International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 Available online at http: www.ijssjournal.com ISSN 2251-7502 © 2014; Science Research Publications Analysis of goals scored in the 2014 World Cup soccer tournament held in Brazil Michailidis Yiannis* Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Democritus University, Komotini, Greece *Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected] Abstract After the end of a significant soccer tournament the sport scientists investigate the new trends in tactic and more specific the way of attack that the goals were scored, the actions that preceded goals, the area from which the goal was scored and some other elements of the goals. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate goal scoring characteristics of World Cup 2014 and the sample consisted of all the games of the final phase of the organization (N=64). The statistical analysis of the results was conducted with the use of the nonparametric chi square test (X2). According to the results of the present study the pass (>10m) was the basic final attacking action in most of the goals (22.2 %) when the short pass was at the second place (<10m) (18.7 %) and the own action at third place (10.5 %). Most of the goals (35.1 %) were scored with shot and then with the inner part of the foot (32.2 %). Also the most of the goals achieved through the penalty box (65.5 %) (p<0.001). Finally when a team scored the first goal was the winner of the match (75.44%). The findings indicate to the coaches to use a lot of offensive exercises with short and long passes. Also the most of exercises have to locate inside the penalty box. As concerns the impact of the first goal was strong for the match outcome, so the teams have to be prepared to deal with a situation that the opponent scored the first goal. Key words: evaluation, goal, performance indicators in soccer, soccer. Introduction Soccer is a complex sport and the coaches have to control all the factors that can affect the success of their club. One of the most significant abilities of the coaches is the ability to observe and recall all the critical incidents of a sport performance (Borrie et al., 2002). However, real time analysis of the soccer game by the coach cannot be perfect (Francs and Miller, 1986). So the development of technology (video analysis) helps coaches to access detailed information on players’ performance (Hohmann and Rommel, 1994; Liebermann et al., 2002; Mitrotasios et al., 2006) even in a half time of the game. Among the many technical and tactical aspects of players behavior, the goals are the most studied because are critical for the success of the team (Cachayand Thiel, 2000). The coaches observe the way of attack that the goals were scored, the actions that preceded goals, the area from which the goal was scored and some other elements of the goals. All these information about the characteristics of the goals allow the coaches to identify the most effective forms of attack and conversely, provide inside to better defensive organization (Mombaerts, 2000). There are a lot of studies that have examined the characteristics of goals that have been achieved in many tournaments (Armatas et al., 2007a; Armatas and Yiannakos, 2010; Michailidis C. et al., 2013; Michailidis Y. et al., 2013; Njororai, 2013), the need for constant record is prevalent because the results can indicate trends in 1017 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 soccer evolution over time (Lottermann, 2000; Theis, 2000). Also the information collected through these studies is very important for the coaches to design the training (Armatas et al., 2009) and prepare their teams to be more effective. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the characteristics of goals achieved at the World Cup 2014. Specifically, it was examined the timing of achieving the goal, the way in which the goal was achieved, the action that preceded the goal, the area from which the goal was scored, the first’s goal influence in game’s outcome and the relation between the total distance that covered by the teams and the game’s outcome. Material and methods Sample We analyzed all the soccer matches (64) from the final phase of the World Cup 2014 in which a total of 171goals have been scored, without including the goals achieved during penalty process. Procedure The data were obtained from the database of the website of the FédérationInternationale de Football Association (FIFA, www.fifa.com) through official overviews of the games. The goals were analyzed through systematic observation according to Lames (1991, 1994) and Singer and Willimczik (2002). For the recording, was used a game observation leveled board which was based on past studies (Loy, 1992, 1995; Theis, 1992a, 1992b, 2000). Every goal has been analyzed by two experienced observers who were specially trained for the accurate and reliable data recording. The analysis variables were: The number of goals achieved in each half including the extra time. The number of goals achieved per 15 minutes (1-15, 16-30, 31-45, 1st extra time, 45-60, 61-75, 76-90, nd 2 extra time). The ways that the goals achieved (shot, ‘’place’’ or inner part of the foot, header, another place of the body, own goal, penalty). First goal impact on the game outcome for the scoring team (win, draw, defeat). Distance covered by the team impact on the game outcome. Number of passes impact on the game outcome. Number of success passes impact on the game outcome. The action that preceded the goal (pass <10m, pass >10m, own action, header, foul, cross from the right, cross from the left, corner from the right, corner from the left, defender rebuttal, defender mistake, goalkeeper rebuttal, goalkeeper mistake, goalpost, direct set play like foul or penalty). Area from which the goal was scored (goal box, penalty box, outside the penalty box). Statistical analysis All data were analyzed using the statistical package for PC SPSS 16.0 (Lead Technologies Inc, USA). Non parametric chi-square (X2) analysis was used to determine the statistically significant differences and the level of significance was set at (p<0.05). Results In total were scored 171 goals in 64 matches of this tournament which is on average 2.67 per match. In the first half scored 65goals and in the second 98goals, additional 8 goals scored in extra time of the game. Statistical differences were observed between the two halves(X2=6.681, p=0.01) (Figure 1a), and also the number of goals that scored at extra time different significant with the two halves (1st half with extra time X2=44.507, p<0.001 and 2nd half with extra time X2=76.415, p<0.001). Regarding goals scored from 15-min periods of play, were scored 18 goals in the period from 1st to 15th min, 27goals from 16th to 30th min, 17goals from 31st to 45th min, 3 goals scored in addition time for the 1st half. In the second half were scored 24 goals from the 46th to the 60th min, 33 goals from 61th to 75th min, 29 goals from 76th to 90th min, 12 goals in addition time of the 2nd half. In the extra time of the games scored 8goals. Statistical analysis showed a similar percentage of scoring in the most of the periods with exceptions of the periods in the extra time of the two halves, in the extra time of the game and in the first and last 15-min periods of the first half (Figure 1b). 1018 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 Figure 1, a: Frequency of absolute and relative total goals, divided by half of the game. * denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with 1st half; # denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with 1st and 2nd half. b. Frequency of absolute and relative total goals, divided by periods of 15 minutes. *denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with the next 15-min periods: 16-31, 45-60, 61-75 and 76-90. Significant differences observed at the way that the goals scored. 35.1 % of goals scored from shot, 32.2 % from the inner part of the foot (’’place’’), 18.1 % from header, 4.1 % from other part of the body, 2.9 % from own goal and7.6 % from penalty and free kick (Figure 2). Data analysis showed statistical differences between the first three groups and all the others (X2=148.503, p<0.001). 1019 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 Figure 2: How the goals were scored (absolute and relative value). *denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Shot; # denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Place. Figure 3 shows the field zones from which goals were scored, where over 112 goals were scored inside the penalty box, 41 goals were scored inside goal box and 18 goals were scored outside penalty box. Statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences between goals scored inside the penalty box versus goals scored inside goal box (X2=40.333, p<0.001), and goals scored inside the penalty box versus goals scored outside the penalty box (X2=67.969, p<0.001). P e rc e nta g e o f g o a ls N um be r o f g o la s 80 160 140 6 5 .5 60 120 100 40 80 * 20 Value Percentage (%) 112 60 24 41 * ,# 1 0 .5 18 40 20 0 G oal b ox P en a lt y b o x O u ts id e P en . b o x A re a Figure 3: Distance from goalpost (absolute and relative value) *denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Penalty box; # denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Goal box. The most goals were scored after a pass longer than 10m (38) or after a pass smaller than 10m (32) which were significant differently (X2=143.825, p<0.001) compared to feed from own action (18), from direct free kick and penalty (15), from left cross (12) and from right cross (10). All other actions had rates lower than 9 (Figure 4). 1020 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 25 22.2 18.7 20 Percentage (%) 15 * 10.5 * 10 * * 7 * 5.8 5.3 * * * 4.1 * 5 8.8 2.9 2.9 6.4 * * 1.8 2.3 * * 0.6 0.6 Pa ss > Pa 10m ss < In 10m d. ac tio He n a Fr der ee ki R. ck cr o L. ss cr R. oss co r L. ner De cor f. ner r De ebu f. tta m l G/ ist K ake r G/ ebu K tta m l ist ak G Di oa e re lpo ct se st tp lay 0 Action prior the goal Figure 4: Action prior to goal scoring * denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Pass>10m and Pass<10m. About the influence of the first goal on match outcome, data analysis showed that the team that scored the first goal also won the match and presented statistical significant difference versus draw and defeat (X2=59.154, p<0.001) (Figure 5). Percentage of goals Number of golas 60 80 55 75.44 50 45 43 40 35 30 40 Value Percentage (%) 60 25 * 20 10.53 * 20 14.04 15 10 6 0 Win Draw 8 5 Defeat First goal impact to game outcome Figure 5: First goal impact on game outcome (absolute and relative value) * denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Win. 1021 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 Analyzing the impact of total distance covered by the team in the game to the final result (Figure 6), the team that covered a bigger distance won in 29 games, the final result was a draw in 9 games, the team that covered the larger distance loose in 22 games. Data analysis showed no statistical difference between groups (X2=3.600, p>0.05) (Figure 6). Percentage of goals Number of golas 70 30 60 25 50.88 22 38.6 40 30 20 15 Value Percentage (%) 50 29 20 10 10.52 10 6 5 0 Win Draw Defeat Total distance impact to game outcome Figure 6: Total distance (covered by the players) impact to game outcome (Absolute and relative value) The Figure 7a shows the impact of the number of passes that performed by the teams to the final result. The team that executes more passes won in 29 games, the final result was a draw in 9gamesand loose in 22games. Four games also played to penalties. We also study the impact of the completed passes to the final result and the analysis showed that the team that has higher percent of corrects passes has advantage for the final result (Figure 7b). More specific the team that performs more correct passes won in 30 games. 1022 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 Figure 7: a. Passes number impact to game outcome game (absolute and relative value). b. Correct passes impact to game outcome (absolute and relative value). *denotes significant (p<0.05) difference with Win. 1023 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 Discussion and Conclusion In this study we want to identify and evaluate the characteristics of goals achieved at the World Cup 2014. The scoring rate in the World cup of Brazil (2014) averaged 2.67 goals per game. This average is the same with that of world cup in France and is the biggest in the history of the world cup. As we present above the goals scored were time dependent, more goals scored in the middle of the 1st and 2nd half. Significant differences observed between the period 60 – 75 with periods 1-15 (X2=4.412, p<0.05), 31-45 and extra times (p<0.05). Also in the 2nd half scored more goals than the first half (X2=6.681, p=0.01). In a similar study for the world cup of South Africa 2010 (Njororai, 2013) the researchers mentioned that the most goals scored at the end of the second half. In this time period the increased number of goals that scored is attributed physiological deterioration of defenders as compared to forwards (Reilly, 1994; Njororai, 1996, 2007a, 2007b). Most of the goals score in the 2nd half. Some other factors that can effect this number of goals are the physical condition, the lack of concentration in defense, and all or nothing efforts to influence the final score of the game (Nepfer, 1992-1998; Armatas et al., 2007 a, b). The results of the present study showed the significant role of scoring first to game outcome. From the total of 57 games that scored goals, the team that scored first won the 75.44 % of the games. This result is in accordance with previous studies that performed in world cup tournaments (73.5% WC-1994, Njororai, 2004; 73.21%WC-2006 Armatas and Yiannakos 2010). One significant reason for the impact of the first goal is the psychological factor (Olsen and Larsen, 1997; Jones and Harwood, 2008). After the first goal of the game the team has to maintain the advantage and in accordance of the time point of the game the players have to follow a proper tactical strategy (Njororai, 2007b). As expected most of the goals achieved with shot (35.1 %) and then with the use of the inside part of the foot (32.2 %). However, a number of goals (18.1 %) were achieved with the head. In this level the distance between defenders is so small and the offensive players have to execute fast, with power and with accuracy. So the shot is the most used technical action for achieving a goal. The number of the goals that scored with the head is depended on the tactical strategy of the team and the technical quality of the action before head touch. In similar tournaments we can observe that the percentage of goals scored with the head is between 18 (2010 world cup, 17.93%) and 24 % (2002 world cup, 24.3 %) (Njororai, 2004, 2013). More specific in 2010 world cup the percentage was 17.93 % and in 2002 world cup was 24.3 % (Njororai, 2004; 2013). This study is consistent with those of other researchers (Lottermann, 2000; Wedegärtner, 2004). These researchers argue that in training apart from the practice of shoting, should be performed various exercises (like crosses) in competitive conditions and from different positions of the goalpost.The finding in this study that a significant number of goals (11.3%) indicated by "stationary phases" (free kikcs) confirms conclusions from previous research that found similar results (Loy, 1995; Theis, 2000). The results of this study reinforce the view that individual and group training in ‘’stationary phases’’ should be a basic element of the training. An important feature of the achievement goal is the area from which they obtained. The most goals (65.5%) are achieved through penalty area.These results are in agreement with those of other researchers collected from international soccer games and tournaments (Olsen, 1988; Hunges et al., 1988; Dufour, 1993; Michailides C. et al., 2004; Armataand Giannakos, 2006; Njororai, 2013). This finding was expected because the penalty area is close to goalpost and enough far away from the goalkeepers scope (Michailides C. et al., 2004). These results indicate the coaches the way of training. The most exercises should include offensive tries and shot under competitive conditions within the penalty box. The goals that scored from outside the penalty box are more spectacular but also are rarer because the defense line in this area is so strict and the attackers don’t have enough time to prepare their shot (Njororai, 1996, 2004). From the other side the coaches have to prepare their defense in situations inside penalty box, where a small mistake by a defender might be ‘’deadly’’ for his team. The most used final action before the goal was a pass bigger than 10m (22.2 %) but smaller than 25m. In our days it is easy for the defense line to rebut a long pass, because the distance between the defenders is small and they have enough time to approach the ball. One kind of long pass that used enough in modern soccer is the cross which is a primary offensive tactic in order to face defending deep (Theis, 2001). I this cases defenders make more mistakes because they observed the player with the ball and not the players that moving inside penalty box. According to these findings, in training aimed at improving efficiency in the final phase of the attack, it is necessary to choose such exercises which basically transfers should be less than the distance of 10m, in order to address the proper functioning of the defense groups as effectively as possible. Also crosses have to use in training for better preparation of defenders and offensive players. The fact that the fewest goals (10.5 %) achieved after own action shows the difficulty of offensive players to convince the defenders in a game situation one against one (1:1). The results of this study are in agreement with those obtained from the analysis of several games of World Cup 2002 (Meier, 2002). Another one factor that analyzed was the impact of the total distance that covered by the team to game outcome. It is the first time that investigated this kind of correlation in a world cup; from the results we observed no correlation between total distance and final score. It is clear that the total distance that covered by a team 1024 Intl. j. Sport Std. Vol., 4 (9), 1017-1026, 2014 depended by a lot of factors like the tactical strategies of the team, the physical condition of the players and the tactical strategy of the opponent. Also we investigate if the total number of passes that performed by a team has an impact to the final score. From the results we did not observed any correlation between the final score and the number of passes the executed by a team.This number related with the tactical strategy of the team and with technical abilities of the players. Another one relative factor that examined was the percentage of complete passes (correct). From the results found that the teams with the most correct passes won moreof the games. The national teams that participate to the tournament the last decades are more qualified in comparison with the teams 30 years before. 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