The late 17th – 18th centuries
Challenged Political Authority
Challenged Religious
Authority
Challenged the Social Order
French Aristocrat
 Wanted a
Constitutional
Monarchy in
France
 Wrote the book The Spirit of the
Laws in 1748


Separation of Powers 3 Branches of Gov’t
Executive
Legislative
Judicial

Checks and Balances
each
checks the power
of the other
Power shouldn’t rest in
one person
 French
Middle Class
 Exiled to Great
Britain
 “Letters on the
English”
 Candide
 Civil
Liberties
Universal
toleration of all
people
 Religious
Tolerance
“I disapprove of
what you say, but I will
defend to the death
your right to say it.”
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of
Expression
From the lowerclass
 Emile
 Education

children
must
develop naturally
and
spontaneously
learn by direct
experience
“man is born free,
and everywhere he is
in chains.”
 The Social Contract

people
entered into a
social contract among
themselves
surrender all their
rights to the
community

General Will
the

will of the majority
Government is a
necessary evil
if
it does not carry out
the General Will, the
people can overthrow
it

Popular Sovereignty
Power
of the
government rests in
the people
Highly Educated
 Editor of The
Encyclopedie
virtually all
important French
philosophes
contributed


Articles attacked
The Old Regime
religious
intolerance
unjust taxation
governmental
absolutism



Scottish
Father of Modern
Economics
Believed in Capitalism
 The
Invisible Hand
 Competition will regulate
the economy

laissez-faire policy
 No
Government
intervention
 Hands-off
 English
A Vindication on
the Rights of
Men
 A Vindication on
the Rights of
Women

Mary Wollstonecraft
 Supported
the
idea of Natural
Rights
 Believed
Women should
be educated



Scottish
ATreatise of
Human Nature
Empiricism
Knowledge
comes from
experience


Skepticism
Austrian
His work influenced
other composers, i.e.
Beethoven
His music reflected
“a vision of humanity”
He was able to show
mood through his
works: Operas,
Sonatas, Symphonies
etc….
German
Transitioned music
from Classical to
Romantic
Dedicated Eroica
[French for Hero] to
Napoleon
Retracted dedication
when Napoleon
declared himself
Emperor
Started going deaf in his 20s – used a
special rod attached to a soundboard that he
bit, the vibrations helped him to perceive the
sounds
Completely lost his hearing in 1815, but
continued to compose and to conduct
successfully
Suffered from Bipolar
disorder and suicidal thoughts
Most likely died of lead
poisoning



Women played an
important role
Rich women held
gatherings in their
drawing rooms, or
salons
Writers, musicians,
painters, and
philosophes
exchanged ideas
Began well before the
Enlightenment, dating as
far back as the
Renaissance
Lasted through the
Enlightenment period
Contributed to the
questioning of Royal and
Religious Authority




Greco-Roman
citizen of Egypt
Geocentric Theory
Ideas were widely
accepted by the
Catholic Church
Scientific
Revolution –
disproved Ptolemy
Polish
Countered the
teachings of the
Church
Heliocentric Theory
of the Universe
Ptolemy!
Copernicus!
Italian
Contradicted the
teachings of the Church
Invented a more
powerful Telescope
Proved the
Heliocentric Theory of
the Universe
Danish Astronomer
Combined the
Teachings of the Church
with Science
Observed the Universe
with the Naked Eye
Collected Data used by
later Astronomers
The Tychonic Theory
Brahe’s Observatory
Lost his Nose in a drunken duel
w/ fellow Danish Noble
Had a replacement nose of Gold
and Silver attached by paste
His father died of
pneumonia after
saving Frederick II of
Denmark from
drowning
He kept a “dwarf”
named Jepp who he
believed was clairvoyant
Jepp sat under the
table during dinner
Had a pet Elk that died
after drinking too much
beer and falling down the
stairs
For 100s of years it
was believed he died
from an exploded
bladder at a dinner
party
Recent studies
show mercury
poisoning
•German
•He was Brahe’s apprentice – may have
killed Brahe for his data
•Used Brahe’s data to Mathematically
prove the Heliocentric Theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRT3m2Wzyh4&feature=related



Physician in Ancient
Rome
His Medical
knowledge was
based on
dissections of
monkeys and pigs
Scientific Revolution
– disproved Galen
Italian
Founder of
Modern Human
Anatomy
De Humani
Corporis Fabrica
Libri Septem (On
the Fabric of the
Human Body in
Seven Books)
Disproved Galen
A Page
From Vesalius’
Book
English
Discovered how the
Heart works and how
it pumps blood
through the
Circulatory System
Disproved Galen
English
Calculus
3 Laws of Motion
Universal Gravitation
"A body continues to maintain its state of
rest or of uniform motion unless acted
upon by an external unbalanced force."
"F = ma: the net
force on an object
is equal to the
mass of the object
multiplied by its
acceleration."
"To every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction."
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVdqxYyFRKY