BEFORE THE EPA
OMV MAARI FIELD DEVELOPMENT MARINE CONSENT APPLICATION
IN THE MATTER
of the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental
Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012
AND
IN THE MATTER
of a decision-making committee appointed to
consider a marine consent application made by OMV
New Zealand Limited to continue drilling in the Maari
Field in the South Taranaki Bight
__________________________________________________________
STATEMENT OF EVIDENCE OF CHRIS BATTERSHILL
FOR OMV NEW ZEALAND LIMITED
Coastal Impacts of Oil Spill
17 September 2014
__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Barristers & Solicitors
D J S Laing / M G Conway
Telephone: +64-4-499 4599
Facsimile: +64-4-472 6986
Email: [email protected]
DX SX11174
P O Box 2402
Wellington
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 2
Qualifications and experience .................................................................. 2
Code of Conduct ......................................................................................... 3
Role in marine consent application .......................................................... 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 5
REVIEW OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND FURTHER INFORMATION THAT
RELATE TO THE COASTAL IMPACTS OF AN OIL SPILL ..................................... 6
Introduction ................................................................................................. 6
Review (Existing Environment)................................................................. 7
Review (Oil Spill, Mitigation Action, and Oil Spill Trajectory
Modelling, Oil Weathering, Oil Dispersibility and Likelihood)............... 8
COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM A MAARI FIELD RELATED OIL
SPILL AND MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................... 10
Ecotoxicity................................................................................................. 10
Environmental Impact of an Oil Spill from the Maari Field .................. 10
THE NATIONAL OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN (TIER 3) RESPONSE
SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 13
POSSIBLE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COASTAL
IMPACTS OF AN OIL SPILL.................................................................................... 16
RESPONSE TO SUBMISSIONS .............................................................................. 16
SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO EPA STAFF REPORT ................................................. 18
RESPONSE TO NGĀ KAIHAUTŪ TIKANGA TAIAO REPORT ............................. 19
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 19
APPENDIX 1 ............................................................................................................. 21
APPENDIX 2 ............................................................................................................. 38
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 39
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INTRODUCTION
Qualifications and experience
1.
My full name is Christopher Noel Battershill.
2.
My qualifications include a Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology, a
Master of Science with Honours in Marine Ecology and Environmental
Toxicology and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Marine Benthic
Ecology from the University of Auckland. I also gained a Diploma from
the Australian Institute of Company Directors. I am a Board member of
the House of Science and the International Marine Biotechnology
Association. I am a member of the NZ Royal Society, New Zealand
Marine Sciences Society and the International Marine Engineering
Science and Technology Institute. I am a past Board Member of
AIMS@JCU, Torres Strait CRC and have been a member of the NZRS
Standing Committees on Environment and Biodiversity. I am the VP for
the Australia New Zealand Marine Biotechnology Association and past
president and committee member of the NZ Marine Sciences
Association.
3.
I am currently employed as the Chair of Coastal Sciences for the
University of Waikato, based in Tauranga, and have held that position
since January 2011. Prior to that, I worked for the Australian Institute of
Marine Science as the Research Group Leader for Sustainable Use of
Marine Biodiversity (12 years), the National Institute of Water and
Atmospheric Research as a Program Leader (Biodiscovery), and for
the Department of Conservation for 11 years.
Post-Doctoral
experience has been gained at the Australian Institute of Marine
Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (Fl. US), University of
Wollongong and University of Canterbury. I have been employed by
the Taranaki Catchment Commission between my MSc and PhD
studies (1 year).
4.
My principal role in my current employment is to elaborate and improve
international recognition for Coastal Science research and education
for the University of Waikato including enhancing regional partnerships
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and creating international linkage. I am responsible for creation of a
marine research centre in Tauranga, developing the Tertiary
Partnership in the region (with the Polytechnic and Wananga) and
leading the INTERCOAST program with the University of Bremen
focusing on coastal environmental issues. I am charged with growing
additional international partnerships (Australia and China) and
exploring and expanding new research initiatives including developing
new
courses
environmental
and
student
research
toxicology/Rena
programs
environmental
(fields
include
effects,
marine
biotechnology, aquaculture, coastal issues and resilience, marine
conservation). A detailed account of relevant experience is located in
Appendix 1.
5.
Of specific relevance to this case is experience gained from my MSc
studies in oil and oil dispersant toxicology (Maui condensate),
environmental effects assessments in the Taranaki region specifically
associated with petrochemical developments (Taranaki Catchment
Commission and NIWA employment), work associated with the oil and
gas development program in North West Australia (NIWA and
Australian Institute of Marine Science employment), and review work
associated with the Trans Tasman Resources (TTR) marine consent
application.
6.
I recently led the environmental recovery monitoring program following
the MV Rena incident, after having been associated with the Incident
Control Centre from the outset. I draw on all of the above experience
in preparing this evidence, and comment on specific examples to
illustrate the matters I discuss.
Code of Conduct
7.
I confirm that I have read the Code of Conduct for expert witnesses
contained in the Environment Court of New Zealand Practice Note
2011 and that I have complied with it when preparing my evidence.
Other than when I state that I am relying on the advice of another
person, this evidence is entirely within my area of expertise. I have not
omitted to consider material facts known to me that might alter or
detract from the opinions that I express.
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Role in marine consent application
8.
I have been engaged by OMV to review the aspects of the Impact
Assessment (including the further information provided by OMV)
(Impact Assessment) and OMV's response to the EPA's Further
Information Request (Further Information) that relate to the coastal
impacts of an oil spill. I have also been engaged to prepare this
statement of evidence.
9.
I will draw on my experience in Taranaki and with the oil and gas
industry in New Zealand and Australia, as an environmental scientist.
Of particular relevance is recent and intimate experience with
environmental elements of the MV Rena incident.
10.
In this evidence, I will discuss:
(a)
my review of the aspects of the Impact Assessment and
Further Information that relate to the coastal impacts of an oil
spill;
(b)
the effects of an oil spill on coastal intertidal and shallow
subtidal environments relevant to the Maari field and the
adequacy of mitigation measures in relation to coastal impacts
of an oil spill;
(c)
the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (Tier 3) response
system;
(d)
possible human health effects associated with the coastal
impacts of an oil spill;
(e)
submissions that raise issues relating to the coastal impacts of
an oil spill;
(f)
comments on the EPA Staff Report;
(g)
comments on the Ngā Kaihautū Tikanga Taiao report; and
(h)
my overall conclusions about the extent of potential coastal
impacts of an oil spill.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
11.
Enough is known from the literature to be able to comment on the
range of habitats present and how they may react to an oil spill in
general terms, although specific ecotoxicity information on Maari Crude
oil precludes detailed assessment at a species or phylogenetic level.
12.
The Maritime New Zealand National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP)
is a robust protocol for oil spill response and cleanup at a Tier 3 level.
In response to the Murdoch review subsequent to the MV Rena
incident, responses are likely to be much improved. The effectiveness
of the OSCP can be ensured by facilitating a ‘pre-loading’ of relevant
environmental information for the region and specifically areas of
higher likelihood of any oil spill resulting in coastal engagement, and
ensuring a current list with contact details of key experts and iwi
contacts is available.
13.
The effects of an oil spill from the Maari Field would depend on the
amount of oil lost to the environment and engaging with the coast, the
duration and re-engagement of oil from varying currents and weather
conditions, and the habitats that were affected. Maari Crude is very
waxy and would not be likely to respond to oil dispersants in field
conditions. The ecotoxicity of Maari Crude, either fresh or weathered,
to New Zealand marine organisms including kai moana species is
unknown. Although a different oil type (HFO 380), the MV Rena
incident of approximately 300 tonnes suggested that with a fast
cleanup response, the environment can recover very quickly.
14.
Most of the coastal habitats in the vicinity of the Maari Field (the South
Taranaki Bight, Northern Taranaki region, Kapiti Coast, Marlborough
Sounds and Farewell Spit) are ‘exposed’ in terms of prevailing
weather. As a consequence the regions’ coastal ecosystems represent
a robust community of organisms. Sensitive habitats include a number
of estuaries which would be significantly impacted even with moderate
oil spills should oil get into them. These can possibly be deflection
boomed (inside the system) to limit entry of oil further into the system.
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REVIEW OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND FURTHER INFORMATION THAT
RELATE TO THE COASTAL IMPACTS OF AN OIL SPILL
Introduction
15.
The discussion in this section is associated with a ‘Review of Impact
Assessment
and
Further
Information’
pertaining
to
coastal
environments and how they may respond to a possible oil spill and
cleanup/mitigation responses. I have reviewed the following key
documents:
(a)
EMPS 2013 EMP Synopsis for the Maari Facilities (Cawthron
Institute);
(b)
OMV NZ Ltd Maari Field Development Drilling Marine Consent
Application
Part
1
(Application)
and
Part
2
(Impact
Assessment) 3 June 2014;
(c)
Further Information provided by OMV on 16 June 2014;
(d)
EPA Staff Report 5 September 2014; and
(e)
Genesis Review of Maari Field Development Drilling Marine
Consent Application September 2014.
16.
In addition the documents listed in Appendix 2 have also been
examined. My previous review of the TTR Environmental Impact
Assessment has been assimilated into my response in as far as
coastal habitat character is described and where potential coastal
impacts are relevant.
17.
Given that there is little new information specific to coastal shallow
water and intertidal systems relevant to my evidence brief, in that these
ecosystems are the most likely to be effected by any oil spill (in both
the OMV and the recent TTR Impact Assessments), I draw heavily
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from personal experience in the Taranaki region referring to work
carried out as detailed in Appendix 2 Coastal Environment (Battershill
experience). A wider body of literature in the public domain pertaining
to the coastal ecology of Taranaki, Cook Strait, Marlborough Sounds
and Farewell Spit environs is also listed and broadly examined.
Review (Existing Environment)
18.
The existing coastal environment of relevance (Taranaki, Cook Strait,
Marlborough Sounds and Farewell Spit) is one made up of generally
exposed to very exposed coastal habitats. It includes rocky shores,
rocky reefs, sandy ocean beaches, a ‘Sounds’ environment, offshore
islands and a number of estuaries.
19.
Marine biogeography is representative of a cold to cool temperate
environment that results from the influence of both southerly flow of the
West Auckland Current and northerly flows of the Westland and
D’Urville Currents. Flows through Cook Strait can be complex and also
influence the biodiversity (through larval supply) in the South Taranaki
Bight. It is generally accepted that there is a biodiversity assemblage
discontinuity around Farewell Spit.
Evidence of species with both
southern and northern affinities is present in the Taranaki region.
20.
In terms of shallow water coastal species assemblages (relevant to my
evidence brief), the region supports a high biodiversity of rocky reef
encrusting organisms. Some possess unique species compliments
(e.g. Paraninihi and offshore shallow water reef systems in North West
Taranaki, and Kapiti Island) but relatively low soft sediment and beach
diversity, which is typical of the east coast of the North Island.1
Intertidal species assemblages that are likely to be affected by an oil
spill are therefore representative of a robust community associated
with high energy coasts (both rocky and soft sediment beaches).
21.
There are a number of marine reserves in the region (OMV Impact
Assessment section 2.3.4) but all are some distance from the Permit
1
Refer: Section 2.3 and 2.3.3 in particular, specifically Pg 35-36 OMV Impact Assessment, Trans
Tasman Resources IA and work by Battershill et al Annexure 2.
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Area (the closest area of conservation significance being 67 km
southwest of the Permit Area). The EPA Staff Report identifies a
RAMSAR2 site off Foxton (Manawatu Estuary) important for estuarine
bird breeding and feeding.
22.
The estuaries in general on the Taranaki and Manawatu coasts in the
vicinity of the Permit Area are relatively small in spatial scale and
would be vulnerable to any oil spill event on high tides. They are
however of a geomorphology that may in certain circumstances permit
deployment of deflection booms inside the estuary (please see:
http://www.horizons.govt.nz/assets/publications/keeping-people-safepublications/Manawatu-Wanganui-Marine-Oil-Spill-ContingencyPlan.pdf). The marine reserve sites would not be so easily protected by
boom deployment given the degree of exposure and current regimes
influencing them. Open exposed coastal ecosystems (the greater
proportion of coastal habitat in the region) would be similarly difficult to
protect from any oil spill encroaching the coast.
Review (Oil Spill, Mitigation Action, and Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling, Oil
Weathering, Oil Dispersibility and Likelihood)
23.
I refer to the evidence of Craig Welsh in providing a succinct
background to the likelihood and origins of oil spills from the Maari
operation and mitigation options. Also I refer to the relevant sections in
the OMV Impact Assessment.3 I also refer to the OMV Oil Spill
Contingency Plan.
24.
The measures to avoid, remedy and mitigate spills and their adverse
effects appear to be consistent with practice I have examined on
northwest Australian shelf operations (Western Mining Corporation)
and would dovetail to what I would understand to be a Tier 3 response
by Maritime New Zealand (MNZ) and the Regional Council based on
what I have witnessed during the MV Rena oil spill event of
October/November 2011.
2
3
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.
Section 5.0 and specifically Table 19 Pg 101 5.2.2.2.
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25.
I have reviewed the Oil Spill trajectory modelling4 and while mindful of
the comments made by Genesis and EPA Staff in September 2014 in
that a weathering, wave influence and sediment/sand loading
components could usefully be included into the model, it nevertheless
represents a worst case scenario. I can attest to the accuracy of
MetOcean Solutions modelling based on my personal experience
during the MV Rena incident. I refer to Peter McComb’s evidence
which discusses the Genesis and EPA Staff comments of September
2014.
26.
OMV, EPA and Genesis all identify the high wax content of Maari
Crude Oil and the likely weathering scenarios are discussed.5 All
comment that the nature of Maari Crude oils is such that they are not
likely to be dispersible with the usual range of oil dispersants (Ricardo
2014). Across the range of Maari Crude that have been reviewed, the
oils would lose between 42% to 76% volume eventually (actual rate
dependent on weather conditions, time and crude mix etc, see Ricardo
2014).
27.
Genesis (2014) quote a blowout rate of 10,000 barrels per day and
EPA suggest a beaching rate of >6% beaching in winter and >8% for
the rest of the year (but see Peter McComb’s response). Although the
risk of a significant oil spill (that is likely to reach the coast) is very low
(OMV IA), an oil spill of any reasonable size will reach the coast and
would do so with the highest probability of beaching being in the South
Taranaki Bight (Manawatu Estuary area). The effects of other spills
from the Maari operation (diesel etc) are likely to be small and such a
spill is highly unlikely to reach the coast because of rapid weathering
and dissolution.
4
OMV Impact Assessment section 5.2.2.1 by MetOcean Solutions Ltd 2014.
Chemwatch MSDS 3-6-2011; Ricardo AEA/R/ED 59032 11/4/2014 Weathering and
Dispersibility of Maari Crude and Blended Oils.
5
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COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM A MAARI FIELD RELATED
OIL SPILL AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Ecotoxicity
28.
No information is available on the ecotoxicity to marine species of the
range of crude oils the Maari field is likely to produce. Some
comparison could potentially be made with work carried out by myself
and others on Mauri crude/condensate, although direct studies on the
oil of relevance are required to provide accurate assessments of likely
environmental and ecotoxicological effects.
29.
As Maari crude oils appear not to be dispersible with the normal stock
of oil dispersants, the interacting effects of oil plus dispersant is
irrelevant (assuming that dispersants would not be used or attempted
to be used, as indicated in Craig Welsh’s evidence). Such interactions
between oils and dispersants can be significant, although this was
found not to be the case in the MV Rena incident (Rena Oil plus
Corexit 9500 was found to be not significantly more toxic to a range of
New Zealand marine species). Note should be made however that in
the MV Rena case, the oil was Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO 3080).
Environmental Impact of an Oil Spill from the Maari Field
30.
Discussion below refers to effects on coastal intertidal and shallow
subtidal habitats as per my brief. The effects of Maari Crude oil spills
on bird populations, marine mammals and oiled wildlife response, is
covered by the evidence of Helen McConnell, but I will expand on
mitigation actions below as they affect marine birds and other coastal
species.
31.
The degree of environmental impact from an oil spill depends on the
amount of oil involved, the duration and repetition of exposure, season,
sea conditions (storms etc), the type of geomorphology oil engages
with on the coast, and cleanup activity amongst other things.
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32.
The MV Rena event provides a useful recent and relevant opportunity
to examine environmental effects from a moderate oil spill event.
Approximately 300 tonnes of HFO 380 were lost from MV Rena during
a series of storm events in October and November 2011.6 Oil engaged
across a range of coastal and estuarine environments in the Bay of
Plenty from Waihi Beach to East Cape with inundation profiles closely
mapping predicted coastal engagement from MetOcean Solution’s oil
spill trajectory models.
33.
A significant cleanup operation managed by MNZ ensued, where the
oil was effectively removed from the environment by hand. Some cold
and hot water pressure spraying was used on some rocky shore
systems, but most oil was cleaned by the army and volunteers. As is
detailed in Battershill et al 2013, the environment (apart from Otaiti or
Astrolabe
Reef
additionally
affected
by
debris
contamination)
recovered quickly. Rocky shore communities demonstrated no
significant effects after 6 months and PAH profiles in ocean beach
bivalve (kai moana) species returned close to background levels in
under 8 months.
34.
Contrary to published accounts, intertidal and shallow water subtidal
species
took
up
Polycyclic
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
(PAHs)
(fingerprinted to be of MV Rena origin) quickly, but also lost them
quickly. Histology suggests that reproductive systems and general
physiology has not been significantly affected and there is no evidence
for massive die off during the major period of beach and shore oil
engagement. Some PAH peaks remain above ambient in some
populations of bivalves (Tua Tua), but are not consistent with MV Rena
HFO signatures. Following the MV Rena incident, we can comment
with a high degree of specificity on the environmental effects of oil
engagement with the coast to moderate spill volumes, but can only
speculate as to effects from larger spills.
35.
The international literature suggests that very large spills can have a
serious and long term effect on coastal ecosystems including the
6
Battershill et al 2013, Rena Long Term Environmental Recovery Program.
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connected subtidal ecology (e.g. Gulf of Mexico Spill, Exxon Valdez7).
However, the highly exposed nature of the Taranaki Coast suggests
that the organisms present will be robust to environmental impacts of a
moderate nature as exhibited in the Bay of Plenty in response to MV
Rena oil contamination (Battershill et al 2013). Estuarine environments
are however vulnerable to oil spills8 and it was fortunate that little oil
affected the Bay of Plenty estuaries (a number of these were
effectively boomed). Effects may be exacerbated if dispersants are
used compromising microbial degradation systems, and oils can affect
estuarine fish and invertebrate species including larval stages (eg
whitebait). However, as noted by Craig Welsh, dispersant would not
be used during a loss of well control response.
36.
Given the sites of sensitivity and conservation significance especially in
the Manawatu region, attention should be paid to these estuaries in
terms of fast response measures to boom off the habitat should an oil
spill occur. Recovery rates of oiled estuaries vary greatly depending on
the type of oil and whether dispersant has been used. In the MV Rena
situation relatively small amounts of oil entered estuaries and any small
remaining patches (not collected by booms or absorbent mats)
appeared to be naturally decomposed in sediment/seagrass beds. It is
relevant to note that cumulative effects of oil and other contaminants in
estuaries is likely to be a consideration in estimating impacts. In the
Waikareo estuary for example, a heightened PAH and metal
contamination loading due to urban proximity was detected in addition
to temporary MV Rena oil entry. It is unlikely that booms could be
effectively deployed in most other areas of coastal environment and
offshore islands around the Maari Field due to the high energy nature
of the region.
37.
Other mitigation actions that work include fast and effective cleanup
activity. For rocky shores this has to be by hand and can be difficult in
hard to access terrain. Along beaches again hand cleanup activity is
best given the poor results achieved in Australia on Stradbroke Island
7
See http://www.oceanconservancy.org/places/gulf-of-mexico/pdf-4-years-after-bp.pdf and
http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol2/a/EVOS_FAQs.pdf for access to review documents.
8
Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution Michael J. Kennish CRC Press, 1996.
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where bulldozers were used that further entrenched oil into the
beaches. In just over a year and a half from the Rena spill, no evidence
of Rena oil in beach sediment cores to 3 m have been found. Even
though dispersants are not likely to be effective on Maari Crude, they
should not be used in any shore environment in any event, as they
compromise the microbial action of natural decomposition processes of
oil degradation. It is noteworthy that effective cleanup was achieved
along the Maketu rocky shoreline by the Ngati Makino Iwi using
SpillSorb (sphagnum moss).
38.
Finally, an effective pre-emptive capture program of vulnerable coastal
bird species was conducted in the Rena event (New Zealand
dotterels). This was controversial and arguably not needed given the
spill turned out to be a relatively small one, however with approximately
1700 tonnes on the ship, the spill could have been much larger.
39.
Another important consideration is the knock-on effect of oil spill
cleanup activity where oil can be accidently tracked into sand dune
communities (by human traffic) or by oil spill absorbants (eg SpillSorb)
drying out and being blown inland again across sand dunes or into
paddocks. Care is needed in all oil spill response activity (see below).
THE NATIONAL OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN (TIER 3) RESPONSE
SYSTEM
40.
I refer to the evidence of Craig Welsh in his commentary around
National (Tier 3) Oil Spill response systems. I will specifically comment
on the National OSCP Chapter 5 Shoreline Cleanup Assessment of
Techniques (SCAT) and Chapter 6 Cleanup and Response Options for
Different Environments (MNZ 2012) in as much as they are relevant to
the Maari Field case.
41.
There is an effective (in terms of field implementation as observed by
me during the MV Rena incident) OSCP (Tier 3) and an effective
shoreline assessment and cleanup protocol (Chapters 5 and 6 MNZ
2012) now presumably improved in terms of implementation following
the Murdoch Review of MNZ Rena response (2013). The National
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OSCP provides for ‘hard wired’ formal protocols using pre-structured
data sheets and check lists to guide teams’ activity during highly
pressured times where speed and efficiency are required.
42.
Having said this however, the system that was available in October
2011, was put to the test by the MV Rena incident. It became evident
in the early phases of environmental response that much of the
information that should have been ‘pre-loaded’ into these forms (eg
areas of sensitivity, species of high interest for protection etc) was
absent and time was lost in setting up the forms that would eventually
guide the survey and response operations. A number of these issues
have subsequently been identified in the independent Government
review of the MNZ response to the MV Rena incident (Murdoch, 2013).
43.
Of significance in the Murdoch Review (mindful that hindsight advice is
always easy to achieve), was the identification of a slow response by
MNZ in very early phases, to address ‘environmental’ issues: ‘MNZ’s
technically specialised staff delivered soundly (for example, ship
inspection/investigation) overall but may have lacked depth in one area
(environmental analysis)’ (Murdoch, 2013 Conclusion 21.7).
44.
Of importance from my observations during MV Rena was a need for
MNZ to have up to date regional and national lists of experts who could
quickly provide advice as to areas of environmental sensitivity and
appropriate responses with regard to options for habitat protection.
This expertise is useful to augment the existing information in the
‘Sensitive Site Sheets’ of Regional OSCPs). The areas of higher oil
spill likelihood are known: coastal areas within the Taranaki region and
around Ports. It would therefore be a relatively simple matter to preload the necessary environmental and endangered species check lists
(already in the public domain) in readiness for an event, and also load
the key contact lists for these areas.
45.
In addition, for the MV Rena incident, engagement with local Iwi proved
effective once this occurred. Marae can respond very efficiently to
crises and their advice in the MV Rena incident with respect to the
pattern of oil engagement with the shore and the options for response
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was highly accurate. Coastal Marae are an effective network of fast
response resources. MNZ were slow to initially engage with Iwi and
this slowed response and resulted in unnecessary cultural impacts.
46.
In a recent review of the cultural impacts of the MV Rena incident, it is
clear that cultural impact can be significantly reduced, even eliminated
if Iwi are engaged early and sincerely, while at the same time there are
significant benefits in terms of environmental responses. Indeed this
would be a prudent step before any long term operational activity were
engaged in (if this hasn’t occurred to date). The disenfranchisement
caused by lack of engagement and by the omission of seeking
knowledge and advice, early, from ‘mana whenua’, was also a finding
in the Exxon Valdez case where cultural impact of first nations people
was reviewed. Once engaged, the inclusion of the Iwi response teams
worked well: ‘The iwi and volunteer workforce regime, an innovation of
the regional council with MNZ support, was successfully incorporated
into response operations and markedly increased the productivity of
the beach clean-up’ (Murdoch 2013).
47.
In the case of the Maari Field development, it would be prudent for
OMV to identify relevant environmental expertise for the region and
importantly engage with Mātauranga Māori experts also from the
region. For MV Rena, as indicated above, much time was lost reexamining environmental sensitivity tables in the Net Environmental
Benefit Assessment (NEBA) process which underpins the decision
making framework concerning response options and clean-up
standards etc (see Craig Welsh evidence for the MNZ response
protocol). Given that there is already information on the coastal
environments in the region and a probability map for oil spill trajectory,
it is possible to configure much of the necessary information for MNZ
oil spill response ahead of time. Engagement with Iwi and other key
stakeholders early is vital for coordinating informed and agreed
responses. This aids access and the survey work for SCAT teams
amongst other benefits.
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POSSIBLE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COASTAL
IMPACTS OF AN OIL SPILL
48.
Although I am not a medicinal doctor nor a medical expert, from
observations during the MV Rena event when oil came ashore in high
concentrations, there was a very powerful hydrocarbon odour
emanating from beached and wave washed oil. In the more severely
inundated parts of the coast, this was quite overwhelming as the more
volatile shorter chain hydrocarbons evaporated off the oil slicks. MNZ
needed to manage people who were interested in seeing the spills and
who wanted to get to the beaches fast to help cleanup. A number of
people became nauseous as a consequence. MNZ also needed to
manage people contaminating dune areas further with their movement
back and forth across beaches.
49.
Depending on the degree of oil spill inundation on the coasts and in the
coastal margin shallow subtidal areas, marine invertebrates (kai moana
species) will pick up hydrocarbons and in particular PAHs, some of
which are known to be carcinogenic (Battershill et al 2014). I am not a
human health expert when it comes to toxicity of marine food items to
people, but during the peak contamination period for the MV Rena
incident (approximately 300 tonnes of oil ashore) the levels of PAH
contamination in kai moana did not exceed New Zealand or Australian
limits of concern for human health (DHB and MPI advice). As a rule of
thumb, international advice is that ‘if you can smell hydrocarbon odour
from seafood, then it may well still be under limits for toxicity to
humans, but one should reject the item’. The human nose can detect
very low levels of petroleum hydrocarbons.9
RESPONSE TO SUBMISSIONS
50.
Submissions relevant to the possibility of coastal impacts from oil spills
identified a lack of information about coastal resources and
environmental sensitivities including “Section 59(2)(d) and (e) of the
EEZ Act requires EPA to consider “the importance of protecting the
biological diversity and integrity of marine species, ecosystems, and
9
US FDA 2010: http://www.seafood.nmfs.noaa.gov/pdfs/washingtonpost_gulfseafood.pdf.
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processes” and (e) “the importance of protecting rare and vulnerable
ecosystems and the habitats of threatened species". Section 11(b) of
the EEZ Act refers to the importance of NZ’s international obligations
including those under the CBD”. Additional areas of concern included
the possible loss of ‘pristine natural habitat’ (eg Abel Tasman National
Park environs) and subsequent loss of Tourism industry, cumulative
impacts from the Maari Field development on top of other oil and gas
projects and other sources of pollution, the use of Corexit as a
dispersant, impacts on marine mammals and birds (covered in other
evidence), and cultural values of the regions’ coasts.
51.
I note that an oil spill is an unplanned event against which multiple
precautions are taken (as described by others), rather than being an
expected occurrence, however I acknowledge that there are some
unknowns associated with an oil spill from the Maari field. The
ecotoxicity of Maari Crude oil is not known for relevant New Zealand
species and the effects of an oil spill are contingent on where it impacts
the coast and how large it is. However, the MNZ National OSCP is a
robust protocol for oil spill response and cleanup at a Tier 3 level, and
lessons have been learnt from the MV Rena incident. In my view these
matters should help to provide reassurance about New Zealand’s
response capabilities and the overall ability to mitigate effects.
52.
The Bay of Plenty region was impacted by approximately 300 tonnes of
HFO and did suffer short term environmental impacts including loss of
birdlife through oiling. As has been documented, the coastal
environments responded well with a return to near ‘pre-Rena’ condition
(apart from Astrolabe reef) within a year. Arguably the speed at which
this occurred was greatly enhanced by the activities of a very large
volunteer work force (over 8,000 registered volunteers), who removed
over 1,000 tonnes of oiled sandy material by May 2012. In short, a
significant load of beached oil was removed from the system therefore
stopping further environmental engagement.
53.
Fast response will mitigate the environmental effects caused by small
to moderate spills reaching the coast, although this assumes that most
of any oil spill will reach beach environments. Cleanup of rocky shores
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is much more difficult. Tourism impacts lasted longer however due to
perceptions of coastal environmental damage. Biodiversity was not
impacted by the Rena oil spill and this included subtidal rocky reef
biodiversity.
54.
The potential use of dispersants, specifically Corexit 9500, causes
much concern due to its use and reported environmental effects from
the Deep Horizon Gulf of Mexico incident. Its use on shore ecosystems
is not supported in New Zealand unless a situation arises where rare or
endangered (bird)
species may be at risk. Given its likely
ineffectiveness on Maari Crude oils and Mr Welsh’s evidence that
dispersants would not be used in any spill from a loss of well control at
Maari, this potential source of contamination could be dismissed.
55.
In examining nearshore benthic ecosystem images from recent
surveys, it would appear that the South Taranaki Bight biodiversity has
already been somewhat compromised by sedimentation effects from
muddy rivers. Remnant rocky outcrop communities are characterised
by species of encrusting organisms that are resilient to high
sedimentation and disturbance events. Biodiversity on sandy beaches
is relatively low as reported in available literature.
SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO EPA STAFF REPORT
56.
Paragraphs 145-175 of
the EPA Staff Report generally address
matters relating to oil spills.
57.
The EPA make some valid comments. I will leave it to Peter McComb
to respond to the comments about oil spill trajectory modelling, but I
note that the worst case modelling scenario provided is useful as a
conservative tool for examining the effects of an oil spill on the coast.
58.
Of significance is the identification of the Manawatu Estuary as a
habitat of concern with regard to an oil spill. Attention should be
focused on possible mitigation actions should oil threaten this
environment. Observations of boom effectiveness and deployment
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techniques made during protection measures of Waikareo and Maketu
Estuaries during the MV Rena event would be useful.
59.
Potential benthic impacts of an oil spill are considered in paragraphs
162-165. The cumulative effects of dispersants can arguably be put to
rest given they are not likely to work on Maari Crude oil and therefore
not used. Ecotoxicity information for Maari Crude oils would be needed
to be specific about other effects on benthic organisms. I am generally
comfortable with the EPA’s conclusions and recommended conditions
in paragraphs 170-175, but I will leave it to other witnesses to address
the specific matters raised except where I have specifically commented
on these matters earlier in my evidence.
60.
The Oil Spill column of the Effects Assessment table on page 63 would
be accurate for a large volume event. The terms ‘short’ and ‘long term’
are not defined for this table which makes interpretation difficult. For
smaller volumes of oil, lesser grades of ‘Adverse Effects’ could be
attributed to some of the ‘Aspects Affected’ categories apart from
Customary Fisheries and other aspects of Cultural Impact (Mauri).
RESPONSE TO NGĀ KAIHAUTŪ TIKANGA TAIAO REPORT
61.
The Ngā Kaihautū Tikanga Taiao Report (29 August 2014) refers in
paragraph 17 to concerns about coastal erosion. I am confident that the
Maari drilling program will not enhance coastal erosion in the Taranaki
region.
62.
The matters discussed in my evidence are relevant to many of the matters
raised in the report, in particular paragraphs 35 and 37.
CONCLUSION
63.
Enough is known from the literature to be able to comment on the
range of habitats present and how they may react to an oil spill in
general terms, although specific ecotoxicity information on Maari Crude
oil precludes detailed assessment at a species or phylogenetic level.
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64.
The MNZ National OSCP is a robust protocol for oil spill response and
cleanup at a Tier 3 level. In response to the Murdoch review
subsequent to the MV Rena incident, responses are likely to be much
improved. The effectiveness of the OSCP can be ensured by
facilitating a ‘pre-loading’ of relevant environmental information for the
region and specifically areas of higher likelihood of any oil spill
resulting in coastal engagement, and ensuring a current list with
contact details of key experts and iwi contacts is available.
65.
The coastal effects of an oil spill from the Maari Field will depend on
the amount of oil lost to the environment and engaging with the coast,
the duration and re-engagement of oil from varying currents and
weather conditions, and the habitats that have been affected. Maari
Crude is very waxy and will not be likely to respond to oil dispersants in
field conditions. The ecotoxicity of Maari Crude either fresh or
weathered to New Zealand marine organisms including kai moana
species is unknown. Although a different oil type (HFO 380), the MV
Rena incident of approximately 300 tonnes suggested that with fast
cleanup response, the environment can recover very quickly.
66.
Most of the coastal habitats in the vicinity of the Maari Field (the South
Taranaki Bight, Northern Taranaki regions, Kapiti Coast, Marlborough
Sounds and Farewell Spit are ‘exposed’ in terms of prevailing weather.
As a consequence the regions’ coastal ecosystems represent a robust
community of organisms. Sensitive habitats include a number of
estuaries which would be significantly impacted even with moderate oil
spills should oil get into them. These can possibly be deflection
boomed (inside the system) to limit the entry of oil further into the
system.
Chris Battershill
17 September 2014
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Appendix 1
Environmental Effects Assessment Experience: Curriculum Vitae
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CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME:
Christopher Noel BATTERSHILL
YEAR OF BIRTH:
1957
PROFESSION: Professor and Chair of Coastal Science, University of Waikato
SPECIALISATION:
Marine ecology, marine biosystematics, environmental
toxicology, biodiscovery
KEY QUALIFICATIONS:
Professor, University of Waikato (Inaugural Bay of Plenty Regional Council
Chair, Coastal Science), 2011
Adjunct Professor, James Cook University, 2006 (renewed 2009)
Company Director Dipl. Australian Institute Company Directors, 2005
Adjunct Professor, University of Western Australia 2001 (renewed 2008)
Ph.D, University of Auckland, Marine Ecology, 1986
MSc Hons, Auckland University, Marine Toxicology/Biology, 1980
BSc, Auckland University, Biology Major with Maths and Chemistry, 1978
PROFESSIONAL
AFFILIATIONS:
INTERCOAST New Zealand Program Leader (University of Waikato and
University of Bremen) 2011+ (DFG funded €3.5m)
Australia New Zealand Marine Biotechnology Society Inc Board Member,
Inaugural Vice President. 2014+
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery Associate Investigator
2013+
International Marine Biotechnology Association Board Member 2010+
Australasian Project Leader PharmaSea (EU FP7 funded €9.5m) 2010+
IMarEST NZ, North Queensland (Qld/South Pacific) (President, 2010, VicePresident, 2007-2009).
Member Royal Society NZ, ongoing.
Member New Zealand Marine Sciences Association (Executive 1984-85,
1991-94, President 1991-2).
Australian Coral Reef Society (past member, but maintain linkages)
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Member Australian Marine Sciences Society (Past member, but maintain
linkages)
Member Antarctic Society (Past member, but maintain linkages)
EMPLOYMENT RECORD:
Jan2011-present Inaugural Bay of Plenty Regional Council Chair of Coastal
Science, University of Waikato
1999-2011
Principal Marine Scientist, Research Team Leader: Supporting
Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity: includes
aquaculture, biodiscovery, inaugural microbiology teams.
1991-1999
FRST Programme Leader Marine Biodiscovery, DSIR New
Zealand Oceanographic Institute/NIWA (National Institute
of Water and Atmosphere Research)
1990-1991
Senior Marine Ecologist. Conservation
Department of Conservation
1989-1990
ARC Post-Doctoral Research Fellow. Australian Institute of
Marine Science/National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA/
University of Wollongong
1986-1989
Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Senior Scientist, New Zealand
NCI. project. University of Canterbury/National Cancer
Institute/Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (USA)
1981-1986
Ph.D candidate (part-time) / Environmental Consultant. The
University of Auckland / Various Contractors
1980-1981
Toxicologist/Senior Biologist. Taranaki Catchment Commission
1978-1980
MSc. candidate / Contractor. The University of Auckland / Shell,
B.P. & Todd
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
CHEMISTRY PROJECTS (ONLY):
ASSESSMENT
Science
and
Centre,
MARINE
Maui Environmental Program & MSc Thesis 1978-1980

Battershill CN. (1979). The lethal and sublethal effects of oils and oil
dispersing chemicals on an intertidal gastropod Nerita melanotragus.
MSc Thesis, University of Auckland.

Battershill CN, Bergquist PR. (1982). Responses of an inter-tidal
gastropod to field exposure of an oil and a dispersant. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 13(5): 159-162.

Battershill CN, Bergquist PR. (1984). The influence of biorhythms on
sensitivity of Nerita to pollutants at sublethal levels. Oil and
Petrochemical Pollution 2(1): 31–38.
Taranaki Catchment Commission 1980-1981
Petrochemical
Page 23
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
(1981). Part I: Marine ecology. Part II: Bacteriology : Water resource
investigations. Synthetic petrol plant,Motunui. Taranaki Catchment
Commission, Stratford.

(1981). Taranaki Catchment Commission and Regional Water Board.
Synthetic petrol plant, Motunui : recommendations to planning tribunal.
Taranaki Catchment Commission and Regional Water Board, Stratford,
NZ.

Battershill CN. (1980). Marine ecology : water resource investigations –
Tikorangi. Taranaki Catchment Commission, Stratford.

Battershill CN; Venus GC. (1980). Estuarine biological investigations :
water resource investigations : petrochemical development, Tikorangi.
Taranaki Catchment Commission Stratford, NZ. 46p.

Battershill CN. (1981). Evidence. In the matter of an application by
Petralgas NZ Ltd pursuant to the National Develepment Act, 1979, for
consents to operate a methanol plant at Waitara, Evidence from the
Taranaki Catchment Commission and Regional Water Board.

Battershill CN (1981). Evidence Kapuni Fish Kill

Battershill CN (1980-81). Environmental surveys Taranaki Coastline.
Environmental Consultant, PhD thesis, Post-Doctoral Fellowship 19821990

Battershill CN. (1982). Tutukaka Marina Expansion : Environmental
impact assessment. Prepared by the Northland Harbour Board ; with
technical input provided by C.N. Battershill. Northland Harbour Board,
Whangarei, N.Z. 63p.

Battershill CN. (1985). The Estuarine Environment of Pohe Island.
[Variant title: Report on the ecological status of the estuary around Pohe
Island, Whangarei]. Report commissioned by the Whangarei City
Council.

Battershill CN. (1986). Marine benthos of caves, archways, and vertical
reef walls of the Poor Knights Islands.

Battershill CN. (1987). Factors affecting the structure and dynamics of
subtidal communities characterised by sponges. PhD Thesis, University
of Auckland.

Battershill CN, Bergquist PR (1990). The influence of storms on
asexual reproduction, recruitment, and survivorship of sponges. In: New
perspectives in sponge biology. Rützler K (ed). Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, DC: 397-404.
Leader National Cancer Institute Shallow Water Collection Program New
Zealand, Post-Doctoral Fellowship 1986-1990 (NCI, Harbor Branch
Oceanographic Inst, florida, University of Canterbury.

Intensive diving program around New Zealand making biodiversity
collections from all habitats (Far North NZ to the Antarctic). Duties
including taxonomic identification of benthic species.
Department of Conservation 1990-1991

Battershill CN. (1991). General surveys and marine monitoring tutorial
programs North and South Islands. New Zealand Team leader National
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Cancer Institute Shallow Water collection extended Program Fiordland
and Stuart Island.
NIWA / NZ Oceanographic Institute 1991-1999
Western Mining Corp: Kupe, Taranaki, and Australian North West Shelf
Offshore Review (1992 to 1993)

Murdoch R; Battershill C; Lovegrove T. (1993). Environmental audit of
the WMC Airlie Project For Western Mining Corporation Petroleum
Division (Australasia). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute.

Battershill CN, Aaron EA, Blackmore N, Carter L, Grange KG, Grieg M,
Grieve JM, McKnight D, Murdoch RM, Nodder S, Stanton B. (1992).
Kupe South Environmental Report. Addendum. A report prepared for
Western Mining Corporation Perth, Western Australia. NZ
Oceanographic Institute, NIWAR, Wellington. 1992/15. 144p.

Page M, Murdoch R, Battershill CN. (1992). Kupe South Baseline
Environmental Survey of the Macrobenthic Community at the proposed
Oil and Gas Condensate Field August- September 1992. A report
prepared for Western Mining Corporation Perth, Western Australia. NZ
Oceanographic Institute, NIWAR, Wellington. 1992/20. 40pp.

Murdoch R, Battershill CN, Oliver M. (1993). Environmental Impact
Assessment of the proposed shore crossing of the Kupe South pipeline.
A report prepared for Western Mining Corporation Perth, Western
Australia. NZ Oceanographic Institute, NIWA, Wellington. 1993/18.
116p.

Page M, Murdoch R, Battershill CN, Oliver M. (1993). Kupe South
Baseline Environmental Monitoring Study: Macrobenthic communities
along proposed pipeline route. A report prepared for Western Mining
Corporation Perth, Western Australia. NZ Oceanographic Institute,
NIWA, Wellington. 1993/27. 23pp.

Battershill CN. (1989). Distribution and abundance of benthic marine
species at Cape Armitage, Ross Island, Antarctica-initial results. New
Zealand Antarctic Record 9: 35-52.

Kingsford, MJ, Schiel DR, Battershill CN. (1989). Distribution and
Abundance of Fish In A Rocky Reef Environment At the Sub-Antarctic
Auckland Islands, New-Zealand. Polar Biology 9(3): 179-186.

Battershill CN. (1990). Temporal changes in Antarctic marine benthic
community structure. New Zealand Antarctic Record 10, 23–27.

Battershill CN, Page M, Goldsworthy P, Arron E, Singleton R. (1991).
The ecology of the Pram Point Reef Wall, Ross Island, Antarctica.
Department of Conservation Contract Report.

Grange KR, Murdoch RC, Battershill CN, Singleton RJ. (1992). A
survey of the marine habitats and communities of White Island, Bay of
Plenty. Department of Conservation Contract Report 1203. 89p.

Battershill CN. (1992). The ecology of the Pram Point reef slope, Ross
Island, Antarctica. New Zealand Antarctic Record.

Battershill CN, Schiel DR, Jones GP, Creese RG, MacDiarmid AB
(eds). (1993). Proceedings of the Second International Temperate Reef
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Symposium, 7-10 January 1992, Auckland, New Zealand. NIWA, New
Zealand. 252pp.

Battershill CN, Murdoch RC, Grange KR, Singleton RJ, Aaron ES,
Page MJ, Oliver MD. (1993). A survey of the marine habitats and
communities of Kapiti Island. Report prepared for the Department of
Conservation.

Battershill CN, Page MJ. (1996). Preliminary Survey of Pariokariwa
Reef, North Taranaki A report prepared for the Department of
Conservation Wanganui. NIWA, Wellington. 1996/10-WN. 15pp.

Cranfield HJ, Battershill CN, Gordon DJ, Francis MP, Read GB, Glasby
C, Nelson WA, Marshall BC, Yaldwin JC, Willan RC, Dawson EW.
(1998). Marine algae, sponges, bryozoa, polychaetes, Molluscs,
arthropods, tunicates and teleosts introduced into New Zealand. MoF
Technical Series Publication.

Cranfield HJ, Gordon DP, Willan RC, Marshall BA, Battershill CN,
Francis MP, Nelson WA, Glasby CJ, Reid GB. (1998). Adventive marine
species in New Zealand. NIWA Technical Report 34: 48pp.

Battershill C, Gordon D, Abraham E. (1998). Benthos: a datalogger of
marine environmental health. In: Wallace C, Weeber B, Buchanan S
(Eds). Marine ecosystem management: obligations and Opportunities.
[Proc Intl Conference Seaviews Feb 1998 Wellington]
http://www.eco.org.nz/uploads/Seaviews/Seaviews%20Proceedings.pdf

Battershill CN, Abraham R. (1999). Sponges, indicators of marine
environmental health. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 50. [5th
International Sponge Conference Proceedings].

Kingsford MJ, Battershill CN. (2003). Studying Temperate Marine
Environments. A handbook for ecologists. Third Edition. CRC Press,
USA. 335pp. [and previous editions in 1998, 2000].
South Island Freezing works effluent


Murdoch R; Battershill C. (1992). Survey to evaluate the effects of the
Canterbury Frozen Meat Company Ltd Pareora Works waste discharge
on the local marine environment, December 1991. Contract Report for
Canterbury Frozen Meat Company Limited, Christchurch.
Murdoch R; Page M; Battershill C. (1992). Effects of the Canterbury
Frozen Meat Company Ltd Pareora Works waste discharge on the local
marine environment, May 1992. Survey II. Contract Report for
Canterbury Frozen Meat Company Limited, Christchurch.
Aquaculture Impacts and Marine Protected Areas

Jones GP, Cole RC, Battershill CN. (1993). Marine Reserves - Do they
work? In: Proceedings of the Second International Temperate Reef
Symposium . Battershill et al. (eds). NIWA Marine Publ: 29-46.

Duckworth AR, Battershill CN, Bergquist PR. (1997). Influence of
explant procedures and environmental factors on culture success of
three sponges. Aquaculture 156(3-4): 251-267.

Duckworth AR, Battershill CN, Schiel DR, Bergquist PR. (1999) Farming
sponges for the production of bioactive metabolites. [Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum 44: 155-159. [5th International Sponge
Conference Proceedings].
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
Duckworth AR, Battershill CN. (2003). Developing farming structures
for production of biologically active sponge metabolites. Aquaculture
217(1-4): 139-156.

Duckworth A, Battershill C. (2003). Sponge aquaculture for the
production of biologically active metabolites: the influence of farming
protocols and environment. Aquaculture 221(1-4): 311-329.

Battershill CN. (1998). Treble Tree EIA Hearing for Aquaculture
Development (Marlborough Sounds).
Hydrothermal vents


Stoffers P, Hannington M, Wright I, Herzig P, De Ronde C, Arpe
T, Battershill C, Botz R, Britten K, Browne P, Cheminée J.-L, Fricke HW, Garbe-Schönberg D, Hekinian R, Hissman K, Huber R, Robertson J,
Schauer J, Schmitt M, Scholten J, Schwarz-Schampera U, Smith I.
(1999). Elemental mercury at submarine hydrothermal vents in the Bay
of Plenty, Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand Geology 27(10): 931-934.
de Ronde CEJ, Stoffers P, Garbe-Schonberg D, Christenson BW, Jones
B, Manconi R, Browne PRL, Hissmann K, Botz R, Davy BW, Schmitt M,
Battershill CN. (2002). Discovery of active hydrothermal venting in Lake
Taupo, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
115(3-4): 257-275.
Deepwater waste dumping sites

Page M, Nodder S, Battershill C. (2000). Standard Methods for
Surveying and monitoring marine deepwater waste dumping sites. A
handbook. Maritime Safety Authority of New Zealand. 56pp.
AIMS 1999-2011
Oversaw research into the ship groundings on the Great Barrier Reef:

Bunga Teratai Satu grounding on Sudbury Reef grounding GBR on 2
November 2000.

Shen Neng 1 grounding on Douglas Shoals on 3April 2010
Oil and Gas Development Program NW Australia

Australian Institute of Marine Science Leader in the AIMS/GeoScience
Australia collaboration to examine oil and gas development related
environmental effects considerations on the North West Shelf and the
Bonaparte Gulf. Cruise Leader of all voyages 2008-2010.
Ningaloo Reef Surveys

Nichol S, Heap A, Anderson T, Presowlski R, Battershill C. (2012)
Submerged subaerial dunes colonised by corals, Ningaloo Reefs. In.
Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHab Atlas of seafloor
Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats (ed) P T Harris and E K
Baker. Elsevier Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00027-X.
Seismic profiling effects Scott Reef - Chief Scientist

Battershill CN. (2007). Immediate Environmental Report for Seismic 3D effects on deep water corals for Woodside Petroleum and EPA. Scott
Reef, August 2007.

Battershill C, Cappo M, Colquhoun J, Cripps E, Jorgensen D, McCorry
D, Stowar M, Venables W. (2008). Final Report. Towed Video and
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Photoquadrat Assessments for Seismic 3-D effects on deep water corals
for Woodside Petroleum and EPA. Scott Reef, May 2008.

Chris Battershill, Mike Cappo, Jamie Colquhoun, Edward Cripps,
Damien Jorgensen, Denise McCorry, Marcus Stowar, Ben Radford, Ian
Miller, Bill Venables & Andrew Heyward (2014). Coral community
response to a 3D marine seismic survey (in prep for submission to Coral
Reefs.)

Golden Gecko Award APPEA for the Scott Reef research.
NW shelf surveys for Oil and Gas development

Brooke B, Nichol S, Hughes M, McArthur M, Anderson T, Przeslawski R,
Siwabessy J, Heyward A, Battershill C, Colquhoun J, Doherty P.
(2009). Carnarvon Shelf Survey Post-cruise Report. Record 2009/002.
Geoscience Australia, Canberra.

Brooke, B, Nichol S, Hughes M. McArthur M, Anderson T, Preslawski R,
Siwabessy J, Heyward A, Battershill C, Colquhoun J, Doherty P. (2009)
Carnarvon Shelf Survey. GA/AIMS Report 2009/02 89pp.

Rachel P, Alvarez B, Battershill C, Smith T. 2014. Sponge biodiversity
and ecology of the Van Diemen Rise and eastern Joseph Bonaparte
Gulf, northern Australia Hydrobiologia. 730: 1-16.
Nichol S, Heap A, Anderson T, Presowlski R, Battershill C. 2011
Submerged subaerial dunes colonised by corals, Ningaloo Reefs. In.
Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat: GeoHab Atlas of seafloor
Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats (ed) P T Harris and E K
Baker. Elsevier Press.

Kimberley Coast Oil and Gas Hub Surveys
• Planning team for examining the best location for a combined industry
Oil and Gas Processing Hub on the Kimberley coast (north West
Australia). Research Team leader for the project until departure from
AIMS late 2010.
Bonaparte Gulf survey for Oil and Gas

Heap A, Preszlawski R, Radke L, Trafford J, Battershill C. Seabed
Environments of the Eastern Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Northern Australia
SOL 4934 Post Survey Report. (2010). ISSN 1448-2177 81pp. 2010.

Anderson TJ, Nichol S, Radke L, Heap AD, Battershill C, Hughes M,
Siwabessy JP, Barrie V, Alvarez de Glasby B, Tran M, Daniell J,
Shipboard Party. (2011). Seabed Environments of the Eastern Joseph
Bonaparte Gulf, Northern Australia. GA0325/Sol5117 - Post-Survey
Report Record 2011/008. Shipboard Party Geoscience Australia,
Canberra.

Przeslawski R, Daniell J, Anderson T, Barrie JV, Battershill C, Heap A,
Hughes M, Li J, Potter A, Radke L, Siwabessy J, Tran M, Whiteway T,
Nichol S. (2011). Seabed habitats and hazards of the Joseph Bonaparte
gulf and Timor Sea, Northern Australia. Record 2011/40, Geoscience
Australia, Canberra.69pp.

Heap A, Anderson T, Radke L, Nichol S, Battershill C. (2011). Seabed
Environments of the Eastern Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Northern Australia
SOL 5117 Post Survey Report, 2011.
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
Przeslawski, R; Alvarez, B; Battershill, C; Smith, T. (2014). Sponge
biodiversity and ecology of the Van Diemen Rise and eastern Joseph
Bonaparte Gulf, northern Australia. HYDROBIOLOGIA 730 (1): 1-16.
DOI: 10.1007/s10750-013-1799-8
Aquaculture Environmental Effects

Battershill CN et al (2002). A Business Plan for Sponge Aquaculture in
the Palm Island Region. Babel SPF Consultants/ Australian Institute of
Marine Science. Report to Queensland State Development 2002

Battershill CN et al. (2002). CRC Progress Report Task C1.11 Sponge
Aquaculture for Indigenous Communities.

Evans-Illidge EA, Battershill CN. (2002). The Potential of Commercial
Sponge Aquaculture in the Palm Islands. Research update report to
Manbarra traditional owners.

Evans-Illidge L, Battershill C, de Nys R, Wolff C, Louden D, Bannister
R. (2002). GBRRF Progress Report and report to Jupitors and Viertel
Trusts: Creation of Employment and New Industries in Indigenous
Communities with Sponge Aquaculture.

Evans-Illidge, EA, Battershill CN. (2002). The Potential of Commercial
Sponge Aquaculture in the Palm Islands. Research update report to
Manbarra traditional owners.

Evans-Illidge EA, Battershill CN, Wolff CWW. (2002). From experiment
to enterprise – Sponge aquaculture ventures for regional Australian
communities. In: Proceedings of the 6th Sponge Conference, Genoa
(Italy), 29 Sep-5 Oct 2002.

Wolff CWW, Battershill CN, Evans-Illidge EA. (2002). New species
aquaculture of tropical dictyoceratids for production of commercial
sponges in the Great Barrier Reef Region. In: Proceedings of the 6th
Sponge Conference, Genoa (Italy), 29 Sep-5 Oct 2002.

Battershill CN et al. (2003). WA sponge chemical ecology and
aquaculture. FRDC 2003 Final Report 2000/214.

Battershill C, Harvey E, Evans-Illidge E, Motti C, Fromont J, Abdo D,
Whalan S. (2004). New Targets for Aquaculture. Stage 1. Produced for
Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. {Commercial in
Confidence]. Australian Institute of Marine Science and the Fisheries
Research and Development Corporation. 179p.
Webster N, Evans-Illidge L, Duckworth A, Louden D, Whalan S,
Bannister R, Brinkman R, Wolff C, De Nys R, Battershill C. (2006).
Palm island sponge aquaculture research: A compilation of relevant
reviews and research conducted at the Australian Institute of Marine
Science, James Cook University, and AIMS@JCU. Australian Institute of
Marine Science, James Cook University and AIMS @ JCU. 78 p.

Environmental Effects General

Battershill CN, Stocker LJ, Fromont J, Bergquist PR. (2002). Sponge
individual - An integrator of long term biophysical environmental events.
In: Proceedings of the 6th Sponge Conference, Genoa (Italy), 29 Sep-5
Oct 2002.

Webster NS, Negri AP, Wolff CW, Maclean WJ, Munro MHG,
Battershill CN. (2002). Human impacts and the microbial ecology of
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Antarctic sponges. In: Proceedings of the 6th Sponge Conference,
Genoa (Italy), 29 Sep-5 Oct 2002.

Negri AP, Hales LT, Battershill C, Wolff C, Webster NS. (2004). TBT
contamination identified in Antarctic marine sediments. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 48(11-12): 1142-1144.

Webster NS, Negri AP, Munro MHG, Battershill CN. (2004). Diverse
microbial communities inhabit Antarctic sponges. Environmental
Microbiology 6(3): 288-300. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00570.x

Abdo DA, Battershill CN, Harvey ES. (2006). Manipulation of
environmental variables and the effect on the growth of Haliclona sp.:
Implications for open-water aquaculture. Marine Biology Research 2(5):
326-332.

Bannister RJ, Brinkman R, Wolff C, Battershill C, De Nys R. (2007).
The distribution and abundance of dictyoceratid sponges in relation to
hydrodynamic features: Identifying candidates and environmental
conditions for sponge aquaculture. Marine and Freshwater Research
58(7): 624-633.

Ettinger-Epstein P, Whalan S, Battershill CN, De Nys R. (2008). A
hierarchy of settlement cues influences larval behaviour in a coral reef
sponge. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365: 103-113.

Bannister RJ, Battershill CN, de Nys R. (2010). Demographic variability
and long-term change in a coral reef sponge along a cross-shelf
gradient of the Great Barrier Reef Marine and Freshwater Research
61(4): 389-396.

Bannister RJ, Battershill CN, de Nys R. (2012). Suspended sediment
grain size and mineralogy across the continental shelf of the Great
Barrier Reef: Impacts on the physiology of a coral reef sponge.
Continental Shelf Research 32: 86-95.
Marine Resources

Wolff C, Evans-Illidge L, Battershill C. (2002). Report to the
Queensland Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Policy.
Palm Islands Dictyoceratid sponge survey June 2001 to April 2002.

Evans-Illidge E, Battershill C, Motti C. (2004). Activities undertaken at
AIMS under Regulation 179 Authority provided by WA Fisheries on 4
October 2002. Australian Institute of Marine Science. 35p.
University of Waikato 2011 - current
Rena / Astrolabe Reef (Rena) / Rena evidence

Battershill CN and Schiel D (Eds). (2013). Rena Long Term
Environmental Recovery Program Report. Program overview, executive
summary. Authorship 2 chapters and co-authorship on 16. 706pp.

Special Edition New Zealand Marine and Freshwater Research MV
Rena Environmental Effects and recovery commissioned. In prep.
Submission October 2014
Hauraki Gulf marine spatial planning review
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
Independent commissioned review of the Hauraki Gulf Marine Spatial
Planning Process SeaChange. Included elements of maritime safety
and pollution response.
Trans Tasman Resources South Taranaki Bight Seabed Mining
Consent EIA

Review of NIWA evidence for Trans Tasman Resources.
Tauranga Harbour Environmental and Cultural Health Assessment

Ellis J, Clark D, Hewitt J, Taiapa C, Sinner J, Patterson M, Hardy D,
Park S, Gardner B, Morrison A, Culliford D, Battershill C, Hancock N,
Hale L, Asher R, Gower F, Brown E, McCallion A. (2013) Ecological
Survey of Tauranga Harbour. MTM Report 13, 70p ISBN 978-09876639-2-4.
Post Graduate Student Supervision (Environmental Sciences)
Currently supervise 23 students as either primary or secondary supervisor.
In addition, as New Zealand Lead Scientist on the INTERCOAST project (a
collaboration with University of Bremen, Germany) oversee 20 postgraduates working on projects mainly based in the Bay of Plenty.
INTERCOAST is a mutli-disciplinary research and training collaboration to
compare and contrast environmental, legal, cultural and social issues
pertaining to coastal development in either hemisphere. Only theses
relevant to environmental specialty are listed. Previous students:
Completed






Harvey ES. (1998). Underwater stereo-video: A tool for minimising
biases in visual censuses of reef fish. PhD Thesis, Marine Science,
University of Otago.
Morrison-Gardiner S. (2001). Studies on the morpology and ecology of
fungi associated with the Australian marine environment. PhD Thesis,
Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University.
Abdo DA. (2002). The influence of the physical environment on a
bioactive marine sponge, Haliclona sp. In temperate Western Australia.
MSc Thesis, School of Plant Biology (Botany), Faculty of Natural and
Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia.
Floerl O. (2002). Marine Invasion Ecology in Northern Queensland. PhD
Thesis, James Cook University.
MacPherson, DJ. (2013). Effects of catastrophic coastal landslides on
the Te Angiangi Marine Reserve, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. MSc
Thesis, University of Waikato.
Webby A. (2014). Toxicological effects of MV Rena pollutants to New
Zealand fish and lobster. MSc Thesis, University of Waikato.
Current (with working title)
PhD

Huteau, Julien (in progress). Use of stable isotopes and trace
elements to characterise nutirent input and ulva algal blooms in
Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand

Ferrer-Costa, Alicia (in progress). The use of Geographic Information
Systems as a tool to integrate services of coastal environments in spatial
planning.
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

Singer, Anja (in progress). Distribution modelling of macrofauna
species in the Jade Bay in response to environmental change
Biondo, Manuela (in progress). Trends of habitat patchiness in
acoustic seafloor classification data.
MSc

Bollen Merle (in progress). Range expansion mechanisms in invasive
seaweeds.

Browne Ashleigh (in progress). Biodiscovery and production of PSA
anti-biotics from marine algae.

Brooke, Nathania (in progress). Larval fish ecology in Tauranga
Harbour.

Burnstein, Daniel (in progress). The chemistry of pollutant mixtures
emanating from the MV Rena.

Culliford, David (in progress). Environmental effects of Port runoff
from timber processing.

Dempsey, Te Puea (in progress). Toitu Te Moananui a Toi - Impacts
to the coastal water quality and ecosystem foundations of Otaiti
(Astrolabe Reef) following the MV Rena grounding

Kellet, Melissa (in progress). Coastal habitat partitioning by sharks and
rays (elasmobranchs).

McCormack, Sam (in progress). The chemical ecology of marine
subtidal invertebrates

McSweeny, Caleb (in progress). Diet and foraging habits of key
kaimoana species influenced by the MV Rena contamination using
compound-specific isotope analysis

Reihana, Kiri (in progress). Understanding the chemical and biological
physiology of cyanobacteria from four regional areas: Tauranga
Harbour, Whale Island, Astrolabe Reef and White Island

Sturgess, Nicole (in progress). Habitat surrogacy in sub marine
mapping of the Paraninihi Marine Reserve, Taranaki.

Taikato, Vanessa (in progress). The effects of waste water seepage
and spillage into Tauranga Harbour

Webb, Nicola (in progress). Chemical and biological investigation of
New Zealand marine sponges focussing on the Cliona group

Williams Anton (in progress). Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture.

Three others’ supervisory committee and oversight of INTERCOAST
PhD students with Prof Huhn U Bremen..
Publications (Marine Environment, Na tural Resources and
Chemistry)
Abdo DA, Motti CA, Battershill CN, Harvey ES. (2007). Temperature and
spatiotemporal variability of salicylihalamide A in the sponge Haliclona sp.
Journal of Chemical Ecology 33(8): 1635-1645.
Alvarez B, Bergquist PR, Battershill CN. (2002). Taxonomic revision of the
genus Latrunculia Du Bocage (Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) in
New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
36(1): 151-184.
Bannister RJ, Hoogenboom MO, Anthony KRN , Battershill CN, Whalan S ,
Webster NS, De Nys R. (2011). Incongruence between the distribution of
a common coral reef sponge and photosynthesis. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 423: 95-100.
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Battershill CN. (1990). The chemical ecology of Antarctic benthic marine
invertebrates: initial observations. New Zealand Antarctic Record 10: 922.
Battershill CN, Blunt JW, Munro MHG, Barns G, Dale F. (1989). Anti-viral and
Anti-tumour Activity in Antarctic Benthic Marine Invertebrates. New
Zealand Antarctic Record. 9(2): 53-63.
Battershill CN. (1998). Ascidians. In: Ryan P, Paulin C (eds). Fiordland
Underwater. Exisle Publ. p116-123.
Battershill CN. (1998). Sponges. In: Ryan P, Paulin C (eds). Fiordland
Underwater. Exisle Publ.: 36-43.
Battershill CN. (1999). Discovery and sustainable supply of marine natural
product as drugs, industrial compounds and agrochemicals ; chemical
ecology, genetics, aquaculture and cell culture. Memoirs of the
Queensland Museum 44:76. [5th International Sponge Conference
Proceedings].
Battershill CN, Bergquist PR, Debitus C. (1998). The fascinating world of
sponge chemistry and chemical ecology. In: Lévi C, Laboute P, Meno J-L,
Bargibant G, Battershill C, Bergquist P (eds). Sponges of the New
Caledonia Lagoon. ORSTOM, Paris. 214pp.
Battershill CN, Bergquist PR, Cook SdeC. (2010). Phylum porifera. In: Cook
SdeC (ed).New Zealand Coastal Marine Invertebrates, Volume One.
Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. p57–137.
Battershill CN, Bergquist PR, Ward V, (Pritchard K, comp.). (1984). Marine
sponges. Forty six sponges of Northern New Zealand. Leigh Laboratory
Bulletin 14, Auckland University. 149pp.
Battershill CN, Page MJ, Munro MHG. (2002). Chemical ecology of sponges in
culture. In: Proceedings of the 6th Sponge Conference, Genoa (Italy), 29
Sep-5 Oct 2002.
Battershill CN, Bavington C, Chahal S, Jaspars M, Littlechild J, Spragg A.
(2008) Contributions of marine bioscience to industrial biotechnology.
Roundtable Discussion. Industrial Biotechnology 3 (4):304-313.
Battershill CN, Jaspars M, Long PF. (2005). Marine biodiscovery: New drugs
from the ocean depths. Biologist, 52(2): 107-114.
Battershill CN, Page MJ. (1996). Sponge aquaculture for drug production
Aquaculture Updates 16: 5–6.
Bell AH, Bergquist PR, Battershill CN. (1999). Feeding biology of Polymastia
croceus. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 51–56. [5th
International Sponge Conference Proceedings].
Blunt JW, Munro MHG, Battershill CN, Copp BR, McCombs JD, Perry NB,
Prinsep M, Thompson AM. (1990). From the Antarctic To the Antipodes 45-Degrees of Marine Chemistry. New Journal of Chemistry 14(10): 761775. [6th International Symp. on Marine Natural Products Location: Dakar,
Senegal, Jul 03-07, 1989].
Duckworth AR, Battershill CN, Schiel DR. (2004). Effects of depth and water
flow on growth, survival and bioactivity of two temperate sponges cultured
in different seasons. Aquaculture 242(1-4): 237-250.
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Duckworth AR, Battershill CN. (2001). Population dynamics and chemical
ecology of New Zealand demospongiae Latrunculia sp.nov. and
Polymastia croceus (Poecilosclerida : Latrunculiidae : Polymastiidae).
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35(5): 935-949.
Dumdei EJ, Blunt JW, Munro MHG, Battershill CN, Page MJ. (1998). The whys
and whats of sponge chemistry: why chemists extract sponges and what
problems does this cause. In: Sponge Sciences - Multidisciplinary
Perspectives. Watanbe Y, Fusetani N (eds), Springer. p353-364.
Dunlap WC, Battershill CN, Liptrot C H, Cobb RE, Bourne DG, Jaspars M,
Long PF, Newman DJ. (2007). Biomedicinals from the phytosymbionts of
marine invertebrates: A molecular approach. Methods 42(4): 358-376.
Dunlap WC, Jaspars M, Hranueli D, Battershill CN, Peric-Concha N, Zucko J,
Wright SH, Long PF. (2006). New methods for medicinal chemistry –
universal gene cloning and expression systems for production of marine
bioactive metabolites. Current Medicinal Chemistry 13(6): 697-710.
Ettinger-Epstein P, Motti CA, De Nys R, Wright AD, Battershill CN, Tapiolas
DM. (2007). Acetylated sesterterpenes from the Great Barrier Reef
sponge Luffariella variabilis Journal of Natural Products 70(4): 648-651.
Ettinger-Epstein P, Whalan S, Battershill CN, De Nys R. (2007). Temperature
cues gametogenesis and larval release in a tropical sponge. Marine
Biology 153(2): 171-178.
Ettinger-Epstein P, Tapiolas DM, Motti CA, Wright A D, Battershill CN, De Nys
R. (2008). Production of manoalide and its analogues by the sponge
Luffariella variabilis is hardwired. Marine Biotechnology 10(1): 64-74.
Evans-Illidge EA, Battershill CN. (2007). Marine Natural Products Discovery in
Australia: from reef to royalty, and the pursuit of convention for biological
diversity (CBD) compliance. The Journal of Biolaw & Business
Spec.Suppl.: 23-27.
Evans-Illidge E, Abdo D, Doyle J, Fromont J, Llewellyn L, Ericson G, Battershill
C, Kininmonth S, Kearns P. (2013). Phylogeny drives large scale patterns
in Australian marine bioactivity and provides a new chemical ecology
rationale for future biodiscovery. Plos One 8 (9) e73800 13pp.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073800
Garson MJ, Zimmermann MP, Battershill CN, Holden JL, Murphy PT. (1994).
The Distribution of brominated Long-Chain Fatty-Acids in Sponge and
Symbiont Cell-Types from the Tropical Marine Sponge Amphimedon
terpenensis. Lipids 29(7): 509-516.
Garson MJ, Zimmermann MP, Hoberg M, Larsen RM, Battershill CN, Murphy
PT. (1993). Isolation of Brominated Long-Chain Fatty-Acids from the
Phospholipids of the Tropical Marine Sponge Amphimedon terpenensis.
Lipids 28(11): 1011-1014
Garson MJ, Thompson JE, Larsen RM, Battershill CN, Murphy PT, Bergquist
PR. (1992). Terpenes in Sponge Cell-Membranes - Cell-Separation and
Membrane Fractionation Studies with the Tropical Marine Sponge
Amphimedon sp. Lipids 27(5): 378-388.
Hooper JNA, Battershill CN. (1998). Order Poecilosclerida. In: Lévi C, Laboute
P, Meno J-L, Bargibant G, Battershill C, Bergquist P (eds). Sponges of
the New Caledonia Lagoon. ORSTOM, Paris. 214pp.
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Kingsford MJ, Battershill CN, Walls K. (1998). Introduction to ecological
assessments. In: Kingsford MJ, Battershill CN (eds). Studying
Temperate Environments. A handbook for ecologists. Canterbury
University Press. Christchurch. Chapter 1: 17-28.
Kingsford MJ, Battershill CN. (1998). Procedure for establishing a study. In:
Kingsford MJ, Battershill CN (eds). Studying Temperate Environments. A
handbook for ecologists. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
Chapter 2: 29-48.
Kingsford MJ, Battershill CN. (1998). Identification and Treatment of
Specimens. In: Kingsford MJ, Battershill CN (eds). Studying Temperate
Environments. A hand book for ecologists, Canterbury University Press.
Christchurch. Chapter 10: 269-279.
Kingsford MJ, Battershill, CN. (1998). Subtidal habitats and benthic organisms
of rocky reefs. In: Kingsford MJ, Battershill CN (eds). StudyingTemperate
Environments. A handbook for ecologists. Canterbury University Press,
Christchurch. Chapter 4: 84-114.
Lévi C, Laboute P, Meno J-L, Bargibant G, Battershill C, Bergquist P. (1998).
Sponges of the New Caledonian Lagoon. Éditions de l'Orstom, Paris.
Lill RE, Major DA, Blunt JW, Munro MHG, Battershill CN, McLean MG, Baxter
RL. (1995). Studies on the Biosynthesis of Discorhabdin-B In the NewZealand Sponge Latrunculia Sp B. Journal of Natural Products 58(2): 306311.
Lindsay BS, Battershill CN, Copp BR. (1999). 1,3-dimethylguanine, a new
purine from the New Zealand ascidian Botrylloides leachi. Journal of
Natural Products 62(4): 638-639.
Lindsay BS, Battershill CN, Copp BR. (1998). Isolation of 2-(3 '-bromo-4 'hydroxyphenol)ethanamine from the new Zealand ascidian Cnemidocarpa
bicornuta. Journal of Natural Products 61(6): 857-858.
Long PF, Dunlap WC, Battershill CN, Jaspars M. (2005). Shotgun cloning and
heterologous expression of the patellamide gene cluster as a strategy to
achieving sustained metabolite production. Chembiochem 6(10): 17601765. DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500210
Miller K, Alvarez B, Battershill C, Northcote P, Parthasarathy H. (2002).
Genetic, morphological and chemical divergence in the sponge genus
Latrunculia (Porifera: Demospongiae). Marine Biology 139:235- 250.
Miller K, Alvarez B, Battershill C, Northcote P, Parthasarathy H. (2001).
Genetic, morphological, and chemical divergence in the sponge genus
Latrunculia (Porifera : Demospongiae) from New Zealand. Marine Biology
139(2): 235-250.
Munro MHG, Blunt JW, Dumdei EJ, Hickford SJH, Lill RE, Li SX, Battershill
CN, Duckworth AR. (1999). The discovery and development of marine
compounds with pharmaceutical potential. Journal of Biotechnology 70(13): 15-25. [International Symposium on Marine Bioprocess Engineering;
Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, Nov 08-11, 1998]. DOI: 10.1016/S01681656(99)00052-8
Munro MHG, Blunt JW, Lake RJ, Litaudon M, Battershill CN, Page MJ. (1994).
From Seabed to Sickbed - What are the Prospects. In: Sponges in Time
and Space: Biology, Chemistry, Paleontology. VanSoest RWM;
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VanKempen TMG; Breakman JC (Eds). 4th International Porifera
Congress, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 19-23 April 1993, Balkema: 473-484
Munro MHG, Blunt JW, Barns G, Battershill CN, Lake RJ, Perry NB. (1989).
Biological-Activity In New Zealand Marine Organisms. Pure and Applied
Chemistry 61(3): 529-534.
Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Battershill CN. (2009). Therapeutic agents from the
sea: Biodiversity, chemoevolutionary insight and advances to the end of
Darwin's 200th year Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 39(4): 216-225.
Page M, West L, Northcote P, Battershill C, Kelly M. (2005). Spatial and
temporal variability of cytotoxic metabolites in populations of the New
Zealand sponge Mycale hentscheli. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31(5):
1161-1174.
Pearce AN, Babcock RC, Battershill CN, Lambert G, Copp BR. (2001).
Enantiomeric 1,2,3- trithiane containing alkaloids and two new 1,3dithiane alkaloids from New Zealand ascidians. Journal of Organic
Chemistry 66(24): 8257-8259
Perry NB, Barnes G, Battershill CN, Blunt JW, Munro MHG. (1989). New
Classes of Antitumour and Antiviral Compounds from New-Zealand
Marine Organisms. New Zealand Medical Journal 102(874): 445- 445
Perry NB, Battershill CN, Blunt JW, Fenwick GD, Munro MHG, Bergquist PR.
(1987). Occurrence of Variabilin in New-Zealand Sponges of the Order
Dictyoceratida. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 15(3): 373-376
Tramper J, Battershill C, Brandenburg W, Burgess G, Hill R, Luiten E, Muller
W, Osinga R, Rorrer G, Tredici M, Uriz M, Wright P, Wijffels R. (2003).
What to do in marine biotechnology? Biomolecular Engineering 20(4-6)
Special: 467-471 [International Symposium on Marine Biotechnology,
Almonte, Spain, 25 February to 1 March 2003].
Webster NS, Battershill CN, Negri AP. (2006). Recruitment of Antarctic marine
eukaryotes onto artificial surfaces. Polar Biology 30(1): 1-10.
Webster NS, Cobb RE, Soo R, Anthony SL, Battershill CN, Whalan S, EvansIllidge E. (2011). Bacterial community dynamics in the marine sponge
Rhopaloeides odorabile under in situ and ex situ cultivation Marine
Biotechnology 13(2): 296-304.
West LM, Northcote, PT, Battershill CN. (2000). Peloruside A: A potent
cytotoxic macrolide isolated from the New Zealand marine sponge Mycale
sp. Journal of Organic Chemistry 65(2): 445-449. DOI: 10.1021/jo991296y
West LM, Northcote PT, Battershill CN. (1998). Two new clerodane diterpenes
from the New Zealand marine sponge Raspailia sp. Australian Journal of
Chemistry 51(12): 1097-1101.
Whalan S, Battershill CN, De Nys R. (2007). Sexual reproduction of the
brooding sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile. Coral Reefs 26(3): 655-663.
Whalan S, Battershill CN, De Nys R. (2007). Variability in reproductive output
across a water quality gradient for a tropical marine sponge. Marine
Biology 153(2): 163-169.
Whalan S, De Nys R, Smith-Keune C, Battershill CN, Jerry DR. (2008). Low
genetic variability within and among populations of the brooding sponge
Rhopaloeides odorabile on the central Great Barrier Reef Aquatic Biology
3(2): 111-119.
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Whalan S, Johnson MS, Harvey E, Battershill C. (2005). Mode of reproduction,
recruitment, and genetic subdivision in the brooding sponge Haliclona sp.
Marine Biology 146(3): 425-433.
Whalan S, Ettinger-Epstein P, Battershill CN, De Nys R. (2008). Larval vertical
migration and hierarchical selectivity of settlement in a brooding marine
sponge. Marine Ecology Progress Series 368: 145-154.
Wright SH, Raab A, Tabudravu JN, Feldman J, Long PF, Battershill CN,
Dunlap WC, Milne BF, Jaspars M. (2008). Marine metabolites and metal
ion chelation: Intact recovery and identification of an iron(II) complex in
the extract of the ascidian Eudistoma gilboviride. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47(42): 8090-8092.
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Appendix 2
References
Page 38
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References
Consent Application
*Key documents
*Chemwatch Material Safety Data Sheet 3 June 2011 Maari Crude Oil.
Chemwatch 4686-64 Version 3, CD 2011/2 8pp.
*EPA Staff Report 5 September 2014 Maari Drilling OMV New Zealand Ltd.
EEZ0007. 85 pp.
*EPA Submissions in the matter of the Maari Marine Consent Application.
http://www.epa.govt.nz/EEZ/omv/Pages/default.aspx;
http://www.epa.govt.nz/EEZ/omv/submissions/Pages/Submissionsreceived.aspx
*EMPS, EMP Synopsis for Maari, OMV Ltd. December, 2013. Production and
pre-drill monitoring 2014 6pp. Johnston and Elvines S. Cawthron Institute.
*FDA US 2010, Protocol for interpretation and use of sensory testing and
analytical chemistry results for re-opening oil impacted areas closed to
sea food harvesting due to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill.
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/Emer
gencies/UCM233818.pdf
*Genesis. September, 2014. Review of Maari Field Development Drilling Marine
Consent Application. For the EPA. J73449A-Y-RT-24000/A1 33 pp.
*Johnston O and Forrest R. August, 2012. Benthic ecological survey for the
Maari floating production, storage and off-loading (FPSO) installation and
production platform 2012. Cawthron Report 2126. 59 pp.
*MA-O-EPA-0007. Explanatory Material in the matter of the OMV New Zealand
Ltd Marine Consent Application – Maari Field Development Drilling. 16
June, 2014.
*MA-P023-OP-2100-D-REP-0002OMV New Zealand Limited Maari Field
Development Drilling Marine Consent Application. 3 June REM,
McConnell H, Calder S, Pannell N, Welsh C. 2014. 129 + Appendices.
*MSL Report P0091-02. May, 2014. Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling. Maari
production well, New Zealand MetOcean Solutions Ltd 39 pp.
*Maritime New Zealand. June, 2012. National Oil Spill Contingency Plan
Chapter 5 – Shoreline Cleanup Assessment of Techniques (SCAT). 18
pp.
*Maritime New Zealand. June, 2012. National Oil Spill Contingency Plan
Chapter 6 – Cleanup/response options for different environments. 16 pp.
*McComb P. and Mead S. November, 2003 Literature review and survey of the
benthic environment and water column in the Maari Field. OMV No. MA00-RE-0017 Rev 0. 40 pp. + Appendices
*Murdoch S 2013. Independent review of Maritime New Zealand’s response to
the MV Rena incident 5 October 2011.
*OMV New Zealand Ltd. 2014. Oil Spill Contingency Plan Permit PMP38160
Maari Field. MA-MD-OP-2100-D-PL-0001.05. 274pp.
*Ritchie S. 11 April 2014. Weathering and dispersibility of Maari Crude and
blended oils. Ricardo-AEA. Ricardo-AEA/R/ED59032 Issue 1.
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*Welsh C. September, 2014. Before the EPA, OMV Maari Field Development
Marine Consent Application in the matter of the Exclusive Economic Zone
and Continenta Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012 and in the matter
of a decision-making committee appointed to consider a marine consent
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