AEQUITAS PROJECT
“SOCIETAS EUROPEAE”
AEQUITAS PROJECT
European Commission
V framework program
IST
March, 2002
DEFINITION
• IST-2000-29569 contract
Key Action II, line II.4.2
called Large-scale trust and confidence
• The objective of project is:
to speed up the procedures and to increase the effectiveness of the quality
service that the judicial operators, specifically Registrars and Attorneys,
render to the society, through the use of secure and confidential Internet
communications
• Budget
521.039 euros, the EU contributes 472.000
• Duration
20 months, initiation date: 1st of August of 2001
Web adress
http://www.europa-aequitas.com
THE TEAM
Users
Greffiers de Tribunal de Commerce Associés (Greffiers de Paris,fr)
Consejo General de los Procuradores de los Tribunales (es)
Colegio de Registradores de la Propiedad y Mercantiles (es)
Camara dos Solicitadores (pt)
Law University of Lithuania (li)
-The Project is opened to new users.
Development
Tools Banking Solutions S.L. (es)
University of Zaragoza (es)
Promotion
Association for the Promotion of New Information Technologies and
eCommerce (APTICE, es)
COMMUNICATIONS FLOW
• The participants represent two important flows within the
communication between organizations in juridical sphere:
the communication between courts and the parties which intervene
in lawsuits
the communication between the registries and the persons or
agencies that need to know, proof or modify the contents of the
registrations, between those who are also found in the courts
• As objectives in the construction of the system, the
following can be set forth:
facilitate the exchange of documents with probative weight
between different countries of the European Union, bringing forth
information regarding the nature of the document and guaranteeing
the capacity and identity of the issuer, as well as fulfilling formal
requirements.
achieve that communications with legal effects might be
accomplished, when they might be legally advisable, by means of
individualized and documented acts.
ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM
• an association
which assembles the
organizations and acts as a
trustworthy third party
• a computer tool
which allows the secure
transmission of documents
• a documents catalogue
which facilitates their
interpretation to jurists of
different countries and allows
the computer tool to control
compliance with origin and
formal requirements.
THE ASSOCIATION
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The association assembles juridical operators
interested in the use of telematic methods in order to
exchange real documents.
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Their objectives can be wide and they can set it up as a
forum in order to exchange know how and to establish
standards.
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It is essential that each participant organization have a
LDAP directory available, in keeping with the
association's defined structure and on which this will
be based in order to guarantee the identity and
signatures of its members.
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The Association can also facilitate the establishment of
common protocols with external organizations which
communicate with various of its members.
THE COMPUTING TOOL
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The purpose of the tool is to allow the exchange of
electronic documents between members of the same
organization and between different organizations and
their members.
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The documents could incorporate the following
functions:
- confidentiality during transmission
- electronic signature
- acknowledgement of receipt
- time lock of signatures and of the communication acts
- registry of the contents of the document by a
trustworthy third party
THE CATALOGUE
• The objective of the catalogue is to increment the
juridical security in the exchange of real documents,
mainly between different countries.
It will be formed by documents with a definite juridical
nature
• The following information will be incorporated in the
documents:
- denomination, nature and legal effects
- relevant norms and rulings concerning the document
- format: it will stand defined in a signed form
- capacity for its emission
- concise guarantees for its transmission
- confidentiality requirements
EXAMPLES
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The project has the objetive to study the most important cases
regulated on the estatute of European Company 2157/2001 of the
European Council, which can generate communications flows between
European Trade Regsters. The examples that have been chosen are
the following:
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1. TRANFER OF DOMICILE (A.8 )
2. TAKE-OVER MERGER (A. 17.2.A)
3. MERGER BY FORMATION(A. 17.2.B)
4. EC “HOLDING” (A. 32)
5. FORMATION OF A SUBSIDIARY EC (A.35)
6. CONVERSION INTO EC (A.37)
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
REGULATION
The transfer of SE domicile from one Country to another (EU) is regulated in A. 8. RSE
This article studies the following phases:
1. Project of translation made by the management of administration with the
requirements contemplated in A.8.2 .
2. Information report justifing the juridical and economical aspects
3. Publicity through publication of the Project in the official bulletins of both countries
4. The respect of the rights of creditors and minority shareholders through the terms
regulated in A.8.6.
5. General Shareholders Agreement with the majorities provided to change the
Company statutes.
6. Certification of the Origin Trade Register crediting the requirements regulated in
RSE.
7. Inscription thought the transfer of the seatments to the destiny Trade Register.
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
INFORMATION FLOWS
1. PRINCIPAL SENDING-ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF RECEIPT
2.CERTIFICATION
OF
AGREEMENT
OF
TRANSFERACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT
3. CERTIFICATION A. 8.8 Y 8.15 RSE –ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF
RECEIPT
4. CERTIFICATION 8.11 RSE-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT
5. INSCRIPTION IN THE DESTINY TRADE REGISTER
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
NOTIFICATIONS
FIRST STEP
COMMON REQUIREMENTS
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1.SENDER:TRADE REGISTER OF ORIGIN
1.1.COUNTRY
1.2.DOMICILE(the categories to include here, the format and the order of the
same ones will be different in function of what is introduced in country. The
categories format and order that I consign here would be those that will be used
SPAIN" it is introduced" inside" COUNTRY")
1.2.1 VIA
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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1.2.1.1 TYPE
1.2.1.2 NAME
1.2.1.3 NUMBER
1.2.1.4 FLOOR
1.2.2 POPULATION
1.2.3 COUNTY
1.2.4 POSTAL CODE
1.3.REGISTRAR(The categories to include here, the format and the order of the same ones
will be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format and order
that I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced" inside"
COUNTRY")
1.3.1 NAME
1.3.2 LAST NAME 1
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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1.3.3 LAST NAME 2
2.ADRESÉE((O RECEIVER): TRADE REGISTER OF DESTINATION
2.1.COUNTRY
2.2.DOMICILE (to see note to the section 1.2)
2.2.1 VIA
2.2.1.1 TYPE
2.2.1.2 NAME
2.2.1.3 NUMBER
2.2.1.4 FLOOR
2.2.2 POPULATION
2.2.3 COUNTY
2.2.4 POSTAL CODE
2.3.REGISTRAR(see note to the section 1.3)
2.3.1 NAME
2.3.2 LAST NAME 1
2.3.3 LAST NAME 2
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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3.DATE OF REMISSION OF THE DOCUMENTS
3.1.DAY
3.2.MONTH
3.3.YEAR
4.INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT´S SUBJECT
4.1.REGISTER IN WHICH is ENTERED
4.2.REGISTRAL DATA
4.3 DATA OF THE FELLOW
4.3.1 COUNTRY (NATIONALITY)
4.3.2 JURIDICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3)
4.3.2.1 NAME
4.3.2.2 LAST NAME1
4.3.2.3 LAST NAME2
4.3.3 PHISICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3)
4.3.3.1 COMPANY DENOMINATION
4.3.3.2 COMPANY TYPE
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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4.3.3.3 TRADE NAME
4.4 HOME / REGISTERED OFFICE (BEFORE OF TRANSFER)
4.4.1 COUNTRY (to see note to the section 1.2)
4.4.1.1 VIA
4.4.1.1.1 TYPE
4.4.1.1.2 NAME
4.4.1.1.3 NUMBER
4.4.1.1.4 FLOOR
4.4.1.2 POPULATION
4.4.1.3 COUNTY
4.4.1.4 POSTAL CODE
5. INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT
5.1 TYPE OR CLASS OF DOCUMENT < certification of the A.8.8., together with the
requirements demanded by the Spanish regulatory scheme, contents in the A.19 RRM)
5.2 REFERENCE OF THE DOCUMENT (here he/she would go the number or
compound code for the domestic digits, the digits identificativos of the Register or
authority radio station, the digits identificativos of the document type and the digits of
the entrance number in the Register)
5.3 CONTENT OF THE DOCUMENT
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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SECOND
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TRANSFER AGREEMENT
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1.SENDER:TRADE REGISTER OF ORIGIN
1.1.COUNTRY
1.2.DOMICILE(the categories to include here, the format and the order of the same ones
will be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format and
order that I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced" inside"
COUNTRY")
1.2.1 VIA
1.2.1.1 TYPE
1.2.1.2 NAME
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TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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1.2.1.3 NUMBER
1.2.1.4 FLOOR
1.2.2 POPULATION
1.2.3 COUNTY
1.2.4 POSTAL CODE
1.3.REGISTRAR(The categories to include here, the format and the order of the same
ones will be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format
and order that I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced"
inside" COUNTRY")
1.3.1 NAME
1.3.2 LAST NAME 1
1.3.3 LAST NAME 2
2.ADRESÉE((O RECEIVER): TRADE REGISTER OF DESTINATION
2.1.COUNTRY
2.2.DOMICILE (to see note to the section 1.2)
2.2.1 VIA
2.2.1.1 TYPE
2.2.1.2 NAME
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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2.2.1.3 NUMBER
2.2.1.4 FLOOR
2.2.2 POPULATION
2.2.3 COUNTY
2.2.4 POSTAL CODE
2.3.REGISTRAR(see note to the section 1.3)
2.3.1 NAME
2.3.2 LAST NAME 1
2.3.3 LAST NAME 2
3.DATE OF REMISSION OF THE DOCUMENTS
3.1.DAY
3.2.MONTH
3.3.YEAR
4.INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT´S SUBJECT
4.1.REGISTER IN WHICH is ENTERED
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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4.2.REGISTRAL DATA
4.3 DATA OF THE FELLOW
4.3.1 COUNTRY (NATIONALITY)
4.3.2 JURIDICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3)
4.3.2.1 NAME
4.3.2.2 LAST NAME1
4.3.2.3 LAST NAME2
4.3.3 PHISICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3)
4.3.3.1 COMPANY DENOMINATION
4.3.3.2 COMPANY TYPE
4.3.3.3 TRADE NAME
4.4 HOME / REGISTERED OFFICE (BEFORE OF TRANSFER)
4.4.1 COUNTRY (to see note to the section 1.2)
4.4.1.1 VIA
4.4.1.1.1 TYPE
4.4.1.1.2 NAME
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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4.4.1.1.3 NUMBER
4.4.1.1.4 FLOOR
4.4.1.2 POPULATION
4.4.1.3 COUNTY
4.4.1.4 POSTAL CODE
5. INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT
5.1 TYPE OR CLASS OF DOCUMENT < certification of the A.8.8., together with the
requirements demanded by the Spanish regulatory scheme, contents in the A.19 RRM)
5.2 REFERENCE OF THE DOCUMENT (here he/she would go the number or
compound code for the domestic digits, the digits identificativos of the Register or
authority radio station, the digits identificativos of the document type and the digits of the
entrance number in the Register)
5.3 CONTENT OF THE DOCUMENT
5.3.1 DATE OF THE DOCUMENT (not to confuse with the remission date)
5.3.2 AUTHOR OF THE DOCUMENT
5.3.3 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT < to credit that the agreement has taken with
the requirements settled down by the law and its content >
5.3.4 SPECIFIC CONTENT
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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5.3.4.1. GENERAL SHAREHOLDERS MEETING AGREEMENT
5.3.4.1.1. MEETING´s DATE
5.3.4.1.1.1 convocation
«option:» only convocation
«option:» first convocation, and «hour and date» in second.
5.3.4.1.1.2 statutory forecasts
5.3.4.1.1.3 presidency and Secretary of the Meeting
5.3.4.1.1.4 constitution of the Meeting
a) assistants list
b) Constitution of the Meeting.
c) Protests
5.3.4.1.1.5 development of the Meeting
5.3.4.1.1.6 first point of the SCHEDULE
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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a) AGREEMENT PROPOSAL
AGREEMENT
5.3.4.1.2. SOCIAL ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION (after modifications)
5.3.4.1.2.1. Social denomination
5.3.4.1.2.2. Object
5.3.4.1.2.3. Duration
5.3.4.1.2.4. operations date beginning
5.3.4.1.2.5. Social exercise
5.3.4.1.2.6. Registered office
5.3.4.1.2.7. Social capital and shares
5.3.4.1.2.8. General meeting
5.3.4.1.2.9. Council of Administration
5.3.4.1.2.10. Other dispositions (you count annual...)
5.3.4.1.3. DATES
5.3.4.1.3.1. agreement date
Day
Month
Year
5.3.4.1.3.2. transfer date proposal
Day
Month
Year
Second point of the Schedule
«.........................»
IV) session enclosure
5.4.3.2.2. PLACE, DATES, SIGNATURE, HEADING AND STAMP
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
THIRD STEP
. REGISTRAL CERTIFICATION WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE RSE
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1.SENDER:TRADE REGISTER OF ORIGIN
1.1.COUNTRY
1.2.DOMICILE(the categories to include here, the format and the order of the same ones will
be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format and order that
I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced" inside" COUNTRY")
1.2.1 VIA
1.2.1.1 TYPE
1.2.1.2 NAME
1.2.1.3 NUMBER
1.2.1.4 FLOOR
1.2.2 POPULATION
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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1.2.3 COUNTY
1.2.4 POSTAL CODE
1.3.REGISTRAR(The categories to include here, the format and the order of the same ones
will be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format and order
that I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced" inside"
COUNTRY")
1.3.1 NAME
1.3.2 LAST NAME 1
1.3.3 LAST NAME 2
2.ADRESÉE((O RECEIVER): TRADE REGISTER OF DESTINATION
2.1.COUNTRY
2.2.DOMICILE (to see note to the section 1.2)
2.2.1 VIA
2.2.1.1 TYPE
2.2.1.2 NAME
2.2.1.3 NUMBER
2.2.1.4 FLOOR
2.2.2 POPULATION
2.2.3 COUNTY
2.2.4 POSTAL CODE
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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2.3.REGISTRAR(see note to the section 1.3)
2.3.1 NAME
2.3.2 LAST NAME 1
2.3.3 LAST NAME 2
3.DATE OF REMISSION OF THE DOCUMENTS
3.1.DAY
3.2.MONTH
3.3.YEAR
4.INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT´S SUBJECT
4.1.REGISTER IN WHICH is ENTERED
4.2.REGISTRAL DATA
4.3 DATA OF THE FELLOW
4.3.1 COUNTRY (NATIONALITY)
4.3.2 JURIDICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3)
4.3.2.1 NAME
4.3.2.2 LAST NAME1
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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4.3.2.3 LAST NAME2
4.3.3 PHISICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3)
4.3.3.1 COMPANY DENOMINATION
4.3.3.2 COMPANY TYPE
4.3.3.3 TRADE NAME
4.4 HOME / REGISTERED OFFICE (BEFORE OF TRANSFER)
4.4.1 COUNTRY (to see note to the section 1.2)
4.4.1.1 VIA
4.4.1.1.1 TYPE
4.4.1.1.2 NAME
4.4.1.1.3 NUMBER
4.4.1.1.4 FLOOR
4.4.1.2 POPULATION
4.4.1.3 COUNTY
4.4.1.4 POSTAL CODE
5. INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT
5.1 TYPE OR CLASS OF DOCUMENT < certification of the A.8.8., together with the
requirements demanded by the Spanish regulatory scheme, contents in the A.19 RRM)
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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5.2 REFERENCE OF THE DOCUMENT (here he/she would go the number or compound
code for the domestic digits, the digits identificativos of the Register or authority radio
station, the digits identificativos of the document type and the digits of the entrance number
in the Register)
5.3 CONTENT OF THE DOCUMENT
5.3.1 DATE OF THE DOCUMENT (not to confuse with the remission date)
5.3.2 AUTHOR OF THE DOCUMENT
5.3.3 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT < Trade Registrar certification in order to prove the
observance of the legal requirements. >
5.3.4 SPECIFIC CONTENT
5.3.4.1. CERTIFICATION A. 8.8. RSE
5.3.4.1.1. SENDER REGISTRAR
5.3.4.1.1.1. COUNTRY (to see note to box 1.3)
NAME
LAST NAME 1
LAST NAME 2
5.3.4.1.2. TRADE REGISTER
5.3.4.1.2.1.COUNTRY (to see note to the box 1.2)
VIA
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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TYPE
NAME
NUMBER
FLOOR
POPULATION
COUNTY
POSTAL CODE
5.3.4.1.3. DATE of THE CERTIFICATION
5.3.4.1.3.1 BOOK
5.3.4.1.3.2 VOLUME
5.3.4.1.3.3 LEAF
5.3.4.1.4. CONTENT OF THE CERTIFICATION
A. TRANSFER PROJECT
A1.social denomination
A2. registered office
A3. domicile proposed
A4. proposed articles of association
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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A5. consequences for workers
B.PROJECT´S PUBLICATION
B1.day
B2. month
B3. year
B4. Number, page BORME
C.INFORM DEVELOPED BY THE ADMINISTRATION ORGAN
That, dated «.....», the mandatory report was emitted justifying the proposed modification.
D.TIME TO EXERCISE THE RIGHT OF EXAM
D1. DATE OF THE PROPOSAL
D2. DATE CONVOCATION IT JOINS
D3. DATE OF THE ADOPTION OF THE AGREEMENT
E. RIGHTS OF THE CREDITORS AND MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS (The categories
would be the points in boldface. The rest is to informative title)
1) Exercise of the right. That, lapsed the legal term, they were separated from the society,
for not having been stuck to the transformation agreement, the following partners of the
entity:
Don «it Names and Last names and data of identity», regular of «number» you work that
represent the «so much percent» of the capital stock of the entity.
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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«.........................»
The regular partner of «number» you work that represent the «so much percent» of the
capital stock of the entity whose data of identity are ignored.
in the sum of «number» pesetas/euros for action.
2) percentage on Social Capital
3) Capital reduction. That the capital impairment corresponding to the aforementioned
stocks has been published in the Official Bulletin of the Mercantile Register of «it dates», p.
«.....», as well as in the newspapers «.....», of «it dates», p. «.....», and «.....», of «it dates»,
p. «.....», what credits by means of exhibition of those referred copies.
It photocopies of the aforementioned announcements, concordant with their originals, I
incorporate to the present.
4) Creditors
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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«option:» The right of opposition doesn't exist:
The appearer that the present reduction doesn't attribute to the right creditors of opposition
declares as long as it has been made with position to benefits [alternatingly: free reserves].
«option:» If right of opposition exists:
«option:» the appearer that no creditor has exercised his right of opposition Declares.
«option:» the appearer that you/they have only exercised her right of opposition the
following creditors Declares:
1. Don «it Names and Last names», neighbor of «municipality (county)», with home in
«he/she remains silent», and DNI «.....», regular of a credit against the society for amount of
«number» pesetas/euros.
Accrediting this A has been lent guarantee to its whole satisfaction.
2. Don «it Names and Last names», neighbor of «municipality (county)», with home in
«he/she remains silent», and DNI «.....», regular of a credit against the society for amount of
«number» pesetas/euros.
Accrediting this A has been notified the benefit of foreseen deposit in the art. 166 of the
Law.
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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3. Don «it Names and Last names», neighbor of «municipality (county)», with home in
«he/she remains silent», and DNI «.....», regular of a credit against the society for amount of
«number» pesetas/euros.
Dicho credit has been extinguished, by means of its payment on the part of the society,
before this act.
6) Pago to the partners. He/she declares the representative of the society that, in the dates
that are indicated and previous their paying-off, they have been reimbursed, for the
expressed value, the following stocks corresponding to the separate partners:
Work «.....» to «.....», dated «.....».
«.........................»
[In their case, to add:] Except as for the sum of «number» pesetas/euros, corresponding to
partners
«option:» unknown
«option:» that they have not appeared in time and he/she forms to receive the payment
«option:» regular of the stocks numbers «.....» to «.....».
This quantity has been consigned in deposit, dated «.....», to their legitimate owners'
disposition.
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CERTIFICATION ASSURING THE RESPECTING LEGAL AND STATUTORY
REQUIREMENTS
F1. the date
F2. Legal norms (A.8 rse+A.19RRM)
F3. statutory norms
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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G. PUBLICATION IN OFFICIAL BULLETIN AND THE most important 2 NEWSPAPERS
G1. date
G2. data BORPME
G3. data DiariY1...
G4. data DiariY2...
H. Notarial act OF MODIFICATION OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION INC
H1. Notary
H2. Place
H3. date
I.INSCRIPTION OF THE MODIFICATION OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
I1. Book
I2. Volume
I3. Leaf
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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5.3.4.1.5. PLACE, DATE,SIGNATURE, HEADING AND STAMP
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5.3.4.2. CERTIFICATION A.8.15.RSE
5.3.4.2.1. REGISTRAR´S CERTIFICATION
5.3.4.1.1.1. COUNTRY (to see note to box 1.3)
NAME
LASTNAME1
LASTNAME2
5.3.4.2.2. TRADE REGISTER
5.3.4.2.2.1.COUNTRY (to see note to the box 1.2)
VIA
TYPE
NAME
NUMBER
FLOOR
POPULATION
COUNTY
TRANSFER OF DOMICILE
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POSTAL CODE
5.3.4.2.3. CERTIFICATION SUBJECT
5.3.4.2.3.1 BOOK
5.3.4.2.3.2 FOLIO
5.3.4.2.3.3 LEAF
5.3.4.2.4. CONTENT (default" Text: THAT THE SOCIETY IS NOT IN SOME OF THE
FORESEEN SITUATIONS IN THE A.8.15 RSE, AS ONE DEDUCES FROM THE BOOKS
OF THE REGISTRATION (a.8.15 rse"..."))
5.3.4.2.5. PLACE, DATE, SIGNATURE, HEADING AND STAMP
XML TAGS TUTORIAL
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1. XML is for structuring data
Structured data includes things like spreadsheets, address books, configuration parameters, financial transactions,
and technical drawings. XML is a set of rules (you may also think of them as guidelines or conventions) for designing
text formats that let you structure your data. XML is not a programming language, and you don't have to be a
programmer to use it or learn it. XML makes it easy for a computer to generate data, read data, and ensure that the data
structure is unambiguous. XML avoids common pitfalls in language design: it is extensible, platform-independent, and
it supports internationalization and localization. XML is fully Unicode-compliant.
2. XML looks a bit like HTML
Like HTML, XML makes use of tags (words bracketed by '<' and '>') and attributes (of the form name="value"). While
HTML specifies what each tag and attribute means, and often how the text between them will look in a browser, XML
uses the tags only to delimit pieces of data, and leaves the interpretation of the data completely to the application that
reads it. In other words, if you see "<p>" in an XML file, do not assume it is a paragraph. Depending on the context, it
may be a price, a parameter, a person, a p... (and who says it has to be a word with a "p"?).
3. XML is text, but isn't meant to be read
Programs that produce spreadsheets, address books, and other structured data often store that data on disk, using
either a binary or text format. One advantage of a text format is that it allows people, if necessary, to look at the data
without the program that produced it; in a pinch, you can read a text format with your favorite text editor. Text formats
also allow developers to more easily debug applications. Like HTML, XML files are text files that people shouldn't have
to read, but may when the need arises. Less like HTML, the rules for XML files are strict. A forgotten tag, or an attribute
without quotes makes an XML file unusable, while in HTML such practice is tolerated and is often explicitly allowed. The
official XML specification forbids applications from trying to second-guess the creator of a broken XML file; if the file is
broken, an application has to stop right there and report an error.
4. XML is verbose by design
Since XML is a text format and it uses tags to delimit the data, XML files are nearly always larger than comparable
binary formats. That was a conscious decision by the designers of XML. The advantages of a text format are evident
(see point 3), and the disadvantages can usually be compensated at a different level. Disk space is less expensive than
it used to be, and compression programs like zip and gzip can compress files very well and very fast. In addition,
communication protocols such as modem protocols and HTTP/1.1, the core protocol of the Web, can compress data on
the fly, saving bandwidth as effectively as a binary format.
XML TAGS TUTORIAL
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5. XML is a family of technologies
XML 1.0 is the specification that defines what "tags" and "attributes" are. Beyond XML 1.0, "the XML family" is a growing set of
modules that offer useful services to accomplish important and frequently demanded tasks. Xlink describes a standard way to add
hyperlinks to an XML file. XPointer and XFragments are syntaxes in development for pointing to parts of an XML document. An
XPointer is a bit like a URL, but instead of pointing to documents on the Web, it points to pieces of data inside an XML file. CSS, the
style sheet language, is applicable to XML as it is to HTML. XSL is the advanced language for expressing style sheets. It is based on
XSLT, a transformation language used for rearranging, adding and deleting tags and attributes. The DOM is a standard set of
function calls for manipulating XML (and HTML) files from a programming language. XML Schemas 1 and 2 help developers to
precisely define the structures of their own XML-based formats. There are several more modules and tools available or under
development. Keep an eye on W3C's technical reports page.
6. XML is new, but not that new
Development of XML started in 1996 and has been a W3C Recommendation since February 1998, which may make you suspect that
this is rather immature technology. In fact, the technology isn't very new. Before XML there was SGML, developed in the early '80s,
an ISO standard since 1986, and widely used for large documentation projects. The development of HTML started in 1990. The
designers of XML simply took the best parts of SGML, guided by the experience with HTML, and produced something that is no less
powerful than SGML, and vastly more regular and simple to use. Some evolutions, however, are hard to distinguish from
revolutions... And it must be said that while SGML is mostly used for technical documentation and much less for other kinds of data,
with XML it is exactly the opposite.
7. XML leads HTML to XHTML
There is an important XML application that is a document format: W3C's XHTML, the successor to HTML. XHTML has many of the
same elements as HTML. The syntax has been changed slightly to conform to the rules of XML. A document that is "XML-based"
inherits the syntax from XML and restricts it in certain ways (e.g, XHTML allows "<p>", but not "<r>"); it also adds meaning to that
syntax (XHTML says that "<p>" stands for "paragraph", and not for "price", "person", or anything else).
8. XML is modular
XML allows you to define a new document format by combining and reusing other formats. Since two formats developed
independently may have elements or attributes with the same name, care must be taken when combining those formats (does "<p>"
mean "paragraph" from this format or "person" from that one?). To eliminate name confusion when combining formats, XML
provides a namespace mechanism. XSL and RDF are good examples of XML-based formats that use namespaces. XML Schema is
designed to mirror this support for modularity at the level of defining XML document structures, by making it easy to combine two
schemas to produce a third which covers a merged document structure.
XML TAGS TUTORIAL
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9. XML is the basis for RDF and the Semantic Web
W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF) is an XML text format that supports resource description and metadata applications, such as music
playlists, photo collections, and bibliographies. For example, RDF might let you identify people in a Web photo album using information from a
personal contact list; then your mail client could automatically start a message to those people stating that their photos are on the Web. Just as
HTML integrated documents, menu systems, and forms applications to launch the original Web, RDF integrates applications and agents into one
Semantic Web. Just like people need to have agreement on the meanings of the words they employ in their communication, computers need
mechanisms for agreeing on the meanings of terms in order to communicate effectively. Formal descriptions of terms in a certain area (shopping or
manufacturing, for example) are called ontologies and are a necessary part of the Semantic Web. RDF, ontologies, and the representation of meaning
so that computers can help people do work are all topics of the Semantic Web Activity.
10. XML is license-free, platform-independent and well-supported
By choosing XML as the basis for a project, you gain access to a large and growing community of tools (one of which may already do what you
need!) and engineers experienced in the technology. Opting for XML is a bit like choosing SQL for databases: you still have to build your own
database and your own programs and procedures that manipulate it, and there are many tools available and many people who can help you. And
since XML is license-free, you can build your own software around it without paying anybody anything. The large and growing support means that
you are also not tied to a single vendor. XML isn't always the best solution, but it is always worth considering.
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11. EXAMPLE APPLY TO OUR PROJECT
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<sender name="Trade register from origin">
<country>Spain</country>
<province>Barcelona</province>
<town>Barcelona</town>
<adress>
<road>
<type>street</type>
<name>gran via</name>
<flat>1</flat>
<zipcode>08076</zipcode>
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XML TAGS TUTORIAL
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</road>
</adress>
<registrar>
<name>Luis</name>
<surname1>Fernandez</surname1>
<surname2>------</surname2>
</registrar>
</sender>
XML TAGS TUTORIAL
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<adresse name="Trade register from destiny">
<country>France</country>
<province>Paris</province>
<town>Paris</town>
<adress>
<road>
<type>street</type>
<name>Le Pen</name>
<flat>1</flat>
<zipcode>98704</zipcode>
</road>
</adress>
<registrar>
<name>Pascal</name>
<surname1>Beder</surname1>
<surname2>------</surname2>
</registrar>
</adresse>
XML TAGS TUTORIAL
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<subject>
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<date>certification</date>
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<information company="data">document</information>
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<documentcontent>
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<class>certification</class>
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<reference>4324</reference>
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<atachment>
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<date>4/6/2001</date>
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<author>Traderegister</author>
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<finality>RSE</finality>
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<especific content="notification">
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<certification1>requirements A.8.8 RSE</certification1>
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<certification2>requirements A.8.15 RSE</certification2>
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</especific>
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</atachment>
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</documentcontent>
</subject>
XML TAGS TUTORIAL
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EUROPEAN GROUP OF ECONOMIC INTEREST