A New Protocol and Lower Bounds for Quantum Coin
Flipping
Andris Ambainis
Computer Science Division
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720
e-mail: ABSTRACT
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INTRODUCTION
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Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
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bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to
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permission and/or a fee.
STOC’01, July 6-8, 2001, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece.
Copyright 2001 ACM 1-58113-349-9/01/0007 ... ¶ 5.00.
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7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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8. REFERENCES
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