46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of “STEAM
INJECTION” into Combustion Chamber in a Spark
Ignition Engine
Balwant Singh1; Amritpal Singh2, Kulvir Singh3; Ravinder Goyal4
1, 2
Student of Department of Automobile Engineering
Gulzar College of Engineering
Ludhiana, Punjab, India
3, 4
Assistant Professor: Department of Automobile Engineering
Gulzar College of Engineering
Ludhiana, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT - In this paper an experimental study is carried out to increase the engine performance and other parameters by injecting steam
into combustion chamber with fuel and air homogenous mixture in Spark Ignition (SI) engine. In this experiment a gasoline engine motorcycle
of “Hero Honda Glamour F.I (Fuel Injection) System” is used. The steam is generated by the exhaust gas heat and is injected in-to the
combustion chamber through the inlet port of the engine at the position just above the inlet valve head after the fuel injector to form a
homogeneous mixture of fuel, air and steam. Steam injection technology in order to cool certain parts of the combustion chamber where "hot
points" could produce premature ignition of air cooled S.I Engines due to wet steam and lower the temperature of combustion chamber by
absorbing latent heat through remaining molecules of hydrogen and oxygen. Steam injection with fuel and air the engine produce less CO, CO2
and NOx gas contents and other particle matter due to presence of tiny molecules of hydrogen and oxygen into the combustion which helps to
make the efficient & clean combustion as well as improvement in mileage.
KEYWORDS: Ignition, internal Combustion engines, automotive applications, Water injection, Steam Injection Technology, anti- detonant
injection (ADI). Mileage increase, emission reduction, Emission control
World War 2 and in the era of 1980’s water injection was
introduced in F1 cars also, to reduce the engine knocking and
to control premature ignition.
But this experiment “The Steam injection” in I.C engine
along with air and fuel’s homogenous mixture is used to
increase the compression ratio of engine which reduce the
knocking as well reduce in emission and increase in fuel
efficiency.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Internal combustion engine is a device which convert
chemical fuel energy into mechanical energy as output are
used by automotive industry and aerospace industry
locomotives and others. As per the current scenarios of
increase in traffic and population globally, reports of many
researchers have shown that due to rapid growth of industries
and automobiles in recent decades the amount of exhaust
gases and harmful pollution in air has increased. The fossil
fuel’s limited amount in natural resources begin to diminish.
Engineers are inventing and using various modern
technologies to reduce I.C engine’s fuel consumption,
emission, and to increase engine performance. But most of
them are costlier and some of them are not fully success and
physically applicable. In this experimental investigation The
vision of “steam injection technology” is to achieve maximum
performance, fuel efficiency with minimum NoX, CO, Co2,
and detonation. Steam injection technology is adopted from
the concept of water injection technology which was used first
time by aircraft industry in the meantime of World War 1 and
II.
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE
A single cylinder air cooled gasoline engine motorcycle of
“Hero Honda Glamour F.I” (Fuel Injection) is used to perform
the experiment and investigation.
Table 1: Technical details of motorcycle engine:
Engine Characteristics
Value
Power
9BHP @ 7000RPM
1
Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab-141401 (INDIA)
46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)
Bore
52.4 MM
Stroke
57.9 MM
Compression ratio
9.2:1
Displacement
124.8CM3
Spark Plug
NGK-CPR 6EA 9
Spark Plug Gap
0.8-0.9 MM
Cooling system
Air cooled
Fuel
Gasoline
No. of cylinder
One
Fuel supply system
Injector
system
programed
In the Figure the bowl is assembled with one inch diameter
pipe, crossed by the body of bowl from the both ends. A
stainless steel sphere shape ball connect the pipe from the both
ends.
The one side of the pipe is closely connected to engine’s
exhaust port by flange couple. The heated exhaust gas
circulated from the pipe to sphere shape ball
The water is contained in the bowl about 600 Ml to 700 Ml,
which submerge the S.S sphere shape ball so that the exhaust
gas’s heat energy can be conducted into the surrounding water
to generate heat.
The upper cap of the bowl is dome shaped. A 5MM diameter
steam flow control ball type gate valve is fitted in the center of
the bowl cap. A water plug is provided to pore water into
bowl. Bowl cap is air tight by silicon sealant and assembled
with bowl by using 8 mm *1” eight no. of star head nut and
bolts.
ECM
Steam flow control ball type gate valve is manually opened
approximately 300. The steam is injected at high pressure by
opening the gate valve through a heavy duty
pressure/temperature resist pipe to inlet manifold, position at
just above the inlet valve head.
In this experiment the engine is kept as original as it was.
There are no modification in its parameters and ECU
programming.
B) CUSTOMIZATION IN ENGINE’S EXHAUST SYSTEM
(FABRICATION OF BOILER TO GENERATE STEAM)
The I.C engine’s exhaust gas has very high temperature which
is released and conducted by the surrounding environment air.
At half throttle of engine the exhaust gas temperature lies
between 3000 C to 4000 C and at full throttle of engine exhaust
gas temperature lies between 7000 C to 8000 C. In this
experiment to generate the steam by using the exhaust gas’s
heat, a boiler is designed which is directly linked by the
engine’s silence and exhaust gas system.
Fig. 2: Shows the complete assembly of boiler
III.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The experimental testing and analysis of parameters are
obtained and calculated actual on road testing and by using
the RTMI Real Time Mileage indicator ( for mileage result)
and Exhaust Emission analyzer (AIRREX Model: HG 540).
To avoid cold starting failure at the time of engine starting,
initially the steam is not injected into the inlet manifold until
the combustion chamber’s temperature reach to its ideal
working temperature. After engine running on the ideal
Fig. 1: Internal part of the boiler.
2
Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab-141401 (INDIA)
46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)
condition five to ten minutes neutrally, the water in boiler
starts boiling and generate the steam. Steam flow control valve
is closed until the steam pressure gets raise into the boiler.
Table 3: Engine emission test results
S. NO
Parameters
Values
When the steam pressure gets rise, the steam flow control
valve is opened. The driver starts moving motorcycle by
carrying one passenger and maintain the speed at 60 KM/Hrs.
on plane road. At the same time and constant speed the
motorcycle is run for ten kilometers continue along with steam
injection into combustion chamber through the intake
manifold and mileage reading is noted from RTMI meter.
1.
CO2
9.00 %
2.
CO
0.672%
3.
HC
0190 PPM
4.
O2
21.42%
Again the same procedure is repeated in same conditions. But
this time driver maintain the speed at 95 KM/Hrs. the
motorcycle was run for ten kilometers continue along with
steam injection into combustion chamber through the intake
manifold and mileage reading is noted from RTMI meter.
5.
Air fuel ratio
36.76
6.
Lambda
2.500
The above table represent the pre experimental exhaust gases
parameters
For analysis of exhaust gases parameters along with steam
injection, the motorcycle engine was run neutrally at half
throttle approximately 3000 to 3500 RPM and the emission
gases were analyzed by using Exhaust Emission analyzer
(AIRREX Model: HG 540).
IV.
RESULT COMPARISON
Table 4: Engine mileage test results
To complete this experimental investigation from initial to
final result, it took approximately seventy hours. The results of
experimental investigation’s results are compared without
steam injection and with steam injection into engine. Which
proved the objective of experiment is achieved by steam
injection into an ordinary gasoline fuel injection based engine.
Table 2: Engine mileage test results
S.No
Parameters
Pre experiment Values
1 a.
AT SPEED
60 KM/Hrs. Range 10 KM
b.
MILEAGE
65 KM/ Ltr.
c.
LOAD
69 + 65 K.G
2 a.
AT SPEED
95 KM/Hrs.
b.
c.
MILEAGE
LOAD
S. NO
Parameters
With steam injection Values
1 a.
AT SPEED
60 KM/Hrs. Range 10 KM
b.
MILEAGE
81 KM/ Ltr.
c.
LOAD
69 + 65 K.G
2 a.
AT SPEED
95 KM/Hrs.
b.
MILEAGE
43 KM/Ltr.
c.
LOAD
69 + 65 K.G
Above table represent the engine parameters with steam
injection at two different speed with constant weight of
passenger and driver.
Table 5: Engine emission test results
S. NO
Parameters
Values
1.
CO2
8.50 %
2.
CO
0.333%
3.
HC
0231 PPM
4.
O2
20.35%
5.
Air fuel ratio
37.04
37
69 + 65 K.G
Above table represent pre experimental engine parameters at
two different speed with constant load weight of passenger
and driver.
3
Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab-141401 (INDIA)
46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)
6.
Lambda
[5]. Busuttil D, Farrugia M. Experimental investigation on the
effect of injecting water to the air to fuel mixture in a spark
ignition engine. MM (Modern Machinery) Science Journal.
2015; 585–90
[6]. Lanzafame, R. Water injection effects in a single cylinder
CFR engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. 1999; 1–10.
[7]. Bozza F, De Bellis V, Teodosio L. Potentials of cooled
EGR and water injection for knock resistance and fuel
consump¬tion improvements of gasoline engines. Applied
Energy. 2016;169:112–25.
2.520
Above table represent the exhaust gases parameters with
steam injection.
All four table represent the variable result parameters of
engine. The results shows that the experiment is successful
V.
RESULT DISCUSSION
Table a) And Table b) Shows the engine and emission gases
parameters before the steam injection. Similarly table c) and
table d) Shows the engine and emission gases parameters
results with steam injection.
The motorcycles’ overall mileage at 60KM/Hrs. speed has
increased up-to 10 KM/Ltr. Similarly at the speed of 95
KM/Hrs. the mileage has increased up-to 6 KM/Ltr. The
values of exhaust gases parameters reduced CO2 up-to 0.50%, CO up-to -0.339% And O2 0.77% and HC increased
up-to +41PPM, by steam injection.
VI.
CONCLUSION
The experimental investigation and analysis resulted that the
steam injection into a gasoline I.C engine results in increase in
air fuel ratio, decrease in detonation, exhaust gases parameters
and increase the mileage. Steam injection increased the overall
performance of engine.
The use of steam injection resulted that it can be used for the
future engines as an alternative fuel sustainable energy source
to warfare harmful exhaust gases and to surge mileage and
engine performance.
This technology may have the better future better future to use
in automobile industry and heavy locomotives and military
vehicle, because the tradition I.C engines cannot be eliminated
completely in next upcoming decades.
The further study can be extend to determine more results and
researches.
REFERENCES
[1]. BMW Group Model M4 GTS . 2016. water injection
technology in turbo charged water cooled S.I engine .
[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.m-power.com/_open/.
[Accessed 12 September 2016].
[2]. Bosch . 2000. Water Injection Technology. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.hybridcars.com/. [Accessed 13
September 2016].
[3]. SAE International. 2003. Bosch developing new waterinjection system for production engines. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://www.sae.org/. [Accessed 13 September 2016].
[4]. Hoppe F, Thewes M, Baumgarten H, Dohmen J. Water
injection for gasoline engines: Potentials, challenges, and
solutions. International Journal of Engine Research. 2015;
17(1):86–96.
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Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab-141401 (INDIA)