network and
sales to two categories of users:
Users, supplied under Medium Voltage (MV)
regime and who billed on a monthly basis.
Users, supplied under Low Voltage (LV)
regime, who billed on a quarterly basis.
The quantities of power procured during a
given month are not sold out. As a result, the
control of energy losses is a daily challenge to
be addressed.
2
Introduction
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Introduction
This analysis seeks to:
Gather knowledge on the origin of losses;
Come up with actions to be taken to ensure
reduction in such losses, for:
A better productivity of the distribution
network as a whole;
The increase in the billing ratio;
A better control of investment decisions.
3
Introduction
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion
The formula for losses
4
Introduction
For MV users
Sales
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
For LV users
Purchases
Losses
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Losses = Purchases - Sales
Rate of losses =
Losses
Purchases
Conclusion
The formula for losses
5
(%) losses of power in distribution
Introduction
25
Formula for losses
20.57
20
17.6
17.34
14.8
15
15
14.4
17.77
19.78
17.03
12.42
Short-term actions
14.09
Synchronous measurements
10
5
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Loss components
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
tx de pertes
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Loss components
6
Introduction
Loss
components
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Technical losses
Non-technical losses:
MV technical losses
(lines+transformers) (LMV)
LV technical lossess (LLV)
Technical losses to due
exchanges (LTransit)
Losses due to the gap
between purchases and
sales
Energy fraud or theft
Level of management
quality (Lmanagement)
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Other actions
Conclusion
Actions to undertake
7
Introduction
Actions to be undertaken must revolve around
two (2) key thrusts:
Enforcement of daily management rules and
procedures by the various stakeholders,
Monitoring, control and reporting on
management actions
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Short-term actions
Purchase control
8
Perform the monthly adversarial
recording of meter readings at the level
of MV/LV stations,
Read the meter at the upstream MV
feeder,
Record the inter DD and inter agency
exchange points
Introduction
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Ensure the smooth functioning of
meters;
Ensure reliable meter reading;
Process reported cases efficiently;
Set up anti-fraud brigades;
Secure facilities;
Process with diligence claims
concerning meter-reading /billing.
Sales control
Daily actions
Sum up actions to be
undertaken;
Facilitate the implementation
of the short and medium term
action plan;
Prioritise actions that help
optimise results.
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Synchronous measurement
9
Introduction
Why synchronous?
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
The reading (PD substations and users) is
performed
concurrently,
that
is
simultaneously
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Synchronous measurement
The implementation strategy involves:
10
Introduction
Formula for losses
Loss components
Splitting Distribution Directorates (DDs) into
regions : North, Highlands and South;
Splitting DDs into rural or urban localities;
Listing the number of substations per DD and
determine each DD’s weight ;
Determine the number of substations or
feeders which will be measured.
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Synchronous measurement
Once the sample determined by the heads of the
Distribution Directorate, the reading campaign can be
launched.
11
Introduction
Formula for losses
Loss components
Action 1
Install meters on the outlet of PD substation
transformers and consider them as « virtual Medium
Voltage users ». One may thus compare the energy
recorded by the feeder meter with the sums of energy
recorded on the meters for all MV users and potential
MV users.
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Action 2
Install meters on the outlet of PD substation
transformers. We will thus be able to find out “the
procurement by the substation”. To compare the
energy recorded by the meter(s) of the substation with
the sum of energy recorded on the meters for all LV
users.
Conclusion
Organisation of synchronous measures
Identify the problematic
switchyard (the most
disrupted)
Feeder 1
E
List the substations linked to the
targeted feeder
HV/MV
substation
Feeder 2
Feeder 3
Install the meter downstream of
the MV/LV transformer for at least
one month (Winter and Summer
time);
Perform the first reading on the fist
day of the month for all the
substations linked to this feeder;
Perform the last reading on the last
day of the month for all the stations
linked to this feeder;
Feeder 4
E1
En
MV Station
E4
E2
MV Station
12
E3
PD Substation
Joint substation
Record the index of the totalizing
meter (E);
Compute the consumption of these
substations for the month (∑En);
Assess the MV losses
Energy E = ∑ of energies (En)+technical and non-technical MV losses
Synchronous measurements
13
Feeder 2
Problematic feeder
Introduction
Formula for losses
E3
Loss components
PD substation (MV/LV)
e1
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
e2
ei
E3= ∑ ei
e4
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
E3=LV Sales + LossesLV Technical + LossesLV non-technical
Conclusion
Categorise abnormalities noted (management, fraud, …);
Quantify the energy lost per category (using the specific
consumption of the sample);
Assess the energy to make up for
Synchronous measurements
14
For a successful campaign of synchronous measures
Introduction
conducted within each Distribution company, one should
Formula for losses
have all the required (human, logistic…) resources.
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Decision-making
SDx
Work coordination companywide
Supervision of works in
the field (1st entity in
charge)
DCM
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
DD
Monitoring and collection
of data ensuing from the
measurement campaign Commercial Agency
Conclusion
Long-term actions
15
Remote reading
Introduction
Upgrading of the electricity distribution network to:
 Ensure the accuracy of measurements (decrease in human
interventions through the dematerialization of the reading
process);
Identify reading problems (remote surveillance of meters);
Reduce the rate of losses incurred by Distribution
Directorates;
Improve services provided to customers;
Control inter-utility, inter-Distribution Directorate and intercommercial agency exchange flows;
Put in place a measurement system for all public distribution
stations;
Develop services provided to customers (reviews and studies)
MV remote reading
Objectives for 2013
LV remote reading
Objectives for 2016
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Long-term actions
Other actions
An effective action plan requires notably the
implementation of a communication plan at the level of
each Distribution Directorate and this must translated
into:
The active participation in meetings planned by
local authorities (town planning, infrastructure and
housing development, land selection, etc.…);
The holding of meetings with (neighbourhood,
professional associations…) and local authorities
depending on the problem to be solved (fraud, safety,
energy control, etc.…).
16
Introduction
Formula for losses
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Conclusion
17
Introduction
Formula for losses
The losses of distributed and unaccounted
for
power
can
impact
the
financial
profitability of Distribution utilities and
service quality. It is relevant therefore to
measure on an ongoing basis the indicators
identified in the measurement analyses
undertaken.
Loss components
Short-term actions
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
Conclusion