A New Protocol and Lower Bounds for Quantum Coin Flipping

A New Protocol and Lower Bounds for Quantum Coin
Flipping
Andris Ambainis
Computer Science Division
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720
e-mail: ABSTRACT
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INTRODUCTION
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Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
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not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to
republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific
permission and/or a fee.
STOC’01, July 6-8, 2001, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece.
Copyright 2001 ACM 1-58113-349-9/01/0007 ... ¶ 5.00.
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7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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8. REFERENCES
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