International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014
Available online at http: www.ijssjournal.com
ISSN 2251-7502 © 2014; Science Research Publications
Analysis of goals scored in the 2014 World Cup soccer tournament held in
Brazil
Michailidis Yiannis*
Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Democritus University, Komotini, Greece
*Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected]
Abstract
After the end of a significant soccer tournament the sport scientists investigate
the new trends in tactic and more specific the way of attack that the goals were
scored, the actions that preceded goals, the area from which the goal was
scored and some other elements of the goals. The purpose of the present study
was to evaluate goal scoring characteristics of World Cup 2014 and the sample
consisted of all the games of the final phase of the organization (N=64). The
statistical analysis of the results was conducted with the use of the nonparametric chi square test (X2). According to the results of the present study
the pass (>10m) was the basic final attacking action in most of the goals (22.2
%) when the short pass was at the second place (<10m) (18.7 %) and the own
action at third place (10.5 %). Most of the goals (35.1 %) were scored with
shot and then with the inner part of the foot (32.2 %). Also the most of the
goals achieved through the penalty box (65.5 %) (p<0.001). Finally when a
team scored the first goal was the winner of the match (75.44%). The findings
indicate to the coaches to use a lot of offensive exercises with short and long
passes. Also the most of exercises have to locate inside the penalty box. As
concerns the impact of the first goal was strong for the match outcome, so the
teams have to be prepared to deal with a situation that the opponent scored the
first goal.
Key words: evaluation, goal, performance indicators in soccer, soccer.
Introduction
Soccer is a complex sport and the coaches have to control all the factors that can affect the success of their
club. One of the most significant abilities of the coaches is the ability to observe and recall all the critical
incidents of a sport performance (Borrie et al., 2002). However, real time analysis of the soccer game by the
coach cannot be perfect (Francs and Miller, 1986). So the development of technology (video analysis) helps
coaches to access detailed information on players’ performance (Hohmann and Rommel, 1994; Liebermann et
al., 2002; Mitrotasios et al., 2006) even in a half time of the game.
Among the many technical and tactical aspects of players behavior, the goals are the most studied because are
critical for the success of the team (Cachayand Thiel, 2000). The coaches observe the way of attack that the
goals were scored, the actions that preceded goals, the area from which the goal was scored and some other
elements of the goals. All these information about the characteristics of the goals allow the coaches to identify
the most effective forms of attack and conversely, provide inside to better defensive organization (Mombaerts,
2000).
There are a lot of studies that have examined the characteristics of goals that have been achieved in many
tournaments (Armatas et al., 2007a; Armatas and Yiannakos, 2010; Michailidis C. et al., 2013; Michailidis Y. et
al., 2013; Njororai, 2013), the need for constant record is prevalent because the results can indicate trends in
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soccer evolution over time (Lottermann, 2000; Theis, 2000). Also the information collected through these
studies is very important for the coaches to design the training (Armatas et al., 2009) and prepare their teams to
be more effective.
The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the characteristics of goals achieved at the World Cup
2014. Specifically, it was examined the timing of achieving the goal, the way in which the goal was achieved,
the action that preceded the goal, the area from which the goal was scored, the first’s goal influence in game’s
outcome and the relation between the total distance that covered by the teams and the game’s outcome.
Material and methods
Sample
We analyzed all the soccer matches (64) from the final phase of the World Cup 2014 in which a total of
171goals have been scored, without including the goals achieved during penalty process.
Procedure
The data were obtained from the database of the website of the FédérationInternationale de Football
Association (FIFA, www.fifa.com) through official overviews of the games. The goals were analyzed through
systematic observation according to Lames (1991, 1994) and Singer and Willimczik (2002). For the recording,
was used a game observation leveled board which was based on past studies (Loy, 1992, 1995; Theis, 1992a,
1992b, 2000). Every goal has been analyzed by two experienced observers who were specially trained for the
accurate and reliable data recording.
The analysis variables were:

The number of goals achieved in each half including the extra time.

The number of goals achieved per 15 minutes (1-15, 16-30, 31-45, 1st extra time, 45-60, 61-75, 76-90,
nd
2 extra time).

The ways that the goals achieved (shot, ‘’place’’ or inner part of the foot, header, another place of the
body, own goal, penalty).

First goal impact on the game outcome for the scoring team (win, draw, defeat).

Distance covered by the team impact on the game outcome.

Number of passes impact on the game outcome.

Number of success passes impact on the game outcome.

The action that preceded the goal (pass <10m, pass >10m, own action, header, foul, cross from the
right, cross from the left, corner from the right, corner from the left, defender rebuttal, defender mistake,
goalkeeper rebuttal, goalkeeper mistake, goalpost, direct set play like foul or penalty).

Area from which the goal was scored (goal box, penalty box, outside the penalty box).
Statistical analysis
All data were analyzed using the statistical package for PC SPSS 16.0 (Lead Technologies Inc, USA). Non
parametric chi-square (X2) analysis was used to determine the statistically significant differences and the level
of significance was set at (p<0.05).
Results
In total were scored 171 goals in 64 matches of this tournament which is on average 2.67 per match. In
the first half scored 65goals and in the second 98goals, additional 8 goals scored in extra time of the game.
Statistical differences were observed between the two halves(X2=6.681, p=0.01) (Figure 1a), and also the
number of goals that scored at extra time different significant with the two halves (1st half with extra time
X2=44.507, p<0.001 and 2nd half with extra time X2=76.415, p<0.001). Regarding goals scored from 15-min
periods of play, were scored 18 goals in the period from 1st to 15th min, 27goals from 16th to 30th min, 17goals
from 31st to 45th min, 3 goals scored in addition time for the 1st half. In the second half were scored 24 goals
from the 46th to the 60th min, 33 goals from 61th to 75th min, 29 goals from 76th to 90th min, 12 goals in addition
time of the 2nd half. In the extra time of the games scored 8goals. Statistical analysis showed a similar
percentage of scoring in the most of the periods with exceptions of the periods in the extra time of the two
halves, in the extra time of the game and in the first and last 15-min periods of the first half (Figure 1b).
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Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014
Figure 1, a: Frequency of absolute and relative total goals, divided by half of the game.
* denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with 1st half; # denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with 1st
and 2nd half.
b. Frequency of absolute and relative total goals, divided by periods of 15 minutes.
*denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with the next 15-min periods: 16-31, 45-60, 61-75 and 76-90.
Significant differences observed at the way that the goals scored. 35.1 % of goals scored from shot, 32.2 % from
the inner part of the foot (’’place’’), 18.1 % from header, 4.1 % from other part of the body, 2.9 % from own
goal and7.6 % from penalty and free kick (Figure 2). Data analysis showed statistical differences between the
first three groups and all the others (X2=148.503, p<0.001).
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Figure 2: How the goals were scored (absolute and relative value).
*denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Shot; # denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with
Place.
Figure 3 shows the field zones from which goals were scored, where over 112 goals were scored inside
the penalty box, 41 goals were scored inside goal box and 18 goals were scored outside penalty box. Statistical
analysis showed that there are significant differences between goals scored inside the penalty box versus goals
scored inside goal box (X2=40.333, p<0.001), and goals scored inside the penalty box versus goals scored
outside the penalty box (X2=67.969, p<0.001).
P e rc e nta g e o f g o a ls
N um be r o f g o la s
80
160
140
6 5 .5
60
120
100
40
80
*
20
Value
Percentage (%)
112
60
24
41
* ,#
1 0 .5
18
40
20
0
G oal b ox
P en a lt y b o x
O u ts id e P en . b o x
A re a
Figure 3: Distance from goalpost (absolute and relative value)
*denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Penalty box; # denotes significant (p<0.05) difference
with Goal box.
The most goals were scored after a pass longer than 10m (38) or after a pass smaller than 10m (32) which
were significant differently (X2=143.825, p<0.001) compared to feed from own action (18), from direct free
kick and penalty (15), from left cross (12) and from right cross (10). All other actions had rates lower than 9
(Figure 4).
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25
22.2
18.7
20
Percentage (%)
15
*
10.5
*
10
*
* 7
*
5.8
5.3
*
*
* 4.1
*
5
8.8
2.9
2.9
6.4
*
*
1.8 2.3
*
*
0.6 0.6
Pa
ss
>
Pa 10m
ss
<
In 10m
d.
ac
tio
He n
a
Fr der
ee
ki
R. ck
cr
o
L. ss
cr
R. oss
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L. ner
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f. ner
r
De ebu
f. tta
m l
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r
G/ ebu
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m l
ist
ak
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Di oa e
re lpo
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se st
tp
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0
Action prior the goal
Figure 4: Action prior to goal scoring
* denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Pass>10m and Pass<10m.
About the influence of the first goal on match outcome, data analysis showed that the team that scored the
first goal also won the match and presented statistical significant difference versus draw and defeat (X2=59.154,
p<0.001) (Figure 5).
Percentage of goals
Number of golas
60
80
55
75.44
50
45
43
40
35
30
40
Value
Percentage (%)
60
25
*
20
10.53
*
20
14.04
15
10
6
0
Win
Draw
8
5
Defeat
First goal impact to game outcome
Figure 5: First goal impact on game outcome (absolute and relative value)
* denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Win.
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Analyzing the impact of total distance covered by the team in the game to the final result (Figure 6), the
team that covered a bigger distance won in 29 games, the final result was a draw in 9 games, the team that
covered the larger distance loose in 22 games. Data analysis showed no statistical difference between groups
(X2=3.600, p>0.05) (Figure 6).
Percentage of goals
Number of golas
70
30
60
25
50.88
22
38.6
40
30
20
15
Value
Percentage (%)
50
29
20
10
10.52
10
6
5
0
Win
Draw
Defeat
Total distance impact to game outcome
Figure 6: Total distance (covered by the players) impact to game outcome
(Absolute and relative value)
The Figure 7a shows the impact of the number of passes that performed by the teams to the final result. The
team that executes more passes won in 29 games, the final result was a draw in 9gamesand loose in 22games.
Four games also played to penalties. We also study the impact of the completed passes to the final result and the
analysis showed that the team that has higher percent of corrects passes has advantage for the final result (Figure
7b). More specific the team that performs more correct passes won in 30 games.
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Figure 7: a. Passes number impact to game outcome game (absolute and relative value).
b. Correct passes impact to game outcome (absolute and relative value).
*denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Win.
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Discussion and Conclusion
In this study we want to identify and evaluate the characteristics of goals achieved at the World Cup 2014.
The scoring rate in the World cup of Brazil (2014) averaged 2.67 goals per game. This average is the same with
that of world cup in France and is the biggest in the history of the world cup.
As we present above the goals scored were time dependent, more goals scored in the middle of the 1st and 2nd
half. Significant differences observed between the period 60 – 75 with periods 1-15 (X2=4.412, p<0.05), 31-45
and extra times (p<0.05). Also in the 2nd half scored more goals than the first half (X2=6.681, p=0.01). In a
similar study for the world cup of South Africa 2010 (Njororai, 2013) the researchers mentioned that the most
goals scored at the end of the second half. In this time period the increased number of goals that scored is
attributed physiological deterioration of defenders as compared to forwards (Reilly, 1994; Njororai, 1996,
2007a, 2007b). Most of the goals score in the 2nd half. Some other factors that can effect this number of goals
are the physical condition, the lack of concentration in defense, and all or nothing efforts to influence the final
score of the game (Nepfer, 1992-1998; Armatas et al., 2007 a, b).
The results of the present study showed the significant role of scoring first to game outcome. From the total
of 57 games that scored goals, the team that scored first won the 75.44 % of the games. This result is in
accordance with previous studies that performed in world cup tournaments (73.5% WC-1994, Njororai, 2004;
73.21%WC-2006 Armatas and Yiannakos 2010). One significant reason for the impact of the first goal is the
psychological factor (Olsen and Larsen, 1997; Jones and Harwood, 2008). After the first goal of the game the
team has to maintain the advantage and in accordance of the time point of the game the players have to follow a
proper tactical strategy (Njororai, 2007b).
As expected most of the goals achieved with shot (35.1 %) and then with the use of the inside part of the foot
(32.2 %). However, a number of goals (18.1 %) were achieved with the head. In this level the distance between
defenders is so small and the offensive players have to execute fast, with power and with accuracy. So the shot
is the most used technical action for achieving a goal. The number of the goals that scored with the head is
depended on the tactical strategy of the team and the technical quality of the action before head touch. In similar
tournaments we can observe that the percentage of goals scored with the head is between 18 (2010 world cup,
17.93%) and 24 % (2002 world cup, 24.3 %) (Njororai, 2004, 2013). More specific in 2010 world cup the
percentage was 17.93 % and in 2002 world cup was 24.3 % (Njororai, 2004; 2013). This study is consistent with
those of other researchers (Lottermann, 2000; Wedegärtner, 2004). These researchers argue that in training apart
from the practice of shoting, should be performed various exercises (like crosses) in competitive conditions and
from different positions of the goalpost.The finding in this study that a significant number of goals (11.3%)
indicated by "stationary phases" (free kikcs) confirms conclusions from previous research that found similar
results (Loy, 1995; Theis, 2000). The results of this study reinforce the view that individual and group training
in ‘’stationary phases’’ should be a basic element of the training.
An important feature of the achievement goal is the area from which they obtained. The most goals (65.5%)
are achieved through penalty area.These results are in agreement with those of other researchers collected from
international soccer games and tournaments (Olsen, 1988; Hunges et al., 1988; Dufour, 1993; Michailides C. et
al., 2004; Armataand Giannakos, 2006; Njororai, 2013). This finding was expected because the penalty area is
close to goalpost and enough far away from the goalkeepers scope (Michailides C. et al., 2004).
These results indicate the coaches the way of training. The most exercises should include offensive tries and
shot under competitive conditions within the penalty box. The goals that scored from outside the penalty box are
more spectacular but also are rarer because the defense line in this area is so strict and the attackers don’t have
enough time to prepare their shot (Njororai, 1996, 2004). From the other side the coaches have to prepare their
defense in situations inside penalty box, where a small mistake by a defender might be ‘’deadly’’ for his team.
The most used final action before the goal was a pass bigger than 10m (22.2 %) but smaller than 25m. In our
days it is easy for the defense line to rebut a long pass, because the distance between the defenders is small and
they have enough time to approach the ball. One kind of long pass that used enough in modern soccer is the
cross which is a primary offensive tactic in order to face defending deep (Theis, 2001). I this cases defenders
make more mistakes because they observed the player with the ball and not the players that moving inside
penalty box. According to these findings, in training aimed at improving efficiency in the final phase of the
attack, it is necessary to choose such exercises which basically transfers should be less than the distance of 10m,
in order to address the proper functioning of the defense groups as effectively as possible. Also crosses have to
use in training for better preparation of defenders and offensive players.
The fact that the fewest goals (10.5 %) achieved after own action shows the difficulty of offensive players to
convince the defenders in a game situation one against one (1:1). The results of this study are in agreement with
those obtained from the analysis of several games of World Cup 2002 (Meier, 2002).
Another one factor that analyzed was the impact of the total distance that covered by the team to game
outcome. It is the first time that investigated this kind of correlation in a world cup; from the results we observed
no correlation between total distance and final score. It is clear that the total distance that covered by a team
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depended by a lot of factors like the tactical strategies of the team, the physical condition of the players and the
tactical strategy of the opponent.
Also we investigate if the total number of passes that performed by a team has an impact to the final score.
From the results we did not observed any correlation between the final score and the number of passes the
executed by a team.This number related with the tactical strategy of the team and with technical abilities of the
players. Another one relative factor that examined was the percentage of complete passes (correct). From the
results found that the teams with the most correct passes won moreof the games.
The national teams that participate to the tournament the last decades are more qualified in comparison with
the teams 30 years before. The science development helps the coaches and sport scientists to use more
appropriate exercises for tactical, technical and physical conditioning preparation of their teams. However the
competitive season for the soccer players is bigger and in a lot of cases the players are ‘’tired’’ when they take
part in the tournaments. In this world cup some of the traditional soccer teams (Spain, Italy, England, and
Portugal) excluded after the first phase of the tournament. May be a smallest duration of the competitive season
or with less games will help players to be more physical and mental refreshed.
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