‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ f‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻼﺱ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﭼﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ؟ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﻬﺮ ﺍﺳﺪﻱ ـ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ـ ﻣﺠﺘﺒﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﻮﺵ ‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ۸۷‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪۱‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪۲‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ‬
‫‪2.1 Windows Explorer‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺸﺘﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.2 Shortcut keys‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﺩﮐﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﻲﺑﺮﺩ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬‬
‫‪Ctrl + . . . ‬‬
‫‪Copy ‬‬
‫‪Cut ‬‬
‫‪Paste ‬‬
‫‪Ctrl + C ‬‬
‫‪Ctrl + X ‬‬
‫‪Ctrl + V ‬‬
‫‪Alt + . . . ‬‬
‫‪Exit ‬‬
‫‪Change Windows ‬‬
‫‪Minimize ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪2.2.2‬‬
‫‪Alt + F‐4 ‬‬
‫‪Alt + Tab ‬‬
‫‪Alt + Esc ‬‬
‫‪Win + ‬‬
‫‪Show Desktop ‬‬
‫‪Open File Browser ‬‬
‫‪Open Run ‬‬
‫‪Switch User ‬‬
‫‪2.2.1‬‬
‫‪2.2.3‬‬
‫‪Win + D ‬‬
‫‪Win + E ‬‬
‫‪Win + R ‬‬
‫‪Win + L ‬‬
‫‪2.3 Run‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ‪ folder‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ run ‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ PATH‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Run Commands ‬‬
‫‪Notepad ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Calculator ‬‬
‫‪On‐Screen Keyboard ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪2.3.1‬‬
‫‪notepad ‬‬
‫‪calc ‬‬
‫‪psk ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲‬‬
‫‪Windows Clipboard ‬‬
‫‪Paint ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Microsoft Word ‬‬
‫‪Command Prompt ‬‬
‫‪clipbrd ‬‬
‫‪pbrush ‬‬
‫‪winword ‬‬
‫‪cmd ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ‪ Mouse ‬ﭼﻪ ﺧﺎﮐﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺑﺮﻳﺰﻳﻢ؟‬
‫‪۲.۴‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ‪ ۵‬ﺑﺎﺭ ‪ shift‬ﺭﺍ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ۵‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ Sticky Keys‬ﺑﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﮐﻤﻪ ‪ Setting‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ‪ Accessibility Options‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ِ‬
‫ﺗﺐ ‪ Mouse‬ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪Use Mouse ‬‬
‫‪ Keys‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻴﮏ ﺯﻧﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ‪ Num Lock‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ Numpad‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ‬
‫‪۲.۵‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪﺷﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ Folder Option > View ‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪ Hide Extension for Known Files ‬ﺭﺍ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺩﻥ ‪ F2 ‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ‪ rename ‬ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ) ‪ ( .‬ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻧﮑﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪۲.۵.۱‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ‪ ‬‬
‫‪Text files : (.txt , .rtf, .doc, .docx) ‬‬
‫‪Image files: (.jpg, .jpeg, . bmp, .gif ) ‬‬
‫‪Executable files: (.exe , .com) ‬‬
‫‪Batch files: (.bat, .inf ) ‬‬
‫‪Music & Videos files: (.mp3, . mpeg, … ) ‬‬
‫‪C++ Sourcecode: (cpp, cxx, cc) ‬‬
‫‪Webpages (.html, .htm) ‬‬
‫‪ .۸‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﮐﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ‪ www.filext.com‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪۲.۵.۲‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ‬
‫‪ – C:\config.sys .۱‬ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻭﻧﻲ ﭼﻴﻪ؟ ﺟﺪﻱ؟! ﻣﻨﻢ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻭﻧﻢ! ‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۳‬‬
‫‪ – C:\ hiberfil.sys .۲‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ Hibernate‬ﺷﺪﻥ‪ ١‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ RAM‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ – C:\boot.ini .۳‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪ Bootloader‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ – C:\pagefile.sys .۴‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ Ram‬ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ‪ Task Manger‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺐ ‪ Performance‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ PF Usage‬ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ﺍﺭﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ‪ ‬‬
‫‪.۵‬‬
‫‪۲.۶‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻳﺎ ‪Task Manager‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺩﻥ ‪ Ctrl + Alt + Del ‬ﻳﺎ ‪ Ctrl + Shift + Esc‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‪ ‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪2.6.1 Application‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ End Task‬ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2.6.2 Process‬‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﭘﺲﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Services [Only Microsoft® Windows® Vista™] ‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪2.6.3‬‬
‫‪2.6.4 Performance‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ‪ Page File‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﮔﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺫﮐﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪Internet Explorer (IE) ‬‬
‫‪Firefox – http://www.mozilla.com ‬‬
‫‪Opera – http://www.opera.com ‬‬
‫‪Netscape (discontinued) – http://www.netscape.com ‬‬
‫‪Google Chrome – http://www.google.com/chrome ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ١‬ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ‪ Standby‬ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۴‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮ ‪Firefox‬‬
‫‪۳.۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﺒﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﻔﻦ)!( ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺰﻳﺰ )ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻔﻦ!( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺎﻳﺮﻓﺎﮐﺲ‬
‫‪۳.۱.۱‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ Tab ‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ‪Tab ‬ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ctrl + T ‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ctrl + W ‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ‪Tab‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ctrl+Tab‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ‪ Source ‬ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ Ctrl + U ‬ﺭﺍ ﺯﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺟﺰﺀ ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻳﺎ ‪Search‬‬
‫‪۳.۲‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Google – http://www.google.com ‬‬
‫‪Yahoo! – http://www.yahoo.com ‬‬
‫‪Microsoft® Live – http://www.live.com ‬‬
‫‪Altavista – http://www.altavista.com ‬‬
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‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‪ ‬‬
‫‪۳.۲.۱‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﻳﮏ ‪ error ‬ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ‪ search ‬ﮐﺮﺩ ‪ .‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ! ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﺧﻄﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﭙﻲ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ‪ Ctrl + C‬ﺭﺍ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Notepad‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ‪ Paste‬ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ‪ ۹۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﭙﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻭ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ”]‪ “[SEARCH TEXT‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬‬
‫‪.۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ‪ +‬ﻭ ‐ ﻭ ‪ AND ‬ﻭ ‪ OR ‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﺶﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ‪ AND‬ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ – ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﮐﻠﻤﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻼ ‪ sepehr asadi –forghani‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﭙﻬﺮ ﺍﺳﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻪ! ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪۴‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ‪ ce.sharif.edu‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﮐﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ http://ce.sharif.edu/~your_username_here :‬‬
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‫ﻫﺮﮐﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺴﺖﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ [email protected]:‬‬
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‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﻣﺰﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‪ http://ce.sharif.edu/?your_unsername_here :‬‬
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‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ »ﺧﻮﺭﺟﻴﻦ« ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ http://cabinet.ce.sharif.edu :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ftp://cabinet.ce.sharif.edu‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ‬‬
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‫‪ ۵‬‬
‫‪۵‬‬
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‫ﻧﮑﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ‪ sharif.edu‬‬
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‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ http://food.sharif.edu :‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‪ http://daily.sharif.edu :‬‬
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‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱﺟﺪﻳﺪﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ‪ http://87.sharif.edu :‬‬
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‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﺭﺱﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪ http://cw.sharif.edu :‬‬
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‫ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﻴﺪﻥ‪ http://www.sharif.edu :‬‬
‫‪ ۶‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﺨﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻟﮕﺪ ﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻟﮕﺪ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪۶‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺑﻴﺖ‪ ١‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
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‫• ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
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‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ‪ bit‬ﻳﮏ ‪ Byte٢‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ .1 Byte = 8 bit‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ‪ Byte‬ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ RAM‬ﻭ ‪ . . .‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ‪ Byte‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ‪ ۲۵۶‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪(۲۵۶ = ۲۸) .‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 MB (M for Mega) = 1024 KB = 10242 B ‬‬
‫‪1 GB (G for Giga) = 1024 MB = 10243 B ‬‬
‫‪1 TB (T for Tera) = 1024 GB ‬‬
‫” ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﻮﻳﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﻱ ﻓﮑﺮ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏﮐﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﻳﺖ ‪ ۱۰۰۰‬ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﻮﻳﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ‬
‫‪ ۱۰۲۴‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ!“‪ ‬‬
‫‪۶.۱‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺭﻧﮓ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ‪ pixel‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﭘﻮﺭﺕ ‪ ۲۲۴‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﻝ( ﺳﺎﻳﺰ ﻳﮏ ﻋﮑﺲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ‪ ۸۰۰×۶۰۰ pixel‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﭼﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ]ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﻱ ــ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ــ ‪[۸۳‬‬
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‫‪Bit‬‬
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‫‪ ٢‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ bit‬ﺑﺎ ‪ b‬ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻭ‪ Byte ‬ﺑﺎ ‪ B‬ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ Kb‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﮐﻴﻠﻮﺑﻴﺖ ﻭ ‪ KB‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﮐﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٣‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺁﺩﺭﺱﺩﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ‪ Byte‬ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺩﺭﺱﺩﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻃﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪Pixel‬‬
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‫‪ ۲ (۲‬ﮐﻴﻠﻮﮊﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ۲‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫‪ ۱.۴ (۴‬ﻣﮕﺎﺑﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫‪ ۲ (۳‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ( ﭼﻮﻥ ‪ 800*600*3 ≈ 1.4 Megabyte‬ﭘﺲ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ ‪ ۴‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ ‪۸۰۰×۶۰۰‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ jpeg‬ﻳﺎ ‪ gif‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
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‫‪۷‬‬
‫‪۷.۱‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻭ ﺑُﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ :۱‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
‫‪۷.۱.۱‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﺎﻑ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ‪ modem ، video card‬ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ Slot‬ﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ Bus‬ﺳﻮﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ! ﺷﮑﺎﻑ ﻭ ﮔﺬﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ‪slot‬ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪۷.۱.۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﺎﻩ‪ ٣‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ‪ Mainboard‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ‪ ،Case‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪Mainboard (motherboard‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Slot ‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Port‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۸‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ‪ :‬ﭘﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻝ‪ ،VGA ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻮﺭﺕ ‪ PS/2 ،Firewire‬ﻭ ‪DVI‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻝ ﻳﺎ ‪Serial‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺧﻂ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻳﺎ ‪Parallel‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪۷.۱.۳‬‬
‫ﮔﺬﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ Mainboard‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ‪ slot‬ﺑﻪ ‪ CPU‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﮑﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ‪ Bus‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Data Bus‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Address Bus‬‬
‫ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Control Bus‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ CPU‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ‪slot‬ﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﮏ ‪ Bus‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺭﻳﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﮏ‬
‫‪ slot‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﮑﺎﻑﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﻭﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ‬
‫‪ slot‬ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ Bus‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪PCI ‬‬
‫‪ Express‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪7.2 RAM2‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ‪ RAM‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ RAM‬ﻳﮏ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ‪) volatile‬ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ( ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﮐﻢ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ‪ CPU‬ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ‪ RAM‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ CPU‬ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ‪ RAM‬ﮐﭙﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ‪/‬ﺍﺯ ‪ CPU‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ‪/‬ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ‪ HDD‬ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪ RAM‬ﺍﺯ ‪CPU‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪7.3 CPU3‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﺰ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ‪) ALU٤‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ( ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ ٥‬ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ‪ CPU‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ‪ ۳۲‬ﺑﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ‪ Register‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Bus ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Random Access Memory ‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Central Processor Unit ‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Arithmatic & Logic Unit ‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Contorl Unit ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۹‬‬
‫‪۷.۳.۱‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ‪) Cache‬ﮐﹶﺶ(‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ‪ CPU‬ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ Cache‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ RAM‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ‪CPU‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ RAM‬ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﮑﻢ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ‬
‫‪ Cash‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻗﺒﻠﻴﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ Cache‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﮐﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﻞ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ‪CPU‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ RAM‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪7.3.2 Clock‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﮏ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺭ ‪ Clock ،CPU‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺴﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﺮ ‪ CPU‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪Hz‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ ‪ clock‬ﻫﺎﺳﺖ؛ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ 2 GHz‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺁﻥ ‪ CPU‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ۲ × ۱۰۹‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ‪ clock‬ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫‪۷.۳.۳‬‬
‫‪ଵ‬‬
‫‪ଶൈଵ଴వ‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ‪ CPU‬ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ Dual Core‬ﻭ ‪Quad Core‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺮ ‪ CPU‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﻥ ‪ CPU‬ﻫﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﻳﮏ ‪ CPU‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ‪ CPU‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪Dual Core‬ﻫﺎ‪ RAM ،‬ﻫﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪۷.۴‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﮏﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﺭﺩﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﹰﺎ ‪) non‐volatile‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻕ( ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ RAM‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪IDE‬‬
‫‪ :SATA‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Hard Disk‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ ۱۰‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺴﮏﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ١‬ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪ FAT32 ،Windows‬ﻭ ‪ NTFS‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﻞ ‪ NT‬ﻣﺎﻳﮑﺮﻭﺳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ Windows NT, 2000, XP, Vista‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ Ext2‬ﻭ ‪ Ext3‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﻭ ‪ HFS‬ﻭ ‪ HFS+‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﮑﻴﻨﺘﺎﺵ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪۷.۵‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ CRT‬ﻭ ‪LCD‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪7.5.1 CRT‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ CRT‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻔﻨﮓ ﺍﻟﮕﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﮑﺴﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻤﺒﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭﻱ ‪ 60 Hz‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ۶۰‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻔﻨﮓ ﭘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪7.5.2 LCD2 ‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺷﺴﺖﻭﺷﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪File System (FS‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Liquid Crystal Display ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۱۱‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ‪ Word‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ‪ Word‬ﻳﮏ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ‪ ١‬ﺗﺤﺖ ‪) Windows‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﭘﻞ ﻣﮑﻴﻨﺘﺎﺵ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪Microsoft‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ‪ .doc‬ﻭ ‪ .docx‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ word‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ‪ .doc‬ﻭ ‪ .docx : .docx‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ Microsoft Word 2007‬ﺳﺎﭘﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ )‪ doc‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪ word‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﭘﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ( ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪۸‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪Word‬‬
‫‪File‬‬
‫‪Print Preview‬‬
‫)ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺖ(‬
‫‪Print‬‬
‫)‪(Shortcut : Ctrl+P‬‬
‫‪Save as‬‬
‫‪Save‬‬
‫‪Open‬‬
‫‪New‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻮﻫﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻱ ﺁﻓﻴﺲ ‪ ۲۰۰۷‬ﻣﻨﻮﻫﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ Ribbon‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪۹‬‬
‫‪Toolbar‬‬
‫‪ Toolbar‬ﻧﻮﺍﺭﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ Word‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ‪ Icon‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ right click ،Toolbar‬ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪ click‬ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ customize‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ Icon‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺩ ‪ Toolbar‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ View‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۰‬ﺧﻂ ﮐﺶ ﻳﺎ ‪Ruler‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺧﻂﮐﺶ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ )ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ( ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ )‪(Margin‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Word‐processor‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ ۱۲‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺁﺑﻲﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ‪ Ruler‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻢ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ mouse‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Scroll .۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺧﻂ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻑ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ‪ cursor‬ﻣﺎﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻂ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺟﻠﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ Scroll‬ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﮐﻞ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﺪ ‪ inch‬ﺁﻥ ﻭﺭ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪،‬ﮐﻞ ‪ scroll‬ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۳‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ‪tab‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺧﻂ ﮐﺶ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ tab‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ Ruler‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺩﻥ ‪ cursor ،tab‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ Ruler‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻂ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻋﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻋﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ‪ ruler‬ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻞ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﺎ ‪ Enter‬ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ‪ Ctrl+Enter‬ﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ! ﺑﺎ ﺯﺩﻥ ‪ Enter‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻳﮏ ﺧﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۰.۱‬ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺭﺍﺳﺖﭼﻴﻦ‬
‫)‪ (Ctrl + R‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﭼﭗﭼﻴﻦ‬
‫)‪ (Ctrl + L‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫)‪ (Ctrl‐Left + Shift‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ‬
‫)‪ (Ctrl‐Right + Shift‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺳﻂﭼﻴﻦ‬
‫)‪ (Ctrl + E‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺮﺗﺐﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫)‪ (Ctrl + J‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ! ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻴﻦ ﻭ ﭼﭗﭼﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺭﺑﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﭗﭼﻴﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖﭼﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ‪ . . .‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۱۳‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻴﻞ ﺻﺤﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ (ctrl+A) Select All‬ﺭﺍ ﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ Toolbar‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪10.2 Bold, Italic, Underline‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ Toolbar‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫)‪،(Ctrl+B‬‬
‫)‪ (Ctrl+I‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (Ctrl+U‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪This isn’t bold. ‬‬
‫‪This isn’t italic. ‬‬
‫‪This isn’t underlined. ‬‬
‫‪10.3 Zoom‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ ٪‬ﺩﺭ ‪ Toolbar‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ‬
‫‪ page width‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬‬
‫‪10.4 Direction‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ )ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﭗ ﻭ ﭼﭗ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭ ‪ Toolbar‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪10.5 Line spacing‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪10.6 Bullet & numbering‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ‪ bullet‬ﻳﺎ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ‪ bullet‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻋﺪﺩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﮏ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‬
‫)‪ (indent‬ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ bullet‬ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Table ۱۱‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ‪ Table > Insert > Draw Table‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ delete‬ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ‪ ،table‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ‪ Shift + Del‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺯﻧﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Formula ۱۲‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪Insert > Object > Microsoft Equation 3.0 :‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۱۴‬‬
‫‪ ۱۳‬ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ ‬‬
‫‪Control Panel > Regional & Language Option > Languages ‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ‪ word‬ﺑﺎ ﺯﺩﻥ ‪ Alt + Shift‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۴‬ﮐﺎﺩﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ Format > Border & Shading‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ‪tab‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﺎﺩﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‪ :‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ‪ Word‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ )‪style‬ﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪ ۱۵‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ‪ word‬ﺩﺭﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ )‪ ۱۰۰‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪Footnotes ‬‬
‫‪Index ‬‬
‫‪References ‬‬
‫‪Table of Contents ‬‬
‫‪Table of Figures ‬‬
‫‪Bibliography ‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﮕﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ‪style‬ﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Format > Styles and Formatting ‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪style‬ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ‪ style‬ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪ Microsoft Word‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﺳﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ‪Ctrl ‬‬
‫‪ + Alt + Shift + S‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪) .‬ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﭼﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺗﺎ ﺭﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺍﺳﺖ!(‬
‫‪Normal ‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ default‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ‪ ‬‬
‫‪Heading1 ‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺼﻞ( ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪Heading2 ‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺼﻞ( ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﻱ ﺩﻭﻡ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪Heading 3 ‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﻱ ﺳﻮﻡ ‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵.۱‬ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ "‪Insert > References > Index of "Table of contents‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ style: Heading‬ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵.۲‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‬
‫‪Insert > References > Index of "Table of Figures" ‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﮑﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۱۶‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵.۳‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫‪Insert > Page numbers ‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵.۴‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ )‪(Header‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻨﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻓﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﺎ ‪ ...‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪Insert > Header & Footer > Header ‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵.۵‬ﺯﻳﺮﻧﻮﻳﺲ ‪Footer‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫‪Insert > Header & Footer > Footer ‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵.۶‬ﭘﺎﻭﺭﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ Alt + Ctrl + F‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵.۷‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻫﺮ ‪ style‬ﻭ ﺯﺩﻥ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ Formatting‬ﻭ ‪ modify : tab‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ style‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‪ :‬‬
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‫‪ :Page break before‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﺟﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ style‬ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ cursor ،‬ﺧﻮﺩﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬‬
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‫‪ :Keep lines together‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ‪ paragraph‬ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ style‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ۱۶‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪Page Setup‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Margin ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ Gutter ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ Orientation ‬‬
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‫‪o‬‬
‫‪Portrait‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ ‬‬
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‫‪Landscape‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫‪ ۱۷‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ PowerPoint :‬ﻭ ‪ Excel‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ]‪[...‬‬
‫‪17 Excel‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ Excel‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ Excel‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ۳‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺮﮒ‪ ١‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ(‪ .‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﺑﺮ ‪ icon‬ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﮒﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
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‫‪ .۲‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ‪function‬ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻫﺮ ‪ cell‬ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ Formula bar‬ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ = ‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ .۳‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ .۴‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﮏ ‪ comment‬ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮐﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ‪Insert comment‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﮐﻠﻴﮏ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ .۵‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻈﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﮐﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
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‫‪ .۶‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪Chart‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍ‪،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ layout‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬‬
‫‪18 PowerPoint‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .٢‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ‪ Slide Master‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،Slide Master‬ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ Font ،background‬ﻭ ‪ .(...‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ‪ Slide Master‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻮﻱ ‪ View > Slides > Slide Master‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﺮﺩﻳﻢ‪ Enter ،‬ﺭﺍ ﺯﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪Slide ‬‬
‫‪ Master‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺯﺩﻥ ‪ F5‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫‪Sheet ‬‬
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‫‪ ٢‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻣﻠﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬‬
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‫‪ ۱۸‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺷﺸﻢ‪ :‬ﮔﺬﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫‪ ۱۹‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ‬
‫‪ ۱۹.۱‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻳﺎ ‪Control Panel‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
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‫‪ :Power Option‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ .(Hibernate‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻟﭗ ﺗﺎﭖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻣﻴﺰﻱ )‪ (PC‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬‬
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‫‪ :Regional & Language Settings‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬‬
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‫‪ :Accessibility Option‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻲﺑﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻮﺱ‪ .‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
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‫‪ :Add / Remove Program‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ )ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ uninstall ،repair‬ﻭ ‪ .(...‬‬
‫‪19.2 Environment Variable‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ .exe‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ‪ Run‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪My Computer ‐ Right Click > Properties > Advance > Environment Variable > System Variables > Path ‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻴﻢ‪Edit > ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۰‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ ۱۹‬‬
‫‪ .۱ ۲۰.۱‬ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮐﺮﺩ؟‬
‫‪Web Applications‬‬
‫)ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ(‬
‫‪ :Search Engines‬ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﯼ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﮑﺲ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ‪(Ask.com, google.com) ...‬‬
‫‪ :Games‬ﺑﺎﺯﯼ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪(www.fantasticcontraption.com) .‬‬
‫‪ :Community‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪(groups.yahoo.com) ...‬‬
‫‪ :Forum‬ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ )‪(answers.yahoo.com‬‬
‫‪ :Database‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ )‪(www.youtube.com‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ )‪ (Protocols‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) HTTP .۱‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺑﺮﻣﺘﻦ ‪ ‬ﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ browser‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ :(File Transfer Protocol) FTP .۲‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ‪ Telnet‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ browser‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ :‬‬
‫‪FTP://cabinet.ce.sharif.edu ‬‬
‫‪ :SMTP .۳‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ :POP .۴‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲ ۲۰.۲‬ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ؟‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :TCP .۱‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ ‪ ‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﭼﮏ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻤﻴﻞ( ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺫﮐﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪) .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ :UDP .۲‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﭼﮏ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻥ ‪ multimedia‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۰‬‬
‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪(Internet Protocol) IP‬‬
‫ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Port‬‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ )ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﺻﻞ( ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ‪ IP‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪20.2.1 Port ‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪Port‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﹰﺍ ‪ ۴۹۱۵۱‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ Port‬ﻫﺎ )‪ ۱۰۰‬ﭘﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻭﻝ( ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻼ ‪ Port 80‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ HTTP‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺭﺕ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪.SMTP‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪20.2.2 IP‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫‪ ۲۳۲ ‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‪  ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۱۲۸ ‬ﺗﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‪  ‬‬
‫‪ . ‬‬
‫‪ . ‬‬
‫‪ . ‬‬
‫‪ . ‬‬
‫‪ . ‬‬
‫‪ . ‬‬
‫‪ . ‬‬
‫‪IPv4: ‬‬
‫‪ . ‬‬
‫‪IPv6: ‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ‪ Version‬ﺩﻭﻡ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ ،version‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ IP ۲۰۰۰۰ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ)!(‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪IP‬ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ version 4‬ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺏ‪IP ،‬‬
‫}‪ 81.31.164.{0‐255‬ﻣﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ‪IP‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Wireless Adaptor: Setting‬‬
‫‪Network: Manage‬‬
‫‪LAN Adaptor: Setting‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ‪ IP‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ‪،DHCP‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ‪ IP‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Local Host‬ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﮑﺮﻭﺳﺎﻓﺖ‪ IP ،IP = 127.0.0.1 ،‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ HTTP Server‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ‪IP‬ﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻼﻳﻨﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ‪ IP local host‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲۰.۳‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ‪ IP‬ﺩﺭ ‪CMD‬‬
‫‪ :ipconfig .۱‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ IP‬ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ (ping www.yahoo.com) :ping .۲‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪IP ،‬ﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۱‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ ping –t‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪pocket‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ‪ Ctrl + C ،‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺯﻧﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪:ping‬‬
‫‪1. IP ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ‪2. Accessibility: ‬‬
‫‪ Time > 1000ms‬ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫‪Traffic‬‬
‫‪ Time < 1000ms‬ﺗﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪4. TTL: Time To Live ‬‬
‫‪ TTL‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ‪ Router‬ﻳﮏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ TTL‬ﻳﮏ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ‪ drop‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪ Router‬ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Router ۲۰.۴‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺵ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ IP‬ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ IP‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Router‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :(tracert www.yahoo.com) tracert .۳‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ‪ IP‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ‪ Router‬ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۲‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫‪ ۲۱‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ‪ ‬‬
‫)‪21.1 DNS (Domain Name System‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ‪:IP‬‬
‫‪ IP ‬‬
‫‪ DNS‬‬
‫‪www.yahoo.com ‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ‪ browser‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ(‪ DNS ،‬ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭼﮏ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ IP ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ‪ IP‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫‪ DNS‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ‪ DNS‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ local ،‬ﻳﺎ ‪ global‬ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪ DNS‬ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ ،global‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ‪ ۷‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪] ‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ[ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ‪ local DNS‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪C:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts (by notepad) ‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ‪ ،DNS‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪IP‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪21.2 Gateway ‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ Gateway ‬ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪ IP ،(local LAN) properties‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪21.3 DHCP server‬‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺁﻥ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﺒﻪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ‪ IP‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ DHCP Server .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ‪ DNS Server‬ﻭ ‪ gateway‬ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪DHCP .‬‬
‫‪ Server‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ‪ DHCP‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ ISP‬ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ DHCP Server‬ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪21.4 Subnet Mask‬‬
‫ﺣﮑﻢ ‪ DHCP Sever‬ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﮏ ‪ PC‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ PC‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ IP‬ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۳‬‬
‫‪21.5 IP ‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪21.6 ICMP ‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ‪ ،tracert ،ping‬ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ‪ FTP‬ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ‪IP‬ﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪21.7 MAC Adress‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﭼﻴﭗﺳﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﮏ ‪ MAC Address‬ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻫﺮ ‪ IP‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ‪ IP‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ‪ MAC Address‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ‪ MAC‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ‪ MAC‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ‪ IP‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ‪ ، MAC Address‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ipconfig ‐all ، cmd‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪21.8 Hub‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ MAC‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭ ‪ IP‬ﺁﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ‪ drop‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪21.9 Switch‬‬
‫ﻻ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻳﮏ ‪ Hub‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Hub‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻪ ‪ ،Switch‬ﺍﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ‪ IP‬ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭘﺎﮐﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ‪ switch‬ﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Hub‬ﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲۱.۱۰‬ﻳﮏ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ‐ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﻕ ‪ WA‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ )ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ UPS‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ‪ DHCP‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ IP‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪21.11 Telnet ‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ‪ telnet‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ‪ command‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ client‬ﻭ ‪ server‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮐﻨﻴـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ، cmd‬ﮐﻠﻤـﻪ‬
‫‪ telnet‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ‪ Microsoft Telnet‬ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴـﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺎﻳـﭗ ﮐـﺮﺩﻥ ‪ open ce.sharif.edu‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۴‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ‪ HTML‬‬
‫‪(Hyper Text Markup Language) HTML ۲۲‬‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ‪ HTTP‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪ web‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﻣﭙﺎﻳﻠﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ‪browser‬ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲۲.۱‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ‪ tag‬ﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ‪ tag‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ >‪ <tag_name‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ >‪</tag_name‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ‪ ،tag‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ‪ Attribute‬ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲۲.۲‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪HTML‬‬
‫‪<html> ‬‬
‫‪ <head> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪<title> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪</title> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪<meta /> ‬‬
‫‪ </head> ‬‬
‫‪ <body> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Harchi eenja benevisi too tag nabashe chap mishe :P ‬‬
‫‪ </body> ‬‬
‫‪</html> ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۲.۳‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫‪ <p> </p> .۱‬ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ tag‬ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪<br/> .۲‬‬
‫ﻳﮏ ‪ Enter‬ﻣﻲ ﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﮓ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ <a> </a> .۳‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ :‬‬
‫>‪<a href = "http://www.google.com">Boro too Google!</a‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ!‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺩﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﮏ ‪ folder‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻘﺐ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﻦ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ href = "../a.html‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ :‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫"‪ href = "C:\new folder\a.html‬‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬‬
‫‪Tag .۴‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺛﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﺮ ‪ :font‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫>‪<b> </b‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫>‪<u> </u‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﮓﻫﺎ ﺯﻳﺮﺧﻂﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫>‪<i> </i‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﮓﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﮏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ <ul> </ul> .۵‬ﻭ >‪ <li> </li‬ﺩﻭ ﺗﮓ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪bullet‬ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ :‬‬
‫‪<ul> ‬‬
‫‪ <li> text ‬‬
‫‪ <li> text ‬‬
‫‪</ul> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ‪ space‬ﺍﺯ;‪ &nbsp‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ <ol> </ol> .۶‬ﻭ >‪ <li> </li‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﮓ>‪ ،<ul‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ <img src="" width="" height =""/> .۷‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ Src .‬ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ‪ width ،‬ﻭ ‪ ،height‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ )‪ pixel(px‬ﻳﺎ ‪) ٪‬ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ <center> </center> .۸‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ <!‐‐ ‐‐> .۹‬ﺗﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﻣﻨﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ "<" ﻭ ">" ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ &lt‬ﻭ ‪ &gt‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪<table> .۱۰‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬‬
‫‪<table> ‬‬
‫‪ ‐‐> ‬ﺗﮓ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻤﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﻄﺮ‪ <tr> <!‐‐ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪<th> … </th> <!‐‐ (header tag) ‐‐> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪<th> … </th> ‬‬
‫‪ </tr> ‬‬
‫‪ <tr> ‬‬
‫>‐‐‪ ‬ﻳﮏ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪<td> … </td> <!‐‐ .‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪<td> … </td> ‬‬
‫‪ </tr> ‬‬
‫>‪</table‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ CSS ۲۳‬ﻭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ‪ tag‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﮏ ‪ style‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪ attribute‬ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۶‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ‪ style‬ﻫﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ *.css‬ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ‪style‬ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ )ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ (css‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ‪ style‬ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ CSS‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺗﮓ ‪<style> ‬‬
‫>‪ </style‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ Head‬ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ id ۲۳.۱‬ﻭ ‪class‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺯ ‪ attribute‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺗﮓ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﮐﻪ ‪ id‬ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺗﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ‪ class‬ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ‪ tag‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ‪ id ،css‬ﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪ class‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪# id_name { ‬‬
‫‪… ‬‬
‫‪} ‬‬
‫‪.class_name { ‬‬
‫‪… ‬‬
‫‪} ‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ ‪ CSS‬ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ HTML‬ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ >‪ <head‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "CSS ADDRESS"> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۷‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﻧﻬﻢ‪ PHP :‬ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻭﺏ‬
‫‪PHP ۲۴‬‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻳﮏ ‪HTML‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ‪ homepage‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ Windows Explorer‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ ftp://shell.ce.sharif.edu‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ‪ login‬ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ \‪ Drive Z:‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻟﺪﺭ ‪ public_html‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ‪) homepage‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ( ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪ homepage‬ﺍﺯ ‪ link‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪http://ce.sharif.edu/~accountName/fileName ‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ‪ homepage‬ﺍﮐﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﻭ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲۶‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ properties‬ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪) permissions‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ‪ winscp‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ( ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۸‬‬
‫‪permissions‬‬
‫‪groups‬‬
‫‪ :read‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ‪html ،‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪unknown‬‬
‫‪ :write‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ owner‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪group‬‬
‫‪ :execute‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‪php ،‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :owner‬ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ‬
‫‪ login‬ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲۷‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪PHP‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ php‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ c++‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬
‫‪ php‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮓ >?‪ <?php ‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪<?php ?> ‬‬
‫‪<html> ‬‬
‫‪ <head> ‬‬
‫‪ </head> ‬‬
‫‪ <body> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪<?php ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﭼﺎﭖ ‪echo "Hello"; // ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪?> ‬‬
‫‪ </body> ‬‬
‫‪</html> ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۷.۱‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﺩﺭ ‪php‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ $‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪،‬ﺁﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪$a = "Hello"; ‬‬
‫‪$b = 2; ‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ‪$d = array(); ‬‬
‫‪$d[3] = "name"; ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۷.۲‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫‪) ‬ﺷﺮﻁ(‪if ‬‬
‫‪{ ‬‬
‫‪} ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۹‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ $a++, $a+=1 ‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪// ‬‬
‫‪for ($a=0; $a<10; $a=$a+1) ‬‬
‫‪{ ‬‬
‫‪} ‬‬
‫‪Form ۲۸‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻡ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪ web‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫‪ username‬ﻭ ‪ password‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ login‬ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ‪.. . .‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ form ،‬ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ‪ request‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ‪ web server‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ...‬ﺩﻭ ‪ method‬ﺩﺭ ‪ php‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ post ،‬ﻭ ‪:get‬‬
‫‪GET‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ‪ address bar‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪POST‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ‪ address bar‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ‪ post‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ‪ password‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ‪ address bar‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ POST‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Tag ۲۸.۱‬ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ html‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫‪<form method="post" action ="PHPFileName.php"> ‬‬
‫‪ PHPFileName ‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪// .‬‬
‫‪<input type ="text" name ="username" id="username" /><br/> ‬‬
‫‪<input type="password" name="password" id="password" /> <br/> ‬‬
‫‪<input type="submit" /> <br/> ‬‬
‫‪ ۲۸.۲‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ php‬ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺩ ‪ get‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ]"‪ $_GET["….‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺩ ‪ post‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ]"‪ $_post["….‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪<?php ‬‬
‫‪ If ($_POST ["username"] == "accountName" ‬‬
‫‪ && $_POST ["password"] == "accountPassword") ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪echo "OK"; ‬‬
‫‪ else ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪echo "wrong password"; ‬‬
‫‪?> ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۳۰‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ PHP‬ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ‪ php‬ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﮏ ‪ PC‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ Xampp،‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻟﺪﺭ ‪ htdocs‬ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫‪ public_html‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲۹‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﮐﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ web‬ﺳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪Interface (html) ‬‬
‫‪↓ ‬‬
‫‪Logic & orders (php) ‬‬
‫‪↓ ‬‬
‫‪Data base ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ۳۱‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺩﻫﻢ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ‪ shell‬ﺩﺭ ‪ Linux‬‬
‫‪30 Putty‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷِﻞ ‪ Linux ‬ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ \‪ Drive Z:‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ‪,‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ putty ‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ ce.sharif.edu , port:22 ‬ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻭ ‪ login ‬ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ Linux ‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۳۱‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪rm‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﮏ ﻓﻮﻟﺪﺭ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﭘﺎﮎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ :Rm –r .‬ﻓﻮﻟﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﮎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ls‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻮﻟﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :Ls –all .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪:ls –a.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪pwd‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪cd‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ! ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ‪ tab ‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ chmod‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪chmod <000‐777> <file‐name> ‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫‪Owner ‬‬
‫‪group ‬‬
‫‪unknown ‬‬
‫‪_,_,_ ‬‬
‫‪_,_,_ ‬‬
‫‪_,_,_ ‬‬
‫‪r,w,x ‬‬
‫‪r,w,x ‬‬
‫‪r,w,x‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪r:read, w:write, x:execute ‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ )‪ ۱‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻭ‪ ۰‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻥ( ﺳﭙﺲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ‪ ۲‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬‬
‫‪unknown ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Chmod 754 example.exe ‬‬
‫‪Owner ‬‬
‫‪group ‬‬
‫‪ ۳۲‬‬
‫‪1,1,1 ‬‬
‫‪1,0,1 ‬‬
‫‪1,0,0 ‬‬
‫‪ 7 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪5 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪4 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Owner: has the permission to read, write and execute example ‬‬
‫‪Group: has the permission to read and execute example ‬‬
‫‪Unknown: has the permission to read example ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪man‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻱ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪mv‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ cut ‬ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻟﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪cat‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ text ‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪vim‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫>>‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻳﮏ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ text ‬ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ find‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻟﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬‬
‫>‪man <command‬‬
‫‪Mv <source> <destination> ‬‬
‫‪Cat <file‐name> ‬‬
‫‪vim <file‐name> ‬‬
‫‪<command> >> <file‐name>  ls >> a.txt ‬‬
‫‪find <directory> ‐name <filename>  find /home –name bs87 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪g++‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﺎﻳﻠﺮ ‪ C++‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬‬
‫‪G++ <file‐name> ‐o <compiled file‐name>  g++ a.cpp ‐o a1.exe ‬‬
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‫‪cp‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﭙﻲ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ mv ‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
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‫‪Ct+l‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﮎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ۳۲‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ …,search‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺮﻓﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪M?:‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪M*:‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺮﻓﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﺸﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪M?[1,2]: ‬‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪﺷﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪{*.cpp, *.out}:.‬‬
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‫‪ ۳۳‬‬
‫‪] ‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ[‬
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‫‪ ۳۴‬‬