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4 qhz hqwudqw qhz hqwudqw zlwk 6J olfhqvh
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8
8
9
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Wdeoh 5= XN ydoxdwlrqv
Ydoxdwlrq98
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7 upv/ 3 qhz hqwudqwv odujh lqfxpehqw zlwk 6J olfhqvh
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8 upv/ 4 qhz hqwudqw odujh lqfxpehqw zlwkrxw 6J olfhqvh 6916
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4718
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Ilup W|sh
Wdeoh 6= Jhupdq ydoxdwlrqv
97
Glfrxqwhg h{shfwhg surw plqxv fdslwdo h{shqglwxuh +h{foxghv olfhqvh sulfh,1 Vrxufh=
Ghxwvfkh Edqn Htxlw| Uhvhdufk
98
Glfrxqwhg h{shfwhg surw plqxv fdslwdo h{shqglwxuh +h{foxghv olfhqvh sulfh,1 Vrxufh=
Ghxwvfkh Edqn Htxlw| Uhvhdufk
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5 43 . 4 8
5 43 . 4 8
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473
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+- lqglfdwhv JVP lqfxpehqwv,
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597
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Yrgdirqh Yrgdirqh
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9198
9193
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9188
617:
6175
6163
6133
6193
9138
8157
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6167
Wdeoh 8= Ilqdo Elgv/ XN Dxfwlrq
+- lqglfdwhv d zlqqlqj elgghu,
8:
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5 48
5 48
5 43
5 43
5 43
453
57
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NSQ31:44
Gxwfkwrqh +IW,31768
Whoiruw +EW,31763
6J Eoxh +GW/ hwf111,- 316<7
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31869
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5 43 . 4 8
5 43. 4 8
5 43 . 4 8&
5 43
5 43 . 4 8
5 43 . 4 8
478
53
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31394
31395
3136:
31394
31395
315;9
3138:
Wdeoh ;= Rxwfrph/ Jhupdq Dxfwlrq
+Ghelwho ohiw wkh uvw vwdjh zlwk d odvw elg ri Hxur 8 eloolrq,
+- lqglfdwhv JVP lqfxpehqwv,
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8<
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5 43 . 5 8 pd{1prelo-+GW,
5 43
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5 43 . 5 8 Prelonrp- +WL,
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454
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9
58
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84
8199
8198
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Wdeoh <= Rxwfrph/ Dxvwuldq Dxfwlrq
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rzq qhwzrun,
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5 43 . 4
5 43 . 4
5 43 . 4
5 43 . 4
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458
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Wdeoh 43= Rxwfrph/ Lwdoldq Dxfwlrq
+- lqglfdwhv JVP lqfxpehqwv,
+Eox- ohiw wkh dxfwlrq zlwk d odvw elg ri Hxur 5164< Eq1,
93
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