MINISTRY OF EDUCATION,
YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE
DONETSK STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
Batchenko Lyudmila Viktorovna
Naumenko Svetlana Nikolayevna
Methodology and organization
of scientific research
Lectures Conspect
Donetsk, DSUM, 2012
2
УДК 001.8
ББК 42+Ш12-Англ.
Б28
Б28
Batchenko L. V. Methodology and organization of scientific
research : lectures conspect / L. V. Batchenko, S. N. Naumenko.
– Donetsk : DSUM, 2012. – 68 p.
The main question concerning the essence and role of science for
economic development, institutional support for research activities in
Ukraine, methodology and techniques of complex scientific research, its
information security.
The basis of lecture notes assigned work program for the course
"Methodology and organization of scientific research" which included
five content modules.
Intended for students educational qualification of "master" branch
of knowledge 0306 "Management and Administration" specialty
8.030601 "Management" variable components "International
Management" full-time.
Рецензенти:
Kononenko A.F. – PhD, as. prof.,
Docent of “Banking”,
Donetsk National University
of Economy and Trade
named after Michael
Tugan-Baranovsky
Dyatlova V.V. – PhD, prof. of “Foreign
economic management”,
Donetsk State University
of Management
© Donetsk State University of Management, 2012
© Batchenko L.V., Naumenko S.N., 2012
3
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..4
SCORE MODULE 1.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Thematic module 1. Science as a basic human activity ………………..6
Thematic module 2. Institutional support research activities
in Ukraine ……………………………………………………………..26
SCORE MODULE 2.
METHODOLOGY AND CONTENTS
OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Thematic module 3. The methodology of scientific research …………33
Thematic module 4. Methods complex of scientific research ………...42
Thematic module 5. Information support of scientific research ………54
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………..67
4
INTRODUCTION
The objective of world development trend in today's conditions is
that science has become a leading factor in progress. Addressing
economic and social problems of any state, its strategic development
requires, above all, a scientific study. Therefore, the basic unit of social
development in the XXI century is intellectual worker.
Transformation processes in the economy of Ukraine in connection
with the transition to market principles of need as maximize the
potential of Ukrainian science and the formation of a new generation of
specialists of the independent Ukraine. The latter should be different
high competence and capacity for independent creative problem solving,
ability to renew and expand the basic knowledge to use in their work
new things that appear in the science and practice, to apply new methods
of work, modern computer technology, economic and mathematical
methods and models. All these qualities are necessary to bring in higher
education through active participation of students in performing
research.
Attracting students to independent scientific research contributes
not only depth study of academic disciplines, but also of individual
students - mastering his research skills, improve their language culture,
ethics and aesthetics of business communication.
Discipline "Methodology and organization of scientific research"
helps students discover their possible participation in research work as
the most active and creative form of learning.
5
The purpose of discipline is to involve students in research,
familiarize them with the strategy and tactics of research, giving them
some knowledge of methodologies, techniques and research tools for
their effective use in future practice.
The subject of discipline is the process of scientific research on the
application of the methodology and techniques of research-based
economy is the dialectical method, which makes the study of economic
processes in their unity, diversity, historical development.
To study the discipline requires knowledge of individual subcourses basis of management of foreign economic activity, economic
theory, mathematical economics, economics, philosophy, innovation
management and others.
Knowledge of the course required masters to prepare research
papers, theses, master's works, particularly for the selection and
formulation of the theme, setting goals and objectives of the study,
design work and reports of the SEC.
The main objectives of discipline. During the study of this subject
students should:
- Acquire knowledge of planning, organizing and carrying out
scientific research;
- Consider the current problems of development economics and
selection criteria in scientific research;
- Explore the forms and principles of research students;
- To learn methods and techniques of scientific research;
- Raise awareness of a need for scientific methods in business.
6
SCORE MODULE 1.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Thematic module 1. Science as a basic human activity
Plan of lecture № 1 (2 hours)
1. The subject and nature of science as a human activity.
2. Conceptual apparatus.
3. Classification of sciences.
4. Training system and the current state of scientific personnel in
Ukraine.
The purpose of the lecture – the formation of knowledge about the
basic categories and concepts of scientific activity, urgent problems of
economic science, gaining skills in the use of selection criteria in
scientific research.
Keywords: concept science prerequisites for the development and
dissemination of scientific thought. Functions science. Scientific
knowledge. Scientific idea. Scientific facts, evidence, arguments,
concepts, date, category. Principle, postulate, axiom. Scientific laws.
Scientific theory, doctrine. Objects of scientific economic research.
Principles of organizing economic knowledge. Classification of
sciences.
1. The subject and nature of science as a human activity
Methodological problems rapidly developing science, however,
successfully developed a new scientific direction – logic and
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methodology of science, area studies, a subject which was the same
scientific knowledge. Relevance of methodological problems due to a
sharp increase in transforming the role of science in modern society, the
very intensive process of scientific knowledge: its differentiation and
integration,
update
methods,
the
interpenetration
of
scientific
approaches. The subject of research, on the one hand, become more
hidden, deep, hard tangible processes and on the other – more diverse
and complex systems, including the most attention attracts the man
himself, the processes of its formation as a person and especially the
process of formation of the person under an independent and sovereign
state – Ukraine.
In the philosophical literature there is no generally accepted
definition of the methodology. It is sometimes defined as a set of
methods of research as the study of methods of scientific knowledge and
transforming the world, as the study of methods of obtaining and
organizing the knowledge gap. But the actual content of the
methodology is much wider.
Methodology – a system of knowledge that use role the policies,
methods of scientific research and concrete realization of the
requirements of scientific analysis.
Science – a sphere of human activity, which function is obtaining
and systematizing objective knowledge about the world in which we
live, which surrounds us.
The term "science" includes all areas of scientific knowledge as an
activity for new knowledge, and the result of this activity - this
knowledge together form a scientific picture of the world.
8
Science – a theoretical part – the scope of scientific activity that
emerges from the material conditions of production. But science affects
production: open perception and science-based laws of nature are
implemented in different technical solutions in production.
In its orientation, with direct relevance to the practice of science is
divided into basic and applied. The goal of basic science is the
knowledge of the laws that govern the behavior and interaction of the
basic structures of nature, society and thought. These laws cognized
without regard to their possible use. The purpose of Applied Sciences –
applying the basic sciences to solve not only cognitive but also social
and practical problems. The criterion of success is not only reaching the
truth, but the degree of satisfaction. As we see, all the engineering
sciences are applied.
Research is the process of obtaining scientific knowledge as one of
the types of cognitive activity. Research characterized by objectivity,
reproductive and proven accuracy. There are two interrelated levels of
research: empirical and theoretical.
At the empirical level through observation and experimentation
establish new facts that allow a qualitative and quantitative
characteristics of the phenomena and objects are studied.
At the theoretical level is defined and formulated laws for a given
subject, the facts and empirical laws, which were previously identified
as well as predict future events and facts that established theory.
Theory – a system of probable knowledge, which describes,
explains and includes events in a particular subject area. At the
theoretical level research are the answers about how the process and
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what exactly it is. The presence of the theory that the same way explains
the facts is a necessary condition of scientific knowledge.
Methodology as the study of scientific methods is a section of the
theory of knowledge and is based on certain philosophical concepts.
Philosophy as the science of nature, forms and laws of knowledge
(epistemology and logic), the sources and the general laws of motion
and development events (dialectical and metaphysical concept
development), the nature of social life and general laws of development
(sociology), of morality (ethics), the nature of fine (aesthetics), ie the
most general laws of motion and development of nature, society and
thinking in relation to science and technology serves as the general
methodology of knowledge and ideological interpretation of results.
Original postulates underlying research methodology, derived from
the theory of knowledge and formulated as follows: the material world,
the world of cognitive, cognitive process, the result is true; practice – the
source, purpose and criterion of truth.
Consider these links in more detail:
- the material world. It is a matter that is moving in an infinite
space-time system. Various forms of matter are interconnected by power
or energy interactions. Energy is one manifestation of the fundamental
properties of matter. Another property of matter – the existence of
relevant relationships between the individual forms, that some of the
organizational structure. The measure of the different forms of matter
are informed (nehentropiya). In the material world between different
forms of matter there is a universal connection, interdependence and
interaction. Thus at the present level of knowledge can be argued that all
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the processes taking place in a world characterized by spatial and
temporal changes of mass, energy and information of matter.
- cognitive world. The basis of knowledge is the property of the
brain reflect the real world and summarize the processes and phenomena
taking place in it. Cognitive process associated with the transmission
and processing of information and develops in deeper penetration into
the laws of the material world.
- the result of the cognitive process is the truth. Scientific truth is –
is adequate (fully consistent) reflection of objective reality in human
consciousness. It is the objective. Truth is relative and absolute
character. Relative truth is not fully reflect the object, and known
boundaries, conditions and relations that are constantly developing and
changing. Absolute truth – truth that completely exhaust the object of
knowledge and can not be rejected in the further development of
knowledge.
2. Conceptual apparatus
The process of knowledge acquisition is moving toward absolute
truth, which, while consisting of the sum of relative truths. Truth is
always concrete, so as to take into account all the conditions in which
the object of knowledge, and provide basic, essential properties,
relationships and trends.
Practice – source, goal and criterion of truth. Practice - is the
interaction between man and the material world in a broad sense. There
are three views of this interaction: observation, experiment, production
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activities. Observation is the contemplation of human subject,
phenomenon or process without any involve in its process.
Experiment (from Lat. Experimentum – test, experiment) method
of cognition, by which the supervisory and control conditions studied
environmental phenomena.
The experiment is based on the theory that defines the task and
interpreting its results. The main objective of the experiment is to test
hypotheses and predictions of the theory to be crucial. In this regard, the
experiment as a form of practice, serves as the criterion validity of
scientific knowledge in general.
Production human activities aimed at rendering the material
conditions of life.
Output of different patterns in the environment that surrounds us
can be represented as follows:
У=
х1*а1+{22*а2+ ..
where y - characteristic of the study, which examined;
x1, x2, x3, t - the coordinates of space and time;
a1, a2, ..., ai - parameters that determine the flow process and
dependence of the form of matter, its state of condition and structure.
The number of such parameters infinitely large because of the
infinity of the world, conditionality and mutual relationships of its
components. Options can be represented as elements of infinite sets A,
so, ai is A.
12
By degree of influence on the value of the parameters ai can be
roughly divided into classes - in overlapping set Bi is A (I = 1, 2, ...). A
subset B1 integrates parameters that most strongly influence the course
of the process - the first level settings, and in a subset of B2 are
parameters that act on the progress of the less options is the second
level, etc. For example, the pendulum swings of small amplitude are
determined by its length and gravity g. In the second level options
include air and its viscosity, the distribution of mass pendulum. The
third level could include the intensity of electromagnetic field
distribution around the mass, damp environment and more.
Scientific law – reflected in actual patterns of human
consciousness of the real world.
Scientific law is a concrete truth, as it determined the specific
combination of parameters. This truth is relative, since it depends on the
level of our knowledge. Its absoluteness is that in accounting for all
conditions in which the received scientific law, the result can always
play with precision, defined value. This result confirms the reproduction
of scientific truth. Where there is no play, no science.
If we assume significance as signs, the objects of research can be
divided into two groups. The first of these are objects with respect to
which can be neglected, ie the difference between the value of a quantity
Y, calculated in accordance with the formula and the result of
experimental measurement incidental. The second group consists of
objects in the study whose value can not be neglected.
In the first group of objects of the law expressed by the functional
dependence, which allows for the chain of causes and effects, and
13
processes occurring in them are called deterministic. Determination
closely associated with the degree of the object of research. To
terminated facilities includes automatic control system, consisting of the
elements in which, each input value impacts correspond quite certain
values of output variables, velocity and acceleration of change.
Adequate mathematical apparatus, which describes the behavior of these
systems in static and dynamic modes is algebraic, differential and
integral equations.
If the value significantly, the scientific law is not defined. Expand
this uncertainty are two ways:
Identify the impact parameters of a deeper level or to get a
deterministic approach to the research object and try to establish
statistical relationships between the investigated characteristics of the
object and the parameters that determine the course of the process. In
this case the widely used mathematical tools of probability theory with
its many sections. The study of patterns that appear in random
phenomena, and is engaged in probability theory, which is the
theoretical basis of mathematical statistics. For practical calculations had
to know qualitative regularities. We must be able to evaluate these
patterns in the quantitative side, according to observations and
measurements, find the average characteristics under study, and provide
very strong limits of possible deviations from the characteristics of their
mean values.
According to laws identified by the theory of probability, we can
predict the random effects will occur in the future. Poly and events
includes:
14
case – such as may occur or not occur;
credible – are necessarily carried out under these conditions;
impossible – these are, of which at present excluded.
Complex conditions, which can be done or not done event
(phenomenon) in question is called breakdown. In multiple repetition of
complex conditions will have a series of tests.
Random events can be compatible and incompatible. Events A, B,
C – called incompatible if a trial is possible appearance of only one of
them, that is, if they can not turn up at once. If the occurrence of one
event does not cause the appearance of the second, then these events are
called compatible.
Objects of research and their classification.
Scientific research – the process of studying a certain object (an
object or phenomenon) to establish patterns of its origin, development
and transformation in the interests of efficiency in the practice of people.
In the methodology of scientific research are the notions of
"object" and "subject" of knowledge.
The object of knowledge is called something that is directed
cognitive activity researcher and subject knowledge – properties that are
studied in relation to the object. For example, all science, in principle,
know one object – the society, but have different courses in economic
statistics – quantitative aspects of economic phenomena, accounting and
analysis of economic activity – governmental calculated relationship
related businesses, subject didactics (didactic research) is a set of
important relations arising in the process of communication and teachers
with students. Depending on the purpose of specific studies, mainly the
15
ratio, which reflects the unity of socially conditioned activity of teaching
and doctrine. Thus, the object of scientific study is the surrounding
material environment and shape its reflection in human consciousness
that exist independently of our consciousness are selected depending on
the purpose of research and subject knowledge. Explore possible not
only empirical object, but also theoretical.
Empirical research facilities are divided into natural or physical,
that exist in nature objectively, regardless of our will and consciousness
and artificial, including technical created by man.
Depending on the degree of complexity are simple and complex
objects of research, the difference between them is determined by the
number of elements and the type of communication between them.
Simple objects contain multiple items (wages shop garment factories
belong to the simple object of research that has a limited number of
factors that affect it). To include complex objects with uncertain
structure, which should be investigated, then describe. They are studied
by the "black box" that is to find the relationship between input and
response object interactions on them. This object may be the cost of
products produced by garment factory. On the formation of prices
affects the cost of raw material received by the factory from vendor,
aggregate production cost of production and sale of products, ie external
and internal validity.
To select the main feature in the subject being studied,
investigating aggregate of one common objects, determine their
similarity, which is appropriate for the study. Based on previous study of
this population are the object of research, which has all the basic
16
material properties of many real objects. Proper selection of the object
the study of the surrounding material environment according to research
causes increase of research results. Each object of research is in an
environment with which it interacts. Therefore the problem of research
is to identify factors that affect the object of research, selection of which
material and immaterial and focus researchers on significant factors. The
criteria for selection of significant factors is the purpose of scientific
research and the level of knowledge in this area. If the level of
knowledge about the influence factors on the behavior of the object
nadostatniy it may be justification for assigning these factors to the team
essential. For example, examining factors that impact on cost of
production, release, mainly industrial and economic factors (price,
promotion, etc.), while ignoring social factors as not significant. The
level of knowledge about these factors is clearly insufficient. Therefore,
in economic research, they should not sit back and studied in
conjunction with other factors. Selecting significant action on the object
of research is of great importance praktical as influences degree of
reliability of the results. If any significant action is not taken into
account, the conclusions derived from studies may be false, incomplete
or not correct.
Selection of significant factors is simplified if the research is based
on well-developed theory. When the theory does not answer the question
raised is used hypothesis, economic ideas generated at the stage of
preliminary examination of the object of research.
So what better taken into account the influence of environment on
the object of research, the more accurate the results of scientific
17
research. In the medium to understand everything that surrounds the
object of study, or items that are on it. Such actions may be significant,
energy and information. In the study of various branches of science have
great influence performance information that is associated with
significant elements of its technology.
The processes studied by experimental and statistical methods in
which the object of study serves as a "black box". Quantitative
description of purpose of the study due to the choice of parameters of
the process:
- economic – performance, production costs, profitability;
-
feasibility-accuracy,
quality,
reliability
and
progressive
technology.
Defining the object of his research subject and the factors affecting
the causal results of an object, define its parameters, ie the completeness
of the object under study to study. From the correct definition of the
parameter study and classification of objects to a large degree depend on
the results of this research.
The classification of objects of research on the principles of logic,
which provide for grouping of the defined methodology. The purpose of
classification is to disclose the volume concept. Thus, the basis of
division should not arbitrarily taken sign of classified objects.
The most common are two methods of classification of the study:
1. Classification of objects in the presence and absence of
symptom, is that many objects are divided into two classes. One of them
has certain properties, and the other does not. In turn, the second class
may be two more shallow forms of which one has some property, and
18
the other does not have it so. For example, if costs divided by production
and non-production, the second member of the division has the second
sign. In turn, if the non-production costs divided by costs associated
with servicing of production and not related, the second member of the
division will be determined characteristics.
2. Classification of objects by modifying the signs is that division
members represent the following set of objects, each of which is
common to all sets feature manifests itself in particular with those or
other variations.
Logically composed of classification must meet the following
requirements:
- be proportionate, that is not too narrow or broad;
- extracted by one basis, which should not be arbitrary concepts,
and relate to a significant division;
- avoiding the incompatibility of concepts (eg performance
unsucceding students, when a group of the best).
In the classification of research out of the fact that science
explaining the nature of certain processes of reality, grounded in
appropriate methods of research. Based on the method, the scientist gets
the answer to that with which to begin the study of how to prove the
items as to assess the factors studied in the research.
The concept of having cast a special scientific importance, are
called terms. It can be a word or phrase that is specific scientific content
(discount, interest rate, fiscal policy).
19
The concept, which acquire a broad meaning and are used with
different meanings with multiple shades transform into categories
(categories of market demand, money, finance, business, trade).
The basis for the formation of science as knowledge systems are
the principles, certain key, the original position, the first degree of
systematization of knowledge. Unlike laws principles objectively in
nature do not exist, as defined by scientists. Thus, the general principle
of all research is the principle of dialectics - to consider all phenomena
and processes in the relationship and move in space and time. In
economic science is the most commonly used principles of complexity,
control, and others. A variety of principles are postulates - statements
that are made within a scientific theory for the truth, though it can not be
proved by means of this theory and do so in her role axioms. Axiom, in
turn, - a provision that made no logical arguments for his immediate
credibility, visibility, certainty. For example, one of the tenets of
economic science is a postulate of limited resources.
Scientific laws – a statement (using the principles, concepts and
categories), reflecting the necessary, essential, stable and repeatable
objective phenomena and relationships in nature, society and thinking.
Laws are objective in nature, are independent of the will and
consciousness.
Knowledge of laws – the task of science, which is the basis for
converting human nature and society. There are three main groups of
laws: specific or partial (for example, the law of supply and demand, the
law of value), general, that is characteristic of large groups of
phenomena (such as energy conservation law, the law of natural
20
selection, the law of cyclical development) and universal or universal
(eg , the laws of dialectics).
The logical approach complements the two above and based on a
selection of different sides of the object of science, taking into account
the total and partial, abstract and concrete.
3. Classification of sciences
In 1902, he divided science into Theoretical and Practical.
Theoretical Science consisted of Science of Discovery and Science of
Review, the latter of which he also called "Synthetic Philosophy", a
name taken from the title of the vast work, written over many years, by
Herbert Spencer. Then, in 1903, he made it a three-way division:
Science of Discovery, Science of Review, and Practical Science. In 1903
he characterized Science of Review as: arranging the results of
discovery, beginning with digests, and going on to endeavor to form a
philosophy of science (tabl.). Such is the nature of Humboldt's Cosmos,
of Comte's Philosophie positive, and of Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy.
The classification of the sciences belongs to this department."
Table – Taxa of scientific departments
Characterization
("A Detailed
Name
Classification of the
Sciences", ( Feb.-Apr.
1902)
Branch of Branches differ in
science
fundamental purposes.
Characterization
(Carnegie application,
July 1902)
Examples
(1902 examples
are the Carnegie
application)
Throughout a branch,
there is one same
animating motive
(though researchers in
a branch's different
Peirce's three
branches (1903):
Science of
Discovery.
Science of
21
classes seem to live in
different worlds).
Class of
Classes differ radically in Throughout a class,
science
observation. Observations researchers feel that
in one class (say physical they inquire into the
& psychological sciences) same great subject (as
cannot yield the kind of
kinds of inquiry differ
information which
but interconnect).
another class (say pure
mathematics) requires of
observation.
Order of Two orders within one
Throughout an order,
science
class or subclass may
researchers pursue the
differ hierarchically, one same general kind of
more general, the other
inquiry (but deal with
more specialized.
different kinds of
conceptions).
Family of Has special name,
Throughout a family,
science
journal, society. Studies
researchers have the
one group of facts.
same general
Researchers understand
conceptions (but differ
one another in a general
in skills).
way and naturally
associate together.
Genus of "I can give no such
Throughout the genus,
science
definitions of genera and researchers have the
species, not having
same skills (but differ
carried my classification in acquaintance with
of the sciences to these
facts in detail).
Species of minutiae" (of definitions The species is the
of taxa; he does use the
science
narrowest division
genus taxon).
still having societies
and journals, each
researcher is
thoroughly well
qualified in all parts of
it.
Variety of
Researchers devote
science
lives to a variety of
science, but not so
numerously as to
support distinct
societies and journals.
Review. Practical
Science.
Peirce's three
classes of
discovery
science: Pure
mathematics.
Cenoscopic
philosophy. The
special sciences.
Peirce's 1902
example of
various orders:
General Physics.
Biology.
Geology.
Peirce's 1902
example of
various families:
Astronomy.
Geognosy.
Peirce's 1902
example of
various genera:
Optics. Electrics.
Peirce's 1902
example of
various species:
Entomology.
Ichthyology.
Peirce's 1902
example of
various varieties:
Study of Kant.
Study of Spinoza.
22
Peirce had already for a while divided the Sciences of Discovery
into:
(1) mathematics (which draws necessary conclusions about
hypothetical objects);
(2) cenoscopy or philosophy (about positive phenomena in general,
such as confront a person at every waking moment, rather than special
classes, and not settling theoretical issues by special experiences or
experiments), and
(3) idioscopy, or the special sciences (about special classes of
positive phenomena, and settling theoretical issues by special
experiences or experiments).
Thus Peirce ends up framing two fields each of which is
philosophy in a sense: cenoscopic philosophy which precedes the special
sciences, and synthetic philosophy (that is to say, science of review),
which does take advantage of the results of all the sciences of discovery
and develops, for instance, classifications of the sciences.
Peirce opens his 1903 classification (the "Syllabus" classification)
with a concise statement of method and purpose:
This classification, which aims to base itself on the principal
affinities of the objects classified, is concerned not with all possible
sciences, nor with so many branches of knowledge, but with sciences in
their present condition, as so many businesses of groups of living men. It
borrows its idea from Comte's classification; namely, the idea that one
science depends upon another for fundamental principles, but does not
furnish such principles to that other. It turns out that in most cases the
divisions are trichotomic; the First of the three members relating to
23
universal elements or laws, the Second arranging classes of forms and
seeking to bring them under universal laws, the Third going into the
utmost detail, describing individual phenomena and endeavoring to
explain them.
4. Training system and the current state of scientific personnel in
Ukraine.
Eminent names and scientific schools. In the twentieth century, a
number of renowned scientific schools were established in Ukraine
dealing with problems of geochemistry and the natural sciences (V.
Vernadsky),
mechanics
(S.
Tymoshenko),
oriental
studies
(A.
Krymsky), microbiology (D. Zabolotny), biology (0. Bohomolets),
chemistry (L. Pysar/hcvsky), electrical welding and bridge-building (Ye.
Paton), physics (M. Boholiubov), cybernetics (V. Glushkov), space
engineering (M. Yanhel), etc. Ukrainian scientists and scholars can boast
major achievements, such as the artificial nuclear reaction to split the
lithium nucleus; production of heavy water; a procedure for
automatically welding lank bodies; the Europe's first computer; new
areas pioneered in metallurgy: electric metallurgy with electroslag,
plasma-arc, and plasma electron-beam remelting, development of unique
rockets and spacecraft, etc.
Ukraine's Scientific Potential. Science is a major factor allowing
Ukraine to be ranked among the world's advanced countries in the
twenty-first century. By the beginning of the year 2000, Ukraine's
scientific potential of Ukraine comprised 1,506 scientific institutions and
organizations. Of these, 289 were in the academic sector, 160 were
24
institutions of higher learning, while 964 belonged to the industry, and
93 to the factory sector. 126,000 persons are directly engaged in
research and engineering activities. These include 4,132 doctors and
over 20,000 candidates of sciences. Six state academies are leaders in
Ukrainian science: the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Science, Academy of Medical
Science, Academy of Jurisprudence, the Academy of Pedagogical
Sciences, and the Academy of Arts. The Ministry of Education and
Science of Ukraine is responsible for the governmental management of
scientific and scholarly activities.
Ukraine is proud to comply with world scientific standards in
mathematics, mechanics, physics, computer science, materials science,
and a number of other trends directly related to the manufacture of the
high tech science-intensive products increasingly demanded by foreign
scientific institutions and industrial firms. For instance, a unique pilot
plant has been built, which simulates the effect of outer space on
spacecraft. Germany and China have purchased this plant and the
European Space Agency is using it for research purposes. Together with
Pratt and Whitney, a US aerospace firm, the Institute of Electrical
Welding is developing a procedure for producing new materials using
the
technique
of
high-speed
electron-beam
evaporation
and
condensation of matter in a vacuum. The Institute of Monocrystals, a
research and technical concern, supplies scintillation crystals as well as
sapphire implants and tools to research centres in the US, Japan and
Switzerland for neurosurgical and ophthalmological applications.
Researchers at the Institute for Cryobiology and Cryomcdicine have
25
arranged production of competitive biological preparations on request by
many foreign firms.
During the years of independence, a basic advance has been made
by Ukraine in the social sciences and humanities. This contributed much
to the nation's rethinking of its centuries-long path in the historical and
cultural development and today's position of Ukraine in the context of
the international and European civilizing process. This is the fifteenth
year that the Ukrainian scholars have been involved in studying the
scientific, technological, economic, medical, and social aspects with the
goal of mitigating the consequences of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power
Plant disaster, turning the devastated Unit 4 into an ecologically sound
system, and establishing an international test field within the affected
area for investigating the impact of radiation on the environment.
Ukrainian science is making successful efforts to be integrated into
the international scientific community. Each year dozens of monographs
by Ukrainian scholars are published abroad. Many Ukrainian scientific
journals are translated into foreign languages. Under the aegis of
UNESCO, an international research and educational centre for
information technologies and systems as well as international chairs of
cryobiology and physiology have been set up in Ukraine. Established in
1993, the International Association of Academies of Sciences is playing
an important role to stimulate integration processes among Academies
of Sciences of CIS countries. The National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine headed by Academician Borys Paton, its world-renowned
President, remains the stronghold of these research institutions.
26
Young independent Ukraine confidently became one of the world
space states owing to its space research and production potential.
In February 1992, National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU) was
established to implement state space activities policy. Its control sphere
includes about 30 production enterprises, research organizations and
design offices. The enterprises of space industry gain great experience in
development and production of modern launch vehicles, spacecraft,
engines, control and telemeter system. New materials and technologies
are being phased in, and some of them have no counterparts. Space
goods and services export increased from year to year.
Thematic module 2. Institutional support research activities in
Ukraine
Plan of lecture № 2 (2 hours)
1. The organization of scientific activity in Ukraine.
2. The structure of scientific institutions.
3. Public administration and research in Ukraine.
The purpose of the lecture – the formation of knowledge about
the organization of scientific research institutions at national and
mezarivni, scientific principles of public policy and programs.
Keywords: organization of scientific activity in Ukraine. National
Science and Technology Program. State scientific and technical
program. Areas of Economic Research. Researcher. Scientific School.
27
1. The organization of scientific activity in Ukraine
Further development of the country under present conditions
associated exclusively with a focus on post-industrial trends of social
reproduction. The essence of these trends - ever increasing use of
information and knowledge as the most important type of resources that
increasingly determine the future state. The strategy of economic and
social development of Ukraine for 2008-2020 biennium based on
science set strategic priorities for this period, the policy of economic
growth, improve competitiveness of national economy, objectives and
areas of social policy, economic and environmental security. That
knowledge capital, which include advances in science and technology
can lead to so-called "economic miracle" because the state is interested
in the correct science and technology policy, such organization of
science, which would allow to manage it.
The state gives priority support to the development of science as a
crucial source of economic growth and an integral part of national
culture and education, creates the necessary conditions for the
realization of intellectual potential of people in the field of scientific and
technical activities, provides the use of achievements of domestic and
international science and technology to address social, economic ,
cultural and other problems.
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine formed state science and technology
policy based on the annual report of the Government of Ukraine.
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine:
28
defines the main objectives, directions and principles of scientific
and technical policy and legal framework for scientific and technical
fields;
sets the amount of budget funding for research, budget allocations
to the State Fund for Basic Research, National Innovation Fund and the
size of the public provision of logistical and raw materials to provide
scientific and technical activities;
approve the priorities for science and technology, the list of
national scientific and technical programs and funding for each of them
for the whole period of performance with annual adjustments in the
budget;
creates a system of credit and finance, tax and customs controls in
scientific and technical sphere.
The general manager of research by the Cabinet of Ministers of
Ukraine to consider and approve the Verkhovna Rada of the main
directions of development of science and research, organizes the
development of national and state scientific and technical programs,
determines the order of their funding, coordinated measures to create a
modern infrastructure of scientific and technical activities.
Management science entrusted to the Ministry of Education and
Science of Ukraine. Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
determines the main measures to increase efficiency of research and
implementation of their results in the national economy, providing
scientific and technical information, coordinate the development of
inter-sectoral issues, organizes scientific and technical cooperation with
foreign research institutions. In addressing scientific issues Ministry of
29
Education relies on the scientific community. To this end, research
councils, which serve as research and advisory bodies.
2. The structure of scientific institutions
In Ukraine, a science organization is divided into five
interconnected areas (sectors). The first sector includes academic
science, which includes institutions of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Academy of Medical, Education and Legal Sciences of Ukraine, as well
as specialized academies: the Ukrainian Ecological Academy of
Sciences,
Ukrainian Academy of Architecture, Engineering Academy of
Ukraine, Academy of Higher Education of Ukraine, Ukrainian Academy
of Economic Cybernetics, International Academy of Computer Science
and Systems, International Academy bioenerhotehnology.
Leading role in research is the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine. NAS heads and coordinates basic research in different fields of
knowledge. It includes research institutes, laboratories, museums,
astronomical observatory, botanical gardens and acclimatization,
biological station, printing and library. Launched Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine in November 1918. By the charter it was to develop more
than 60 scientific directions in the three departments. First Division - a
history of the Ukrainian people, writing, art, history of the Ukrainian
church, general linguistics, language and literature, Slavic history,
history of world literature, philosophy and others. The second section
combined mathematics, mechanics, astronomy, physics, chemistry,
30
geology, botany, zoology, geography and others. He called the Physics
and Mathematics. The third section linking two sub: jurisprudence
(philosophy of law, Slavic law, government, administrative and
international law, canon law, criminology, civil law, etc.). And
economic sciences (theoretical economy, sociology, economics of
industry, agriculture management, economics, accounting, auditing,
statistics, finance, credit, banks and currency, demography, etc.).
Currently, the list of branches of science have expanded and
changed, and the National Academy of Sciences of organization
includes five research centers: the South, Donetsk, Dnieper, Western,
North-East. Each center has sections that are consistent with research
sectors throughout the region. Yes, Prydneprovsk Research Center is
developing environmental problems; Western - concept of land reform, a
computerized information bank of land, Donetsk comprehensive
program of economic and social development of the Donbass, Southern
problem of rational water use, environmental and economic feasibility of
building second part of the Danube-Dniester watered hemy, Northeast takes a considerable amount of expert work on the technical reequipment of enterprises, and more. Each research center incorporates
research institutions or their branches.
3. Public administration and research in Ukraine
Industry science is the second area of science in Ukraine. It
includes independent scientific organization, subordinate bodies and
public sector administration (ministries and agencies) and independent
research institutes, design bureaus, scientific-production association.
31
Industry research institutions working on a branch, and closest to the
problems of its development. They are subject to the following
ministries: the Ministry of Fuel and Energy, State Committee for
Industrial Policy, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of
Agriculture, State Committee on Construction, Architecture and
Housing Policy, other ministries and departments.
University science (third sector) is represented by universities,
which have special units (the troubled industry and laboratory research
of others) as well as carrying out scientific and technical work in the
departments.
Plant science (fourth sector) includes as independent research units
that make up the production associations and Technological and other
technical services units in the structure of enterprises that are not legal
persons.
Extradepartmental science (business sector) brings together nongovernmental research organization, created in recent years, usually in
the form of small enterprises of different organizational forms. This field
may include commercial organizations created powerful scientific
organizations, including with the participation of foreign capital. This
also should include a small innovative (venture capital) firms, private
counseling centers. The development of organizational forms in the
application (branch) of science in modern terms begat new
organizational structure incubators, technology parks, Technopolis.
Incubator specializes in creating favorable conditions for
establishing and maintaining effective operation of small innovation
(venture capital) firms engaged in the implementation of original
32
scientific and technical ideas. This is achieved through the provision of
small innovative firms of material (primarily scientific equipment and
facilities), information, counseling and other necessary services.
Technopark – this compact is complex, which may include
research institutions, universities and industrial enterprises.
Technopolis is similar to the technology park, has the form of a
small town (settlement), which are scientific and scientific-production
complexes. This kind of conglomerate of hundreds placed in the same
area research institutions, industrial firms (mostly small), implementing
organizations combined interest in the emergence of new ideas and their
early commercialization. Association of small firms create the
infrastructure required for major innovations. The basic elements
Technopolis is usually a major university - generator of fundamental
knowledge, which are the basis for innovation. Technoparks as
organizational forms of scientific and technological activities created in
the U.S., Western Europe. In Japan, formed 19 techno, which piled up
huge potential for development of advanced technologies in priority
areas of science. Ukraine began the introduction of advanced and
effective forms of scientific activity.
In 2000, research and development in Ukraine in 1490 executed
organizations. Thus 20.6% of them belonged to academic science (their
share has decreased to 1991 and 1.0% IA), 63.0% - to a branch of
science (their share has increased compared with 1991 by 3.2%) 10.7% to high school science (their share has decreased by 0.2%) 5.7% - to
plant science (their share has decreased by 2.0%).
33
The vast number of organizations that perform scientific and
technical work is in the state (70.5%) and collective (28.3%) ownership,
private ownership of only 0.3%. 58.8% of all organizations conducted
research in the field of technical sciences, 12.5% - In agricultural
sciences, 5.0% - in medicine, 3.4% - in economic sciences.
SCORE MODULE 2.
METHODOLOGY AND CONTENTS OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
Thematic module 3. The methodology of scientific research.
Plan of lecture № 3 (2 hours)
1. Scope and structure of the methodology of scientific research.
2. The process of scientific investigation.
3. Forms testing research.
The purpose of the lecture – the formation of knowledge about
methodological approaches and stages of the process of scientific
research, gaining skills in the formulation of the object and the subject
of scientific research programs of scientific research and working
hypotheses.
Keywords: The process of scientific research, the level of structure,
classification and stages of implementation. Research Program.
Formulation of the problem and justification of scientific research. The
formulation of working hypotheses. Object and subject of scientific
research: the formulation and interpretation of uniqueness. Choosing
34
empirical
base
of
scientific
research.
Methods
of
scientific
generalizations, forming conclusions and recommendations of the study.
1. Scope and structure of the methodology of scientific research
Scientific research – a purposeful process of new knowledge,
which reveal new phenomena in society and nature, for use in practice
people. The methodology of scientific research in natural sciences,
engineering and other sciences has much in common, but the process of
scientific investigation of economic phenomena has some differences.
Feature of economic research is that, unlike natural or
technological research, experiment with the intervention of the object to
study is difficult, often - almost impossible. Therefore, economic studies
used this method as an abstraction - a selection of basic components and
abstraction (deviation) of others in order to identify trends in behavior of
the object. Using abstraction in the research reveal patterns and
addiction, defining the relationship between economic phenomena and
processes, predict its development.
Patterns of development of society - above all, the laws of material
production. The basis of any society is material production, where they
enter into certain industrial and economic relations that are fundamental
to all social relations to which they relate. Examples of such
relationships is the relationship between productive forces and relations
of production between sectors of the country, between consumption and
accumulation, suppliers and customers and others.
Study of Economics shows that the relationship between the
phenomena of unequal strength, character and orientation. Relationships
35
can be significant and insignificant, direct and indirect, incidental and
necessary internal and external. Therefore, in the study selects only
those methods that allow you to calculate and characterize significant
ties to their economic regulation. Thus, by using mathematical statistics
can be properly formulated problem arising in the analysis of patterns of
economic phenomena and processes.
Thus, the research process in the economic science is a systemic
impact on an investigation to study, identify ways to improve and
optimize its use in practical activity.
Research process – a set of organizational, methodological and
technical tools that are made through certain procedures. It consists of
the following stages: organizational, research, and testing stage of
generalization of research results.
At the organizational status of the object under study and research
carried out organizational-methodical preparation of the study.
Pilot stage research process consists of two stages. In the firstchosen benchmarks research, collect information to process it on a
computer according to programs and research methodology. The second
– is the study collected information prove raised the hypothesis put
forward new, preliminary findings are subjected to testing, adjusting of
parameters and publish.
Phase synthesis and testing results of the study include
generalization, reflecting in a report on the research work, research
paper, books, theses. The results discussed in public, carry out the
review work, make some adjustments if necessary. Then implemented
the findings and proposals grounded in the work.
36
2. The process of scientific investigation
In the most general form of economic research as a process of
knowledge production includes the following steps:
1) defining goals and objectives;
2) study the theory and techniques;
3) Selection object unit study their characteristics;
4) information and
its rating for reliability, uniformity,
comparability and completeness;
5) processing the information received and its analysis using
statistical and mathematical methods;
6) drawing conclusions on the results of the analysis;
7) design recommendations and proposals for implementation in
practice of research results.
The first stage of the most crucial and important for the
establishment of goals and objectives depends on the possibility and
usefulness of a result of the study. This current is the correct formulation
of the problem. Path to this formulation is through the conscious logical
mental activity of the researcher. At this stage, the researcher should
disengage oneself from particular and random variables (to prevent the
scattering of attention investigator).
The second stage is based on the historical approach, taking into
account the views that existed in the past, and critical assessment of
these views, based on the conditions present. This step is
methodologically based on the assertion of the relativity of all
knowledge and dynamism.
37
The third stage involves the study of phenomena or processes in
the economy through the allocation of the object of economic research.
The study of the quantitative characteristics of the object under research,
allows to evaluate the complex and its qualitative characteristics. For
example, setting the amount of business for a specific quantitative
measure, turnover, and using a particular method of calculation, we
determine the numerical value of income compared data revenue and
volume of activity (turnover) in percentage terms, we obtain a
qualitative description of business - profitability.
The fourth stage is a kind of software the process of economic
research information resources. This stage is a prerequisite for the
analysis, the main objective of economic research. Analytical
calculations require an economic information which meets the
requirements of completeness (saturation), reliability (objectivity),
comparability and uniformity. These characteristics of information
allows researchers to carry out the analysis of generalization, to
formulate conclusions.
The fifth step requires a researcher in a specific set of knowledge
and mathematical statistical methods. This requirement is due to
technique and methodology of economic research, including economic
analysis as a method.
Collected in the previous step information should be given to the
easy and visual appearance. Visual information provided by researcher
compiling spreadsheets and enters them in the information gathered, the
union of data from several tables into one grouped, etc. Furnish the
information collected by and through its generalization (calculation of
38
averages, the selection of groups, classes of information, ordering
information on the structure of object under investigation, etc.). Only
processed statistically and mathematically information may be a direct
resource for analytical calculations.
The sixth stage is the final in the study. It shows how well the
results were combined knowledge of theory and practice of the
investigator, formulated the conclusions as a result of generalization.
The last stage is reflected in the testing results of scientific research.
Based on that research in specific economies are applied in nature, this
stage covers the results of research.
The scientific problem – a set of new, dialectically complex
theoretical or practical issues that contradict existing knowledge or
techniques in applied science and need to be addressed through research.
Scientific problems in the economy does not spontaneously and
naturally under the influence of economic laws in connection with the
development of productive forces and production relations. They are
solved by using scientific methods. Problems are the driving force in
development economics.
In order to solve scientific problems in modern conditions of NTP
necessary efforts of the great team of experts in various fields
(economists, accountants, statisticians, mathematicians, Cybernetics).
Each member of the research team should be strong-willed as the
conduct of research to be targeted towards scientific truth. Selecting
research problems proved especially its relevance: Selected Trends
Research should contribute to economic and social development.
39
As a scientific problem is a set of complex theoretical and practical
issues, the process of scientific investigation or determination of their
parameters, problems are divided into Components - topic.
Theme (from the greek – Thema – the main idea, problem,
provision needs to be developed) - part of the scientific problem, which
includes one or more of study.
Based
on
objective
research,
which
should
include
the
development new concepts or directions of a science, improvement of
existing methods or develop new methods (recommendations) on certain
sections of economics, the investigator selects the topic of scientific
work. Topics of research on specific economic issues emerging within
the whole of science and are divided into theoretical, methodological
and organizational.
Theoretical topics include studies of individual concepts of the
theory of a science, which refer to scientific laws, the development of
axiomatic knowledge.
Methodological themes relating to certain methods of science used
in the process of studying its facilities.
Organizational topics include the organization of research in a
science and application of its results in practice.
Choice and construction methodology of scientific research is
through the development of hypotheses.
The hypothesis (from Greek. – Predictions solution) – steering
scientific idea that needs further examination in terms of quality
characteristics. The hypothesis is scientific and reasonable assumption
of fact that is beyond direct observation or consequential connections
40
and logical order of events, not proven scientific methods. There are two
types of hypotheses: unreasonable, theoretically grounded, empirically
based and fully justified.
Hypothesis shall be deemed to have checked, have a certain
predictability, should be logically contradictory.
The need to develop a hypothesis is that, firstly, it is impossible to
study without having a whole (idea) and methods to achieve it, and
secondly, the solution prediction (hypothesis) provides insight into the
adequacy of the material that is available to the researcher, or its failure.
Knowledge of research methodology directs the researcher to the desired
amount of information that should be gathered during the investigation.
The process of hypothesis consists of several stages:
-consideration of their own ideas of the researcher and comparing
it with the studied material;
-processing literature on the topic of research;
-select one of the most likely or more alternative hypotheses;
-refinement, additions, improvements selected hypotheses in the
research.
3. Forms testing research
There are several types of journal articles; the exact terminology
and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:
Letters (also called "communications", and not to be confused with
"letters to the editor") are short descriptions of important current
research findings which are usually fast-tracked for immediate
publication because they are considered urgent.
41
Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings
which are considered less urgent or important than "Letters"
Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are
complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are
considerable variations between scientific fields and journals – 80-page
articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science.
Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is
the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages
with mostly numerical data. Some journals now only publish this data
electronically on the internet.
Review articles do not cover original research but rather
accumulate the results of many different "articles" on a particular topic
into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field. Examples
of reviews include the 'Nature Reviews' series of journals and the
'Trends in' series, which invite experts to write on their specialization
and then have the article peer reviewed before accepting the article for
publication. Other journals, such as the Current Opinion series, are less
rigorous in peer reviewing each article and instead rely on the author to
present an accurate and unbiased view. Review articles provide
information about the topic, and also provide journal references to the
original research.
The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general
IMRAD scheme recommended by the "International Committee of
Medical Journal Editors" (http://www.icmje.org/ ICMJE). Such articles
begin with an "abstract", which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of
the paper. The "introduction" describes the background for the research
42
including a discussion of similar research. The "materials and methods"
or "experimental" section provides specific details of how the research
was conducted. The "results and discussion" section describes the
outcome and implications of the research, and the "conclusion" section
places the research in context and describes avenues for further
exploration.
In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as "Science"
will include a news section where scientific developments (often
involving political issues) are described. These articles are often written
by science journalists and not by scientists. In addition some journals
will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor.
While these are articles published within a journal, they are not
generally regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not
been peer reviewed.
Thematic module 4. Methods complex of scientific research.
Plan of lecture № 4 (2 hours)
1. The concept and basic characteristics of the methods of scientific
research. Classification of methods of scientific research.
2. Methods of empirical research.
3. Methods of economic and statistical analysis.
4. Methods of scientific forecasting and planning.
43
The purpose of the lecture – the formation of knowledge about
the basic characteristics of the methods of scientific research, gaining
skills to justify the choice of the method of scientific research.
Keywords: Methods of empirical research. Methods of analysis
and processing of primary statistical information. Observations.
Questionnaires and surveys. "In-depth interview." Focus groups. Survey
and experiment. Measurement, calculation, comparison, synthesis,
simulation. Specific empirical methods: peer review, examination of
project documentation. Content, tools and features of the economic and
statistical analysis. Content types and technologies of scientific
forecasting. Typology and methods of scientific prediction. Planning a
function prediction.
1. The concept and basic characteristics of the methods of
scientific research. Classification of methods of scientific research
The study is the researcher selected methodology. In Greek
"methodology" means the study of the structure, methods and means of
action. The main purpose of the study methodology, research methods
and techniques by which acquired new knowledge in science.
Development of methodology of science associated with the
development of methods of scientific knowledge of reality.
In all fields of science and at all stages of research used the
dialectical method. This method determines how any scientific research.
It allows you to explore all phenomena in interrelation, interdependence
and the historical development.
44
Methods of scientific economic research is divided into two
groups: general scientific and special methods.
In general scientific research methods include the methods used in
some fields of science and at certain stages of research. They are divided
into empirical, theoretical, empirical and theoretical. This division of
general research methods associated with the existence of two levels of
knowledge of the world: empirical knowledge related to the sensual man
(because of sense perception, understanding), and theoretical, associated
with the theory of scientific knowledge (through the study of theoretical
achievements in various fields of science). Empirical knowledge
provides a basis for theoretical and vice versa. For example, the
formulation of certain theoretical generalizations (conclusions) first
required the collection of information, which is empirically. Then the
researcher, based on relevant data, with empirical, processes them
analytically and gives systematic results as a theory.
2. Methods of empirical research
By
empirical
methods
of
research
include:
observation,
comparison, measurement, experiment.
Monitoring - a systematic and purposeful perception of the object
in which the researcher does not intervene in the behavior of the object,
but only captures its properties.
Comparison is establishing similarities or differences of objects
and properties, that is how to use the senses, and using special devices.
When measuring understood definition of a numerical value of
some quantity by units by comparing it with the standard. Experiment
45
find the object study, based on the active purposeful impact on an
artificially created conditions researcher. The experiment can be carried
out to identify new properties of the object (research experiment)
validation of theoretical positions (screening experiment) demonstration
effects (demonstration or illustrative experiment).
In empirical and theoretical methods include: abstraction, analysis
and synthesis, induction and deduction, modeling historical approach,
logical approach.
During abstraction understand immaterial deviation views,
properties, relations and relations of real objects and, simultaneously, the
selection of one of several parties. There are two kinds of abstraction:
identifying, isolating, konstruktion.
Analysis and synthesis – an integrated research method based on
sequential partition of the object to elements or properties (analysis) and
connect its individual parts into a coherent whole (synthesis).
Induction and deduction guiding the process of knowledge
particular to the general (induction) and from general to specific
(deduction).
Modeling – the process of studying the object through the device
(model elements) to simulate its behavior, with the transfer of
knowledge from the original model. Modeling is physical, graphical,
analog, economic-mathematical, computer, etc.
The historical and logical approaches used to study the complex
history of economic object or phenomenon and essentially allocation of
the historical development of the object or phenomenon.
46
By theoretical methods of research include generalizing methods
(ascent from the abstract to the concrete, idealization, formalization,
axiomatic method) and partial methods (definition, description,
interpretation).
The ascent from the abstract to the concrete – a method of learning
to move from abstract ideas concrete object definitions derived from its
dismemberment and the description by means of concepts to a specific
holistic knowledge about the object. The theory that describes the
activities of the company in general, can be understood as an abstract
idea of the object – the company, and calculations of quantitative and
qualitative performance of certain specific companies understand how
specific. For assessment and analysis of a particular company should be
based on theoretical knowledge, which is an abstract description of
objective reality. Application of this method lies in comparing the theory
as an abstract description and practice as a specific description of the
object under study and formulation of the resulting conclusions.
Idealization – a kind abstracted activities associated with the
formation and study of ideal objects vested unreal, nonexistent
properties.
Formalization – the method of studying the economic process by
displaying the content and structure in the sign form. For example, labor
productivity is defined as:
47
where ПП – labor productivity per employee, thous.hrn / person.,
ОД – total volume of business, thous.hrn, г – average number of
employees, people.
3. Methods of economic and statistical analysis
Axiomatic method involves the selection of knowledge on certain
logical rules based on a number of statements that are accepted without
proof. It is most common in the mathematical sciences.
The term understand language features object research, specific
ways to search.
Description is fixing the results of research based on a system of
definitions.
With the interpretation of formalized system in line given the
content of the theory.
All special research methods that are used in specific economies
(economic trade, economy, industry, economy, industries, etc.). Divided
into separate groups. This division is made in accordance with stages of
economic research.
There are special methods of the following groups: methods of
data collection, methods of data processing, methods of analytical work,
methods of calculations and planning studies, methods of forecasting.
The methods of collecting information include direct observation,
interviews, photography, timing.
Direct observation – a method of collecting the information
required by the test subjects phenomena or processes. The most common
species in its economic research is statistical and accounting supervision.
48
A statistical observation is gathering primary information on business
processes, because of accounting – the registration of the documents.
The study of individual aspects of objects and processes that are
not reflected in statements made by full-scale surveys.
Survey as a method of data collection involves its collection by
registering indices of persons opytuyutsya. Information received in the
survey,
divided
by
socio-economic,
commodity,
social
and
psychological. Depending on the nature of media polls are
questionnaires and survey interviews. The shape of the eye and part-time
classified polls. For a frequency of - single, periodic, and panel (repeated
surveys of the same group).
Methods used in photographic studies of economic processes in
production are divided into the following varieties: Photo of the day,
time of photography equipment, photography production process route
self-photograph. Separately identify this method as timing. These
methods are used to gather information about the level of efficiency of
work at the facility. Such information makes it possible to explore
opportunities to influence change of standard time, the level of
productivity, overall efficiency of labor and material resources.
The methods include grouping of data processing, calculation of
the relative and average values, parameters of variation, design tables,
graphical method, the construction of time series and calculation of
indices.
Group - a method of dissection of collected data into homogeneous
groups on significant features. It may be typological, structural,
analytical, ranking.
49
In the process of economic research to compare certain economic
phenomena and processes using the following relative values: structure,
dynamics, performance of routine tasks, compliance, comparison,
coordination intensity.
Relative size of the structure – the ratio of part and whole. They
characterize the composition of the population and are expressed as the
share or interest. For example, the relative magnitude of the share
turnover of food products in total turnover for the period is defined as:
where ПВ – share of turnover of food products in total turnover,
%; ТОпрод.тов. – total turnover of food products, thous.hrn;
ТО – total turnover, thous.hrn.
Relative size speakers are used to measure the intensity of growth
and calculated the ratio of the phenomenon being studied, this reporting
and base periods.
By comparing actual and planned values of calculated relative
amount of routine tasks.
Averages can in the research show typical level features common
to all elements of the population. They characterize the typical level of
varying characteristics.
The average value can reflect a fact that in common characteristic
that unites all mass elements, that is a statistical aggregate. Using
averages can make a comparative analysis of several populations, to
characterize the patterns of economic phenomena and processes. There
50
are several types of averages: arithmetic mean, geometric mean, mean
square, average harmonic, the average chronological, the average
structure (mode and median). The choice of medium is based on what is
the total volume of varying characteristics.
Performance variation in economic studies to determine the
installation tightness connection rate changes and changes in factors that
influences it. they expect in the case where this connection accidental,
ie, stochastic, non-functional. Variation of any signs mean diversity
index values given in combination. To measure and assess variation
using the following parameters: the range of variation (difference
between highest and lowest attribute value), standard deviation,
coefficient of variation, variance.
For systematic presentation obtained in the research of absolute,
relative and average values used development of analytical tables. They
are simple, complex and combined. Analytical table is a common
method of information processing in economic research.
Graphic representation of economic data by using the geometric
plane data points, lines, planes, shapes and combinations thereof. As a
general purpose graphics divided into analytical, illustrative and
informative. For functional and purposeful distinguished graphic
groupings, series distribution, time series charts, graphs and charts
comparing the relationship, by type of field – statistical charts and maps,
in the form of graphic image - dot, line, plane, spatial and figurative.
Index – a comparison of the relative magnitude of complex
statistical populations and their individual units. There are individual
and general indexes. Individual codes reflect the change in individual
51
units studied population and the general – generalized the results change
all items in the study of complex population.
The methods of analytical work includes comparison method, the
method of elimination, the method of balance due, correlation-regression
methods.
The method of comparison is the most common and applicable to
economic analysis. Using this method it is important to identify and
benchmark index, which compares the (estimated). The results of the
comparison is the performance of the plan, dynamics, structure, absolute
deviations. In making analytical calculations it is important to determine
the causes of their difference. For this economic research using factor
analysis. Factor analysis involves the application of methods of
elimination.
Elimination – is abstracting from the effects of a particular group
of factors and concomitant selection calculations of other groups of
factors. For example, the study of changes in trade by the absolute
difference, consider the impact on him of such factors as the number of
employees and labor productivity per employee, and abstracted from the
influence all other factors on change in turnover:
АТО = ТОх-ТО0 АТО(г) = Аг-Во АТО(В) = АВ(r)
where АТО – change in turnover for the period;
ТОx, TO0 – turnover of under reporting and the base period;
АТО(г) – change of turnover under the influence of changes in the
number of employees;
Аг – change the number of employees;
52
Во – productivity per worker in the base period;
АТО(В)- change of turnover under the influence of changes in
labor productivity;
АВ – change in labor productivity;
г – number of employees during the reporting period.
Balance method of communication used in the case between the
studied parameters are balance relations. For example, retail trade
turnover indices carrying interrelated, their relationship is portrayed as
an expression:
Zp + H = S + HCC,
where Zp, HCC – inventory at the beginning and end of period;
N – receipt of goods;
S – sale of goods.
Methods of correlation and regression analysis used to determine
the relationship between the density of the phenomenon.
The methods of calculations and planning studies include the
balance sheet method, technical and economic calculations, the method
variant approximations, and software-based methods.
Use balance method and the method of technical and economic
calculations in planning appropriate when dealing with planning
resources. For example, the balance sheet method is used in planning the
use of labor resources (the balance of the labor potential of the region,
balance training company, the balance of labor). Widespread use of this
method and the planning of commercial and trade activities.
53
Method feasibility calculations associated with the use of the
planning of technical properties of a process. Thus, this method is used
for planning inventories in the trading activity of individual product
groups.
Methods variant approximations, and software-oriented method is
used in planning the operation of complex economic systems, which
have characteristic many-faktores.
4. Methods of scientific forecasting and planning
By forecasting methods include the method of expert estimations,
the method of extrapolation methods of economic-mathematical
modeling.
The method of expert evaluations based on the formalization of the
empirical methods of finding the optimal conditions of the economic
system that uses human experience and intuition. For prediction of
multivariate statistical aggregates used method of extrapolation
correlation methods, regression, spectral, component and factor analysis.
Methods of economic-mathematical modeling as applied in the
planning of economic activity and its prediction. They are the basis of
mathematical methods used in the economy. In general, the essence of
these methods is to formalize and modeling of complex economic
processes using mathematical tools and logic.
Based on the selection of methods for individual stages of research
the general method of investigation – a set of methods and techniques
necessary for its implementation.
54
Thematic module 5. Information support of scientific research.
Plan of lecture
1. The concept, functions and sources of scientific information.
2. Search, selection, storage and processing of scientific information.
3. Information resources, technology and mathematical methods in
scientific research.
The purpose of the lecture – the formation of knowledge about
scientific information, its functions, gaining skills to create a
information support of scientific research.
Keywords: concept of scientific information. Functions of
scientific information. Approaches and principles of information support
of scientific research. Characterization and classification of scientific
sources. Search, selection and accumulation of scientific information.
Processing of scientific literature. Plagiarism and incorrect use of
scientific literature. Scientific discussion in scientific research.
Formation of research innovation. Processing results of statistical
observations. Formation of statistical tables.
1. The concept, functions and sources of scientific information
At the present stage of development of market relations, when the
rate of accumulation and transfer of information increases, there were
contradictions between the production of information and opportunities
of consumption, processing and use. Looking for relevant methods
targeting researchers in the most efficient search and use of appropriate
information materials. The word "information" is translated from the
55
Latin meaning clarification. Explanation – This is information about the
environment, the processes undertaken in it, the events and the state that
are perceived by people who run machines and systems. This is one of
the general concepts of science, which means that certain information,
some set of data, knowledge, detailed, systematic supply of a selected
material, but without any analysis.
Scientific information – is the logical information that we collect in
cognition, adequately reflects the principles of the objective world and
used in social and historical practice. The main features of scientific
information:
- It is obtained in the process of learning the laws of objective
reality, the foundation of practice, and served in an appropriate form;
- Is documented or publicly disclosed information about domestic
and foreign achievements in science, engineering, production, obtained
in the process of research, experimental design, production and social
activities.
The main sources of scientific and technical information can be
grouped as follows:
1. The monographs – a scholarly work devoted to the deep
presentation in a specific, usually narrow the field of science. This
scientific work of one or more authors. It has a large enough volume: not
less than 50 pages of typewritten text. This is a scientific publication that
contains the full and comprehensive investigation of any problems or
issues.
2. The collection – a publication which consists of separate works
by different authors, devoted to one direction, but with its various
56
branches. The proceedings are published complete works on the
recommendation of their use.
3. Periodicals – a magazine, newsletters and other publications in
various fields of science and technology. In the periodicals are printed in
their work and results. The presentation material is held in a popular,
accessible form.
4. Special issues of technical issues – it documents the information,
advertising plan, analysis, statistics on the problem.
5. Patent publication (patent bulletin).
6. Standards – a regulatory and technical documents on uniform
requirements
for
products,
their
development,
production
and
application.
7. Reference Books – this tutorial, tutorials, educational and
methodical literature.
8. Published documents – it theses, reports on research work,
individual work. It documents for students, are engaged in research
work: planning, reporting documents, statistics and published reports,
teaching and instruction materials.
9. Research and Information – a set of actions aimed at meeting the
needs of citizens, legal persons and state that lies in its collection,
analytical and synthetic processing, recording, storing, retrieving and
distributing.
10. Information resources of scientific and technical information a systematic collection of scientific and technical literature and
documentation, recorded on paper and other media.
57
11. Call Fund – a set of ordered primary documents and reference
and search tools designed to meet information needs.
12. Reference Guide – a collection of ordered secondary
documents created to search for sources;
13. Information resources shared – a collection of information
resources of the state scientific and technical information (library,
company or organization);
14. Analytical and statistical processing of scientific and practical
information;
15. Information market – a system of economic, organizational and
legal relations of the sale and purchase of information resources,
technologies, products and services.
Law of Ukraine "On information" identifies the key principles of
informational relations:
- Guaranteed right to information;
- Availability of information and freedom of exchanges;
- Objective and authentic information;
- Completeness and accuracy of information;
- The legality of receiving, using, distributing and storing
information.
The right to information are all citizens of Ukraine, legal entities
and public bodies. In order to meet the information needs, state and local
authorities provide information services, systems, networks, databases
and data banks. To speed up the selection of relevant information and
improving the efficiency of labor in the Ukraine, a nation-wide service
of scientific and technical information (STI). It includes industry-
58
specific information centers - National Institute of STI in research
institutes, information centers, departments of STI in research institutes,
design bureaus in the business.
During the research found such a thing as industry information.
This set of documented or publicly announced information about
relatively independent spheres of life and activity.
There are fields of information:
- Political;
- Spiritual;
- Science and Technology;
- Social;
- Economic;
- International.
Strong knowledge of terms and their nature and industry
information allows scientific researcher quickly find them, process,
summarize and effectively used to perform tasks.
The value and role of information in that, firstly, without it can not
be done this or that scientific research, and secondly, the information
gets old very quickly and need constant renovation materials. According
to foreign sources of information intensity of aging is more than 10%
per day for newspapers, 10% a month for magazines, 10% a year for
books and monographs. In addition, information for the researcher is the
subject and the result of his work. Pondering and working out the
required information, the investigator shall issue a specific product: qualitatively new information. It is estimated that about 50% of the time
a researcher spends looking for information. So very responsible stage
59
of research is the ability to quickly find and work out the necessary
information on the topic of study.
Printed sources of information used in the research presented in the
form of production printing books, brochures, booklets, etc.
Books – non-periodical printed multi volume works more than 48
s. printing press. Works printed volume from 5 to 48 s. find a brochure.
Computerization of information activities contributed to the creation of
electronic books that are widely used in scientific research and training
process and higher education.
Advertisement – artistically designed and published by means of
printing products that promote the best product samples, products for the
market.
In the album format is legal and the documentation (technology,
design, etc.). Advertising, catalogs.
Typewriter documents – storage media that have not been editing
and publishing process and not issued by means of printing (scientific
and technical reports, documents, business records, theses, etc.).
In research and information sharing documents accepted scientific and
technical information into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary
documents are mostly new scientific and technical information resulting from
research activities, design and practice (documents reflecting business
transactions), or a new interpretation of known ideas and facts. These include
most of the books (except reference books), periodicals, scientific and
technical reports, theses, manuscripts, etc. deposited.
Secondary documents are the result of worked-on-search one or
more source documents. In secondary documents include bibliographic
60
descriptions, abstracts, essays, reviews, reference and information
edition, translation, library catalogs, bibliographies and card indexes. In
addition, secondary documents include ledgers economic activity of
enterprises and entrepreneurs drawn on the basis of source
documentation.
2. Search, selection, storage and processing of scientific
information
Thus, the documentary sources of information are the most reliable
carriers, because they are widely used in scientific research in
economics. The study of literature helps the researcher to present the
significance of the chosen research topic, define the fundamental
theoretical and methodological principles of its implementation.
Methods of work on literary sources include bibliographic search
of literature on the topic of research, study it, fixing the initial data and
their use in research to produce new knowledge.
A key step in conducting research is the process of gathering and
selecting information. Its organization includes:
- Definition of issues will be studied;
- Chronological limits search of relevant literature;
- Selection of information sources (books, articles, etc.);
- Selection of literature (all on the subject or individual materials);
- Participate in the seminars, conferences;
- Personal contact with specialists;
- The study of archival documents, reports;
- Search for information in the Internet.
61
Background information can be found in the general and special
encyclopedias and lists of literature that applied to the content and
scientific papers relating to the subject. In this case information search
conducted in the anti-chronological order - from later sources to earlier.
Information access is an area of research at the intersection of
informatics, Information Science, Information Security, Language
Technology, Computer Science, and library science.
The objectives of information access research are to automate the
processing of large and unwieldy amounts of information and to
simplify users' access to it.
Applicable technologies include information retrieval, text mining,
machine translation, and text categorisation.
Information architecture (IA) is the art and science of organizing
and labelling websites, intranets, online communities and software to
support usability. It is an emerging discipline and community of practice
focused on bringing together principles of design and architecture to the
digital landscape. Typically it involves a model or concept of
information which is used and applied to activities that require explicit
details of complex information systems. These activities include library
systems and database development.
Information management (IM) is the collection and management of
information from one or more sources and the distribution of that
information to one or more audiences. This sometimes involves those
who have a stake in, or a right to that information. Management means
the organization of and control over the structure, processing and
delivery of information. Throughout the 1970s this was largely limited
62
to files, file maintenance, and the life cycle management of paper-based
files, other media and records. With the proliferation of information
technology starting in the 1970s, the job of information management
took on a new light, and also began to include the field of data
maintenance.
Information retrieval (IR) is the area of study concerned with
searching for documents, for information within documents, and for
metadata about documents, as well as that of searching structured
storage, relational databases, and the World Wide Web. Automated
information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called
"information overload". Many universities and public libraries use IR
systems to provide access to books, journals and other documents. Web
search engines are the most visible IR applications.
An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query
into the system. Queries are formal statements of information needs, for
example search strings in web search engines. In information retrieval a
query does not uniquely identify a single object in the collection.
Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different
degrees of relevancy.
An object is an entity that is represented by information in a
database. User queries are matched against the database information.
Depending on the application the data objects may be, for example, text
documents, images, audio, mind maps or videos. Often the documents
themselves are not kept or stored directly in the IR system, but are
instead represented in the system by document surrogates or metadata.
Most IR systems compute a numeric score on how well each object
63
in the database match the query, and rank the objects according to this
value. The top ranking objects are then shown to the user. The process
may then be iterated if the user wishes to refine the query.
Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to
obtain information in both human and technological contexts.
Information seeking is related to, but different from, information
retrieval (IR).
Much library and information science (LIS) research has focused
on the information-seeking practices of practitioners within various
fields of professional work. Studies have been carried out into the
information-seeking behaviors of librarians, academics, medical
professionals, engineers and lawyers (among others). Much of this
research has drawn on the work done by Leckie, Pettigrew (now Fisher)
and Sylvain, who in 1996 conducted an extensive review of the LIS
literature (as well as the literature of other academic fields) on
professionals' information seeking. The authors proposed an analytic
model of professionals' information seeking behaviour, intended to be
generalizable across the professions, thus providing a platform for future
research in the area. The model was intended to "prompt new insights...
and give rise to more refined and applicable theories of information
seeking" (1996, p. 188). The model has been adapted by Wilkinson
(2001) who proposes a model of the information seeking of lawyers.
An information society is a society where the creation, distribution,
diffusion, use, integration and manipulation of information is a
significant economic, political, and cultural activity. The aim of an
information society is to gain competitive advantage internationally,
64
through using IT in a creative and productive way. The knowledge
economy is its economic counterpart, whereby wealth is created through
the economic exploitation of understanding. People who have the means
to partake in this form of society are sometimes called digital citizens.
Basically, an information society is the means of getting
information from one place to another (Wark, 1997, p. 22). As
technology has become more advanced over time so too has the way we
have adapted in sharing this information with each other.
Information society theory discusses the role of information and
information technology in society, the question which key concepts shall
be used for characterizing contemporary society, and how to define such
concepts. It has become a specific branch of contemporary sociology.
3. Information resources, technology and mathematical methods
in scientific research
Information search – a set of activities designed to search
documents required for the study.
Search can be handheld, carried out by the bibliographic cards,
card files, directories, etc., mechanical and automated.
Traditionally, information provision carried libraries, and basic
tool that provided access to information resources, bibliography was.
The basis of the bibliographic information retrieval - library catalogs,
which are the main and auxiliary. The basic description of the catalogs
of literature carried out by disciplines (systematic catalogs) and
alphabetical (surnames or titles). Auxiliary catalogs - a directory of
periodicals, filing papers and reviews.
65
Very helpful for searching the literature provides a retrospective
bibliography. This thematic indexes and reviews, catalogs, pras-mail
publishers. Main their purpose – to disseminate bibliographic
information about published papers on time in the past. The main
institutions and organizations of Ukraine, which carry a centralized
collection and processing of information on published documents
include: Book Chamber of Ukraine, Ukrainian Institute of Scientific,
Technical and Economic Information (UkrUNTEU), National Library of
Ukraine. Vernadsky and other library and information institutions of
national and regional levels.
As for finding information on the World Wide Internet, then there
are some recommendations:
1) in all systems using the method keyword. Forming a query should
be avoided as common and specialized words. The best option - a usage
specific to a given subject phrases that most accurately reflect the issues;
2) a search should be the most famous and powerful search engine;
3) for a detailed search using specific thematic or regional search
engines (if unknown, can be found using the keyword);
4) recommended methods of gradual refinement of the search, that
should start with basic queries in simple search mode, then refine the
query, switch to the Advanced Search.
5) at most sites, links to related information resources. Use them
often this is the most effective way.
The results of the study of literature on the research topic are made
in the form of thematic reviews, essays, which describes the essence of
the most important scientific principles, are the main concepts
66
(shrinkage and difference) are grouped little developed, vague,
discussion and not studied the situation. It is important to find out what's
new, original author introduces each post, put his attitude to his concept
and determine the possibility of using it in his study.
Extracts, quotations, digital indicators should be linked: author,
title work, publisher, year and place of publication, pages. Before
commencing work on the source to the top of the sheet lead his
bibliographic description, specify part plan research themes, which
applies to bank and then spend abstracting literature.
Referative source must accurately convey its meaning. Depending
on what role for the source of the executable in the study is very
important information may be submitted in the form of quotes. Teaching
should be concise, accurate, without superfluous words and subjective
assessments. Do not abbreviate words, use abbreviations that will be
incomprehensible to other participants in the study.
While working on the sources have their own conclusions,
evaluation, synthesis, prediction to use the information they need to
record and highlight the text labels on the field in square brackets with
the words (pay attention) or a different color. In economic studies used
digital indicators of economic phenomena, resulted in published
literature (statistical compilations, reviews, statistics issued by the
authorities). Digital data should be checked by the official publications
the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. They are used as separate
links or method groupings in tables, graphs on the picture, schemes in
accordance with the methodology adopted in the economic statistics.
67
REFERENCES
The main educational literature
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Київський національний торговельно-економічний університет,
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Additional educational and scientific literature
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7.
Богданова
И.
Н.
Основы
организации
научно-
исследовательской работы в области прикладной экономики : Учеб.
пособие / И. Н. Богданова. – М . : МГГУ. - 1999. – 117 с.
8.
Ганін
В.
І.
Методологія
соціально-економічного
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дом "Дашков и К", 2004. – 428 с.
11. Макогон Ю. В. Основи наукових досліджень в економіці :
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Legislative Resources
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бюджету : Постанова Кабінету Міністрів України // Збірник
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виробництво.
Правила
виконання
науково-дослідних
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