教專研 98P-031
The Requirements of Developing Gaming Industry in Taiwan: from the Experience of Las Vegas and Macau
The Requirements of Developing Gaming Industry in Taiwan: from the Experience of Las
Vegas and Macau
李瑾玲
觀光與休閒事業管理系
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the accurate direction of developing the casino
Gaming Industry market in Taiwan, according to the successful experiences from Las Vegas
and Macau. With the analysis of the literatures and expert interviews, the results will show
the benefiting six factors of gaming business. Geography environment, accessibility, human
resource, tourism resource, tourist resource, and the social aspect are the important factors of
developing gaming industry in Taiwan. In addition, the results imply that developing casino
Gaming Industry market in Taiwan is to build the large scale integrated resort and tourism
development.
Key Words: Casino, Gaming Industry, Taiwan, Las Vegas, Macau
Introduction
The Gaming Industry of the USA is prominent for numerous decades; it cannot be denied
that the recreational gaming is becoming one of the most popular and fastest-growing
apparatus of the USA’s entertainment economy. Since World War II, Las Vegas, Nevada, has
been the fastest growing city in the United States. In 2008, the city hosted more than 37
million tourists, making it north America’s favored destination In addition, Las Vegas Strip is
ranked top one among the top 20 U.S. casino markets by annual revenue The successful
casinos development has brought Nevada as the major revenue-generating state and its status
as the world’s premier gaming, resort and entertainment destination.
In Asia, the Gaming Industry in Macau was liberalized in 2002. Since then, the gaming
business volume has been growing at a rather unexpected and spectacular rate. Moreover, the
gaming industry has developed a very close relation with the tourism industry and become a
pillar of Macao's economy.
In 2008, the gaming industry’s total gross revenue reached a
record high figure of 109.83 billion MOP constituting the vast majority of government income.
In addition, Macao has only 541,200 residents in population; however, the per capita GDP has
been reached to USD 39,377 in 2008 (DSEC, 2009). The success of Macau experience has
inspired the interest of developing the Gaming Industry. Besides Macau, there are legal
casinos in South Korea and Malaysia. Although, Singapore has strict laws, they have
announced they are building two mega casinos and planned to open by the year of 2010.
Other Asia countries such as Japan, Thailand, Vietnams, and Dubai also expressed their great
interest to get involved the gaming business.
It is not necessarily the case to say that for those whom are most passionate about
gambling are the Chinese and Southeast Asians. Nonetheless, no one will dispute that you
will see groups of Chinese at all the world’s famous gambling casinos. Although there is no
legal casino in Taiwan, nevertheless, a number of foreign gambling centers like Las Vegas,
Macau, and Korea have set up offices in Taiwan to try to tap into the extravagance of Taiwan
tourists who enjoy gambling. The Taiwanese government has revoked a long-standing
antigambling law and allowed the building of casinos in remote counties to help stimulate the
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教專研 98P-031
The Requirements of Developing Gaming Industry in Taiwan: from the Experience of Las Vegas and Macau
economies. It would be done by seeking public approval prior opening the market, however,
the first residents’ referendum to build Taiwan’s first casino has been rejected. With many
Asia countries are planning or undergoing the gaming business; in order for the Taiwan to
catch the wave and profit from the market share earlier, its Government still should pay
attention to the trend of developing Gaming Industry and set in motion without further ado.
Even though, the reward can be great, but so are the risks. The Taiwan Government and
communities must be vigilant to plan it, and not to become addicted to it.
The Gaming Industry Issues in Las Vegas
Casinos are becoming a mainstream industry in the past decade. Casino gaming is a
legal, legitimate and highly regulated industry; it has been experiencing tremendous growth.
The communities, states and Native American Indian tribes across the country are trying to
capitalize on the success of Las Vegas in attracting tourists and new money through gaming in
the USA. The potential for windfall profits that increase jobs, tax revenues, real estate
investments, general economic and community enhancement makes gaming attractive (Long,
1995). According to the Internet statistics of American Gaming Association, the Gross
Gambling Revenue of past ten years is raising stability. In Table 1, the chart shows the
growth from 1999 to 2008 in both the commercial casino industry and gaming as a whole,
which includes pari-mutuel wagering, lotteries, casinos, legal bookmaking, charitable gaming
and bingo, Indian reservations and card rooms (AGA, 2009b).
Table 1. The US Gaming Revenue: 10-year Trends (Year1999 to 2008)
Year
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total Commercial Casino Total Gaming($billion)
($billion)
22.2
58.2
24.3*
61.4
25.7*
63.3
26.5*
68.6
27.02*
72.9
28.93
78.8
30.29
84.4
32.42
90.9
34.13
92.3
32.54
N/A
* Amount does not include deepwater cruise ships, cruises-to-nowhere or noncasino devises
Source: American Gaming Association, Christiansen Capital Advisors LLC. (AGA, 2009b)
In 2008, the commercial casino industry employed more than 375,000 people earning
more than $13 billion in total wages; more direct employees than the U.S. automobile industry,
software manufacturers or wireless phone carriers. Commercial casinos are significant
contributors to the U.S.’s economy; in the 12 states with commercial casinos in operation in
2008, casinos contributed $5.66 billion in tax revenue to state and local government (See Table
2). The revenue form those taxes benefits education, public safety, economic development
and infrastructure improvements, among other state and local programs (AGA, 2009b).
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The Requirements of Developing Gaming Industry in Taiwan: from the Experience of Las Vegas and Macau
Table 2. 2008 Commercial Casino Tax Revenue
Rank
State
2008 Tax Revenue (Million US $ )
1
Nevada
$924.5
2
Indiana
$838.2
3
Pennsylvania
$766.6
4
Louisiana
$626.3
5
Illinois
$566.8
6
Missouri
$442.8
7
New Jersey
$426.8
8
Mississippi
$326.9
9
Iowa
$324.0
10
Michigan
$321.6
11
Colorado
$88.4
12
South Dakota
$15.4
Total
$56.6 billion
Source：State Gaming Regulatory Agencies (2009,4)
According to the data of American Gaming Association, Las Vegas Strip is ranked top one
among the top 20 U.S. casino markets by annual revenue(See Table 3).
Table 3. 2008 Top 20 U.S. Casino Markets by Annual Revenue
Rank
Casino Market
2008 Annual Revenues
(billion)
1
Las Vegas Strip
$61.21
2
Atlantic City, N.J.
$45.45
3
Chicagoland, Ind./Ill.
$22.51
4
Connecticut
$15.71
5
Detroit
$13.60
6
Tunica/Lula, Miss.
$11.05
7
St. Louis, Mo./Ill.
$10.31
8
Biloxi, Miss.
$9.5127
9
Shreveport, La.
$8.4761
10
Boulder Strip, Nev.
$8.3660
11
Reno/Sparks, Nev.
$7.7938
12
Kansas City, Mo.(includes St.
$7.5622
Joseph)
13
Lawrenceburg/Rising
$7.3165
Sun/Belterra, Ind.
14
New Orleans, La.
$7.0137
15
Lake Charles, La.
$6.5123
16
Downtown Las Vegas, Nev.
$5.8246
17
Laughlin, Nev.
$5.7118
18
Black Hawk, Colo.
$5.0869
19
Yonkers, N.Y.
$4.8646
20
Council Bluffs, Iowa
$4.6852
Source：The Innovation Group (2009,5)
Since World War II, Las Vegas, Nevada, has been the fastest growing city in the United
States. The city has the honor of being one of the most geographically isolated major cities in
the continental United States. Los Angeles lies more than 270 miles, a 4-hour car ride to the
southwest. Salt Lake City lies 420 miles to the north; and the Phoenix is 290 miles to the
south. During its slightly more than half a century of existence, the Las Vegas Strip had nine
of the world’s ten largest hotels at the end of the year 2000 (Douglass & Raento, 2004). In
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The Requirements of Developing Gaming Industry in Taiwan: from the Experience of Las Vegas and Macau
addition, Las Vegas boasted the largest hotel room inventory of any city in the world, with
140,529 in 2008. Nevertheless, it enjoyed 89.8％ hotel room occupancy versus the 60.4％
national average. In 2008, the city hosted more than 37 million tourists, making it north
America’s favored destination (LVCVA, 2009). It also brought the huge gaming revenues each
year (See Table 4).
Table 4. The Ten Year Statistics of Las Vegas (Year1998 to 2008)
Year
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Visitor Volume
30,605,128
33,809,134
35,849,691
35,017,317
35,071,504
35,540,126
37,388,781
38,566,717
38,914,889
39,196,761
37,481,552
Clark County Gaming Revenue
6,346,958,000
7,210,700,000
7,671,252,000
7,636,547,000
7,630,562,000
7,830,856,000
8,711,426,000
9,717,322,000
10,630,387,000
10,868,464,000
9,796,970,000
Source：Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority (2009,2)
The Gaming Industry Issues in Macau
In the west, jurisdictions without the Gaming Industry are very much the exception, and in
Asia the floodgates of governmental investigation, discussion and debate will only hold for so
long (McCartney, 2005). In Asia, the Gaming Industry in Macau was liberalized in 2002.
Since then, the gaming business volume has been growing at a rather unexpected and
spectacular rate. Macao is part of the territory of China, it is situated at the Pearl River Delta
on the southeast coast of Mainland China, 60 km southwest of Hong Kong (DSEC, 2009).
Macau has many unique and contrasting cultural characteristics. It was the first port
open to the West over 400 years ago. Its people have been living in an environment blended
with eastern and western cultures harmoniously for centuries. Macau is in exhibiting the
co-existence of gaming and cultural attractions. It tends to attract gamblers and tourists form
places all over the world to enjoy the exotic excitement in casinos as well as to visit it many
historic relics (Koo, 2006).
Table 5. Overview of Principal Indicators: $billion MOP
Indicators
Total receipts
Receipts from gaming
and other services
Gross value added
2007
85.22
84.98
2008
111.17
111.01
Rate of change(%)
30.5
30.6
51.28
67.18
31.0
Source: The Statistics and Census Service (DSEC, 2009)
Gaming industry has a long history in Macao and it was first legalised in mid 19th century.
Entering the 21st century, the gaming industry has developed a very close relation with the
tourism industry and become a pillar of Macao's economy (MSGP, 2009a). Information from
the Statistics and Census Service (See Table 5) indicated that total receipts of the gaming sector
reached MOP 111.17 billion in 2008, of which the receipts from gaming services amounted to
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The Requirements of Developing Gaming Industry in Taiwan: from the Experience of Las Vegas and Macau
MOP 111.01 billion, an increase of 30% compared with 2007. Gross value added, a measure
of the sector’s contribution to the economy, rose by 31% to MOP 67.18 billion. In 2008, the
gaming industry’s total gross revenue reached a record high figure of 109.83 billion MOP
constituting the vast majority of government income (DSEC, 2009).
After having a gaming monopoly of over 60 years, the Macao Government chose to open
one of the world’s most lucrative gaming concessions to international organizations. By
liberalizing the industry, the Government has also set in motion for further tourism
redevelopment. The Wynn Resorts and The Venetian are particularly bringing in the Las
Vegas experience and the massive development plans for Macao and make it become Las
Vegas in Asia (McCartney, 2005). Some key indicator of Macau is growing each year (Table
6).
Table 6. Macao in Figures (Year 2005 to 2007)
Item/Year
2005
2006
Visitor arrivals (1,000)
18,711.2
21,998.1
Hotel occupancy rate％
70.9
72.2
Available guest rooms (no.)
10,832
12,978
Average length of stay of visitors
1.1
1.1
(day)
Per-capita spending of visitors
1,523
1,610
(MOP)
Casino
17
24
Gaming table
1,388
2,762
Slot machine
3,421
6,546
Gross gaming revenue excluding
47,134
57,521
gratuities (million MOP)
2007
26,993.0
77.2
16,148
1.1
1,637
28
4,375
13,267
83,847
Source: Macau SAR Government Portal (2009b)
In the recent year, the gaming revenue of Macau has grown substantially. Although,
Macao has merely 541,200 residents in population; nevertheless, the per capita GDP has
reached to USD 39,377 in the 2008 (Table 7).
Table 7. Key Indicator of Gaming Industry in Macau (Year2001 to 2006)
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Item/Year
Total Gaming Revenue
44.07
48.14
58.86
85.22
111.17
Gaming Revenue Growth Rate %
43.0
9.25
22.30
44.78
30.50
Per capita GDP (USD)
22,434
24,169
28,463
35,537
39,377
Gaming Tax Revenue
15.20
17.32
20.75
30.95
41.90
Source: The Statistics and Census Service (Unite: $billion MOP)(2009)
In 2002, the MSAR Government liberalised the gaming industry, bringing new
momentum to Macao’s gaming sector and the entire economy. Through appropriate
competition and modern operating and management models, the Government also expected the
new arrangements to create more job opportunities. Before the Handover, the gaming
industry’s maximum annual gross revenue was 17.78 billion patacas (US$2.22 billion). In 2008,
the industry’s total gross revenue increased to 109.83 billion patacas (US$13.73 billion),
ranking No. 1 in the world (Table 8). The sector contributed 41.9 billion patacas (US$5.24
billion) in direct tax, representing 73 percent of Macao’s total public finances that year (MSGP,
2009a).
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教專研 98P-031
Year
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009 (First
three quarters)
The Requirements of Developing Gaming Industry in Taiwan: from the Experience of Las Vegas and Macau
Table 8. Changes in the Scale of the Gaming Industry 2002-2009
Gaming Industry’s No. of Employees in
No. of
No. of Slot
No.
of
Tables
Total Gross
the Gaming Industry
Casinos
Machines
(at
Year-end)
Revenue
(MOP
(at Year-end)
(at Year-end)
(at Year-end)
billion)
23.5
11
339
808
-30.32
11
424
814
-15
1,092
2,254
43.51
21,264
17
1,388
3,421
47.13
26,118
24
2,762
6,546
57.52
36,412
28
4,375
13,267
83.85
44,743
31
4,017
11,856
109.83
43,835
(End of June
33
4,610
14,175
83.91
2009) 43,975
Source: Macau SAR Government Portal (2009a)
After a few years of rapid development, the MSAR Government found it was time to
review and evaluate the present and future development of the gaming industry. On 22 April
2008, the Chief Executive announced that no new gaming licences would be granted in the
near future, as a means of regulating the operations of the industry. In order to develop a
healthy and sustainable gaming industry, the Government continued to monitor and supervise
the activities of concessionaires, strictly control the scale of the gaming industry, and promote
responsible gaming (MSGP, 2009a).
Nonetheless, China has continued to open its outbound tourism market beyond that of
initially Macao and Hong Kong; hence, a future tourism development consideration could be
on the package products to offer from Macao. Moreover, the success of Macau experience
has inspired the interest of developing the Gaming Industry. Besides Macau, there are legal
casinos in South Korea and Malaysia. Although, Singapore has strict laws, they have
announced they are building two mega casinos and planned to open by the year of 2009.
Other Asia countries such as Japan, Thailand, Vietnams, and Dubai also expressed their great
interest to get involved the gaming business. How Macao repositioned and be identified to
maintain its competitive edge in the long run will be a significant concern.
The Global Gaming Industry Trend
In 2009, the global casinos and gaming sector is forecast to have a value of $354.9 billion,
and increase of 26.4% since 2004 (See Table 9). The compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
of the sector in the period 2004-2009 is predicted to be 4.8% (Datamonitor, 2009). Though,
as more states in the US legalized casinos to generate tax revenues, casino saturation also
slowly set in. Some researchers warned that casinos that fail to build anew, expand, remodel,
and diversify the total attractions packages to meet the new industry standards will become no
longer worth a visit (McCartney, 2005).
The successful story of Las Vegas is unique. Some researchers think Las Vegas
experience can not be used in all types of region. For example, Las Vegas has broad
hinterland to develop; it makes it a great condition to build the mega resort. In addition, it is
an isolate city surrounding by the dessert, all the entertaining programs can be designed inside
the building and tourist can enjoy all kinds of services without going outside. Moreover, the
purchasing power is higher than certain region. That is, the average income of Las Vegas
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tourists is much higher than certain area. All these factors indicate that the strategy will be
different under different situations and circumstances (Tseng, 2006).
Table 9. Global Casinos & Gaming Sector Value Forecast: $billion USD (Year2004 to 2009)
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CAGR,
2004-2009
$billion
280.8
296.9
312.8
328.3
343.9
354.9
% Growth
6.00%
5.80%
5.30%
4.90%
4.80%
3.20%
4.8%
Source: Datamonitor (2009)
In the conceptual stages of casino development, it should focus on three major issues:
scale of the industry, competition for gaming dollars and who should benefit. Despite the
economic gains derived, it has not been easy for local residents. For example, after approval
for limited stakes gaming in Central City and Black Hawk of Colorado, there are no grocery
stores or gas stations in town (Long, 1995). It has been classified to “The Cannibalization”.
We also can not ignore this kind of phenomenon.
While the presence most of casinos brings well-pronounced and apparent economic
benefits, there is also a need to remain aware of the social and environmental impacts of such
developments, which will ultimately influence resident attitudes (McCartney, 2005). Some of
the policy issues most frequently discussed in the social and cultural arena center around the
prevention and solution of problem gambling, crime rate, bankruptcy, divorce, and destruction
of cultural resources (Chang, 2002). To build long-term success it will be important to
monitor a community’s ability to handle issues, to focus on the health and integrity of the
Gambling Industry and the value of the experience to the visitors (McCartney, 2005).
Research Method
The main focus of this paper is on the largest and fastest growing segment of the Asia
gaming economy—Casino Gaming Industry. It will provide an overview of the various
venues where casino gaming takes place, including Las Vegas, Nevada and Macao. The
result of analysis will provide a look at the future development of Casino Gaming Industry in
Taiwan.
The purpose of this study is to explore and determine the accurate direction of developing
the casino Gaming Industry market in Taiwan, according to the successful experiences from
Las Vegas and Macau. With the analysis of the literatures and expert interviews, the results
will show the required six factors of developing gaming business.
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Table 10. The Important Factors of Developing Gaming Industry in Taiwan
Factors
Geography
Environment
Accessibility
Human Resource
Tourism Resource
Tourist Resource
Social Aspect
Conditions
1. Geography isolation
2. Broad hinterland
3. Development potential
1. Big carrying capacity airport
2. Well-established infrastructure
3. Integrated transportation network
4. Sufficient parking space
1.Well-trained employee
2.Sufficient work force
1.Accommondation and dining
2.Extending scenic spots
1.Consumer spending/ purchasing power
2.Stable tourist source
1.Examine problem gambling trends
2.Public security
3.Societal support
Findings
From the aspect of geography environment, the geography isolation is derived from the
point of view of any negative aspects can be regulated more easily when gambling activity is
confined to a restricted geographical location. According to the Taiwan Government plans,
the only areas qualifying for casinos are Kinmen, Matsu, Penghu, Green Island and Orchid
Island in Taitung County, and Liuchiu in Pington County. Having broad hinterland and
development potential are also important factors for developing gaming industry. For
example, the Penghu islands covers approximately 130 square kilometers of land area, its rich
historical and cultural assets as well as its ecological resources has attracted many US-based or
Las Vegas-based magnates’ attention.
In the accessibility aspect, big carrying capacity airport, well-established infrastructure,
and integrated transportation network are important factors. Questions about Penghu’s ability
to convert itself into a major tourist destination always existed. It sits in the Taiwan Strait
between Taiwan and China and is about 45 minutes from Taipei by plane. Some of the main
challenges relate to transportation facilities, the small size of the airports and harbors, and the
limited number of planes and boats serving them. Other problems are the shortage of
electrical power, water, waste treatment facilities, and the transportation network. Las Vegas,
for instance, is one of the most geographically isolated major cities in the continental United
States. However, its convenient transportation network attracts thousands of tourists from
everywhere in the world from time to time.
In the human resource aspect, well-trained employee and sufficient work force are
important. Casino is a labor-intensive industry and demands a large and various work forces.
To smoothly run casinos, evaluating the supply and demand of local work force in advance is
important. For example, the gaming business volume in Macau has been growing at a rather
unexpected rate. It has caused the shortage of qualified labor. This labor shortage problem
and trend result inevitably in the deterioration of the quality of new recruits.
In the tourism resource aspect, accommodation and dining, and the extending scenic spots
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are important factors. The nature beauty scene of Penghu, such as azure skies, sandy beaches,
magnificent basalt columns, limpid waters filled with diverse sea life, exotic vegetation, and
relax atmosphere has become a selected tourism development destination of Taiwan
Government. Furthermore, the island is under the impression that the inadequate quality and
quantity of the tourist hotels, restaurants, and recreational facilities; some of the private sector
including domestic and overseas business groups, has to undertake such major investment
projects and built some five-star tourist hotel in Penghu because of the legalization of casinos.
In the tourist resource aspect, consumer spending/purchasing power, and stable tourist
source are important factors. Penghu was trying to be the next Macao by building a casino
town to lure Chinese tourist. However, Macau is just a short boat ride or flight from southern
China and Hong Kong, attracting the key gambling customers in the region-Chinese citizens.
If Penghu or any parts of Taiwan become casino town some day, it will need to build casinos
on a massive scale because of the laggard development and market share.
In the social aspect, examine problem gambling trends, public security, and societal
support are the important factors. Taiwan already has vast pent-up demand from illegal
gambling which would support the casino industry. Clearly, there is a huge amount of
unaccounted economic losses from underground gambling; the Taiwan government could turn
this around and legalize gambling or make it a formal economic activity. In addition, a
successful casino makes its customers feel secure from danger. Hence, prevention of crime,
the number of police, and training program for security persons should be assessed and
managed.
Conclusion
It is not necessarily the case to say that for those whom are most passionate about
gambling are the Chinese and Southeast Asians. Nonetheless, no one will dispute that you
will see groups of Chinese at all the world’s famous gambling casinos. Although there is no
legal casino in Taiwan, nevertheless, a number of foreign gambling centers like Las Vegas,
Macau, and Korea have set up offices in Taiwan to try to tap into the extravagance of Taiwan
tourists who enjoy gambling. The Taiwanese government has revoked a long-standing
antigambling law and allowed the building of casinos in remote counties to help stimulate the
economies. It would be done by seeking public approval prior opening the market, however,
the first residents’ referendum to build Taiwan’s first casino has been rejected
With many
Asia countries are planning or undergoing the gaming business; in order for the Taiwan to
catch the wave and profit from the market share earlier, its Government should continue to pay
attention to the trend of developing Gaming Industry and set in motion without further ado.
Even though, the reward can be great, but so are the risks. The Taiwan government and
communities must be vigilant to plan it, and not to become addicted to it.
Even though, the residents of Penghu have voted down to a proposal to build Taiwan’s
first casino, the Taiwan government should reconsider if the policy of legalizing casino
gambling to boost the economy of remote islands is appropriate. According to the findings of
this study, Penghu might not be an appropriate place to develop the gaming business due to too
many limits on accessibility, human resource, social aspect, etc., these reasons also apply to
other islands and counties. Additionally, the rare human resource of gaming industry in
Taiwan is a fact that can’t be disputed; the labor shortage problem and trend are a crucial issue
and can’t be ignored. To have people trained after the casino opening would recommit the same
error as Macau. The Taiwan Government must encompass a vision as to start professional
training curriculum for people who are interested in the casino related service industry way
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before the casino opening.
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