1 The harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of
Versailles after World War I helped lay the
foundation for the
a. rise of fascism Germany
b. uprisings during the French Revolution
c. division of Korea along the 38th parallel
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
6. Policies adopted by the major European states
between 1929 and 1936 to deal with the
economic depression included which of the
following?
I.
II.
2. Europe’s post-World War I economy was
inherently unstable because
a. Germany defaulted on its war reparations
b. The New York Stock Market crashed in 1929
c. Governments tightened the money supply
d. It was built on a combination of US loans
and war reparation payments
e. Governments were cutting expenditures
3. The inter-war years of the 1920s and 1930s are
best described as a period of
a. Uncertainty
b. Economic prosperity
c. Economic depression
d. Rampant miliatarism
e. Conservatism
4. What was the diplomatic treaty in which sixtythree nations vowed to renounce war as an
instrument of national policy?
A.
Dawes Plan.
B.
New Deal.
C.
Treaty of Locarno.
D.
Kellog-Briand Pact.
5. The Scandinavian response to the Great
depression represented the
a. Fascist response
b. Capitalist response
c. Communist response
d. Middle path between capitalist and
communist responses
e. Rejection of the Young and the Dawes
plans
III.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Protective tariffs and bilateral
international trade agreements
Deflationary fiscal and monetary
policies
Cooperative international efforts to
redevelop old industries
I only
III only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
7. Which of the following developments occurred in
Europe in the 1920’s?
(A) Devastating inflation in Germany
(B) High prices paid to farmers for agricultural
commodities
(C) Repudiation of the Locarno treaties
(D) The widespread formation of Popular Front
governments
(E) Nearly full employment in Great Britain
8. The major objective of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
(1928) was to
(A) end the use of war for solving international
controversies
(B) end the Russo-Polish border conflict
(C) end tensions between France and Great Britain
over the export of French farm surpluses to Great
Britain
(D) end the French occupation of the Ruhr
(E) replace the Dawes and Young plans
9.Which of the following is the best description of
the condition of Great Britain’s national economy in
the 1920’s?
(A)
A renewed prosperity in the traditional
manufacturing industries
(B)
Increased national wealth as a result of
mounting export of British goods
(C)
A stagnant manufacturing sector and a
widening gulf between rich and poor
(D)
Dislocation brought about by a shift from
manufacturing to agriculture
(E)
A resurgent national prosperity caused by
increased working-class wealth
1
10. Because WWI tested the belief in traditional
ideas and institutions the post-war period is often
referred to as
a. “the roaring 20s”
b. “the age of anxiety”
c. “the Great Depression
d. “ the age of angst
e. “the age of appeasement
11. Britain failed to recover economically after the
First World War for all of the following reasons
EXCEPT
a. Its merchant fleet had been decimated by
German U-Boats
b. It Commonwealth trading partners had
industrialized considerably during the war
c. Other maritime nations had entered the
competition for overseas shipping
d. German wartime bombing had devastated
its cities
e. It Allies defaulted on war loans
12. Which of the following best describes the effect of
the Great Depression (1929-1939) in Europe?
14. All of the following were characteristic of the
1920s EXCEPT
a. Women in shorter skirts, wearing makeup
b. Women in the workforce
c. Households in England and Germany with
radios
d. More widespread ownership of
automobiles
e. Movies in the form of entertainment
15.Lenin hoped that the Russian Revolution of 1917
would
A. inspire the Russians to continue the
European war effort.
B. incite similar socialist rebellions
throughout Europe.
C. persuade the combatants in Western
Europe to sign an armistice.
D. counter the U.S. military presence in
Eastern Europe.
16. Lenin's New Economic Policy was designed to
A. end all traces of capitalism.
B. rebuild the Soviet economy.
C. make the Soviet Union into an
agricultural state.
D. end state-control over agriculture and
industry.
(A) It resulted in increased government economic
intervention and control in many nations.
(B) It strengthened the trend toward popular
democracy in central and eastern Europe.
(C) It was more severe in France than in Germany.
17.The forces of the White Army failed in 1918-1921
(D) It encouraged the development of a global economy based on free trade and private enterprise.
in part because
(E) It strengthened the influence of the League of
a. The Allies gave them no aid
Nations
b. They controlled only the urban centers
c. They had the support of the tsar
13. Which of the 1930's one of the effects of the Great
d. They did not have the support of the
Depression in Europe was
peasants
a. a reconciliation between communists and
e. The Russians were tired of conflict
fascists in France
18.Lenin and the Bolsheviks found support among
b. a strengthening of efforts to facilitate
the Russian peasants primarily because they(the
international trade
Bolsheviks)
c. a rise in the production of consumer goods
a. Called for the execution of the tsar
d. the increased effectiveness of the League of
b. Promised land and peace
Nations in international relations
c. Worked with the Russian Duma, the
e. the broadening of popular support for the Nazi
parliament
party in Germany
d. Promoted the mir
e. Promised a revision of the legal system
2
19. Lenin’s plan to allow small-scale private
enterprise in order to stimulate the Russian
economy was known as
a. The five-year plan
b. the New Economic Plan
c. The Soviet Constitution of 1923
d. Socialism in one country
e. The collectivization of agriculture
20.Lenin instituted the New Economic Plan (NEP) to
a. Win support of the kulaks
b. Give Stalin and Trotsky common ground of
agreement
c. Increase the supply of food and other
products
d. Get Russia out of WWI
E.Reconcile with the Mensheviks
21. The Stalinist purge trials of the 1930s seemed
designed to
a. Eliminate any opposition from the old
Bolsheviks
b. Show the West the extent of Stalin’s power
c. Discourage opposition to WWII
d. Consolidate opposition to Trotsky
e. Maintain strict Leninist philosophy
22. The main goal of the first Five-Year Plan was to
a. Unite Russia under communist rule
b. Eliminate the kulaks
c. Give women equality
d. Build up heavy industry
e. Increase the size of the Soviet army
23. Peter Stolypin
a. Guided Russia into WWI
b. Pushed for peasants to own their own land
c. Worked through the mir
d. Encouraged the Russ-Japanese War
e. Worked to expand railroads
24.The purges carried out in the Soviet Union during the
1930's resulted in
a. the protection of ideological diversity within the
Communist party
b. improvements in military preparedness
c. a decrease in the size of the bureaucracy
d. elimination of the old Bolshevik elite
e. an enhanced Soviet image abroad
25. The collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union
in the 1930's had all of the following results EXCEPT:
(A) an increase in the domestic food supply
(B) greater mechanization of production
(C) movement of surplus rural labor to the cities
(D) destruction of the rural middle class
(E) an increase in the power of the Communist Party
26. All of the following are valid generalizations
about the rise of Communism in Russia from 1917 to
1939 EXCEPT
a. Corruption in the tsar’s government and
war reverses brought Communism to power
b. The disunity of both their internal and their
foreign enemies solidified the original
successes of the Communists
c. Central economic planning and brutal
repression industrialized Russia’s agrarian
economy within two decades
d. Royal excess of the Romanov family
diminished respect for the tsar and his
family
e. e. The Soviet system of rule was embraced
by all of the people
27. Which of the following nations consistently
urged the world community to take up “collective
security” in the 1930s?
a. The US
b. Britain
c. France
d. China
e. The USSR
28. Stalin’s “Great Purge” from 1934 to 1939
A. brought about the death of millions of
people.
B. expanded Soviet agriculture at the
expense of industry.
C. eliminated the army’s dominance in
state decisions.
D. replaced agricultural workers with
technology.
29.Which characteristic was common to both Russia
under the Czars and the Soviet Union under Josef
Stalin?
a. a lack of concern about territorial expansion
b. support of artistic and literary freedom
c. encouragement of free enterprise
d. persecution of political dissenters
3
30.Under Joseph Stalin, life in the Soviet Union was
characterized by
a. an abundance of consumer goods
b. political instability and numerous civil wars
c. support for small family-run farms
d. the use of censorship and the secret police
31.Stalin’s Five-Year Plans and his decision to form
collectives are examples of
a. strategies to modernize the economy of
the Soviet Union through forced
communism
b. a more friendly foreign policy toward China
c. methods of dealing with the United States
during the Cold War
d. programs to westernize, educate, and
enlighten the population
32.Which is an accurate statement about the Soviet
economy under the leadership of Joseph Stalin?
a. a large selection of consumer goods
became available
b. the Soviet Union increased its industrial
output by developing heavy industry
c. private farmers were encouraged to sell
their surplus produce in an open market
d. the government reduced its role in planning
industrial production
33. A major effect of Josef Stalin’s policy of
Collectivization on Soviet agriculture was
a. a widespread food shortage throughout
the nation
b. an increase in the export of agricultural
products
c. a surplus of agricultural goods
d. the immediate creation of many small
private farms
34. One action taken by both V.I. Lenin and Joseph
Stalin was
a. attempting to bring democracy to Russia
b. jailing or murdering potential opponents
c. supporting the Russian Orthodox Church
d. providing economic aid to Japan after
World War I and World War II
35. Josef Stalin’s leadership of the Soviet Union can
best be characterized as a period of
a. democratic reform and nationalism
b. humanism and democracy
c. religious freedom and tolerance
d. censorship and terror
36. How did the Cheka (secret police) help Lenin gain
control of Russia?
A. they infiltrated the Czar's army.
B. they organized the redistribution of
land.
C. they used terror tactics against the
enemies of Bolshevism.
D. they negotiated peace with Germany
37. Which of the following programs did Stalin use to
reform Soviet Industry and Agriculture?
A. Five-Year Plan.
B. Reign of Terror.
C. Great Purge.
D. Holocaust.
38. Upon V.I. Lenin's death in 1924 at the age of 54,
who were the chief contenders for leadership
of the Soviet Union?
A. Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
B. Karl Marx and Joseph Engles.
C. Joseph Stalin and Hillary Clinton.
D. Leon Trotsky and Jimmy Carter.
39.In the struggle to gain control of the Soviet Union
in the 1920s, Stalin’s chief political rival was
A. Kerensky
B. Bukharin
C. Romanov
D. Trotsky
40. Which is generally a characteristic of a
communist economy?
a. investment is encouraged by the promise of
large profits
b. the role of government in the economy is
restricted by law
c. government agencies are involved in
production planning
d. entrepreneurs sell shares in their
companies to the government
41.Which statement best describes the political
situation in the Soviet Union immediately after
Lenin’s death in 1924?
a. the nation adopted a constitutional
monarchy
b. Trotsky and his followers assumed full
control of the Communist Party
c. popular elections were held to choose a
new general secretary
d. a power struggle developed among
Communist Party leaders
4
42.Censorship, mass arrests, and a secret police
force are most characteristic of
a. parliamentary democracies
b. republics
c. totalitarian regimes
d. constitutional monarchies
43. Stalin supported the rapid industrialization of
Russia in the 1920s and early 1930s by
a. Purging the Soviet Communist party of
“deviationists”
b. Obtaining loans from the West
c. Slaughtering the kulaks
d. Collectivising agriculture to support the
First Five-Year Plan
e. Seeking international recognition of the
Soviet Union
44. Trotsky and Stalin’s interpretations of Marxism
differed most significantly in which way?
a. Trotsky wanted to foster world revolution
while Stalin wanted “to build Socialism in
one country”
b. Stalin wanted to foster revolution in
Western Europe while Trotsky wanted to
develop the Soviet Union first
c. Stalin was a Bolshevik; Trotsky was a
Menshevik
d. Trotsky was a deviationist; Stalin followed
the party line
e. Stalin believed that Russia was too
backward to support Communism; Trotsky
believed the opposite
45. The original purpose of Comintern (Communist
International) , a congress of socialist parties in
1919, was to
a. Combat Fascism and Nazism
b. Foster democratic socialism
c. Establish Moscow’s leadership in fomenting
Marxist revolution around the world
d. Improve relations with the capitalist West
e. Encourage socialists to join in coalition
governments with other parties in the West
47. Which of the following best describes Lenin's
New Economic Policy?
a. The first systematic application of Marxist
principles to the economic life of a state
b. The First Five-Year Plan for Soviet economic
development
c. A state plan for the collectivization of agriculture
d. A compromise with capitalist economic
principles
e. An important element of Lenin's "April Theses"
48. Unlike Marx, Lenin emphasized that
(A)
revolution is not necessary for the triumph
of communism
(B)
the peasantry rather than the proletariat
would lead the communist revolution
(C)
the elimination of private control of the
means of production is necessary to bring about a
socialist society
(D)
the working class, on its own, would not
develop revolutionary consciousness
(E)
communist cooperation with liberal political
parties is necessary to bring about socialism
49. In 1917 the Bolsheviks sought to rally support
from the Russian people with which of the
following slogans?
(A) “Peace, land, bread”
(B) “Socialism in one country”
(C) “Blood and iron”
(D) “Family, work, fatherland”
(E) “Liberty, equality, fraternity”
50. All of the following describe aspects of Lenin’s
New Economic Policy (NEP) EXCEPT:
(A) State ownership of heavy industry, banks, and
transport ended
(B) The growth of a group of prosperous,
independent peasants was encouraged
(C) There was a tactical retreat in communist
economic planning
(D) Industries employing fewer than twenty workers
were denationalized
(E) All agricultural requisitions ended and were
replaced by conventional taxes
51. The Cheka was a name of the Russian
a. Ministry
b. Secret police
c. Army
d. Assembly
e. Bolshevik opposition party
5
52. Which of the following is the best definition of
an early 19th century soviet
a. A revolutionary organization in tsarist
Russia
b. A council of workers and soldiers
c. A Russian tsar
d. A Russian university
e. An impoverished Russian peasant
53. Which of the following best explains the
motivation of the Bolshevik government in signing
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March
1918?
(A) The Bolshevik government made no claim to
authority in non-Russian-speaking territories.
(B) Lenin was sympathetic to the German cause and
felt that the treaty would aid the German war
effort on the western front.
(C) Lenin was attracted by German promises to aid
Russian industrial development.
(D) Lenin was not willing to risk his limited power
base through further struggle against a
foreign
enemy.
(E) The Bolsheviks thought that the treaty could be
discarded soon because the Germans would
lose the war in a few months
54. Which of the following was a major factor
responsible for the Bolshevik victory in the Russian
Civil War (1918-1921) ?
(A) The Bolsheviks controlled the periphery of the
country
(B) The governments of France and Great Britain
supported the Bolshevik cause with food and war
supplies
(C) Trotsky created a disciplined and effective Red
Army
(D) The Bolsheviks had the undivided support of the
peasants
(E) The Bolsheviks refused to use the Cheka to
subdue the opposition
55. The Provisional Government in Russia (1917)
failed primarily because:
(A) it did not institute universal suffrage
(B) it continued to pursue an unpopular war
(C) it lost the support of the nobility by redistributing
land to the peasants
(D) its leaders insisted on "peace at any price" with
Germany
(E) its leaders attempted to reinstate the tsar
56. Lenin and the Bolsheviks found support among
the Russian peasants primarily because they(the
Bolsheviks)
a. Called for the execution of the tsar
b. Promised land and peace
c. Worked with the Russian Duma, the
parliament
d. Promoted the mir
e. Promised a revision of the legal system
57. The Bolshevik faction was led by
a. Lenin
b. Marx
c. Kautsky
d. Bernstein
e. Liebknecht
58. The slogan “Peace, Land, Bread, is most closely
associated with
The Duma liberals
Alexander Kerensky’s moderates
Prince Lvov’s coalition government
Lenin’s Bolsheviks
Tsar Nicholas’s cabinet
59. The organizer of the Red Army who lost the
struggle for leadership of the Soviet Union to Stalin
after Lenin’s death was
a. Alexander Kerensky
b. Alexander Nevsky
c. Leon Trotsky
d. General Kornilov
e. Nikita Khrushchev
60. During the Russian Civil War, 1918-21, all of the
following opposed Bolshevik rule EXCEPT
a. Tsarists
b. The middle class
c. Peasants
d. Urban workers
e. The Alliied Power of WWI
61. In 1922, after the Civil War had ended, Lenin
undertook his “nationalities reform”. It
accomplished all of the following EXCEPT
a. Uniting the major ethnic groups into a
federation
b. Giving smaller ethnic groups autonomous
regions withing the major republiics
c. Allowing schools to teach native languages
d. Encouraging cultural uniqueness
e. Requiring that instruction in schools be
exclusively taught in Russian
6
62. After the Lateran Agreement of 1929, Mussolini
Launched a campaign of antipapal propaganda
Recognized the Vatican as an independent state
Removed religious instruction form the schools
Palced taes on the Italian clergy
Fostered pagan religious tendencies
63. After the 1937 Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the
League of Nations
Showed a sympathetic attitude toward Italy
Ineffectively tried to apply sanctions
Referred the dispute to the World Court
Refused to take any action
Expelled Italy from the League
64. Which of the following characterized Mussolini’s
ideal of the fascist corporate state?
I. Organization of the population into syndicates of
employers, employees, and government
arbitrators
II. Establishment of semiautonomous regional
governments
III. Abolition of strikes, lockouts, and the older trade
unions
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III
65. The ideology of Italian fascism was based on
(A)
a socialist government founded on military
conquest
(B)
a radical democracy with a socialist
economy
(C)
limited democracy and a capitalist
economy
(D)
nationalism and a communist economy
(E)
an authoritarian state and a corporate
economy
66. “The Italian Nation is an organism endowed with
a purpose and a life transcending those of the
individuals composing it.”
“Labor unions legally recognized and subject to
State control alone have the right to represent the
whole category for which they are constituted.”
“The collective labor contract conciliates the
opposing interests of employers of workers,
subordinating them to the higher interests of
production.”
Mussolini's Charter of Labor, 1927
Which of the following is best supported by the
excerpts above?
(A) Wages and working conditions were ultimately to
be determined by collective bargaining between
labor and management.
(B) Italian business firms and factories belonged to
the state.
(C) Any group could organize a union and negotiate
binding contracts with management.
(D) The state's highest priorities were the individual
liberty and economic freedom of its citizens.
(E) Any agreement was subject to the state's
interpretation of the national interest.
67. The symbol above advocates the union in
political action of which of the following classes
or groups in Italian society?
(A) Intellectuals, priests, and industrialists
(B) Workers, peasants, and intellectuals
(C) Students and civil servants
(D) Workers and priests
(E) Industrialists and intellectuals
7
68. In 1924 Ramsey MacDonald became the first
British Prime Minister who was
a. Who was Catholic
b. Who was from Scotland
c. From the Labour Party
d. Who had served in the First World War
e. Who received a salary
69. The Irish Easter Rebellion of 1916 witnessed an
attempt to
a. Create an independent Irish republic
b. Force the British out of Northern Ireland
c. Recognize Catholic rights in Northern
Ireland
d. Provide dominion status for the southern
counties
e. Force the British to step back from their
plans to partition Ireland
70. Which idea was included in the provisions of the
Treaty of Versailles to show the intent of the Allies to
punish the Central Powers for their role in World
War II?
a. all nations shall maintain open covenants of
peace
b. freedom of the seas will be maintained
c. Germany will accept full responsibility for
causing the war
d. territorial settlements shall be made along
clearly recognizable lines of nationality
71. Which of the following was NOT an element of
fascism?
A fanatical obedience to a charismatic leader
An egalitarianism that extended to class and gender
A professed belief in the virtues of struggle and
youth
An intense form of nationalism
e.An expressed hatred of socialism and liberalism
72. Fascism emphasizes which of the following:
A.
Isolationism.
B.
Nationalism.
C.
Individual rights.
D.
A classless society.
73.The Ruhr Basin crisis began with the
German printing of paper money
German claim of inability to make reparations
payments
Strike by German workers
Occupation by Belgian and French troops
Ruinous inflation in Germany
74.What was the name of the republican
government set up in Germany immediately after
World War I?
A.
Weimar Republic.
B.
Nazi Germany.
C.
Comintern.
D.
West Germany
75. Hitler’s beer hall putch in Munich in 1923 was
geared to
Create publicity for his book Mein Kampf
Foil a communist plot
Take over a government as Mussolini had in Italy
Keep the government from reining in his renegade
practices
Get attention for his National Socialist Party
76. The Bauhaus school of design in Weimar,
Germany, closed in the mid-1930s because
of the Great Depression
people were no longer interested in functionalism
its design ceased to sell
its main designers were lured to America
Hitler and the Nazis saw it as degenerate
77. The main concern of Baushaus design was
Beauty of line
Use of ornamentation
Implementation of the unusual
Bold, bright, color
Functionalism
78. In 1925, Germany’s democratic Weimar
government signed the Locarno Pacts which
Set a ten year moratorium on naval construction
Guaranteed the territorial integrity of the Chinese
Republic
Outlawed war
Recognized the French-Belgium-German
boundaries set at Versailles
Allied Germany with Fascist Italy
79. In January of 1933, Adolf Hitler assumed the post
of Reichchancellor
By means of the Beer Hall Putsch
By seizing control of the government
After his party received a plurality of votes in the
democratic elections
After he overthrew the Weimar Republic
By staging a coup against Paul Hindenburg, president
of the republic
8
80. The Weimar Republic(1919-1933), despite a
valiant attempt to introduce democracy to Germany,
failed to gain support of the German people mainly
because
The Nazis maintained a wide following throughout
the 1920s and 1930s
Von Hindenburg’s presidency was marred by his
personal corruption
Monarchists, supporters of the abdicated Kaiser,
and militarists, humiliated by defeat in World War
I, opposed it from the start
The government was unable to stabilize the
economy or maintain law and order
A conspiracy of Jewish-capitalist-Communist bankers
weakened the government
81.The Popular Front government in France in 1936
was an attempt to
a. Reconcile with the British
b. Appease the Germans
c. Unite the parties of the left against fascism
d. Create a coalition government bringing in
parties from across the political system
e. Unite the parties of the right against
socialism
82. Both, the Italian Fascists and the German Nazis
gained power partly because they
A. had the support of an electoral
majority of their nations’ peoples.
B. carefully followed accepted democratic
political practices.
C. used terror tactics against political
opponents.
D. represented the ideas of compromise
and prudent government.
83. One way fascist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s
gained popular support was by
A promising to maintain peace with other countries.
B attracting foreign investment for industrial
development. C limiting military influence in the
government. D appealing to national pride.
84. Both the Italian Fascists and the German Nazis
gained power partly because they
A had the support of an electoral majority of their
nations’ peoples.
B carefully followed accepted democratic political
practices.
C used terror tactics against political opponents.
D represented the ideas of compromise and prudent
government.
85. Why did Hitler sign a non-aggression treaty with
Stalin on the eve of World War II?
A to prevent the League of Nations from acting to
stop the war
B to show that Hitler had changed his views on
communism
C to allow Germany to invade Poland without
Soviet opposition
D to insure that Germany had direct access to the
Baltic Sea
86. In the interwar years, the reconstituted nations
of East-Central Europe, Hungary Poland, and
Yugoslavia
a. Flourished economically
b. Became satellite states of the Soviet Union
c. Ceased to exist
d. Came to be rule by right-wing,
authoritarian regimes
e. Were ruled by liberal-democratic
parliaments
87. In 1938, Czechoslavakia
a differed from its neighbors in Eastern Europe in
that it had
a. Become communist
b. A fascist dictator
c. A line of defense on all sides of its borders
d. Retained democracy
e. An ethnically mixed population
88. A major difference between Mussolini and Hitler
was that Mussolini
a. Does not dress in military uniform
b. Did not personally hate Jews
c. Had not been in WWI
d. Was nto involved in aiding other fascist
movements
e. Dod not court the financial powers of the
country
89. The factor that cemented the friendship
between Hitler and Mussolini was
a. Mussolini’s visit to Germany in 1937
b. Hitler’s seizure of Austria, making his
empire border Italy
c. Collaboration with Franco in the Spanish
Civil War
d. Membership in the League of Nations
e. A mutual animosity toward France and
Russia
9
90. Which of the following describes the fascist
concept of women’s place in society?
a. Women should take the place of soldiers in
the workforce
b. Women deserve equal pay for equal work
c. Women can stay at home, support their
husbands, and produce large families
d. Women can work as secretaries or teachers
of small children
e. Women deserve the right to vote
91. The Treaty of Rapallo came about because
a. Russia had not participated in the Treaty of
Versailles
b. Germany was willing to forgive tsarist debt
c. Russia was willing to forgive future
reparations payments
d. Germany should stay militarily alert by
training Soviets
e. none of the above
92. In music, composers like Stravinsky and
Schoenberg
a. Were immensely popular
b. Abandoned traditional harmony and
tonality
c. Were generally unpopular after WWII
d. Were unlike modern painters
e. Were favored by the Nazis
93. The agreement which allowed Hitler to take the
Sudetenland in return for his promise of no further
aggression was known as the
a. Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression Pact
b. Concert of Europe
c. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
d. Treaty of Versailles
e. Munich Agreement
94. Pablo Pcasso’s Guerica(1937) depicts
a. The Impressionist style
b. The bombing of the town of Guernica by
German planes
c. The savagery of the fighting between
fascists and socialists
d. The valiant resistance of the socialists
e. Hitler invading Spain
95. Hitler argued that Germany should annex
Sudetenland to
a. Protect its German speaking population
b. Reduce French influence in Central Europe
c. Gain control of more munitions factories
d. Prevent communist seizure of the area
e. Reduce the military threat of Czechoslavakia
96. The union of Austria and Germany in the late
1930s was called the
a. Anschluss
b. Ausgleich
c. Axis Powers
d. Central Powers
e. Teutonic League
97. The French post-World War I economy was in
chaos for all of these reasons EXCEPT
a. The tremendous loss of life and property
damage inflicted by the war
b. The economic policies of Raymond
Poincare
c. The Russian default on prefailure of the
Germans to pay war investments by the
French
d. The cost of fighting the war
e. The failure of the Germans to pay exceeded
reparations
98. The goal of French foreign policy in the interwar
years was
a. A prevention of the Japanese takeover of
French Indochina
b. A return to isolationism
c. The containment of potential German and
Russian expansion
d. To check aggression by Fascist Italy
e. To aid the republican government against
Franco’s Spanish Fascists
99. The United States and Britain came out of the
depression largely because of
a. Social welfare programs of the American
New Deal and the British National party
b. High tariff barriers to foreign competition
c. Currency manipulation
d. Raised taxes and lowered spending
e. Rearmament for the coming war
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100. Totalitarianism includes all of the following
characteristics EXCEPT
a. The state has the right to control the lives
of its citizens from cradle to grave
b. Total control by the state is essential to
society
c. The state has an existence apart from the
individuals who comprise it
d. Every citizen owes the state absolute
obedience to the state
e. War brings glory and the state must arm ofr
it while the citizens must train for it
101. Despite its totalitarian suppression of political
freedom and human rights, fascism appealed to
many Italians for all these reasons EXCEPT
a. The improvement of municipal government
under centralized control
b. The electrification of rural Italy
c. Overseas colonization
d. The Lateran Pact with the Pope, 1929
e. The suppression of the Mafia in Southern
Italy
102. European though in the early 20th century was
LEAST influenced by which of the following?
a. The concept of existentialism proffered by
Nietzsche
b. The Darwinist concept of evolution
c. The Enlightenment works of Voltaire and
Montesquieu
d. Wittgenstein’s ideas of logical positivism
e. The uncertainty principle of Heisenberg
103. The regimes of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and
the Stalinist Soviet Union all shared a
a. Complete rejection of private property
b. Violently racist ideology
c. Goal of complete economic transformation
d. Profound hatred of Western liberalism
e. State support of private industry
105. In the 1930s, Winston Churchill stood nearly
alone in his
a. Advocacy of socialism
b. Support of the Soviet Union
c. Opposition to the policy of appeasement
d. Call for a coalition government
e. Efforts to draw the US into the war
106. The nation had been tottering on the verge of
military insurrection since it became a republic
in 1931, because the Republicans included
not only moderate middle-class liberals but a
wide array of extremists. ... A revolt by the
army led to civil war, in which each side
received
aid from outside nations, which served to transform
the local conflict into an international ideological
war.
The nation described above was
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Spain
Italy
Poland
Yugoslavia
Algeria
107. Which of the following had the LEAST effect on
European thought in the first half of the twentieth
century?
(A) The uncertain and complex universe of Einstein’s
and Heisenberg’s physics
(B) The undermining of the optimistic belief in
human rationality by Freudian
psychology
(C) The utopian literature of Sir Thomas More and
Roger Bacon
(D) Logical empiricism’s limitation of the scope of
philosophical inquiry to the scientifically and
mathematically verifiable
(E) The Darwinist idea of human behavior as
determined by evolutionary forces
104. During the economic crisis of the Great
Depression, Hitler addressed his promises of
economic and political salvation to all of the
following groups EXCEPT
a. Young people
b. Upper and middle classes
c. Big businessmen and army leaders
d. Workers
e. Germans who wanted more land
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108
• Repression of individual liberties
• Control of the media
• Appeal to nationalism
• Glorification of the leader
The political philosophy incorporating the
characteristics above is
(A) socialism (B) anarchism (C) fascism (D)
democracy (E) Marxian communism
109. All of the following are policies to which
totalitarian states have traditionally adhered EXCEPT
(A) encouragement of multiparty political systems
(B) promotion of social welfare measures
(C) expansion of the military
(D) economic planning
(E) holding of periodic elections
110. Which of the following areas was conceded to
Hitler at the Munich Conference of 1938?
(A) The Polish Corridor
(B) The Rhineland
(C) The Saar
(D) Silesia
(E) Sudetenland
111."...we are for a socialism that is proper to a highly
developed country and is devoid of those repulsive
features imposed upon our country by a handful of
narrow-minded, dogmatic, power-hungry careerists
and unscrupulous despots. We have no reason to
assume an anti-Soviet attitude insofar as the Soviet
Union's internal policy is concerned. We object only
to brutal interference in the affairs of other nations."
This passage reflects the attitude of
a. an Italian fascist in 1925
b. a German communist in 1929
c. a Spanish anarchist in 1936
d. a British Tory in 1937
e. a Czech dissident in 1969
112. In French and British policy of appeasing Mussolini and
Hitler can be partly explained by
a. France and Britain's eagerness to cooperate with
the Soviet Union
b. France and Britain's confidence in the League of
Nations
c. France and Britain's desire to maintain foreign
policies independent of the United States
d. The belief that the terms of the Versailles treaty
were unjust
e. A general loss of faith in the effectiveness of
diplomacy
A BRITISH IDEA OF A RENDEZVOUS OF THE
DICTATORS
Cartoon by permission of The David Low Trustees
and The London Evening Standards.
On the left he’s saying “The scum of the Earth, I
believe?”
On the right he’s saying “The bloody assassin of the
workers, I presume?”
113. The cartoon above by the British caricaturist
David Low was published
(A)
just after the seizure of power by the Nazis
in Germany in 1933
(B)
at the outset of the Spanish Civil War in
1936
(C)
in the wake of the 1939 nonaggression
pact between Germany and Russia
(D)
after the defeat of France in 1940 by the
German invaders
(E)
in response to the German invasion of
Russia in 1941
114. Which of the following was a major new consumer
item that gained wide popularity in Europe between
the First World War and the Second World War?
(A) Bicycles
(B) Coffee
(C) Radios
(D) Televisions
(E) Woolen clothing
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115. All of the following mass media were used both
for entertainment and propaganda in the period
between World Wars I and II
a. Newpapers
b. Tevlevision
c. Radios
d. Motion pictures
e. Popular journals and magazines
116. The peace settlements at the end of WWI
helped cause WWII for all of the following reasons
EXCEPT
a. The newly established independent states
of Eastern Europe left a power vacuum in
the region
b. The establishment of Communism in Russia
led to eventual conflict between Germany
and the USSR
c. Reparations and the war guilt clause
provided grounds for Hitler’s propaganda
d. Italy’s and Japan’s resentments of the
settlements created international instability
e. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire
created a belligerent and aggressive
independent Turkey
117. In the first decade and a half after World War I,
British foreign policy focused on
a. The “Irish question” and problems in the
Middle East
b. Mussolini’s overseas expansionism
c. Japanese aggression in mainland Asia
d. The rise of Nazism
e. Communism in Russia
118. American foreign policy regarding Europe in the
1930s was primarily directed toward
a. Maintaining US neutrality
b. Containing the spread of communism
c. Blocking Fascist aggression
d. Guaranteeing the safety of the democracies
that had emerged after WWI
e. Supporting the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil
War
119. The regimes of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and
the Stalinist Soviet Union all shared a
a. Complete rejection of private property
b. Violently racist ideology
c. Goal of complete economic transformation
d. Profound hatred of Western liberalism
e. State support of private industry
120. Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in
1933 by
a. Engineering a putsch against the Weimar
Republic
b. Setting fire to the Reichstag Building and
using it as a pretext to restore order
c. Being invited by the president to form a
coalition government after the Nazis won a
plurality of Reichstag seats
d. Being directly elected by a clear majority
e. Assassinating the chancellor of the Weimar
Republic and seizing the office
121. Which of the following was NOT an element of
fascism?
a. A fanatical obedience to a charismatic
leader
b. An egalitarianism that extended to class
and gender
c. A professed belief in the virtues of struggle
and youth
d. An intense form of nationalism
e. An expressed hatred of socialism and
liberalism
122. For what purpose did both Joseph Stalin and
Adolf Hitler conduct purges within their own political
parties?
A.
So that the League of Nations would allow
the USSR and Germany into their organization.
B.
To exile those persons whom both Stalin
and Hitler did not like.
C.
To create a sense of "transparency" so that
foreign governments would accept them.
D.
To ensure obedience from all members of
their political parties, government, and masses.
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