ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol.2, Special Issue 1, March 2014
Proceedings of International Conference On Global Innovations In Computing Technology (ICGICT’14)
Organized by
Department of CSE, JayShriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India on 6th & 7th March 2014
Artificial Intelligence
(Biologically inspired intelligent robots using
artificial muscles)
B.Nandadeepa1
Department of Computer Application, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur- 635 109, Tamilnadu, India1
ABSTRACT: Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines finds solutions to complex
problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and
applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken
depending on the requirements established, which influences how artificial the intelligent behavior appears.
Humans throughout history have always sought to mimic the appearance, mobility, functionality, intelligent
operation, and thinking process of biological creatures. This field of biologically inspired technology, having the moniker
biometrics, has evolved from making static copies of human and animals in the form of statues to the emergence of robots
that operate with realistic appearance and behavior. This paper covers the current state-of-the-art and challenges to making
biomimetic robots using artificial muscles.
KEYWORDS: EAP, artificial muscles, artificial intelligence, biometrics
I.
INTRODUCTION
AI is generally associated with Computer Science, but it has many important links with other fields such as
Math’s, Psychology, Cognition, Biology and Philosophy, among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all
these fields will ultimately benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being.
WHY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
MOTIVATION...
Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, using fixed programmed rules.
This allows artificial machines to perform simple monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill-suited to.
For more complex problems, things get more difficult... Unlike humans, computers have trouble understanding specific
situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling such
complex tasks.
WHEN WILL COMPUTERS BECOME TRULY INTELLIGENT?
LIMITATIONS...
To date, all the traits of human intelligence have not been captured and applied together to spawn an intelligent
artificial creature. Currently, Artificial Intelligence rather seems to focus on lucrative domain specific applications, which
do not necessarily require the full extent of AI capabilities. Researchers know this limit of machine intelligence as narrow
intelligence. There is little doubt among the community that artificial machines will be capable of intelligent thought in the
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ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol.2, Special Issue 1, March 2014
Proceedings of International Conference On Global Innovations In Computing Technology (ICGICT’14)
Organized by
Department of CSE, JayShriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India on 6th & 7th March 2014
near future. It's just a question of what and when. The machines may be pure silicon, quantum computers or hybrid
combinations of manufactured components and neural tissue. As for the date, expect great things to happen within this
century!
HOD DOES ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WORK?
TECHNOLOGY...
There are many different approaches to Artificial Intelligence, none of which are either completely right or wrong.
Some are obviously more suited than others in some cases, but any working alternative can be defended. Over the years,
trends have emerged based on the state of mind of influential researchers, funding opportunities as well as available
computer hardware.
Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving specific problems. Numerous solutions have
been devised and improved to do so efficiently and reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split
into many branches, ranging from Pattern Recognition to Artificial Life, including Evolutionary Computation and Planning.
ARTIFICIAL LIFE THROUGH ROBOTICS:
LAW OF ROBOTICS:
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first or second law.
Robotics has been an evolution of the field of automation where there was a desire to emulate biologically inspired
characteristics of manipulation and mobility. In recent years, significant advances have been made in robotics, artificial
intelligence and others fields allowing to make sophisticate biologically inspired robots [Bar-Cohen and Brea zeal]. Using
these advances, scientists and engineers are increasingly reverse engineering many animals' performance characteristics.
Biologically inspired robotics is a subset of the interdisciplinary field of biomimetic. Sciences led to the emergence of
artificial muscles using Electro active Polymer (EAP) materials that show functional characteristics remarkably similar to
biological muscles.
Muscles are the key to the mobility and manipulation capability of biological creatures and when creating
biomimetic it is essential to create actuators that emulate muscles. The potential to make such actuators is increasingly
becoming feasible with the emergence of the electro active polymers (EAP), which are also known as artificial muscles
[Bar-Cohen, 2001]. These materials have functional similarities to biological muscles, including resilience, damage
tolerance, and large actuation strains. Moreover, these materials can be used to make mechanical devices with no traditional
components like gears, and bearings, which are responsible to their high costs, weight and premature failures. The large
displacement that can be obtained with EAP using low mass, low power and, in some of these materials also low voltage,
makes them attractive actuators. The capability of EAPs to emulate muscles offers robotic capabilities that have been in the
realm of science fiction when relying on existing actuators.
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916
ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol.2, Special Issue 1, March 2014
Proceedings of International Conference On Global Innovations In Computing Technology (ICGICT’14)
Organized by
Department of CSE, JayShriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India on 6th & 7th March 2014
FIGURE 1: A graphic illustration of the grand challenge for the development of EAP actuated robotics – an arm wrestling
match against human.
Unfortunately, the EAP materials that have been developed so far are still exhibiting low conversion efficiency,
are not robust, and there are no standard commercial materials available for consideration in practical applications. In order
to be able to take these materials from the development phase to application as effective actuators, there is a need for an
established infrastructure. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop comprehensive understanding of EAP materials'
behavior, as well as effective processing, shaping and characterization techniques. The technology of artificial muscles is
still in its emerging stages but the increased resources, the growing number of investigators conducting research related to
EAP, and the improved collaboration among developers, users, and sponsors are leading to a rapid progress.
The Responsibility of AI Research and Development the question that concerns many in regards to the
development of machines capable of intelligence comparable to that of a human being, is that of consequences of creating
servants capable of becoming masters. This is a question in itself containing many more: How much power will these
machines - (robots, as many like to think of them) have? Who is going to control them? What are they going to be used for?
What responsibilities will they carry? These are just a few of the questions, which are on the minds of many who ever
stopped to think what AI is about.
Robots, which could build other robots, tried to protect humans from everything until people could not do
anything by themselves. They became totally dependent on the machines. The creator of these robots could not destroy
them because they would keep him away from doing so. After all how could they protect people after they would be
destroyed? How much responsibility and authority should these machines have? This question becomes even more
important when one considers a fact that one of the biggest supporters of AI research is military. One of the reasons is that
in "...a nuclear age, a new generation of very intelligent computers incorporating AI could actually defend the country
better, faster, and more rationally than humans."4 Even if this is true we do not think that a machine should handle the
responsibility for the fate of human civilization, no matter how intelligent it is.
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917
ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol.2, Special Issue 1, March 2014
Proceedings of International Conference On Global Innovations In Computing Technology (ICGICT’14)
Organized by
Department of CSE, JayShriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India on 6th & 7th March 2014
BIOMETRIC ROBOTS USINGEAP
Mimicking nature would significantly expand the functionality of robots allowing performance of tasks that are
currently impossible. As technology evolves, great number of biologically inspired robots actuated by EAP materials
emulating biological creatures is expected to emerge. The challenges to making such robots can be seen graphically in
Figure 2 where humanlike and dog-like robots are shown to hop and express joy. Both tasks are easy for humans and dogs
to do but are extremely complex to perform by existing robots.
FIGURE 2: Making a joyfully hopping human-like and dog-like robots actuated by EAP materials are great challenges for
biomimetic robots
FIGURE 3: An android head and a robotic hand that are serving as biomimetic platforms for the development of artificial
muscles.
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918
ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol.2, Special Issue 1, March 2014
Proceedings of International Conference On Global Innovations In Computing Technology (ICGICT’14)
Organized by
Department of CSE, JayShriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India on 6th & 7th March 2014
REMOTE PRESENCE VIA HAPTIC INTERFACES:
Remotely operated robots and simulators that involve virtual reality and the ability to “feel” remote or virtual
environment are highly attractive and offer unmatched capabilities [Chapter 4 in Bar-Cohen and Brea zeal, 2003]. To
address this need, the engineering community are developing haptic (tactile and force) feedback systems that are allowing
users to immerse themselves in the display medium while being connected thru haptic and tactile interfaces to allow them
to perform and “feel" at the level of their fingers and toes. Recently, the potential of making such a capability with high
resolution and small workspace was enabled with the novel MEMICA system (Mechanical Mirroring using Controlled
stiffness and Actuators) For this purpose, scientist at JPL and Rutgers University used an EAP liquid, called ElectroRheological Fluid (ERF), which becomes viscous under electro-activation. Taking advantage of this property, they
designed miniature Electrically Controlled Stiffness (ECS) elements and actuators. Using this system, the feeling of the
stiffness and forces applied at remote or virtual environments will be reflected to the users via proportional changes in ERF
viscosity.
BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED ROBOTS:
The evolution in capabilities that are inspired by biology has increased to a level where more sophisticated and
demanding fields, such as space science, are considering the use of such robots. At JPL, a six-legged robot is currently
being developed for consideration in future missions to such planets as Mars. Such robots include the LEMUR (Limbed
Excursion Mobile Utility Robot). This type of robot would potentially perform mobility in complex terrains, sample
acquisition and analysis, and many other functions that are attributed to legged animals including grasping and object
manipulation. This evolution may potentially lead to the use of life-like robots in future NASA missions that involve
landing on various planets including Mars.
The details of such future missions will be designed as a plot, commonly used in entertainment shows rather than
conventional mission plans of a rover moving in a terrain and performing simple autonomous tasks. Equipped with
multifunctional tools and multiple cameras, the LEMUR robots are intended to inspect and maintain installations beyond
humanity's easy reach in space with the ability to operate in harsh planetary environments that are hazardous to human.
This spider looking robot has 6 legs, each of which has interchangeable end-effectors to perform the required mission (see
Figure 4). The axis symmetric layout is a lot like a starfish or octopus, and it has a panning camera system that allows
Omni-directional movement and manipulation operations.
FIGURE 4: A new class of multi-limbed robots called LEMUR (Limbed Excursion Mobile Utility Robot) is under
development at JPL
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919
ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol.2, Special Issue 1, March 2014
Proceedings of International Conference On Global Innovations In Computing Technology (ICGICT’14)
Organized by
Department of CSE, JayShriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India on 6th & 7th March 2014
ROBOTS AS PART OF THE HUMAN SOCIETY:
As robots are getting the appearance and functionalities of humans and animals there is a growing need to make
them interact and communicate as a sociable partner rather than a tool. This trend is requiring that robots would be able to
communicate, cooperate, and learn from people in familiar human-oriented terms. Such a capability poses new challenges
and motivates new domestic, entertainment, educational, and health related applications for robots that play a part in our
daily lives. It requires obeying a wide range of social rules and learned behaviors that guide the interactions with, and
attitudes toward, interactive technologies. Such robots are increasingly emerging and one example of such a robot is the
Kismet that was developed by Brea zeal [2002]. Kismet perceives a variety of natural social cues from visual and auditory
channels, and delivers social signals to people through gaze direction, facial expression, body posture, and vocalizations.
Natural language processing will provide important services for people who speak different languages. If a
computer is able to understand natural languages, it will also be able to translate from one language to another. The
"universal translator" widely used Star Trek may actually become a reality! This, of course, also includes voice recognition,
or speech recognition.
One of the big problems of humankind is that people start thinking only after they get into trouble. People like to
invent new things but most of the time they never stop to think about consequences of their inventions. We think that now
is the time to raise the question about Artificial Intelligence: "Should we do it?” As we have already mentioned, there are a
lot of ethical and moral problems which could arise with the future development of Artificial Intelligence. Even though
there are a lot of advantages of using Artificial Intelligence in the future, there are still big obstacles which should make us
hesitant to develop or use robots in our lives.
FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
SHOULD WE DO IT?
What kind of developments should we expect in the area of Artificial Intelligence? Judging from the research
topics that we have today, we might predict that in the near future things such as object recognition, voice recognition, and
natural language understanding will be a reality. Will there be systems so advanced that they have to be given rights similar
to those of humans? Probably not in foreseeable futurebut maybe in a little more than half a century, if the humanity
survives that long, such machines may very well develop.
WHAT KIND OF ADVANTAGES WOULD FUTURE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS OFFER?
They will probably be increasingly used in the field of medicine. Knowledge based expert system, which can
cross-reference symptoms and diseases will greatly improve the accuracy of diagnostics. Object recognition will also be a
great aid to doctors. Along with images from cats cans or X-ray machines, they will be able to get preliminary analysis of
those images. This of course will be possible only if people solve legal questions that arise by giving power to a machine to
control or influence the health of a human.
The most difficult question arises when we start to think about long term goals. Do we want to build a computer
which will be like us? If we do, what do we need them for? What will these human-computers do for humanity? Nobody
has an answer to these questions and we can only speculate about the consequences. What is even more important, scientist
will not stop to try to achieve more and more every year. We will just have to live and see what the future of Artificial
Intelligence and the future of Human existence will be like.
 Idea of Artificial Intelligence is being replaced by artificial life or anything with a form or body.
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ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
ISSN (Print): 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol.2, Special Issue 1, March 2014
Proceedings of International Conference On Global Innovations In Computing Technology (ICGICT’14)
Organized by
Department of CSE, JayShriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India on 6th & 7th March 2014

The consensus among scientists is that a requirement for life is that it has an embodiment in some physical form,
but this will change program, may not fit this requirement for life yet.
APPLICATIONS:
The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. They stretch from the military for autonomous
control and target identification, to the entertainment industry for computer games and robotic pets. Let’s also not forget big
establishments dealing with huge amounts of information such as hospitals, banks and insurances, who can use AI to
predict customer behavior and detect trends.
DISADVANTAGES:






Potential for malevolent programs, “cold war” between two countries, unforeseen impacts because it is complex
technology, environmental consequences will most likely is minimal.
Self-modifying, when combined with self-replicating, can lead to dangerous, unexpected results, such as a new
and frequently mutating computer virus.
As computers get faster and more numerous, the possibility of randomly creating an artificial intelligence becomes
real.
Military robots may make it possible for a country to indiscriminately attack less-advanced countries with few, if
any, human casualties.
Rapid advances in AI could mean massive structural unemployment
AI utilizing non-transparent learning (i.e. neural networks) is never completely predictable.
CONCLUSION
When programs that appear to demonstrate sentience appear (intelligence and awareness), a panel of scientists
could be assembled to determine if a particular program is sentient or not
If sentient, it will be given rights, so, in general, companies will try to avoid developing sentient AI since they
would not be able to indiscriminately exploit it.
Software companies should be made legally responsible for failings of software that result in damage to third parties despite
good-faith attempts at control by the user.
AI and robotics have the potentially to truly revolutionize the economy by replacing labor with capital, allowing greater
production—it deserves a corresponding share of research funding.
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