Coaching: The Art and the Science
“It is not enough to have
a good mind. The main
thing is to use it well.”
( Rene Descartes)
Canadian Sports Participation
Participation rates decline!(Statistics Canada, 2008)
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1992 – 45% of Canadians participated
1998 – 34% of Canadians participated
2005 – 28% of Canadians participated
9.6 million in 1992
7.3 million in 2005
Why is participation important?
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Quality of Life
Reducing number of
inactive Canadians
by 10% would result
in a saving of $5
billion in health care
spending.
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(Katzmarczek, 2001)
Likelihood of Participation
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Parent participation in
amateur sport
increases likelihood of
children participation.
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Youth participation in
amateur sport
increases likelihood of
continued participation
as adults (Sport Canada Survey, 1998)
Canadian Sports Participation
Decrease across all ages!(Statistics Canada, 2008)
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15-18
19-24
25-34
55+
77%
61%
53%
25%
in
in
in
in
1992
1992
1992
1992
to
to
to
to
59%
43%
31%
17%
in
in
in
in
2005
2005
2005
2005
Canadian Sports Participation

Men more active than women but gap narrows
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1998
2005
43% of men and 26% of women participated
36% of men and 21% of women participated
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Education a factor
high school diploma or less
post secondary diploma
university degree
- 25% participated
- 30% participated
- 33% participated
Canadian Sports Participation
Immigrants participate less

Canadian born
30% participation rate
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Recent immigrants
27% participation rate
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Pre 1990 immigrants
19% participation rate
Children’s Participation
Sport of choice?
sport of choice for children 5 to 14
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Boys and girls both 44%
Overall boys 55% vs girls 45%
Household income a factor
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income less than $40,000 - 43%
income above $80,000 - 63%
Canadian Sports Participation
More men than women were regular
sport participants
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1995
1998
2005
52% men, 38% women
43% men, 26% women
36% men, 21% women
Gender gap most evident between
15-18 year olds (89% to 64%)
(Statistics Canada, 1998)
Women in Sport
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Only 6 of 32 sports included in
1992 General Social Survey
dominated by females. Which
ones?
(Statistics Canada, 1992)
Women in Sport

Greatest influence
on female sport
participation in
North America?
The Female Coach
Number of women coaching
female teams?
1972 – 90% NCAA teams
coached by females
1991 – 47% of women’s
teams female coached
(Carpenter and Acosta, 1991)
Why the decline? Or is it a
decline?
The Female Coach
What About Canada?
- 29% of all coaches
female in 1992 (Statistics Canada, 1992)
What about the CIS?
CIS Coaches
11 CIS Sports – 8 both enders
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434 CIS coaches –348/86 (2005)
Women’s Sports
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Which sports had more female coaches (10 vs 4)?
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Which sports had almost 50% balance (20/21, 11/12)?
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Which sports had no female coaches?
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Men’s (10) Sports
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Which sports had no female coaches (4)?
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Which sports had 1 female coach (3)?
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Sex Bias in Coaching
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Male coaches rated higher than
female coaches
Males rated male coaches higher
than female regardless of
comparative abilities
Females rated female coaches
higher ONLY when record of the
female coach was SIGNIFICANTLY
better!
(Weinberg, Reveles and Jackson, 1984)
(Parkhouse and Williams, 1986)
(Parkhouse and Williams, 1988)
Female Coaches in Canada
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In 1992 only 4% of Canadians amateur
coaches and male dominated
In 2005 overall 7% of Canadians amateur
coaches
2005 874,000 males amateur
coaches
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9% decrease from 1998
2005 882,000 women amateur
coaches
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15% higher than in 1998