The Invasive Ailanthus altissima in Pennsylvania: A Case Study
Elucidating Species Introduction, Migration, Invasion, and
Growth Patterns in the Northeastern US
Author(s): Matthew T. Kasson , Matthew D. Davis and Donald D. Davis
Source: Northeastern Naturalist, 20(10):1-60. 2013.
Published By: Eagle Hill Institute
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1656/045.020.m101
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2013
NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST
20(Monograph 10):1–60
The Invasive Ailanthus altissima in Pennsylvania:
A Case Study Elucidating Species Introduction, Migration,
Invasion, and Growth Patterns in the Northeastern US
Matthew T. Kasson1,2,*, Matthew D. Davis1, and Donald D. Davis1
Abstract - Ailanthus altissima (Tree of Heaven), an invasive tree species native to China
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Northeastern Naturalist
Vol. 20, Monograph 10
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FRVW RI QDWLYH VSHFLHV ³« FRXQWU\ JHQWOHPHQ VHGXFHG E\ WKH RULHQWDO EHDXW\
RI LWV IROLDJH FRQWLQXH WR SODQW LW LQ WKHLU SOHDVXUH JURXQGV´ 'RZQLQJ 6XUSULVLQJO\AilanthusLVVWLOODYDLODEOHFRPPHUFLDOO\YLDYDULRXVRQOLQH
QXUVHULHVIRUDVOLWWOHDVHDFKIRU±IRRWWDOOWUHHV
Intra-state migration, proliferation, and growth of Ailanthus in PA
Even with high costs and growing opposition in cities, the incidence of AilanthusWKURXJKRXW3$LQFUHDVHGVWHDGLO\DIWHU$SSHQGL[&RQFXUUHQWO\
the incidence of large AilanthusWUHHV!FP'%+ZDVUHSRUWHGIRUWKH¿UVW
WLPHEHJLQQLQJDURXQG)LJ%\WKHHDUO\thFHQWXU\UHSRUWVLQGLFDWH
that AilanthusZDVZHOOGLVWULEXWHGWKURXJKRXWWKHVWDWHVXJJHVWLQJWKDWPDQ\RI
WKHVFDWWHUHGJHRJUDSKLFSRFNHWVUHSRUWHGLQWKHPLGWRODWHVRIAilanthus
KDGSUHVXPDEO\FRDOHVFHG$SSHQGL[7KHLQFLGHQFHRIODUJHUAilanthus trees
±FP'%+DOVRLQFUHDVHGGUDPDWLFDOO\LQVRXWKHUQ3$GXULQJWKLVWLPH
period, with reports of large AilanthusLQ$GDPV&KHVWHU&XPEHUODQG'DXSKLQ
)UDQNOLQDQG3KLODGHOSKLDFRXQWLHV)LJ,OOLFNDQG%URXVH
/DUJHWUHHVDW%DUWUDP¶VDQG0DUVKDOO¶VJDUGHQVZHUHJLYHQWKHLUJURZWKSDWWHUQVOLNHO\VHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQURRWVSURXWVRIAilanthus planted earlier at these
VDPHVLWHV)LJ%/DUJH¿UVWJHQHUDWLRQAilanthus trees were reported in
$GDPV&XPEHUODQG'DXSKLQDQG)UDQNOLQFRXQWLHVIXUWKHUYDOLGDWLQJVSHFLHV
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$OWR )UDQNOLQ &RXQW\ DQG QRUWK RI +DUULVEXUJ DORQJ WKH 6XVTXHKDQQD 5LYHU
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5HIRUHVWDWLRQSURMHFWVXVLQJAilanthusVHHGRQGHQXGHGLQGXVWULDOODQGVLQZHVWHUQ3$E\WKH3$'LYLVLRQRI)RUHVWVDQG:DWHUVQRZ3$%XUHDXRI)RUHVWU\
OLNHO\KDVWHQHGAilanthus¶H[SDQVLRQLQWRDGGLWLRQDOGLVWXUEHGDUHDVRIWKHVWDWH
,OOLFNDQG%URXVH
2013
M.T. Kasson, M.D. Davis, and D.D. Davis
7
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FRXQWLHV /HEDQRQ DQG :\RPLQJ ZKHUH Ailanthus DOOHJHGO\ KDG HVWDEOLVKHG
DIWHU)LJ$SSHQGL[&ODUN7KHDSSDUHQWLQDFFXUDFLHVLQ
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LQYHVWLJDWLRQWRPRUH¿UPO\UHVROYHVSDWLRWHPSRUDOPLJUDWLRQSDWWHUQV*LYHQWKH
ORQJUHVLGHQF\§\HDUVRIWKLVVSHFLHVLQWKHVWDWHLWLVOLNHO\WKDWAilanthus
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DGGLWLRQDOFRXQWLHVZLWK¿UVWUHSRUWVDIWHUEXWZHQWXQQRWLFHGRUXQUHSRUWHG
Invasion of PA forests
,WLVXQFOHDUZKHQAilanthus¿UVWEHFDPHDVLJQL¿FDQWSUREOHPRQ3$IRUHVW
ODQGV DQG LQ UHVW RI WKH 1RUWKHDVW GHVSLWH Ailanthus¶ SUHVHQFH DV DQ LQFLGHQWDO
VSHFLHVLQPDQ\FRXQWLHVDQGVWDWHVIRUPRUHWKDQDFHQWXU\&XUUHQWO\Ailanthus
)LJXUH(DUO\SKRWRJUDSKVRIAilanthus trees (white arrows) LQ3$$.UDXWK+RXVH
/XWKHUDQ 7KHRORJLFDO 6HPLQDU\ *HWW\VEXUJ FD ± % +XPSKUH\ 0DUVKDOO¶V
DUERUHWXP0DUVKDOOWRQF&<RUN6SULQJVFD.7KH.UDXWK+RXVHWUHHVZHUH
WZR RI HLJKW DSSDUHQWO\ SODQWHG DW WKH QHZO\ HVWDEOLVKHG 6HPLQDU\ GXULQJ WKH HDUO\ WR
PLGVEXWZHUHFXWGRZQLQ$SULOEHFDXVHRIGHFOLQLQJKHDOWK$W0DUVKDOO¶V
JDUGHQWKHUHZDVDJURXSRIVHYHQODUJHAilanthusRIVSRXWRULJLQUDQJLQJIURP±FP
DBH in ca. AilanthusZDV¿UVWLQWURGXFHGKHUHEHIRUH7KHODVWGRFXPHQWHG
AilanthusLQ0DUVKDOO¶VDUERUHWXPZDVDQFPGLDPHWHUVWXPSLQ7KHAilanthusWUHHDW<RUN6SULQJVZDVFP'%+LQ3KRWR$SULQWHGZLWKSHUPLVVLRQRI
/XWKHUDQ7KHRORJLFDO6HPLQDU\3KRWRV%DQG&UHSULQWHGIURP,OOLFNDQG%URXVH
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Vol. 20, Monograph 10
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soil, where AilanthusHDVLO\VXSSODQWVQDWLYHVSHFLHV5KRDGVDQG%ORFN
6XFFHVVIXO LQYDVLRQ PD\ EH IXUWKHU HQKDQFHG E\ WKH VSHFLHV¶ DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK
HQGRP\FRUUKL]DO IXQJL+XHEQHU HW DO Ailanthus FDQ DOVR H[SORLW VPDOO
IRUHVWJDSVZKHUHLWUHOLHVRQYHJHWDWLYHUHSURGXFWLRQVXUYLYLQJLQWKHXQGHUVWRU\
DV ORQJ DV \HDUV SULRU WR UHFUXLWPHQW .QDSS DQG &DQKDP .RZDULN
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WKH HDUO\ V Ailanthus ZDV OLNHO\ SUHVHQW RQ VRPH ODQGV SULRU WR WKHLU DFTXLVLWLRQE\JRYHUQPHQWDODJHQFLHV,QDGGLWLRQVRPHAilanthusZHUHSUREDEO\
LQWHQWLRQDOO\LQWURGXFHGRQWRSXEOLFODQGVDVDPHDQVRIUHFODLPLQJSRVWLQGXVWULDOZDVWHODQGV,OOLFNDQG%URXVH
'DWD IURP 86'$ )RUHVW 6HUYLFH )RUHVW ,QYHQWRU\ DQG$QDO\VLV ),$ SORWV
UHFHQWO\UHYHDOHGWKDWAilanthusVWHPVLQFUHDVHGGUDPDWLFDOO\LQ3$IRUHVWVIURP
PLOOLRQLQWR§PLOOLRQLQ7KHVH¿QGLQJVVXJJHVWWKDWFRQGLWLRQVVLQFHIDYRUSUROLIHUDWLRQRIAilanthus in PA forests where this species
KDGEHHQVLJQL¿FDQWO\OHVVDEXQGDQWRUSUHYLRXVO\DEVHQW$OHULFK0F:LOOLDPVHWDO'HVSLWHWKHVHUHSRUWHGLQFUHDVHVLQAilanthusVWHPVIURP
WRGDWDIURPVRXWKHDVWHUQ3$6(3$GLGQRWGLVWLQJXLVKAilanthus in the
LQYHQWRU\ZKHUHPDQ\VWDQGVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGLQWKHLQYHQWRU\7KXV
FRPSDULVRQVEHWZHHQWKHWZRLQYHQWRULHVFRXOGQRWEHPDGH1HYHUWKHOHVVVLJQL¿FDQWLQFUHDVHVGLGRFFXUZKHUHAilanthusZDVGRFXPHQWHGLQERWKLQYHQWRULHV
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SODQWVSHFLHVLQWKH'HODZDUH:DWHU*DS1DWLRQDO5HFUHDWLRQ$UHD'(:$LQ
3$DQG1HZ-HUVH\1-7KHVHDXWKRUVOLVWHGAilanthus as a top invasive plant,
SDUWLFXODUO\LQVKDOHZRRGODQGVVKDOHVFUHHVORSHVDQGVSDUVHO\YHJHWDWHGFOLII
DUHDV7XUQHUHWDOGRFXPHQWHGUHFHQWHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIAilanthus within
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RFFXUUHG VLQFH D SUHYLRXV VXUYH\ LQ 2YHUOHDVH 6LPLODUO\ (VSHQVFKLHG5HLOO\DQG5XQNOHUHSRUWHGDQLQFUHDVHLQLQFLGHQFHDQGVL]HFODVV
of AilanthusIURPWRZLWKLQWKH:ULJKW6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\ZRRGORWQHDU
'D\WRQ2+7KHVHREVHUYDWLRQVDPRQJRWKHUVUHYHDODGLVFRQFHUWLQJWUHQGRI
LQFUHDVLQJLQYDVLRQE\AilanthusLQWRQDWLYHIRUHVWVDQGQDWXUDOODQGVFDSHV
(YHQLQWKHDEVHQFHRIPDMRUGLVWXUEDQFHVVSUHDGRILQYDVLYHVSHFLHVVXFK
as Ailanthus FRQWLQXHV WR RFFXU LQ DUHDV DGMDFHQW WR URDGVLGHV 0RUWHQVHQ HW
DO 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ FRUULGRUV DUH LGHDO IRU FRORQL]DWLRQ E\ LQYDVLYH VSHFLHVGXHWRWKHLURSHQQDWXUHEXWDOVRGXHWRVHFRQGDU\VHHGGLVSHUVDOPHGLDWHG
E\YHKLFXODUWUDIILF$OGULFKHWDO:LWKFRQWLQXHGVXEXUEDQVSUDZODQG
2013
M.T. Kasson, M.D. Davis, and D.D. Davis
9
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Persistence of Ailanthus on the landscape
(IIHFWLYHFRQWUROVWUDWHJLHVWRPLWLJDWHIXUWKHUVSUHDGRIAilanthusDUHOLPLWHG
E\RXULQFRPSOHWHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIELRORJLFDOSURFHVVHVWKDWHQKDQFHVXUYLYDO
DQGSUROLIHUDWLRQRIWKLVVSHFLHV2QHNH\WRXQGHUVWDQGLQJLQYDVLRQSRWHQWLDOLV
WRDQVZHUIXQGDPHQWDOTXHVWLRQVUHJDUGLQJAilanthusOLIHH[SHFWDQF\DQGJURZWK
SDWWHUQV:LWKNQRZOHGJHRIVXFKDWWULEXWHVZHFDQPRUHDFFXUDWHO\UHFRQVWUXFW
AilanthusVSDWLRWHPSRUDOPLJUDWLRQWKURXJKRXW3$DQGHYDOXDWHIDFWRUVWKDWIDYRUHG WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI H[WDQW SRSXODWLRQV 6XFK NQRZOHGJH FDQ XOWLPDWHO\
JXLGHPDQDJHPHQWDQGFRQWUROHIIRUWVLQ3$ZKHUHAilanthusKDVORQJEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGDVZHOODVHOVHZKHUHLQWKH86ZKHUHAilanthusKDVRQO\UHFHQWO\LQYDGHG
'HVSLWHSUHYLRXVUHSRUWVWKDWAilanthusLVVKRUWOLYHGLQWKHQRUWKHDVWHUQ86
UDQJLQJ IURP ± \HDUV -HOOHWW 6DUJHQW 6WHIIHUXG GHQGURFKRQRORJLFDO WUHHULQJ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV LQ (QJODQG &XWOHU HW DO DQG
DQHFGRWDOHYLGHQFHLQWKH86%HOGHQ6DUJHQW:HQW]VXJJHVWV
that the lifespan of Ailanthus OLNHO\ H[FHHGV \HDUV ,Q VRXWKHDVWHUQ &KLQD
Ailanthus¶FRXQWU\RIRULJLQ\HDUROGWUHHVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHG6KRX[LDQJHW
DO+RZHYHUQRWKRURXJKGHGURFKURQRORJLFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKLVVSHFLHV
KDVEHHQFRQGXFWHGLQWKH86WRFRUURERUDWHUHSRUWVRIORQJHUOLYHGAilanthus in
WKH861HYHUWKHOHVVODUJHAilanthusWUHHVWKURXJKRXWWKHHDVWHUQ86KDYHEHHQ
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,OOLFNDQG%URXVHIURPZKLFKVRPHRIWKHHDUOLHVWDJHHVWLPDWLRQVIRU
Ailanthus were inferred.
Research objectives
7KHJRDORIRXUSURMHFWZDVWRHOXFLGDWHZKHUHAilanthusRFFXUVZKHUHORQJHVWDEOLVKHGLQGLYLGXDOVDQGSRSXODWLRQVSHUVLVWDQGZKDWIDFWRUVKDYHLQLWLDWHGUHFHQW
ZLGHVSUHDGLQYDVLRQWKURXJKRXW3$IRUHVWV:HKDGWZRPDLQREMHFWLYHVGHWHUPLQHIHDVLELOLW\RIXVLQJAilanthusWUHHULQJFKURQRORJLHVWRDLGLQUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
WUHHDQGVWDQGVLWHKLVWRULHVWKURXJKRXWWKH1RUWKHDVWGHWHUPLQHWKHPD[LPXPDJH
of AilanthusDQGH[SORUHDJHGLDPHWHUUHODWLRQVKLSVIRUKLVWRULFDOLQIHUHQFHDQG
WHPSRUDOUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGHYDOXDWHFRXQW\OHYHOLQFLGHQFHVRIH[WDQWAilanthus SRSXODWLRQV WKURXJKRXW3$ZLWKHPSKDVLVDORQJKLJKZD\FRUULGRUVLQXUEDQ
DQGVXEXUEDQHSLFHQWHUVZKHUHKLVWRULFSRSXODWLRQVRIAilanthusDUHZHOOGRFXPHQWHGDQGZLWKLQIRUHVWVZKHUHUHFHQWAilanthusLQYDVLRQVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHG
8VLQJWKHVHGDWDDORQJZLWKKLVWRULFUHFRUGVDQGDFFRXQWVDQXSWRGDWHVSDWLRWHPSRUDOWLPHOLQHIRUAilanthusUDQJHH[SDQVLRQWKURXJKRXW3$IURPWKHHDUOLHVWSRLQWV
RILQWURGXFWLRQIRUZDUGWRUHFHQWLQYDVLRQVRIIRUHVWODQGVZDVJHQHUDWHG
Methods
Study area
7KH0LG$WODQWLFUHJLRQRIWKHHDVWHUQ86LQFOXGLQJ'HODZDUH'(0DU\ODQG0'1-3$9LUJLQLD9$DQG:HVW9LUJLQLD:9DORQJZLWKWKHHDVWHUQ
10
Northeastern Naturalist
Vol. 20, Monograph 10
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densities of Ailanthus LQ WKH 86 ,QYDVLYH 3ODQW$WODV RI WKH 86 KWWSZZZ
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\HDUVDJRWKLVUHJLRQPD\VXSSRUWQXPHURXVODUJHDQGSUHVXPDEO\ROGAilanthus
WUHHVIURPZKLFKOLIHKLVWRU\SDWWHUQVFDQEHREWDLQHGXVLQJWUHHULQJFKURQRORJLHV7KHPDLQWUHHULQJVWXG\KHUHLQLQFOXGHVAilanthusWUHHVIURP'(1<2+
3$9$DQG:9ZLWKHPSKDVLVRQ6(3$)LJ:LWKLQ6(3$WUHHVZHUHVDPSOHGZLWKLQRUDGMDFHQWWRSRLQWVRIHDUO\LQWURGXFWLRQLQFOXGLQJWUHHVIURPWKH
:RRGODQGV&HPHWHU\ZKHUHAilanthusZDV¿UVWLQWURGXFHGLQFD%DUWUDP¶V
garden where an AilanthusVXFNHUIURP+DPLOWRQ¶VWUHHZDVSODQWHGLQDQG
IURP3UDWW¶V*DUGHQ/HPRQ+LOO0DQVLRQZKHUHAilanthus was planted in the
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0F:LOOLDPVHWDO5KRDGVDQG.OHLQ:KHUU\HWDO$VHFRQG
WUHHULQJVWXG\ZDVLPSOHPHQWHGWRGHWHUPLQHZKHQAilanthus¿UVWLQYDGHGVWDWH
IRUHVWODQGVWKLVVWXG\LQFOXGHGAilanthusRIYDULRXVDJHVDQGVL]HV)LJ
Dendrochronology
Tree Core Data. To locate the largest Ailanthus WUHHV WKURXJKRXW WKH VWXG\
DUHDZHXWLOL]HG6WDWH%LJ7UHH5HJLVWU\UHSRUWV+LOO:DGHRQOLQH
GDWDEDVHV HJ KWWSZZZSDELJWUHHVFRP DQG UHIHUUDOV IURP VWDWH UHJLVWU\
FRRUGLQDWRUVDQGPHDVXUHPHQWVFUHZVVWDWHIRUHVWHUVDUERUHWXPVWDIIDUERULVWV
DQGVWDWHDQGFLW\SDUNLQYDVLYHVSHFLHVVSHFLDOLVWV:HDOVRHVWDEOLVKHGFRQWDFWV
ZLWKJURXQGVPDQDJHUVDWSULYDWHHVWDWHVWKURXJKRXW6(3$ZKHUHODUJHAilanthus
KDGEHHQREVHUYHG/HWWHUVZHUHPDLOHGWRSULYDWHUHVLGHQFHVWRREWDLQSHUPLVVLRQWRVDPSOHODUJHFDQGLGDWHWUHHV
$PLQLPXPRIRQHUDGLDOFRUHZDVH[WUDFWHGIURPHDFKAilanthusWUHHXVLQJD
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FRUHVLQFOXGLQJWKRVHZLWKLQWHUQDOURWZHUHWUDQVIHUUHGWRSUHODEHOHGVWUDZVIRU
GU\LQJDQGSURFHVVLQJAilanthusOHDIWLVVXHZDVDOVRFROOHFWHGIURPWUHHVZLWK
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,QFUHPHQW FRUHV ZHUH SUHSDUHG DV GHVFULEHG E\ 6WRNHV DQG 6PLOH\ DQG 6ZHWQDP HW DO &RUHV ZHUH DLUGULHG LQVLGH VWUDZV IRU ± GD\V
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2013
M.T. Kasson, M.D. Davis, and D.D. Davis
11
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/HPRQ+LOODQG*5 *UXPEOHWKRUSH+LJKOLJKWHG'&15IRUHVWGLVWULFWV¿OOHGJUD\
areas) indicate where AilanthusZHUHVDPSOHGRQVWDWHDQGIHGHUDOIRUHVWODQGV&RXQWLHV
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12
Northeastern Naturalist
Vol. 20, Monograph 10
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AilanthusWUHHVSUHYLRXVO\VDPSOHGE\6FKDOORQWKH3$7XVFDURUD6WDWH
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3UREOHPDWLFFRUHVWKDWFRXOGQRWEHDFFXUDWHO\GDWHGZHUHGLVFDUGHG
Growth responses and patterns in Ailanthus. Ailanthus tree-rings are classiILHGDVULQJSRURXVZLWKGLVWLQFWERXQGDULHVDFKDUDFWHULVWLFLGHDOIRUWUHHULQJ
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concerning Ailanthus¶ UDGLDO JURZWK SDWWHUQV SURSHQVLW\ IRU ULQJ DQRPDOLHV
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Vol. 20, Monograph 10
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Northeastern Naturalist
Vol. 20, Monograph 10
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Vol. 20, Monograph 10
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9HUWLFLOOLXPZLOWHSLGHPLFVKDYHRFFXUUHGLQ1<LQWKHV(PPHULFKHWDO
DQGFHQWUDO3$LQWKHHDUO\V6FKDOODQG'DYLVD,QWHUHVWLQJO\
QRQHRIWKHROG3KLODGHOSKLDWUHHVFRQWDLQHGIDOVHJURZWKULQJVGXULQJWKHV
)DOVHULQJVPD\EHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKV. dahliae rather than V. nonalfalfae infections,
40
Northeastern Naturalist
Vol. 20, Monograph 10
ZKLFKVXJJHVWVVHYHUDOOLNHO\SRVVLELOLWLHVLQIHFWHGWUHHVXOWLPDWHO\GLHGIURP
WKH PRUH YLUXOHQW V. nonalfalfae DQG ZHUH QRW SUHVHQW LQ VDPSOHG SRSXODWLRQV
2) VerticilliumLQIHFWLRQFHQWHUVZHUHJHRJUDSKLFDOO\OLPLWHGDQGWKHUHIRUHQRW
VDPSOHGLQWKLVVWXG\RUIDOVHULQJVDUHRQO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKOLJKWVerticillium
LQIHFWLRQVGXULQJ\HDUVZKHQHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVGRQRWIDYRUWKHSDWKRJHQUHVXOWLQJLQVXUYLYDORILQIHFWHGAilanthus. The presence of false rings in the
oldest AilanthusDWRQHVLWHLQWKH7XVFDURUD6WDWH)RUHVWRIIHUVVRPHFUHGLELOLW\
WRWKHWKLUGK\SRWKHVLV$SSHQGL[)XUWKHUPRUHRXUREVHUYDWLRQVDVZHOODV
WKRVHRI6FKDOODQG'DYLVDEKDYHUHYHDOHGWKDWAilanthusLVPXFKPRUH
tolerant to V. dahliae than to V. nonalfalfae.
:LGHVSUHDGLQYDVLRQRIAilanthusRQ3$VWDWHIRUHVWODQGVZDVJHQHUDOO\QRW
LQLWLDWHGXQWLOWKHODWHVZLWKPRVWHVWDEOLVKPHQWRFFXUULQJDIWHU)LJ
E7DEOH$OWKRXJKDYHUDJHVWDQGDJHZDVQRWGHWHUPLQHGIRUDOORXUVDPSOHG
VWDQGV)LJDJHHVWLPDWLRQVEDVHGRQDYHUDJHGLDPHWHUVLQGLFDWHGWKDWPRVW
dense AilanthusWKLFNHWVZHUHIDLUO\\RXQJ7DEOH6WDQGKLVWRU\UHFRUGVUHYHDOHG WKDW PRVW IRUHVWHG VWDQGV ZLWK ! Ailanthus VWHPV KDG EHHQ
SDUWLDOO\KDUYHVWHGRUFOHDUFXWLPPHGLDWHO\SULRUWRAilanthusLQYDVLRQ,QDGGLWLRQLQFUHPHQWFRUHVH[WUDFWHGIURPODUJHAilanthusWUHHVZLWKLQRULPPHGLDWHO\
DGMDFHQW WR KDUYHVWHG VWDQGV UHYHDOHG \HDU RI HVWDEOLVKPHQW JHQHUDOO\ SUHGDWHG
KDUYHVW7DEOH0RUHRYHUVRPHSUHH[LVWLQJAilanthusWUHHVZHUHEHDULQJVHHG
DQGZHUHRIWHQJURZLQJXSZLQGRIUHFHQWO\KDUYHVWHGVWDQGVDVZLWK+6$D
7DEOH7DEOH6LPLODUO\IHPDOHAilanthusWUHHVDW%DOG(DJOH6WDWH)RUHVW
7LRJD 6WDWH )RUHVW DQG7LDGDJKWRQ 6WDWH )RUHVW SURGXFHG VHHG UHVSRQVLEOH IRU
LQYDVLRQRIQHDUE\ORJJLQJFOHDUFXWVDQGDEDQGRQHGUDLOURDGFRUULGRUV7DEOH
7KH PRVW VLJQL¿FDQW Ailanthus LQYDVLRQV LQFOXGLQJ DOO ORFDWLRQV ZLWK !
Ailanthus VWHPVORFDWLRQ FORVHO\ IROORZHG ODUJHVFDOH FOHDUFXWV LQ WKH DIWHUPDWKRI2DN/HDI5ROOHUGHIROLDWLRQLQWKHODWHVDQGHDUO\VDVZHOODV
VXEVHTXHQWVDOYDJHORJJLQJIROORZLQJVWDWHZLGH*\SV\0RWKGHIROLDWLRQVLQWKH
V/RJJLQJRSHUDWLRQVLQWKHVHGHIROLDWHGVWDQGVZHUHGHVLJQHGWRVDOYDJH
GHDGRDNVHVSHFLDOO\LQRDNGRPLQDWHGVWDQGVWKDWKDGVXIIHUHGUHSHDWHGGHIROLDWLRQDQGH[KLELWHGFRQVLGHUDEOHRDNPRUWDOLW\7DEOH+HUULFNDQG*DQVQHU
$OWKRXJKAilanthusZDVOLNHO\QRWSUHVHQWLQDOOVWDQGVSULRUWRKDUYHVW
WKH FRPPRQ VL]H DQG W\SH RI KDUYHVW DSSDUHQWO\ OHG WR ZLGHVSUHDG Ailanthus
LQYDVLRQ 7KHVH ¿QGLQJV VXJJHVW WKDW FOHDUFXWWLQJ DQG SDUWLDO FDQRS\ UHPRYDO
DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VDOYDJHORJJLQJ RSHUDWLRQV SOD\HG DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ IRVWHUing widespread invasion of AilanthusLQWRWKHFXWRYHUVLWHV7DEOH6LPLODUO\
&DUWHUDQG)UHGHULFNVHQUHSRUWHGWKDWAilanthusVHHGOLQJVWHQGHGWRGRPLQDWHUHFHQWO\ORJJHGGLVWXUEHGVLWHVLQVRXWKHUQ9$DVFRPSDUHGWRXQGLVWXUEHG
PDWXUHIRUHVWVWDQGV6LPLODUO\0DUWLQHWDOUHSRUWHGWKDWAilanthus grew
WLPHV IDVWHU WKDQ WKH IDVWHVWJURZLQJ QDWLYH VSHFLHV LQ QRUWKZHVWHUQ &7 DW
IXOOVXQEXWKDGVRPHRIWKHKLJKHVWPRUWDOLW\UDWHVLQORZOLJKWFRQGLWLRQV
IXOOVXQZKLFKZRXOGOLNHO\OLPLWWKLVVSHFLHVWRGLVWXUEHGVLWHV
$OWKRXJK Ailanthus VHHGOLQJV DUH RQO\ RFFDVLRQDOO\ EURZVHG E\ KHUELYRUHV
VXFK DV Odocoileus virginianus =LPPHUPDQQ :KLWHWDLOHG 'HHU WKH OHYHO RI
EURZVLQJLVVLJQL¿FDQWO\OHVVLQUHFHQWO\ORJJHGIRUHVWVDVFRPSDUHGWRPDWXUH
2013
M.T. Kasson, M.D. Davis, and D.D. Davis
41
IRUHVWV7KLVREVHUYDWLRQLVOLNHO\UHODWHGWRWKHKLJKQXPEHURIAilanthusVWHPV
LQ FOHDUFXWV ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ D VLJQL¿FDQW QXPEHU RI QRQEURZVHG Ailanthus
VWHPV,QDGGLWLRQKHDY\ORJJLQJDQGFOHDUFXWWLQJUHVXOWLQQXPHURXVVHHGOLQJV
RI PRUH SUHIHUUHG SODQW VSHFLHV VXFK DV RDNV DQG PDSOHV ZKLFK DUH EURZVHG
rather than Ailanthus VHHGOLQJV &DUWHU DQG )UHGHULFNVHQ :LOOLDPV HW DO
7KHODJEHWZHHQKDUYHVWDQGHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIAilanthus within the Bald
(DJOH6WDWH)RUHVWDQG0LFKDX[6WDWH)RUHVW7DEOHPD\VXJJHVWQDWLYHUHJHQHUDWLRQIDLOXUHIROORZHGE\VXEVHTXHQWVLWHFRORQL]DWLRQE\Ailanthus seed. This
VFHQDULRLVOLNHO\LQÀXHQFHGE\KHDY\EURZVLQJRIQRQAilanthus species in these
DUHDVE\GHHUUHGXFLQJVHHGOLQJGHQVLW\DQGGHOD\LQJVDSOLQJJURZWKRIQDWLYH
VSHFLHVOHDGLQJWRGRPLQDQFHRIAilanthusVLQFHWKLVVSHFLHVLVQRWSUHIHUUHGE\
GHHU$XJXVWLQHDQG0F1DXJKWRQ&DUWHUDQG)UHGHULFNVHQ*LOODQG
Beardall 2001).
Impacts of contemporary and future disturbances on expansion of Ailanthus
in PA and beyond
7KHIRUHVWVRI3$DUHWKHUHVXOWRIORQJWHUPG\QDPLFVWDQGKLVWRU\SDWWHUQV
+RZHYHU WKHLU VKDUHG GLVWXUEDQFH KLVWRU\ KDV UHVXOWHG LQ ZLGHVSUHDG LQYDVLRQ
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JDSVIRVWHULQYDVLRQE\QRQLQGLJHQRXVSODQWV,QDGGLWLRQDQWKURSRJHQLFGLVWXUEDQFHVVXFKDVORJJLQJ¿UHVVXUIDFHPLQLQJUDLOURDGVDQGKLJKZD\FRQVWUXFWLRQ
DQG FRUULGRUV HWF LQ SUR[LPLW\ WR HVWDEOLVKHG Ailanthus SRSXODWLRQV H[DFHUEDWHWKHQDWXUDOO\RFFXUULQJGLVWXUEDQFHVDQGPD\OHDGWRZLGHVSUHDGLQYDVLRQ
DFURVVDQXPEHURIIRUHVWHGVLWHV7KHVHLQWHUDFWLRQVLOOXVWUDWHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI
LPSOHPHQWLQJ SUHHPSWLYH VWDQGPDQDJHPHQW VWUDWHJLHV LQ RXU IRUHVWV SULRU WR
RYHUVWRU\UHPRYDODVDPHDQVRIOLPLWLQJFRORQL]DWLRQE\LQYDVLYHSODQWVSHFLHV
3HQQV\OYDQLDSURYLGHVDVWURQJFDVHVWXG\IRURWKHUVWDWHVDWWHPSWLQJWRGHYHORS
HIIHFWLYH PDQDJHPHQW VWUDWHJLHV WR OLPLW FRORQL]DWLRQ DQG UDQJH H[SDQVLRQ E\
AilanthusDQGRWKHUZRRG\LQYDVLYHVSHFLHV
+RZ 3HQQV\OYDQLD¶V IRUHVWV DQG VLPLODU IRUHVWV WKURXJKRXW WKH 1RUWKHDVW
UHVSRQGWRFRQWHPSRUDU\DQGIXWXUHGLVWXUEDQFHV, ZKHWKHUQDWXUDORUDQWKURSRJHQLFZLOOGHSHQGRQWKHVHYHULW\DQGH[WHQWRIWKRVHGLVWXUEDQFHV+RZHYHUWKH
LQYDVLRQRIIRUHVWVE\H[RWLFLQYDVLYHSODQWVSHFLHVZLOOQRWRQO\FRQWLQXHEXWZLOO
OLNHO\LQFUHDVHUHJDUGOHVVRIPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\7KHUHDUHQXPHURXVH[DPSOHV
RIVKLIWVLQIRUHVWWUHHVSHFLHVFRPSRVLWLRQGXHWRSDVWLQVHFWLQIHVWDWLRQVDQGGLVHDVHHSLGHPLFV+RZHYHUFRQWHPSRUDU\LQWURGXFWLRQVRIIRUHVWLQVHFWVVXFKDV
Adelges tsugae$QQDQG+HPORFN:RROO\$GHOJLG>+:$@Anoplophora glabripennis 0RWVFKXOVN\ $VLDQ /RQJKRUQHG %HHWOH DQG Agrilus planipennis
)DLUPDLUH(PHUDOG$VK%RUHUDVZHOODVIXQJDOSDWKRJHQVVXFKDVGeosmithia
morbida0.RODUtN()UHHODQG&8WOH\DQG7LVVHUDWDQGRaffaelea lauricola 7& +DUU )UDHGULFK DQG$JKD\HYD FDXVDO DJHQWV RI 7KRXVDQG &DQNHUV
'LVHDVHDQG/DXUHO:LOWUHVSHFWLYHO\PD\FDXVHDGGLWLRQDOZLGHVSUHDGFKDQJHV
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42
Northeastern Naturalist
Vol. 20, Monograph 10
that Ailanthus UDSLGO\ LQYDGHG Tsuga canadensis / &DUU (DVWHUQ +HPORFN
VWDQGV H[KLELWLQJ PRGHUDWH WR VHYHUH PRUWDOLW\ following +:$ infestations in
CT. 6LPLODUO\ KHPORFN VWDQGV NLOOHG E\ +:$ LQ 3$ WKH 0LG$WODQWLF UHJLRQ
DQGDUHDVIXUWKHUVRXWKZLOOOLNHO\H[SHULHQFHVLJQL¿FDQWLQYDVLRQVE\Ailanthus
DQG RWKHU QRQLQGLJHQRXV SODQWV :LGHVSUHDG LQYDVLRQV DUH OLNHO\ WR RFFXU LQ
DUHDVZKHUHODUJHSRSXODWLRQVRIAilanthusDUHFXUUHQWO\JURZLQJLQFORVHSUR[LPLW\WRGHYDVWDWHGKHPORFNVWDQGVVXFKDVLQWKH'HODZDUH:DWHU*DS1DWLRQDO
5HFUHDWLRQ$UHD'(:$. ,QGHHG(LFKHOEHUJHUDQG3HUOHVUHSRUWHGWKDW
QXPHURXVKHPORFNVWDQGVDW'(:$NLOOHGE\+:$LQIHVWDWLRQVZHUHVXVFHSWLEOH
WRLQYDVLRQE\H[RWLFSODQWVSHFLHVVXFKDVAilanthus7KHVHDXWKRUVDOVRUHSRUWHG
that AilanthusZDVDOUHDG\SUHVHQWLQRI'(:$LQFOXGLQJDUHDVWKDWFRQWDLQHG KHPORFN FRPPXQLWLHV )RUWXQDWHO\ PDQ\ RI WKH LQWDFW '(:$ KHPORFN
VWDQGVDUHQRWVXLWDEOHKDELWDWVIRUAilanthusGXHWROLPLWHGHGJHRSHQLQJVORZ
VRLOS+DQGGHQVHFDQRSLHVIURPUHPDLQLQJKDUGZRRGDVVRFLDWHV(LFKHOEHUJHU
DQG 3HUOHV <HW GHFOLQLQJ KHPORFN VWDQGV RXWVLGH WKH LQWDFW KHPORFN
IRUHVWV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG YXOQHUDEOH WR LQYDVLRQ E\ Ailanthus HVSHFLDOO\ QHDU
URDGZD\VDQGGLVWXUEHGDUHDV)XUWKHUPRUHDVKHPORFNPRUWDOLW\FRQWLQXHVVRLO
S+ PD\ JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVH IDYRULQJ IXWXUH Ailanthus LQYDVLRQV ,Q VXSSRUW RI
WKLVFRQWHQWLRQZHUHFHQWO\REVHUYHGAilanthusLQYDGLQJ+:$NLOOHGKHPORFN
VWDQGVQHDUWKH5RWKURFN6WDWH)RUHVWDGMDFHQWWRDPDMRUURDGZD\
=RPOHIHUHWDOREVHUYHGVLJQL¿FDQWPRUWDOLW\RIPersea borbonia/
6SUHQJ 5HGED\ and Sassafras albidum 1XWW 1HHV 6DVVDIUDV RQ &XPEHUODQG,VODQG*$FDXVHGE\WKHODXUHOZLOWIXQJDOSDWKRJHQRaffaelea lauricola.
/DXUHOZLOWKDVUHVXOWHGLQVLJQL¿FDQWORVVHVRI5HGED\DQG6DVVDIUDVDVZHOODV
RWKHU VSHFLHV DORQJ URDGZD\V DQG ZLWKLQ YDULRXV FRDVWDO IRUHVW FRPPXQLWLHV
&RQFXUUHQWO\ =RPOHIHU DQG FROOHDJXHV GRFXPHQWHG Ailanthus invading
GLVWXUEHGDUHDVRQ&XPEHUODQG,VODQG$OWKRXJKWKHAilanthusDEXQGDQFHLQWKH
DUHDZDVUHODWLYHO\ORZZLGHVSUHDGVLWHGLVWXUEDQFHIROORZLQJ5HGED\PRUWDOLW\
ZLOO OLNHO\ SURYLGH QHZ RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU Ailanthus LQYDVLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ DORQJ
URDGZD\VZKHUH5HGED\ZDVDFRGRPLQDQWWUHHLQWKHFDQRS\$OWKRXJK5HGED\
LVQRWQDWLYHWRWKHQRUWKHDVWHUQ866DVVDIUDVLVDEXQGDQWWKURXJKRXWWKH0LG
$WODQWLFZKHUHLWSUHIHUVGLVWXUEHGVLWHVDEDQGRQHG¿HOGVIHQFHURZVDQGGU\
ULGJHV DQG XSSHU VORSHV *ULJJV :LGHVSUHDG PRUWDOLW\ RI 6DVVDIUDV E\
R. lauricolaFRXOGIDYRUVXSSODQWDWLRQE\Ailanthus in areas where the two speFLHV¶UDQJHVRYHUODS
([FHSWLRQDOGLVWXUEDQFHVVXFKDVWKHFDWDVWURSKLFÀRRGLQJLQ3$GXULQJ
following 7URSLFDO 6WRUP /HH, LQFUHDVH WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI ULYHUEDQNV DQG ÀRRG
SODLQV EHLQJ LQYDGHG E\ Ailanthus )RU H[DPSOH VHHGEHDULQJ Ailanthus trees
LGHQWL¿HGLQRXUÀRULVWLFVXUYH\ZHUHJURZLQJLQDODUJHFOXVWHUDORQJDIHHGHU
FUHHNRIWKH6XVTXHKDQQD5LYHULQ%UDGIRUG&RXQW\,Q6HSWHPEHUÀRRG
ZDWHUVGRZQHGKXQGUHGVRIWUHHVLQFOXGLQJVHHGEHDULQJAilanthus, which were
VXEVHTXHQWO\ ZDVKHG LQWR WKH 6XVTXHKDQQD 5LYHU /DUJH QXPEHUV RI Ailanthus
VHHGV ZHUH WUDQVSRUWHG DORQJ WKH GRZQVWUHDP ULYHU FRUULGRU ZKLFK ZLOO OLNHO\
UHVXOW LQ HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI QHZAilanthus VHHGOLQJV DORQJ WKH ULYHUEDQNV DQG DW
RWKHUDUHDVZLWKLQWKHÀRRGSODLQ,QDUHODWHGVWXG\.DSURWKDQG0F*UDZ
2013
M.T. Kasson, M.D. Davis, and D.D. Davis
43
reported that AilanthusVHHGVGLVSHUVHGGLUHFWO\LQWRZDWHUFDQWUDYHOORQJGLVWDQFHVDQGUHDGLO\JHUPLQDWHHYHQDIWHUSURORQJHGLQXQGDWLRQXSWRPRQWKV
7KLVVWXG\VXJJHVWVWKDWWKRVHVHHGVVZHSWE\WKHÀRRGVZLOOOLNHO\VXUYLYHDSURORQJHGSHULRGLQÀRRGZDWHUVDOORZLQJAilanthusVHHGOLQJVWRUHDGLO\HVWDEOLVK
RQVWUHDPEDQNVRULQÀRRGSODLQVRQFHZDWHUVKDYHUHVFLQGHG
6RPHRIWKHPRVWVHULRXVLPSDFWVFXUUHQWO\IDFLQJ3$IRUHVWVDUHIURPGULOOLQJ
DFWLYLWLHVWRH[WUDFWDQGWUDQVSRUWQDWXUDOJDVIURPWKH0DUFHOOXV6KDOH)RUPDWLRQ:LGHVSUHDGODQGFOHDULQJURDGEXLOGLQJDQGSLSHOLQHHVWDEOLVKPHQWUHODWHG
WR QDWXUDOJDV GULOOLQJ DFWLYLWLHV KDYH UHVXOWHG LQ DQ XQSUHFHGHQWHG LQFUHDVH LQ
LQFLGHQFH RI GLVWXUEHG DUHDV LGHDO IRU LQYDVLRQ E\ H[RWLF SODQWV &RQVLGHUDEOH
0DUFHOOXV 6KDOH GULOOLQJ DFWLYLWLHV DUH FXUUHQWO\ WDNLQJ SODFH LQ WKH QRUWKHUQ
WLHUFRXQWLHVRI3$ZKHUHAilanthusLVFXUUHQWO\DEVHQWRURFFXUVDWORZOHYHOV
1RUWKHUQWLHUFRXQWLHVWKDWFRQWDLQIHZLIDQ\AilanthusLQFOXGH0F.HDQ3RWWHU
6XVTXHKDQQDDQGH[FHSWIRU%ODFNZHOOPRVWRI7LRJD)LJ6RPHORFDOL]HG
AilanthusSRSXODWLRQVKDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HGLQ%UDGIRUGDQG:DUUHQFRXQWLHVEXW
ODFNVXLWDEOHGLVWXUEHGVLWHVIRUZLGHVSUHDGLQYDVLRQDVLGHIURPÀRRGSODLQVDQG
ULYHUEDQNV+RZHYHUQDWXUDOJDVGULOOLQJDFWLYLWLHVZLOOOLNHO\IXUQLVKDSOHWKRUD
RIGLVWXUEHGVLWHVLGHDOIRUAilanthusLQYDVLRQIURPWKHIHZQDWXUDOVHHGVRXUFHV
LQWKHDUHD,QDGGLWLRQVRPHDFWLYLWLHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHGULOOLQJH[WUDFWLRQ
DQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQRIQDWXUDOJDVUHTXLUHFUXVKHGVWRQHRUJUDYHO1<'(&
,IJUDYHOLVEURXJKWLQIURPVRXWKRIWKHQRUWKHUQWLHUFRXQWLHVWKHUHLVWKHDGGHG
ULVNWKDWWKHVHPDWHULDOVRUWKHYHKLFOHVXVHGWRWUDQVSRUWWKHPPD\KDUERUVHHGV
IURPAilanthusDVZHOODVRWKHULQYDVLYHVSHFLHVZKLFKFRXOGEHFRPHHVWDEOLVKHG
ZLWKLQ WKH GLVWXUEHG VLWHV 0RYHPHQW RI QHZ Ailanthus SRSXODWLRQV LQWR WKH
3$QRUWKHUQWLHUFRXQWLHVLVOLNHO\DVWKHFRQQHFWLYLW\RIYLDEOHKDELWDWSDWFKHV
LQFUHDVHV+HOOPDQQHWDO7KLVH[SDQVLRQLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHQRUWKZDUG
PLJUDWLRQ RI WUHH VSHFLHV VXFK DVAilanthus GXH WR JOREDO FOLPDWH FKDQJH PD\
GUDVWLFDOO\DOWHUWKHIXWXUHJHRJUDSKLFUDQJHRIAilanthus.
:LWK UHJDUG WR FOLPDWH FKDQJH WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI Ailanthus LQ 3$ FOHDUO\
shows that few Ailanthus SRSXODWLRQV KDYH EHHQ GRFXPHQWHG LQ 86'$ 3ODQW
+DUGLQHVV=RQHDDQGED]RQHFRPSULVLQJWKHQRUWKHUQWLHURI3$ZLWKDYHUDJH DQQXDO PLQLPXP WHPSHUDWXUHV RI EHORZ ƒ& )LJ 7KH VFDUFLW\ RI
AilanthusLQWKLVJHRJUDSKLFUHJLRQRI3$LQFOXGLQJFRPSOHWHDEVHQFHRIAilanthus IURP (ON )RUHVW 0F.HDQ DQG 6XVTXHKDQQD FRXQWLHV ZKLFK DUH PDLQO\
ZLWKLQ +DUGLQHVV =RQH VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH ORZ WHPSHUDWXUHV SHUKDSV FRXSOHG
ZLWKPLQLPDOIRUHVWIUDJPHQWDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWDUHOLNHO\OLPLWLQJAilanthus
HVWDEOLVKPHQWDQGVSUHDGLQWKLVDUHD)LJ+RZHYHURXUUHFHQWGLVFRYHU\RI
D\HDUROGAilanthusLQ7LRJD&RXQW\DVZHOODVWKHSHUVLVWHQFHRIAilanthus
LQ %UDGIRUG &UDZIRUG DQG :DUUHQ FRXQWLHV VXJJHVWV WKDW +DUGLQHVV =RQH E
KDVVXVWDLQHGAilanthusSRSXODWLRQVGXULQJWKHSDVWVHYHUDOGHFDGHV,QFRQWUDVW
HYLGHQFHRIHDUO\thFHQWXU\SODQWLQJVRIAilanthusLQ3RWWHU&RXQW\FRXOGQRW
EHIRXQGVXJJHVWLQJWKDWFRQGLWLRQVXQIDYRUDEOHWRAilanthusHJH[FHSWLRQDOO\ FROG ZLQWHUV SUREDEO\ HOLPLQDWHG WKLV VSHFLHV IURP WKHVH DUHDV VRPHWLPH
DIWHU2XUREVHUYDWLRQVRISDWWHUQVRIAilanthus¶VSUHDGIXUWKHUVRXWKLQ3$
VXJJHVWWKDWLQFLGHQFHRIAilanthusLQQRUWKHUQ3$ZLOOOLNHO\LQFUHDVHLQFORVH
44
Northeastern Naturalist
Vol. 20, Monograph 10
SUR[LPLW\WRDOUHDG\HVWDEOLVKHGAilanthusSRSXODWLRQVDWDIDVWHUUDWHFRPSDUHG
WRHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIQRYHORXWOLHUSRSXODWLRQV
Conclusions
AilanthusKDVDORQJKLVWRU\LQ3$\HWZLGHVSUHDGLQYDVLRQE\WKLVVSHFLHV
ZDV QRW DSSDUHQW XQWLO WKH ODVW GHFDGHV RI WKH th FHQWXU\7KHVH REVHUYDWLRQV
UHÀHFW VDOYDJH ORJJLQJ SUDFWLFHV IROORZLQJ XQSUHFHGHQWHG PRUWDOLW\ RI FDQRS\
RDNV LQ WKH DIWHUPDWK RI VWDWHZLGH *\SV\ 0RWK RXWEUHDNV LQ WKH HDUO\ V
7UHHULQJ VWXGLHV UHYHDOHG Ailanthus FDQ H[FHHG \HDUV RI DJH \HW PDQ\
AilanthusVWDQGVSDUWLFXODUO\LQ3$IRUHVWVDUHYHU\\RXQJDQGPD[LPXPDJH
OLPLWVDUHXQNQRZQIRUWKLVVSHFLHVLQDQDWXUDOIRUHVWHQYLURQPHQW$OWKRXJKQR
HDUO\ SODQWLQJV ZHUH IRXQG LQ RXU UHFHQW VXUYH\V GXH WR DJH OLPLWDWLRQ H[WDQW
)LJXUH+LVWRULFDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\AilanthusGLVWULEXWLRQLQ3$RYHUODLGRQWRWKH
86'$KDUGLQHVV]RQHPDSAilanthusSRLQWVLQFOXGHKLVWRULFREVHUYDWLRQVJUD\FLUFOHV
VXFKDVSUHYLRXVÀRUDVXUYH\VKHUEDULXPVSHFLPHQVDQGIURPUHSXWDEOHKLVWRULFSXEOLFDWLRQVDVZHOODVRXUPRVWUHFHQWVXUYH\ZKLWHFLUFOHVFRQGXFWHGEHWZHHQ±
6HH$SSHQGL[IRUORFDWLRQVRIH[WDQWAilanthus+LVWRULFSRLQWVJUD\FLUFOHVSURYLGHG
E\SDÀRUDRUJ
2013
M.T. Kasson, M.D. Davis, and D.D. Davis
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