ROUTING PROTOCOLS OF
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
SUBMITTED BY:
PREETI BISHT
801232017
Agenda
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INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION OF WSN
RESEARCH CHALLENGES
WSN ARCHITECTURE
ROUTING PROTOCOLS(focus is LEACH &its variation)
SIMULATOR INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Introduction
What is NETWORK?[8]
Group of people, computer and organization connected
to share information for a purpose
Classification of networks:
• Wired network
• Wireless network
Wired Network[8]
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Connected with the help of wires and cables.
Physical media is required to transfer the information
More efficient and less expensive.
Less prone to interferences.
Wireless Networks[8]
• No physical media is required to transfer the information.
• It allows the host to move in the wireless network.
• Provide real time access of information even when user
is not at the source.
Wireless Networks
• Wireless network has many sub-fields like:
• Wireless mesh network
• Adhoc network
• Wireless sensor network…and many more.
• Main focus of presentation is wireless sensor network
and its protocols.
Wireless Sensor Network
• It defines as group of spatially dispersed and dedicated
sensors for monitoring and recording the physical
conditions of the environment and organizing the
collected data at a central location.
• Also called Sensornet or embedded Sensor network.
• Sensor network consists of sensor nodes
Applications Of WSN[10]
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Areas monitoring
Environmental monitoring
Industrial monitoring
Agriculture monitoring
Smart home monitoring
Research Challenges In WSN[3]
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Real world protocol
Real time
Power management
Programming abstraction
Security and privacy
Architecture of WSN[2]
• Sensor network has five layers as well as three crosslayers.
• Layers are:
– Application layer
– Transport layer
– Network layer
– Data link layer
– Physical layer
– Power management plane
– Mobility management plane
– Task management plane
Routing Protocols
• Two classes of routing protocols:
– Routing based on routing path
– Routing according to type of node
Routing Based On Routing Path[1]
Routing Protocol Based On Type Of
Node[1]
LEACH(low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy)[1][5][7]
• Randomized rotation of cluster head to reduce energy
load among the sensor node.
• Leach has two phases
– Setup
– Steady phase
• In setup phase, cluster is organized and CH is chosen.
LEACH(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy)[1][5][7]
• In steady state, actual transfer of data to the base station
takes place.
• During setup phase
– Predetermined fraction of node, p, elect themselves
as CH
– Choose a random no between 0 and 1
– If (random number < threshold value ,T(n))
– Then node become CH for that round
– p: fraction of node
– r: current round
– n: total no of node
LEACH(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy)
• Each CH broadcast advertisement messages to the
node in its cluster.
• After receiving their acknowledgement, CH creates a
TDMA schedule i.e. time period to transmit and
broadcast to all.
• During steady state, sensor node begin sensing and
start transmission and CH club that data and give it to
BS
ALEACH(Advance LEACH)[1]
• LEACH protocol suffers with problem that CH spends
more energy in comparison to other node.
• ALEACH propose new CH selection algorithm.
• This algorithm evenly distribute the energy load among
all the nodes.
• General probability + current state probability
K= expected no of CH in
round
N=total no of nodes
Ecurrent=current energy
En-max=initial energy
MR-LEACH(Multihop Routing LEACH)[1]
• It partition the network into multiple layers of cluster.
• CH of each layer collaborates and transmits the data to
BS.
• Ordinary nodes joins CH node based on RSSI(received
signal strength indicator)
MR-LEACH(cont.)[1][13]
• TDMA is used to schedule the nodes.
• Follows multi-hop routing from cluster head to base
station to conserve energy.
• It provides energy efficient routing to WSN.
Re-cluster LEACH[1]
• It is based on node density.
• Based on mechanism like cluster-based data fusion and
select CH
• Uses multi-hop algorithm to optimize the protocol.
• Stable data transmission uses TDMA and CDMA
LEACH-F[1]
• It is known as Fixed number of cluster LEACH.
• Number of cluster in the network are fixed throughout the
network lifetime and cluster head rotates within the
cluster.
• Doesn’t provide flexibility to sensor node mobility.
• Steady state phase of LEACH-F is same as LEACH
Balanced-LEACH[1]
• Decentralized algorithm of cluster formation
• Node doesn’t have information of all other node in the
same cluster.
• Following phases:
– CH selection
– Cluster formation
– Data transmission
Energy LEACH[1]
• Improved selection of CH as compared to LEACH
• Residual energy after every round of transfer is the main
factor which decides whether sensor node become CH
or not.
• Longer life time and energy saving compared with
LEACH.
PEGASIS[7][1]
• It is defined as power efficient gathering in sensor
information system
• Optimized LEACH algorithm.
• It requires to have all sensor nodes in a chain.
LEACH-C[12][13]
• Stands for Centralized LEACH.
• No knowledge about CH’s place.
• During the set-up phase, each node sends to the sink its
remaining energy and location.
• The sink then runs a centralized cluster formation
algorithm.
• This protocol requires location information for all sensors
in the network.
• Not a robust protocol.
TL-LEACH[12][13]
• TL stands for two level.
• Gives the advantage of small transmit distance for more
nodes.
• The CH collects data from the cluster members and
relays the data to the base station through a CH that lies
between the CH and the base station .
V-LEACH[12][13]
• V stands for vice CH.
• There is a vice-CH that takes the role of the CH when
the CH dies.
• When a CH dies, the cluster become useless, because
the information collected by the node members will not
reach the sink i.e. BS.
Comparison of protocols based on some
parameters
Simulator Introduction (OMNeT++)[6]
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OMNeT++ provides component architecture for models.
Components are programmed in C++
Has extensive GUI support.
Platform it supports
– Windows
– Linux
– UNIX
Conclusion & Future Scope
• Routing protocol in WSN is one of the most important
research areas and there have been large number of
research achievements.
• Many issues still exist and there are still many
challenges that need to be solved in the sensor networks
• Following issues and challenges
– Effectiveness with respect to energy and bandwidth
– Scalability
– Security
References
[1] Kumar P., Singh M.P. “A Review of Protocols In
Wireless Sensor Network”. International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology, 1(4):1-13, 2012
[2] Alkhatib A.A.A.,Baicher G.S.,” Wireless Sensor Network
Architecture”. International Conference on Computer
Networks and Communication Systems, 35:11-14, 2012
[3] Stankovic J.A. “Research Challenges for Wireless
Sensor Network”. University of Virginia.2005.
[4] Akkaya K.,Younis M. A. “Survey on routing protocols for
wireless sensor networks”. Ad Hoc Networks, 3, 2003
References
[5] Al-Karaki J.A., Kamal A.E. “Routing Techniques in
Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey*”.ICUBE initiative
of Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, 2002
[6] http://www.omnetpp.org/home/what-is-omnet accessed
on 2/6/2013.
[7] Zheng J., Jamalipour A.,”Wireless sensor Network: a
networking perspective”. WILEY publication, ch.4, sec
4.3.1, pp.73-77.
[8]Andrew T.S and David W.J, ”Introduction in Computer
Networks”, 5thed. Netherlands,WA:Pearson, 2011,ch.
1,sec.1, pp. 2
References
[9]http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid
/63462.html accesed on 5/5/2013
[10] www.ent.mrt.ac.lk/dialog/documents/ERU-2-wsn
accessed on 5/5/2013.
[11]https://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&site=imghp&tb
m=isch&source=hp&biw=1517&bih=741&q=wireless+net
work&oq=wireless+network&gs_l=img.12..0l10.2961.968
2.0.11443.16.8.0.8.8.0.316.1227.2j3j2j1.8.0...0.0.0..1ac.
1.15.img.cQ6Pjghnm9k accesed on 10/5/2013.
References
[12] Yassein M.B.,Al-Zou’bi A.,Mardini W., “Improvement of
LEACH protocol of Wireless Sensor Network
(VLEACH)”, International Journal Of Digital Content
Technology and its Application,3(2),2009.
[13] Norouzi A.,Zaim A.H.,”An Intergrative Comparison of
Energy Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor
Network”,Scientific sciences,4:65-75,2012.
THANK YOU..