SHORT REPORT ON THE PROJECT “ESTABLISHMENT OF A SWEDISH
CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR SUPPORT OF A SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL” (SWE-2004/086)
by
William Hogland1), Lennart Mathiasson2), Lennart Mårtensson3),
Sanjay Nath Khanal4) and Dinesh Raj Manandhar5)
July 2010
Linnaeus University,
Kalmar, Sweden
1)
The School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund
3)
Aquatic Biology and Chemistry Group, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad,
Sweden
4)
D epartment of Environmental Science and Engineering (DESE), School of Science,
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
5)
Development Network Pvt. Ltd, G.P.O. Box: 9492, Tebahal, Kathmandu, Nepal
2)
Popular Scientific Summary
The Swedish Center of Excellence in Nepal was established in 2005 with the aim of serving as a
resource base for Swedish researchers, teachers and companies that are interested in
environmental projects of high relevance for developing countries like Nepal and Swedish aid
organizations. The center developed a broad interdisciplinary working profile covering
technical-engineering fields, such as waste and water management, working environment,
analytical chemistry and biotechnology. The objective has also been to increase the competence
within the Laqua group, which is a research and teaching constellation connecting researchers
from Linnaeus University, Lund University and Kristianstad University, to learn more about
future basic conditions for improvement of life quality for those living in developing countries
with the main focus on waste and water management. The international conference “For a
Better Tomorrow: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries” was held in
Kathmandu, Nepal, 10-14 January 2006 in cooperation with IFS. Kalmar Eco-Tech 2007 was
held in Kalmar, 26-28 November 2008 (10 year anniversary of the conference) with the goal of
transferring the knowledge gathered in Sida Asian Regional Research Programme on
Environmental Technology (ARRPET) headed by Asian Institute of Technology during seven
years in the research areas of air pollution, waste water management, waste management,
hazardous waste, to the Kalmar Eco-Tech participants, particularly student working for the
centre. Two PhD-courses were offered: (a) International Environmental Engineering Sciences
for PhD studies on Eco-Cyclic Systems Part 1: Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment in
Nepal, 16-24 October, 2008 and; (b) International PhD course on Waste Management and
Sanitation at High Altitudes and Downstream Effects, 7-26 April 2010, both in Kathmandu,
Nepal. The audience to these courses, included Swedish undergraduate and PhD students and
the lecturers were Swedish, Nepalese and Indian professors. Mr. Dinesh Raj Manandhar,
Managing Director of Development Network Pvt. Ltd and Research Fellow at the Kathmandu
University is making PhD studies under the research subject “Water Management of Landfills
using Pilot Scale Lysimeters” with the supervision from one of the Swedish professors in the
Laqua group. This research work has been conducted in a pilot scale with fresh solid waste
samples from Balkhu in the Bagmati river bank, when dumping of solid waste was going on at
the bank. The master students Mr. Gustav Larsson and Mr. Jakob Sahlén developed their Minor
Field Study “Municipal solid waste management in Nepal, EU and Sweden-Case study of
Ghorahi Municipality, Pokhara Sub-metropolitan City & Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal
in 2009 with the support from Sida. Based on the experiences and lessons learned, it is
concluded that there is still a need and an excellent opportunity for continuation of the
cooperation with Nepal. The research focused on waste management with proper landfilling
and leachate treatment should also include in a second phase, the development of a
methodology to study air pollution, which is among the most important issues in the country.
The knowledge and experience acquired have been spread to Swedish graduate and
undergraduate students to increase their awareness and interest for developing country issues.
The target has also been to initiate research cooperation and new projects, if possible in
connection with running Swedish projects, so the results could be compared, and the knowledge
easily transferred to Swedish students and engineers. Swedish companies have had discussions
with the researchers from Kathmandu University regarding the potential for cooperation
projects and implementation of Swedish technology, in particular for biogas production. The
Linnaeus Eco-Tech´10 (International Conference on Natural Sciences and Technologies for
Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Remediation, Emissions Related to Climate, Environmental
and Economic Effects) to be held in Kalmar during November 22-24, 2010 will be attended by
researchers and students from Nepal. Study visits discussions on the results obtained during the
project development will be carried out.
1. Goal of the Project
The goal of the project has been to establish a Swedish Centre of Excellence in Nepal to be used
as a base of resources for Swedish enterprises and researchers with interest in environmental
projects of high relevance for developing countries and the Swedish aid programme. The centre
should have broad interdisciplinary scientific approach covering initially technology, analytical
chemistry, working environment, biotechnology, water transport and waste management.
Furthermore develop and establish high competence in the Swedish research group, Laqua (a
cooperation between University of Kalmar (today Linnaeus University), Lund University and,
about water and-waste management issues and focus a significant part of the research and
teaching of the group for future work in developing countries.
The base of knowledge should also include local socio-economic realities, which will facilitate
discussions on how to establish more efficient waste and water treatment systems in the
developing countries. The gained competence should be utilized for development of systems,
tailor-made for actual sites. The knowledge obtained in research projects on waste and water
management in developing countries should be spread to graduate and undergraduate students to
increase their awareness and interest for developing country issues. The target has also been to
initiate research cooperation and new projects, if possible in connection with running Swedish
project so results can be compared, and the knowledge easily transferred to Swedish students
and engineers.
Below the most important activities that have been carried out during the project period are
summarized.
2.
PhD Studies, under Swedish Supervision
Mr. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, at the Kathmandu University is making PhD studies under the
research subject “Water Management of Landfills using Pilot Scale Lysimeters” and under
supervision of professor William Hogland, Linnaeus University and Prof. Dr. V. Krishna
Murthy, Professor and Head, Department of Biotechnology, Dean (Evaluation), PES Institute
of Technology, Bangalore and Co-supervisor, Professor Dr. Sanjay Nath Khanal, DESE, School
of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
Summary of Research carried out so far
This research work has been conducted in a pilot scale with fresh solid waste samples from
Balkhu in the Bagmati river bank, when dumping of solid waste was going on at the bank. The
lysimeter previously constructed has been continued to be used in current research as well. Also
a new lysimeter is being constructed and described below in another section.
The previous lysimeter has been placed outdoors under ambient environment conditions. The
experimental system consists of 1 digester built up by rings of concrete with a diameter of 1 m
and to a height of 3 m. Leachate have been separated at the bottom of the digester and drained
into a storage tank located close to the lysimeter. There are collection pipe arrangements at
bottom of the lysimeter. The column is replicated and functioning as a simulated model
reflecting the profile of waste dumped in the landfill as far as possible.
Construction of a New Underground Lysimeter
Discussion has been held with Prof. Dr. William Hogland and Prof. Dr. Sanjay Nath Khanal
about the erection of the lysimeter which is constructed underground which would make it
possible for comparison with previous set up. The researcher now has received the second grant
from International Foundation for Science. Thus the future plan of construction has been
modified accordingly. The field work shall be expedited now as necessary research fund is
available. There is also regular communication with supervisor, Prof. V. Krishnamurthy through
email about the progress of work. The design and schematic diagram of the lysimeter is shown
as follows.
Other Progress and Activities
a.
Participated in the International PhD course on Waste Management and Sanitation at
High Altitudes and downstream effects, Nepal 7 - 26 April 2010 organized by
Kathmandu University in collaboration with LAQUA group, Sweden. During the
course, a 15 day trekking was completed in the Sagarmatha National Park region
starting from Lukla to Kalapathar. Various environmental aspects were studied and
observed by the researcher especially wastewater and solid waste management issues
during the trek.
b.
Abstract for conference paper (attached) has been sent to Linnaeus Ecotech conference
to be held in Kalmar, Sweden during November 22-24, 2010. Title of the paper is
“Environmental Observations of Solid Waste Management at High Altitude in Nepal:
Case Study along Trekking Route in Sagarmatha National Park”
c.
A scientific paper has been drafted along with Mr. Henrik Hansson, PhD student at
Linnaeus University to be published in the Open Waste Management Journal.
Preliminary Future Work Plan
Future Tasks
Time Target
Analysis of data and interpretation of
simulation with HELP model
Ongoing
Construction of New Underground
Lysimeter and research observations
Construction to be
completed by September
2010 and data collection
continued.
Dissemination of findings through
publication in International Journals and
Conferences
Ongoing. Previous paper
attached.
Finalization of thesis planned
June 2011
The scientific paper “Quantitative leachate estimation from a pilot-scale lysimeter study” by
Dinesh Raj Manandhar, V. Krishnamurthy, and Yamuna Shanker Kasaju was published in Int.
J. Environment and Waste Management, Vol. 4, Nos. 3/4, 2009, Copyright © 2009 Inderscience
Enterprises Ltd.
Abstract: Sanitary landfilling is the most important component of waste management. One of the main concerns is
water contamination by leachate. This paper presents the outcome of the research on the water management of
landfill in Nepal. The related leachate production as an effect of climatically factors is assessed. The Hydrologic
Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) computer model has been used to compute estimates of water balances.
The evaluation as well as applicability of the model has been discussed. The application of the model has raised issue
like effect on water balance by
the variation of short-term rainfall into percolation.
Keywords: ET; evapotranspiration; HELP model; hydrologic evaluation of landfill performance; landfill; lysimeter;
water balance.
3. Kalmar Eco-Tech 2007
Kalmar Eco-tech 2007 was held 26-28 November (10 year anniversary of the conference). The
idea was to transfer knowledge, gathered in the Sida Asian Regional Research Programme on
Environmental Technology (ARRPET) headed by Asian Institute of Technology during 7 years,
to the participants of the conference. Professor William Hogland has been mentor for the sub
program in Solid Waste Management during the same period. Representatives from different
member countries were invited to participate the conference.
Representatives from Nepal were presenting the following paper:
Estimation of leachate production from a pilot scale lysimeter in Nepal by Dinesh Raj
Manandhar and Sanjay Nath Khanal and presented in Proceedings of Kalmar Eco-Tech 07,
Technologies for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Energy from Waste, Remediation of
Contaminated Sites and Emissions Related to Climates, 6th International Conference on the
Establishment of Cooperation Between Companies and Institutions in the Nordic Countries, the
Baltic Sea Region and the World, November 26-28, 2007, Kalmar, Sweden, V I, 325-332.
ESTIMATION OF LEACHATE PRODUCTION FROM A PILOT SCALE LYSIMETER IN NEPAL
Dinesh Raj Manandhar
Sanjay Nath Khanal
Kathmandu University, Kathmandu, Nepal
ABSTRACT
More than eight million tons of solid waste is produced per day in developing countries. While Europe and
industrialized countries go for high-tech solutions (e.g. modern incineration technologies), there is still a huge
demand for proper landfilling in developing countries. This paper presents the outcome of the research on the water
management of landfill in Nepal using a pilot scale lysimeter. The related leachate production as an effect of
climatological factors is assessed. The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model has been used
to compute estimates of water balances. The local weather data (evapotranspiration data and daily values of rainfall,
temperature and solar radiation), vegetative growth were prepared as required and variable soil and waste data
(porosity, field capacity, wilting point, initial moisture content and saturated hydraulic conductivity of layers and
materials) have been determined.
With the simulation carried out, it indicates that the evapotranspiration (ET) is nearly constant, but not high. This may
be due to the small area of lysimeter and higher portion has been percolated before evaporation could take place. The
trend of leachate generation on HELP simulation seems to be similar in October to December season, but in June to
September, the trend shows higher percolation rate compared to the model. The annual data shows that percolation is
about 81-84% of rainfall amount whereas evapotranspiration is about 15-19%. The daily production rate of
percolation is about 3.47 L/m2/day. Within highest rainfall days during 2000 to 2004 (88 L/m2/day), average
percolation is about 5.78 L/m2/day (6.5% of the rainfall).
The application of the model in the developing country like Nepal has raised issue like effect on water balance by the
large variation of short-term rainfall, which might have greater input into percolation.
KEYWORDS
Evapotranspiration; HELP model; Landfill; Lysimeter; Water balance.
4. PhD Course 1 in International Environmental Engineering Sciences for Eco-Cyclic
Systems Part 1 - Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment in Nepal, 16-24 October, 2008,
Kathmandu, Nepal
Objective: To increase the knowledge and the scientific level of the Swedish PhD and MSc/BSc
students and students from Nepal concerning waste and water management problems in
developing countries and to increase the research cooperation with South East Asia with the
help of the knowledge of the Laqua Research Group, researchers from Mid Sweden University
and researchers from the Sida ARRPET program. The Laqua Research Group is formed by
Researchers from University of Kalmar, University of Lund and the University of Kristianstad.
By teaching about building up interdisciplinary networks between professor, PhD student and
MSc/BSc and companies the daily life shall be improved in developing countries towards a
global sustainability based on knowledge and experience already archived by the Sida
programme in South East Asia. The activity directly connected to the ‘Swedish Center of
Excellence for Support of Development of a Sustainable Society in Nepal” sponsored by Sida
and built up by the Laqua Research Group, Sweden.
The course should stimulate Swedish PhD students and PhD students as well as MSc/BSc
students from both countries to work with teaching, research and cooperation with trade and
industry in developing countries and in particular increasing their interest towards protection of
water resources, implementation of proper waste and water management in fast increasing
urbanization areas including aspects on energy, air pollution control and climate changes. In
particular it was focused on under developed research areas in the developing countries and thus
2008 is “the UN International Year of Sanitation” that will highlight ‘Silent Humanitarian
Crises” e.g. the lack of sustainable toilets. The key was to teach the students to use creativity
and scientific knowledge to change attitudes, to achieve more production efficiency, sustainable
use of resources, and to achieve recycling of materials and energy, using a combination of new
technology and traditional knowledge.
Schedule for the course:
Start date: 16 October 2008
Registration and Opening Session: 8:30 a. m -9:30 a. m
Note: All lectures included about 15 minutes of discussion and gave possibilities to questions.
The lectures gave a small assignment related the lecture.
Date
Time
Subject
16
October
09:30
-10.30
Waste Management in Nepal
and Future Strategies
10.3012.00
Integrated Waste Management in
Sweden and EU in a Historical
Perspective, the EU-Directive
Lunch
Dr. William Hogland;
Sweden
Waste Management in Asia, the
ARRPET program
Dr. Kurian Joseph,
India
16.0017.00
17.0018.00
09:0012:00
12.0014.00
14-16
Landfill mining and land
remediation
Sorting schemes SWM and
storage of organic material
Visit to the Landfill
Dr. Kurian Joseph
16-18
How to implement changes in
waste handling procedures
among decision makers and the
population
Sampling and handling of
samples for advanced chemical
analyses (including
12:0014.00
14.0016.00
17
October
18
October
09.0011.00
Lecturer/person in
charge
Dr. Sanjay Nath
Khanal, Nepal
Dr. William Hogland
Municipality of
Kathmandu
Lunch
Visit a sorting plant for waste
Municipality of
Kathamandu
Dr. Ulla Zetterlind,
Sweden
Dr. Lennart
Mathiasson, Sweden
Dr. Lennart
11.0012.00
12.0014.00
14.0015.00
15.0016.30
16.3018.00
19
October
09.0010.00
10.0011.00
11.0012.00
12.0014.00
14.0015.30
15.3016.30
20
October
16.3018.00
09:0010.30
10.3012.00
12.0013.00
13.0014.00
14.0015.00
15.0017.00
21-24
October
interpretation of data)
Mårtensson, Sweden
Leaching test for solid waste
Dr. Lennart
Mårtensson
Lunch
Instrumental Analysis of Water
Pollution
Fundamental chemistry for
environmental control
Persistent Organics Pollutants
and other relevant pollutants
from the modern society
Treatment strategies for landfill
leachate - from bench scale up to
full scale
Drugs in wastewater and
medical waste
Experiences of analysis of
pharmaceuticals in waste water
treatment plants
Lunch
Dr. Jay Kumar
Gurung, Nepal
Dr. Mangala
Manandhar, Nepal
Dr. Bhupendra
Devkota, Nepal
Assessment of Environmental
Risks in Nepal : Theory,
Practice and the Gaps
Water, Waste Water Treatment,
Air Pollution Control in Nepal
and South East Asia
Storage of Organic Materials
and Fire Fighting
Application of Renewable
Energy in Nepal and Energy
from Waste in the Perspective of
Nepal
Technical Development and
Implementation of Advanced
Techniques in Nepal:
Possibilities and Obstacles
Lunch
Dr. Nawa Raj
Khatiwada, Nepal
Bioremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation of
Contaminated Soils and
Phytotechnologies for
Wastewater Treatment
Summing up and closure
Dr. Marcia Marques,
Brazil
Dr. Marcia Marques,
Brazil
Trekking Routes Assignment
Dr. Lennart
Mathiasson
Dr. Lennart
Mathiasson
Dr. Lennart
Mårtensson
Dr. Atindra Sapkota,
Nepal
Dr. William Hogland
Dr. Jagannath
Shrestha
Dr. Bim P. Shrestha
Dr. William Hogland
& others
Assignments:
Assignment for the first course: Water and Waste Management in Nepal
Activities: Together with City Engineers from Kathmandu, mapping of water and waste
management in Mountain Villages and downstream effects. Assignments:
a) Practical inventory of contaminated sites, e.g. petrol stations, industries, dump sites, etc.
b) Comparison of low-tech with high-tech treatment methods using handouts of scientific
literature and discussions in groups
c) Situation of waste and water handling in rural areas-performed by the students during
trekking routes, 21-24 October 2008
The following PhD students from Sweden were participating the course. Fabio Kazcala,
Sawanya Laohapranon, Darlan Perrira and the teachers from Sweden mentioned in the program
above. From Nepal PhD students and MSc students were participating the course and the
teachers are mentioned in the program.
5. Visit by Professor Sanjay Nath Khanal to Sweden
Professor Sanjay Nath Khanal visited Sweden in order to discuss the program for the PhD
course and discuss biogas installation with Swedish experts and companies with experiences of
operations of biogasplants. Biogas might have high potential for the energy supply in
Kathmandu and other parts of the country. Professor Khanal stayed in Sweden during the period
25 th of October to 1 th of November, 2009.
Program during the visit to Kristianstad University by Professor Sanjay Khanal from
Kathmandu University, Nepal, 25th of October to 1th of November, 2009
Host: Assoc. Prof. Lennart Mårtensson (in Kristianstad) and Prof. William Hogland (in Kalmar)
Participants within the Laqua Research Group: Prof. Lennart Mathiasson, Lund University
Prof. William Hogland, Kalmar University
Assoc. Prof. Lennart Mårtensson, Kristianstad
University
Activity
Day
Sunday 25 Oct
Arrival to Copenhagen at 6.35
Transfer to Kristianstad by train from Copenhagen International
Airport
Check in at Hotel Åhus Strand, Åhus
18.00 Dinner
Monday 26 Oct
10.00 Kristianstad the Energy Friendly Municipality – Show
Room at Krinova
Science Park, Patrik Lindblom, Krisitanstad Municipality
13.15 Study visit Biogas plant at Karpalund, Christer Johansson,
Kristianstad
Biogas Company
15.00 Discussion about common research activities
18.00 Dinner
Tuesday 27 Oct
10.00 Study visit – Waste Recycling Park at Snårarp, Jenny
Petersson,
Environment and Quality Controller
13.00- 15.00 Meeting – discussions about future projects
15.37 William Hogland arriving to Kristianstad – pick up at
railway station
19.00 Dinner
Wednesday 28 Oct
Discussions about future projects
10.00 -12.00 Meeting with Vice Chancellor Lars Carlsson,
Kristianstad
University
13.00 Meeting with MFS-students Gustav Larsson and Jakob
Sahlén
14.00 -1700 Planning of future activities within the Center of
Excellence
Transfer to Kalmar
Thursday 29 Oct
09.30
H.Svensson,
M.Sundén
Departure from Slottshotellet,
W.Hogland,
H.Hansson,
10.00–12.00
Study visit at Moskogen Pontus
Steinwall, W.Hogland, Combined heating and power plant
10.00–11.00
Study visit at Kalmar Reningsverk (treatment
plant)
J.Holmgren,
W.Hogland
11.00–12.00
Study visit at Kalmar Biogas AB L. Pettersson,
W.Hogland
H.Svensson,
(Digester)
15.00-17.00
Meeting with Olof Pettersson Läckeby Water,
Kalmar, W. Hogland
Discussion of biogas establishment in Nepal
Saturday 31 Oct
Touristic activities on Öland with W.Hogland and dinner in his
house
Sunday 1 Nov
Departure from Copenhagen International Airport at 14.00
The visit to Moskogen combined heating and power plant is reported at: http://ecotechnology.nv.hik.se/?page_id=137
6. Minor Field Studies in Nepal
A minor field study was carried out in Nepal resulting in:
A Bachelor thesis in Environmental science, Department of Environmental Science Lund
University and Kristianstad University, Sweden and Department of Environmental Engineering,
School of Science, at Kathmandu University, Nepal, 2009 with the title: Municipal solid waste
management in Nepal, EU and Sweden - a case study of Ghorahi Municipality, Pokhara Submetropolitan City & Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal, 2009, by Gustav Larsson and Jakob
Sahlén.
ABSTRACT
Nepal, situated in the Himalayan belt has a rapidly growing population together with high urbanisation rate. These
factors are causing problems connected to municipal solid waste (MSW) e.g. lack of management, leakage of
hazardous substances to soil and surrounding aquatic systems, and health problems. There are differences in waste
generation and composition between urban areas of Nepal. In order to retrieve a broad picture of the current waste
management situation, three
population differentiated municipalities in different areas of the country were investigated. Studies of the MSW
regarding composition and generation were conducted. Additionally, the chemical properties of soil and leachate
water were looked upon. Moreover, waste management in Nepal was compared the basic waste management in the
European Union (EU) and Sweden. Landfill sites (LFS) in Ghorahi Municipality, Pokhara Sub-metropolitan City
(PSMC) and Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) were studied. Our studies show differences in waste composition,
generation and management between the three locations. The leachate water analyses showed high levels of
ammonia, iron, manganese, chromium and lead. However, the fractional parts analyses did not show any alarming
results. The urban areas of Nepal are very much in need of a more structured waste management system. Apart from
structural problems, there are attitude and behavioral issues that needs to be dealt with. Further studies regarding
social patterns, attitude and behavior, needs to be conducted in order to retrieve an even broader picture and
understand important underlying issues.
7. PhD Course 2 - International PhD course on Waste Management and Sanitation at High
Altitudes and Downstream Effects, 7 - 26 April, 2010, Nepal
The second PhD course was held in April 2010. The teachers and participants of the PhD course
were 3 professors, 1 Ass. Professor, 8 PhD students, 10 MSc students from Nepal and 1
professor, 1 doctor and 2 PhD students from Sweden. The course began with a meeting at
Kathmandu University on April 8 and a field visit to Kathmandu University biogas plant and
later also a field visit to Shreekhandapur wastewater treatment and biogas plant. A meeting was
also held at SWMRMC (Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center)
including discussions with Dr. Sumitra Amatya, General Manager, SWMRMC and Mr. Ashok
Shahi, Engineer, SWMRMC. A meeting was also held about the Biogas Support Program
including Mr. Saroj Rai, Chief, BSP/SNV Nepal and Ms. Bindu Manandhar, Program
Officer, BSP/SNV Nepal.
Course programme:
1. Introduction to the course at Kathmandu University on April 8, 2010
Presenters: a. Prof. Bhadra Man Tuladhar, Registrar
b. Prof. Panna Thapa, Dean, School of Science
c. Prof. Sanjay Nath Khanal, School of Science
d. Prof. William Hogland, Linneaus University, Sweden
e. Dr. Lennart Mårtensson, Kristianstad University, Sweden
f. Prof. Ramesh Maskey, School of Engineering
g. Dr. Bhola Thapa, School of Engineering
h. Henrik Hansson, PhD Student
i. Henric Svensson, PhD Student
j. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, PhD Student
k. Kumud Kafley, PhD Student
2. Meeting at SWMRMC (Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Center), April
23, 2010
Presenters: a. Prof. Sanjay Nath Khanal, School of Science
b. Prof. William Hogland, Linneaus University, Sweden
c. Dr. Lennart Mårtensson, Kristianstad University, Sweden
d. Henrik Hansson, PhD Student
e. Henric Svensson, PhD Student
f. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, PhD Student
g. Kumud Kafley, PhD Student
h. Dr. Sumitra Amatya, General Manager, SWMRMC
i. Mr. Ashok Shahi, Engineer, SWMRMC
3. Meeting at Biogas Support Program, April 23, 2010
Presenters:
a. Prof. Sanjay Nath Khanal, School of Science
b. Prof. William Hogland, Linneaus University, Sweden
c. Dr. Lennart Mårtensson, Kristianstad University, Sweden
d. Henrik Hansson, PhD Student
e. Henric Svensson, PhD Student
f. Dinesh Raj Manandhar, PhD Student
g. Kumud Kafley, PhD Student
h. Mr. Saroj Rai, Chief, BSP/SNV Nepal
i. Ms. Bindu Manandhar, Program Officer, BSP/SNV Nepal
Minutes from the meetings have been written and can be found on the homepage
4. Visit to the International Research Station at Pyramid, EVK2CNR Project at 5050 m above
sea level
8. Media Information
The project has frequently been reported to media and at the two occasions the local television
has followed the project. Local news papers both in Nepal and Sweden have also followed the
project. Some examples are as follows:
Barometern 22 November 2008, De kämpar för ett rent Nepal (They are fighting for a clean
Nepal)
Barometern 1 April 2010, Doktorander från Kalmar till Nepal (PhD students from Kalmar in
Nepal)
Linnéuniversitetet, 2010-04-19, Doktorandkurs på hög höjd (PhD course on high altitude)
http://lnu.se/institutioner/1.26950
Kalmarposten 22 April, Årgång 22, Nr 16, Kalmardoktorander i Nepal (PhD students from
Kalmar i Nepal)
Barometern 8 May 2010, Lärorik resa till skräpigt Nepal (Informative trip to a littered Nepal)
The results of the PhD course 2 were presented in Swedish media both before and after the trip.
On the 24 of April a press conference was held in Kathmandu. The TV channels coming to the
press conference Image Television and Kantipur Television that interviewed the PhD students
and the Professors and then broadcasted the news. The Himalayan Times among others
published the news.
In Sweden the project was presented in Barometern and Kalmarposten.
Barometern 1 April 2010, Doktorander från Kalmar till Nepal (PhD students from Kalmar in
Nepal)