Double Jeopardy Midterm December, 2015, Review
Kingdoms &
Life
Cells
Cell Energy
Transport
DNA
structure
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FINAL ROUND
SWK/Life:
$200 Question
What is the difference between everyday
use of the word theory versus the scientific
use of the word theory.?
ANSWER
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SWK/Life:
$200 Answer
In everyday language, “theory” refers to an
idea that has not been tested and is not
supported by evidence; in science,
“theory” refers to an idea that has been
tested many times by many scientists
and is supported by abundant, replicable
evidence.
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SWK/Life:
$400 Question
Which characteristic of life is the
requirement of every organism for
chemical reactions and energy
conversions?
ANSWER
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SWK/Life:
$400 Answer
Metabolism—the term metabolism also
means all of the chemical reactions of a
cell, some of which are energy releasing
(exothermic) and some of which are
energy absorbing (endothermic)
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SWK/Life:
$600 Question
Which characteristic of life refers to the
genetically-controlled predictable
changes that occur between birth and
death?
ANSWER
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Passive :
$600 Answer
Growth and development
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SWK/Life:
$800 Question
Which two kingdoms contain cells having
neither a nucleus or membrane bound
organelles?
ANSWER
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SWK/Life:
$800 Answer
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
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SWK/Life:
$1000 Question
Which kingdom contains eukaryotic
heterotrophs whose cells contain neither
chloroplasts, large central vacuoles, nor
cell walls?
ANSWER
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SWk/Life:
$1000 Answer
Animalia (animal)
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Cells:
$200 Question
This is the part of autotrophic eukaryotic
cells where photosynthesis occurs.
ANSWER
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Cells:
$200 Answer
chlorophlasts
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Cells:
$400 Question
What part of a cell provides a framework
for it’s shape, allows it to move, and
provides a system of highways along
which transport vesicles and organelles
are moved through the cytoplasm.?
ANSWER
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Cells:
$400 Answer
cytoskeletal proteins in the cytoplasm
(and for cell movement, also those in the
flagella and cilia of some cells)
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Cells:
$600 Question
Which organelle is located inside the
nucleus and is the site of assembly of
ribosome subunits that are later shipped
to the cytoplasm?
ANSWER
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Cells:
$600 Answer
nucleolus
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Cells:
$800 Question
Name three organelles that are directly
involved of synthesis, then modification
and transport, of proteins—like
hormones—that are exported out of the
cell.
ANSWER
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Cells:
$800 Answer
1st the ribosome translates the messenger
RNA,
2nd the rough endoplasmic reticulum
packages some proteins into transport
vesicles that will either be shipped to
other organelles or to the golgi,
3rd some of the proteins in the RER
produced transport vesicles are further
processed in the golgi so that they will
exit the cell via exocytosis
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Cells:
$1000 Question
Which kingdom includes prokaryotic
extremophiles, such as halophiles that live
in very salty water, thermophiles that live
in hot water, and acidophiles that live in
acid bogs?.
ANSWER
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Cells:
$1000 Answer
Archaebacteria.
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Cell Energy:
$200 Question
Prokaryotes do not contain any membrane
bound organelles, not ever chloroplasts
and mitochondria.
Do heterotrophic bacteria carry out cell
respiration?
Do autotrophic bacteria carry out cell
respiration, photosynthesis, neither
process or both processes?
ANSWER
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Cell Energy:
$200 Answer
All cells require ATP, so all cells carry out cell
respiration; in prokaryotes, the process is a
little different than in eukaryotes. All
photosynthetic autotrophs require the
chemical reactions of photosynthesis, but the
process is a little different in prokaryotes; all
autotrophic bacteria also require cell
respiration, but again, the process is a little
different versus eukaryotes.
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Cell Energy:
$400 Question
Describe the ATP cycle, showing how
cells use it both to store energy in ATP
and to release energy from ATP to do
cell work.
ANSWER
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Cell Energy:
$400 Answer
ATP  energy for cell work & some heat
+
ADP + phosphate
ADP + phosphate + energy released
from organic compounds during cell
respiration  ATP
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Cell Energy:
$600 Question
Combustion is described by the same
chemical reaction as aerobic cellular
respiration. Why would cellular
combustion kill cells, whereas aerobic
cell respiration is required for cell
survival?
ANSWER
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Cell Energy:
$600 Answer
Aerobic Cellular Respiration—many different chemical
reactions serves as steps gradually releasing the
chemical potential energy of organic compounds
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 34ATP + some heat
released gradually over several different steps
NOT enough heat is released to denature enzymes
Combustion—a single chemical reactions
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat only, all of
which is released simultaneously
The temperature rises to above the point at which
enzymes would denature, killing cells.
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Cell Energy:
$800 Question
Which phase of the process of
photosynthesis splits water to release
oxygen? _____ Which phase absorbs
Carbon dioxide, then uses it to build
carbohydrates? ______
ANSWER
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Cell Energy:
$800 Answer
Light dependent phase in thylakoids slits
water, releases oxygen gas, loads
energy rich electrons onto electron
carrier NADP+, and traps energy of
sunlight in ATP
Light independent/dark reactions/calvin
cycle in stroma use energy of ATP,
electrons and protons of NADPH, and
Carbon dioxide to build sugars
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Cell Energy
$1000
What are the two types of fermentation,
and what type of organisms carry out
each type?
ANSWER
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Cell Energy
$1000
Lactic Acid Fermentation—bacteria and
mammal muscle; alcoholic
fermentation—yeasts which are
unicelluar fungi
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Transport:
$200 Question
Name the three types of passive transport
across cell membranes, and explain how
these are similar and different.
ANSWER
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Transport:
$200 Answer
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
osmosis
Requires no transport protein
Requires solute-specific
channel or pore protein
Requires aquaporin channel
proteins
Moves large or charged
solutes through openings
inside transport proteins—
each channel only fits a
particular solute
Moves water only through the
opening in aquaporin channel
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Moves small, uncharged
solutes directly between
phospholipid molecules in the
bilayer
Moves solute down the
concentration gradient, from
higher to lower concentration
cell approaches equilibrium (=
solute concentration
cytoplasm,environment)
Concentration provides
energy, not the cell
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Transport:
$400 Question
Compare similarities and differences of
active transport and facilitated diffusion.
ANSWER
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Transport: $400 Answer
Active transport of solute
Facilitated diffusion of solute
Requires a solute-specific membrane
transport protein called a pump OR
motor proteins for exocytosis and
endocytosis
Cell expends its own energy to power the
process, usually ATP
Requires a solute-specific membrane
transport protein called a channel or pore
Cell does not expend energy; conc
gradient collapse fuels process
Moves cell towards conc equilibrium
Moves cell away from conc equilibr
Solutes move from lower to higher
concentrn, up/against conc gradient
Includes exocytosis that uses motor
proteins/ATP to move vesicles filled w/
large amounts material (or large particles)
for release out of cell OR endocytosis
that pinches in vesicles filled with large
amounts of material (or large particles)
for entry into cell
Solutes move from higher to lower
conc’n, Down/With conc’n gradient
Works only with solutes small enough to
pass through a transport protein; is not a
form of bulk transport
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Transport:
$600 Question
These are proteins that extend outwards
from the cell membrane and into the
surrounding environment; on their
external surfaces, many of these
proteins have attached carbohydrate
chains.
ANSWER
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Transport:
$600 Answer
Cell identification molecules
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Transport:
$800 Question
What is different about a peripheral
membrane protein versus an integral
membrane protein?
ANSWER
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Transport:
$800 Answer
Peripheral membrane proteins are
attached to either the cytoplasmic or the
extracellular face of the plasma
membrane, whereas integral membrane
proteins extend all the way from one
face to the other.
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Transport:
$1000 Question
Why is it necessary to define both the
tonicity (relative solute concentrations) of
the cell’s cytoplasm AND the solution in
the cell’s environment unless the cell is
at osmotic equilibrium?
ANSWER
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Transport:
$1000 Answer
Unless cell is at osmotic equilibrium
(isotonic, with equal internal & external
solute concentrations), either the cell will be
hypertonic & the environment hypotonic or
visa versa (because osmosis is fueled by
conversion of potential energy as solute
moves down its concentration gradient)
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DNA:
$200 Question
Long before the discovery of DNA’s
structure, scientists had discovered that
the nucleus contains the genetic material
of a cell, as well as that nuclei contain
both DNA and protein. What scientists
discovered that the genetic material is
DNA, not protein?
ANSWER
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DNA:
$200 Answer
Avery and his collaborators were able to
transform (change the traits) of a
species of bacteria, changing it from a
harmless strain to one that kills mice due
to pneumonia, simply by adding the killer
cell DNA to live harmless cells. Adding
the proteins of the killer cells did not
transform the cells.
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DNA / Protein Synth:
$400 Question
What scientist contributed the knowledge
that showed %C =%G, while %A=%T?
ANSWER
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DNA:
$400 Answer
Chargaff isolated DNA, then analyzed it biochemically.
He found that the DNA contained nitrogenous bases
A, T, C, and G, the four of which comprised 100% of
the Nitrogenous bases in DNA. He also found that if
C is present at 30%, then G is present at 30%, and T
will be present at 20% and A at 20%.
(other scientists who made major contributions to the
discovery of DNA structure were:
Franklin—Xray of DNA showed that it was a double
helix; Watson and Crick—built model matching today’s
current description of DNA structure by synthesizing
data generated by Chargaff, Franklin, and others)
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DNA:
$600 Question
Compare and contrast the structures of
DNA and RNA.
ANSWER
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DNA:
$600 Answer
DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA-ribonucleic acid
Monomers—deoxyribonucleotides
having the sugar deoxyribose,
phosphate, and nitrogenous base
Monomers—ribonucleotides having
the sugar deoxyribose, phosphate,
and nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous bases: A T C G
Nitrogenous bases: A U C G
Double stranded
Single stranded
One type
Several types, including mRNA,
tRNA, rRNA
Contains introns in eukaryotes
Does not contain introns
Made by replication
Made by transcription
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DNA:
$800 Question
Name the complementary base pairs of:
DNA bonded to DNA
DNA bonded to RNA
RNA bonded to RNA
ANSWER
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DNA:
$800 Answer
DNA bonded to DNA
A to T, C to G, T to A, G to C
DNA bonded to RNA
A to U, C to G, T to A, G to C
RNA bonded to RNA
U to A, C to G, A to U, G to C
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DNA:
$1000 Question
Describe 2 major classes of point
mutations, and explain how each
impacts the structure of DNA.
ANSWER
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DNA:
$1000 Answer
Point mutations are single nucleotide alterations in
DNA’s deoxyribonucleotide sequence. These may
arise due to errors during DNA replication OR due to
DNA damage/faulty repair after exposure to
mutagens. Substitution point mutations result in
replacement of a nucleotide with another (like
changing an A to a C), whereas frameshift mutations
result from insertion of extra nucleotides OR deletion
of nucleotides. These insertions and deletions alter
the combination of nucleotides into codons.
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FINAL ROUND Question
Explain the difference between an
“expressed mutation” and a silent
mutation.
ANSWER
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FINAL ROUND ANSWER
Silent mutations
Expressed mutations
Either result from changes in
sequence in DNA lying
between genes OR lying within
noncoding introns of genes
OR
Result from changes in DNA
sequence that alter the amino
acid coding of the gene. So,
the protein coded has the
wrong amino acid sequence
and therefore also the wrong
shape and altered function.
Due to substitution mutations
that switch one codon for
another codon that codes for
the same amino acid.
Some expressed mutations affect
noncoding parts of genes involved in
regulating which cells express the gene,
when cells make the protein, or how
much protein they make.
In either case, then change in
DNA does not result in the
amino acid sequence of a
protein; so the protein coded
by the gene experiences no
change in shape or function.
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$2000 question
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells. List at least 4
similarities and 4 differences.
ANSWER
$2000 Answer
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Both
Evolutionarily older—
the ancestors of
eukaryotes
Evolutionarily newer— Grow & develop
descendents of
•Living things
prokaryotes
Made of cells
•DNA is genetic or
•No nucleus
•Nucleus
hereditary
•Ribosomes
•Smaller and simpler
•Larger and more
•Cytoplasm
cells
complex cells
•Cell membrane
carry out
•No membrane bound •Have membrane
metabolism
organelles
bound organelles
Reproduce by
division
Example: Eubacteria Examples:
Respond to stimuli
and Archaebacteria
•Plants
Maintain
•Animals
homeostasis
•Fungi
Adapt, evolve
•Protists
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