‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥن ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻫﺎ ﻭو ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﻃﺮﺍاﺣﻲﯽ ﺍاﻟﮕﻮﺭرﻳﯾﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﯿﻤﺴﺎﻝل ﺩدﻭوﻡم ‪93-92‬‬
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‫ﻣﺪﺭرﺱس‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲﯽ ﺁآﺑﺎﻡم‬
‫ﺩدﺍاﻧﺸﻜﮑﺪﻩه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﻩه ﻭوﻳﯾﻜﮑﻲﯽ ﭘﺪﻳﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺯزﻣﺎﻥن ﺗﺤﻮﻳﯾﻞ‪ 30:‬ﺍاﺭرﺩدﻳﯾﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﻣﻘﺪّﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑف ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﻩه ﺍاﻳﯾﺠﺎﺩد ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔﮥ ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍاﻟﮕﻮﺭرﻳﯾﺘﻤﻲﯽ ﺩدﺭر ﺩدﺍاﻧﺸﻨﺎﻣﺔﮥ ﺁآﺯزﺍاﺩد ﻭوﻳﯾﻜﮑﻴﯿﭙﺪﻳﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﻢ ﻛﮐﺮﺩدﻥن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﮐﺎﺭر‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﻩه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﺩدﻭوﻧﻔﺮﻩه ﺩدﻳﯾﺪﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﯿﻦ ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﯾﻲﯽ‬
‫ﺩدﺭر ﻭوﻗﺖ ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﻛﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻧﮕﺎﺭرﺵش ﺑﻪ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺗﻬﻴﯿّﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺿﻤﻴﯿﻤﺔﮥ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﯿﻪ ﻣﻲﯽ ﺷﻮﺩد ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺷﺮﻭوﻉع ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﯿﻮﻩه ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﻭوﻳﯾﻜﮑﻴﯿﭙﺪﻳﯾﺎﻱﯼیي ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭو ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﯾﺖ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺫذﻛﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﯿﺎﺭرﻱﯼیي ﻣﻲﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ 2‬ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﻩه‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍاﺩد ‪ 42‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻭوﻳﯾﻜﮑﻴﯿﭙﺪﻳﯾﺎ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩدﺳﺘﺮﺱس ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﻟﻴﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺿﻤﻴﯿﻤﺔﮥ‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻧﻴﯿﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺣﺪﺍاﻛﮐﺜﺮ ﺗﺎ ‪ 20‬ﻓﺮﻭوﺭرﺩدﻳﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲﯽ ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻟﻴﯿﺴﺖ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻛﮐﺮﺩدﻩه ﻭو ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﻧﺎﻡم ﻭو ﻧﺎﻡم‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍاﺩدﮔﻲﯽ ﻭو ﺷﻤﺎﺭرﺓﮤۀة ﺩدﺍاﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﺍاﻋﻀﺎﻱﯼیي ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲﯽ ‪ [email protected]‬ﺍاﺭرﺳﺎﻝل ﻣﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز‬
‫ﺩدﺭرﻳﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺍاﻳﯾﻤﻴﯿﻞ ﺗﺎﻳﯾﻴﯿﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 30‬ﺍاﺭرﺩدﻳﯾﺒﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎﻩه ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻛﮐﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﺔﮥ ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺭرﺍا ﺍاﻳﯾﺠﺎﺩد‬
‫ﻛﮐﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺧﺮﻭوﺟﻲﯽ »ﭘﻲﯽ ﺩدﻱﯼیي ﺍاﻑف« ﻧﻬﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﺫذﻛﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺭرﺳﺎﻝل ﻛﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏب ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬
‫‪ FIFO‬ﻣﻴﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﯿﮕﻴﯿﺮﻱﯼیي ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻥن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﺓﮤۀة ﮔﺮﻭوﻩه ﻣﻴﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ 1.2‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎﻱﯼیي ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﮐﻪ ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺔﮥ ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻳﯾﺎ ﺍاﻳﯾﻨﻜﮑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﺔﮥ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﯿﺎﺭر ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﻮﺩدﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﺩدﻗّﺖ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﺔﮥ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴﯿﺴﻲﯽ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﯿﺎﺭر‬
‫ﺯزﻳﯾﺎﺩد ﻭو ﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﯿﺎﺭر ﻛﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺭرﻭوﻧﺪ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﯾﺎﺑﻲﯽ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﯿﻞ ﺷﻮﺩد )ﺍاﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﻴﯿﺚ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍا ﺩدﺭرﺑﺮﮔﻴﯿﺮﻧﺪﺓﮤۀة ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲﯽ ﺑﻮﺩدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣّﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻟﻴﯿﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﮐﻢ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪ(‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﮐﺪﺍاﻡم ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻳﯾﻜﮑﻲﯽ ﺍاﺯز ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي‬
‫‪1. Data structures‬‬
‫‪2. Graph theory‬‬
‫‪3. Approximation‬‬
‫‪4. Algorithm‬‬
‫‪5. Hashing‬‬
‫‪6. Sorting‬‬
‫‪7. Cryptography‬‬
‫‪8. Game theory‬‬
‫‪9. Computational geometry‬‬
‫‪10. Analysis‬‬
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‫ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﮑﻦ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﺍاﻥن ﺩدﻗﻴﯿﻖ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﻌﻲﯽ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎﻱﯼیي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲﯽ ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﺩدﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﺎ ً ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﺪﻩه ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﺪ ﺍاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﮔﺮﻭوﻫﻲﯽ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲﯽ ﭘﻴﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩدﻱﯼیي ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﯿﺘﻮﺍاﻧﺪ ﺁآﻥن ﺭرﺍا ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲﯽ‬
‫ﺫذﻛﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺭرﺳﺎﻝل ﻛﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉع ﺑﺮﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﺔﮥ ﭘﻴﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺩدﻗّﺖ ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴﯿﺴﻲﯽ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕت ﻧﺒﺎﻳﯾﺪ ﻛﮐﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻛﮐﻢ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻣﺘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﯾﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﭘﻴﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩد ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬
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‫‪ 1.2‬ﺳﻴﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﯾﺎﺑﻲﯽ‬
‫ﺍاﻣﺘﻴﯿﺎﺯز ﭘﺮﻭوﮊژﺓﮤۀة ﻭوﻳﯾﻜﮑﻴﯿﭙﺪﻳﯾﺎ ﺍاﺯز ‪ 1‬ﻧﻤﺮﻩه ﻣﻴﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺍاﺭرﺯزﻳﯾﺎﺑﻲﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺱس ﺳﻠﻴﯿﺲ ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﻭو ﺁآﮔﺎﻩه ﻛﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﺑﻮﺩدﻥن ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﻣﻴﯿﮕﻴﯿﺮﺩد ﻭو‬
‫ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﯾﺖ ﻧﻜﮑﺎﺕت ﻭوﻳﯾﺮﺍاﺷﻲﯽ ﻭو ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺿﻤﻴﯿﻤﺔﮥ ‪ 1‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻴﯿﺤﻲﯽ ﻣﻴﯿﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ -3‬ﺿﻤﻴﯿﻤﻪ ‪1‬‬
‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﺿﻤﻴﯿﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍاﻱﯼیي ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩه ﻫﺎ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﻧﮕﺎﺭرﺵش ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺭرﺍاﻫﮕﺸﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﺷﺪﻩه ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲﯽ ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭرﺷﻲﯽ ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﻧﻴﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺁآﻧﻬﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻫﻢ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍاﻥن ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭو ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲﯽ ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭو ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩه ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻧﺸﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺗﻤﺎﻳﯾﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔﮥ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲﯽ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﯿﺘﻮﺍاﻧﻴﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭر ﺧﻂ ّ ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﯿﻒ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﺴﺘﺎﻥن ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻭو ﺍاﺩدﺏب ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﺍاﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺁآﻥن ﭘﻴﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍاﺟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻛﮐﻨﻴﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﻃﻮﺭر ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺷﻴﯿﻮﺓﮤۀة ﻧﺎﻣﺔﮥ ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﻭوﻳﯾﻜﮑﻲﯽ ﭘﺪﻳﯾﺎ ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ »ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﺳﻠﻴﯿﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁآﮔﺎﻩه ﻛﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻴﯿﻄﺮﻑف‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﯿﺎﺭر ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ﺍاﺯز ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻭو ﺷﻴﯿﻮﺓﮤۀة ﺧﺎﺹص ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﺔﮥ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ«‪ .‬ﭘﻴﯿﺮﻭوﻱﯼیي ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﻲﯽ ﻧﻴﯿﺴﺖ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺭرﺵش ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺯزﺑﺎﻥن ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫• ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭوﻳﯾﺮﮔﻮﻝل ﻭو ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻑف ﭘﻴﯿﺸﻴﯿﻦ ﺩدﺭرﺝج ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﯿﺎﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﻭو ﺣﺮﻑف ﺑﻌﺪﻱﯼیي ﻳﯾﻚﮏ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﺩدﺍاﺩدﻩه ﻣﻲﯽ ﺷﻮﺩد‪.‬‬
‫• ﭘﺮﺍاﻧﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻛﮐﻮﻻﺩد ﻭو ﻛﮐﺮﻭوﺷﺔﮥ ﺑﺎﺯز ﺑﺎ ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﺮﻑف ﭘﻴﯿﺸﻴﯿﻦ ﺧﻮﺩد ﺩدﺭرﺝج ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﺣﺮﻑف ﺑﻌﺪﻱﯼیي ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﺔﮥ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁآﺧﺮﻳﯾﻦ ﺣﺮﻑف ﺩدﺭرﺝج ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺣﺮﻑف ﺑﻌﺪﻱﯼیي ﺑﺎ ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬
‫• ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻧﻘﻞ ِ ﻗﻮﻝل ﺍاﺯز »ﮔﻴﯿﻮﻣﺔﮥ ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ« ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻧﮕﻠﻴﯿﺴﻲﯽ ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﻧﻘﻞِ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻝل«‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺩدﺭرﺳﺖ‪" :‬ﻧﻘﻞ ِ ﻗﻮﻝل" ﻭو 'ﻧﻘﻞ ِ ﻗﻮﻝل' ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﯾﺖ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻭوﻑف ﻣﺠﺎﻭوﺭر ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻴﯿﻜﮑﻨﻴﯿﻢ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺩدﻭو ﻧﻮﻉع ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻭوﺟﻮﺩد ﺩدﺍاﺭرﺩد‪ :‬ﻳﯾﻜﮑﻲﯽ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔﮥ »ﺑﺮﻭوﻥن ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ« ﻛﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬﺍاﺭرﻱﯼیي ﻣﻴﯿﺎﻥن ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻳﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺕت ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﻳﯾﺎﻧﻪ »ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔﮥ ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﺣﺮﻓﻲﯽ« ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻩه ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝل ﺑﺎ ﻛﮐﻠﻴﯿﺪ ‪ space‬ﺩدﺭرﺝج ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد ﻭو‬
‫ﺩدﻳﯾﮕﺮﻱﯼیي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔﮥ »ﺩدﺭرﻭوﻥن ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ« ﻛﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭر ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝل ﻣﻴﯿﺎﻥن ﺍاﺟﺰﺍاﻱﯼیي ﺗﺮﻛﮐﻴﯿﺐ ﻭو ﺍاﻏﻠﺐ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺮﻭوﻑف ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻴﯿﮕﺬﺭرﺍاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺭرﺍا ﺩدﺭر ﺭرﺍاﻳﯾﺎﻧﻪ »ﻧﻴﯿﻢ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ« ﻣﻴﯿﮕﻮﻳﯾﻨﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻬﻄﻮﺭر ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝل ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﮐﻴﯿﺐ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﮐﻠﻴﯿﺪ ﺩدﺭرﺝج ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬
‫• ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍاﺭرﻱﯼیي »ﻣﻲﯽ« ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﯿﻢ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟﺪﺍا ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻭو ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﻤﻊ »ﻫﺎ« ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻲﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻱﯼیي »ﺗﺮ«‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻳﯾﻦ »ﺗﺮﻳﯾﻦ«‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي »ﺍاﻡم«‪» ،‬ﺍاﻱﯼیي«‪» ،‬ﺍاﻳﯾﻢ«‪» ،‬ﺍاﻳﯾﺪ« ﻭو »ﺍاﻧﺪ«‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﯿﻢ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟﺪﺍا ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻣﻲﯽ ﺭرﻭوﺩد‪ ،‬ﺁآﻥن ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍاﻡم‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺔﮥ »ﺍاﺳﺖ«‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﺟﺪﺍا ﻣﻲﯽ ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍاﺟﺰﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﻳﯾﻜﮑﺪﻳﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﯾﺮ ﻛﮐﺮﺩدﻥن‪.‬‬
‫• ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﮐﺎﺭرﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺼﻮّﺕت ﻫﺎ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍاﺑﻬﺎﻡم ﻳﯾﺎ ﺍاﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩه ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹص ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻱﯼیي ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍاَﻋﻼﻡم‬
‫ﻭو ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕت ﺩدﺧﻴﯿﻞ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲﯽ ﻭو ﻟﻐﺎﺕت ﻣﻬﺠﻮﺭر ﻛﮐﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻋﺎﻣﺔﮥ ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺭرﻭوﺷﻦ ﻧﻴﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﯾﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﮐﺘﮕﺬﺍاﺭرﻱﯼیي‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﮔﻴﯿﺮﺩد‪.‬‬
‫• »ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ« ﻭو »ﺁآﻥن« ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﺟﺰء ﻭو ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‪ :‬ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻜﮑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﯾﻨﻜﮑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﯾﻨﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭوﺍاﻧﮕﻬﻲﯽ‬
‫• »ﻫﻤﻴﯿﻦ« ﻭو »ﻫﻤﺎﻥن« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻴﯿﻦ ﺟﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥن ﻛﮐﺘﺎﺏب‬
‫• »ﻫﻴﯿﭻ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﯿﭻ ﻳﯾﻚﮏ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﯿﭻ ﻛﮐﺪﺍاﻡم‬
‫• »ﭼﻪ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺑﻪ ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻴﯿﭽﺴﺒﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺁآﻧﭽﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫• »ﻛﮐﻪ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﻥن ﻛﮐﻪ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‪ :‬ﺑﻠﻜﮑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﻧﻜﮑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍاﻳﯾﻨﻜﮑﻪ‬
‫• »ﺑﻪ« ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺟﺪﺍا ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﺪﻳﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍاﻥن ﻭو ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩه ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺴﺎﺯزﺩد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻬﻨﺠﺎﺭر‬
‫• »ﺑﻲﯽ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁآﻧﻜﮑﻪ ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﯿﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﯾﻌﻨﻲﯽ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱﯼیي ﺁآﻥن ﺩدﻗﻴﯿﻘﺎً‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺐ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﺍاﺟﺰﺍاﻱﯼیي ﺁآﻥن ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﯿﻬﻮﺩدﻩه‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﯿﺮﺍاﻩه‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﯿﺠﺎ‬
‫• »ﻣﻲﯽ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﯿﺮﻭوﺩد‬
‫• »ﻫﻢ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺯزﻳﯾﺮ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﯿﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺸﻬﺮﻱﯼیي‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺪﻳﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥن‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﯿﻦ‬
‫• ﺟﺰء ﺩدﻭوﻥن ﺗﻚﮏ ﻫﺠﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺪﺭرﺱس‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻜﮑﺎﺭر‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﭘﻴﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻲﯽ »ﻫﻢ« ﺑﺎ ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩد ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﻱﯼیي ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻮﺍاﻧﺪﻥن ﺷﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻲﯽ ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺮﺟّﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻴﯿﻢ‬
‫• ﺟﺰء ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﻮّﺕت »ﺁآ« ﺷﺮﻭوﻉع ﺷﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺎﻭوﺭرﺩد‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ‪ .‬ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍاﺯز ﺣﺮﻑف »ﺁآ« ﻫﻤﺰﻩه ﺩدﺭر‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﺩد‪» ،‬ﻫﻢ« ﺟﺪﺍا ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻫﻢ ﺁآﺭرﺯزﻭو‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺁآﺭرﻣﺎﻥن‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩه‪ :‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ »ﺍاﻟﻒ« ﻳﯾﺎ »ﻡم« ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍا ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺍاﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺯز‬
‫• »ﺗﺮ« ﻭو »ﺗﺮﻳﯾﻦ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﻩه ﺟﺪﺍا ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺔﮥ ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﺧﻮﺩد ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﯿﺸﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫• »ﻫﺎ« )ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺔﮥ ﺟﻤﻊ( ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺮﻛﮐﻴﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕت ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺻﺤﻴﯿﺢ ﻣﻴﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻛﮐﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪/‬ﻛﮐﺘﺎﺏب ﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﺑﻴﯿﮕﺎﻧﺔﮥ ﻧﺎﻣﺄﻧﻮﺱس ﺑﻪ ﻛﮐﺎﺭر ﺭرﻭوﺩد‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍاﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻲﯽ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﻲﯽ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﯿﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫• ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺔﮥ ﻛﮐﺴﺮﺓﮤۀة ﺍاﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺧﻂ ﺁآﻭوﺭرﺩدﻩه ﻧﻤﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﺭرﻓﻊ ﺍاﺑﻬﺎﻡم ﺩدﺭر ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺷﻮﺍاﺭرﻱﯼیي ﺍاﻳﯾﺠﺎﺩد ﻣﻴﯿﻜﮑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍاﺳﺐِ ﺳﻮﺍاﺭرﻱﯼیي‪/‬ﺍاﺳﺐْ ﺳﻮﺍاﺭرﻱﯼیي‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭرﻫﺮﻭو‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻀﺎﻑف‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻴﯿﺎﻧﺠﻲﯽ »ﻱﯼیي« ﻣﻴﯿﺂﻳﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ »ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱﯼیي ﺁآﻓﺘﺎﺏب« ﻭو‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲﯽ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﺁآﻥن‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ »ﭘﺮﺗﻮِ ﺁآﻓﺘﺎﺏب«‪.‬‬
‫• ﺑﺮﺍاﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﻏﻴﯿﺮﻣﻠﻔﻮﻅظ‪ ،‬ﺩدﺭر ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻀﺎﻑف‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﻋﻼﻣﺖ »ﺓﮤۀة« ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩدﻩه ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﺔﮥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫• ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺣﺮﻑف ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺰﺓﮤۀة ﻣﻴﯿﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡح ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﺮﺳﻲﯽ»ﺍا« ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁآﻧﻜﮑﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺼﻮّﺕت »ﺍاﻱﯼیي«‬
‫ﻭو »ﺍاﻭو« ﻭو »ِ« ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺭرﻭوﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﺮﺳﻲﯽ »ﻱﯼیي« ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭرﺃأﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺋﻴﯿﺲ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺋﻮﻑف‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ‬
‫• ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺣﺮﻑف ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺰﺓﮤۀة ﻣﻴﯿﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻡم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﺮﺳﻲﯽ »ﻭو« ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁآﻧﻜﮑﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻣﺼﻮّﺕت »ﺍاﻭو«‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺭرﻭوﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﺮﺳﻲﯽ »ﻱﯼیي« ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ :‬ﺭرﺅؤﻳﯾﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺌﻮﻥن‬
‫• ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺣﺮﻑف ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺰﺓﮤۀة ﭘﺎﻳﯾﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡح ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭرﻭوﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﺮﺳﻲﯽ »ﺍا« ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻸ‬
‫• ﺍاﮔﺮ ﺣﺮﻑف ﭘﻴﯿﺶ ﺍاﺯز ﻫﻤﺰﺓﮤۀة ﻣﻴﯿﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﺳﺎﻛﮐﻦ ﻳﯾﺎ ﻳﯾﻜﮑﻲﯽ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺼﻮّﺕت ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ »ﺁآ« ﻭو »ﺍاﻭو« ﻭو »ﺍاﻱﯼیي« ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻛﮐﺮﺳﻲﯽ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺰء‪ ،‬ﺍاﻧﺸﺎء‪ .‬ﺍاﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﻧﺸﺎء‪ ،‬ﺍاﻣﻼء‪ ،‬ﺍاﻋﻀﺎء ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺑﺪﻭوﻥن ﻫﻤﺰﺓﮤۀة ﭘﺎﻳﯾﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬
‫• ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﯾﻦ )ﺩدﺭر ﺻﻮﺭرﺗﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺗﻠﻔّﻆ ﺷﻮﺩد( ﺩدﺭرﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﺭرﺳﻤﻲﯽ ﻭو ﻧﻴﯿﺰ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﺘﻮﻥن ﺁآﻣﻮﺯزﺷﻲﯽ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﻲﯽ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻡم ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻩه‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺰء‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﯾﻦ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻫﻤﺮﺍاﻩه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺰﺓﮤۀة ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺭرﻭوﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﺮﺳﻲﯽ »ﻱﯼیي«‬
‫ﻣﻲﯽ ﺁآﻳﯾﺪ ﻭو ﺗﻨﻮﻳﯾﻦ ﺭرﻭوﻱﯼیي »ﺍاﻟﻒ« ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍاﺯز ﺁآﻥن ﻗﺮﺍاﺭر ﻣﻴﯿﮕﻴﯿﺮﺩد‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﺎً‪ ،‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎً‪.‬‬
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‫• ﮔﺬﺍاﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﯾﺪ ﺿﺮﻭوﺭرﺕت ﻧﺪﺍاﺭرﺩد ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﺟﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍاﺑﻬﺎﻡم ﺷﻮﺩد ﻛﮐﻪ ﻳﯾﻜﮑﻲﯽ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﺼﺎﺩدﻳﯾﻖ ﺁآﻥن ﻫﻤﻨﮕﺎﺷﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﯿﻦ‪/‬ﻣﻌﻴﯿّﻦ‬
‫• ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﺟﺪﺍاﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻲﯽ ﻳﯾﺎ ﭘﻴﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻲﯽ ﺗﺮﻛﮐﻴﯿﺒﺎﺕت ﺩدﺭر ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﯿﺎﺭر ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩدﺭر ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩدﻱﯼیي ﻛﮐﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻲﯽ ﻭو ﺟﺪﺍا ﻧﻮﻳﯾﺴﻲﯽ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﻲﯽ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺯزﻳﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲﯽ ﺍاﺯز ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺁآﻥن ﺍاﺷﺎﺭرﻩه ﺷﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺒﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﺎً ﭘﻴﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪:‬‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺒﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻛﮐﻴﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد ﻫﻤﻴﯿﺸﻪ ﺟﺪﺍا ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺐ ﻫﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﯿﺸﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱﯼیي »ﺑﻪ«‪» ،‬ﺑﻲﯽ« ﻭو »ﻫﻢ« ﺑﺎ ﺭرﻋﺎﻳﯾﺖ ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻫﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺒﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺍاﺯز ﺗﺮﻛﮐﻴﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد ﻫﻤﻴﯿﺸﻪ ﭘﻴﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺣﺮﻑف ﭘﺎﻳﯾﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﺟﺰءِ ﺍاﻭوّﻝل ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻑف ﺁآﻏﺎﺯزﻱﯼیي ﺟﺰءِ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﻳﯾﻜﮑﺴﺎﻥن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁآﺏب ﺑﺎﻥن‬
‫• ﺟﺰءِ ﺍاﻭوّﻝل ﺁآﻥن ﻋﺪﺩد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫• ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺒﻬﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﯿﻄﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁآﺑﺮﻭو‪ ،‬ﻳﯾﻜﮑﺸﻨﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﯾﻜﮑﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭرﺧﺘﺨﻮﺍاﺏب‬
‫• ﺟﺰءِ ﺩدﻭوﻡم ﺑﺎ»ﺁآ« ﺁآﻏﺎﺯز ﺷﻮﺩد ﻭو ﺗﻚﮏ ﻫﺠﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻼﺏب‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺎﺏب‬
‫• ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺒﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺳﺘﻜﮑﻢ ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﺟﺰءِ ﺁآﻥن ﻛﮐﺎﺭرﺑﺮﺩد ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻧﺪﺍاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺨﻮﺍاﺭر‬
‫• ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺒﻬﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺟﺪﺍاﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺍاﺑﻬﺎﻡم ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﺍاﻳﯾﺠﺎﺩد ﻛﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻬﺮﻭوﺯز‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﻴﯿﺎﺭر‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺟﺰء ِ ﺩدﻭوﻥن ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﮑﻬﺠﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭرﺕت ﺭرﺳﻤﻲﯽ ﻳﯾﺎ ﻧﻴﯿﻤﻪ ﺭرﺳﻤﻲﯽ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒﺔﮥ ﺳﺎﺯزﻣﺎﻧﻲﯽ ﻭو‬
‫ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﻱﯼیي ﻭو ﺻﻨﻔﻲﯽ ﻳﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍاﺭر‪ ،‬ﻛﮐﺘﺎﺑﺪﺍاﺭر‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺒﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺍاﻟﺰﺍاﻣﺎً ﺟﺪﺍا ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﺮﻛﮐﻴﯿﺒﻬﺎﻱﯼیي ﺍاﺿﺎﻓﻲﯽ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑف ﻭو ﺻﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭو ﻣﻀﺎﻑف ﻭو ﻣﻀﺎﻓٌﺎﻟﻴﯿﻪ(‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏب‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﻑف ﻧﻈﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁآﺏب ﻣﻴﯿﻮﻩه‬
‫• ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﺟﺰء ﺍاﺯز ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻫﻬﺎﻱﯼیي ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺐ ﻋﺪﺩد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺸﺘﺒﻬﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺍاﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺭرﺩد ﻋﺪﺩد ﻳﯾﻚﮏ ﺍاﺳﺖ ﻛﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻬﺒﻬﻤﻮﺭرﺩد ﻭو ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟّﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﺩدﻳﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩدﻭو ﺍاﻣﻼ ﺻﺤﻴﯿﺢ ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﯾﻜﮑﺴﻮﻳﯾﻪ‪/‬ﻳﯾﻜﮑﺴﻮﻳﯾﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﯾﻜﮑﺴﺮﻩه‪/‬‬
‫ﻳﯾﻜﮑﺴﺮﻩه‪ ،‬ﻳﯾﻜﮑﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ‪/‬ﻳﯾﻜﮑﭙﺎﺭرﭼﻪ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻫﻤﻨﮕﺎﺷﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺩدﻭو ﻭوﺍاﮊژﻩه ﺍاﻃﻼﻕق ﻣﻴﯿﺸﻮﺩد ﻛﮐﻪ ﺍاﻣﻼﻱﯼیي ﻭوﺍاﺣﺪ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﺩدﻭو ﺗﻠﻔّﻆ ﻭو ﺩدﻭو ﻣﻌﻨﻲﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭوﺕت ﺩدﺍاﺭرﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻬﻬﺎﻱﯼیي ﻣﺮﻛﮐّﺒﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺟﺰء ِ ﺍاﻭوّﻝل ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﻏﻴﯿﺮﻣﻠﻔﻮﻅظ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﻮﺩد )ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ﻏﻴﯿﺮﻣﻠﻔﻮﻅظ ﺩدﺭر ﺣﻜﮑﻢ ﺣﺮﻑف‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﺍاﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﯾﻬﺪﺍاﺭر‪ .‬ﻛﮐﻠﻤﻬﻬﺎﻳﯾﻲﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﭽﮕﻲﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫﻔﺘﮕﻲﯽ ﻛﮐﻪ ﺩدﺭر ﺗﺮﻛﮐﻴﯿﺐ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﻱﯼیي ِ ﻏﻴﯿﺮﻣﻠﻔﻮﻅظ ﺁآﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺬﻑف ﺷﺪﻩه ﻭو ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱﯼیي ﺁآﻥن »ﮒگِ« ﻣﻴﯿﺎﻧﺠﻲﯽ ﺁآﻣﺪﻩه ﺍاﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍاﺯز ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩه ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺍاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍاﺟﻊ‬
‫• ﺩدﺳﺘﻮﺭر ﺧﻂ ﻓﺎﺭرﺳﻲﯽ‬
‫• ﺷﻴﯿﻮﻩه ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻱﯼیي ﻭوﻳﯾﻜﮑﻲﯽ ﭘﺪﻳﯾﺎ‬
‫• ﺑﺮﺧﻲﯽ ﻧﻜﮑﺎﺕت ﻧﮕﺎﺭرﺷﻲﯽ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻴﯿﺪ ﺿﺮﺍاﺑﻲﯽ ﺯزﺍاﺩدﻩه‬
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‫‪ 4‬ﺿﻤﻴﯿﻤﻪ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻳﯾﻦ ﺿﻤﻴﯿﻤﻪ ﻟﻴﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕت ﺍاﺭرﺍاﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩه‪.‬‬
‫‪• Data Structure‬‬
‫)‪• Metric tree (data structure‬‬
‫)‪• Hashed array tree (data structure‬‬
‫‪• cartesian tree‬‬
‫‪• fusion tree‬‬
‫‪• Queap‬‬
‫‪• Bin‬‬
‫‪• skew heap‬‬
‫‪• ternary tree‬‬
‫‪• link/cut tree‬‬
‫‪• Octree‬‬
‫‪• Day-Stout-Warren algorithm‬‬
‫‪• retroactive data structure‬‬
‫‪• finger search tree‬‬
‫‪• Graph theory‬‬
‫‪• Perfect graph‬‬
‫)‪• Triangle free (graph‬‬
• Strongly connected components
• Yen’s algorithm (graph)
• Graph factorization (graph)
• Brook’s theorem (graph)
• Factor-critical graph
• Bron-Kerbosch algorithm
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• force-directed graph drawing
• Approximation
• Christofides algorithm
• Algorithms
• Minimum cost flow problem
• Maximum flow problem
• point location
• Median of medians
• heap's algorithm
• Game theory
• Zero-sum game
• Hales-Jewet theorem
• Hashing
• dynamic perfect hashing
• double hashing
• min hash
• Sorting
• bitonic sorter
• Computational Geometry
• Delaunay triangulation
• Cryptography
• Yao's Millionaires' Problem
• Shannon–Fano coding
• Complexity theory
• Alternating Turing machine
• Analysis
• Potential method
• Others
• Prüfer sequence
• Post correspondence problem
• Dynamic time warping