‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٦٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﭼﻤﺒﺮﺯ ﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﻧﮓ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﻼ ﺁﺭﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻲ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﻭﺳﺘﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﭘﺎﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺭﺳـﻮﻡ ﻣـﺬﻫﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ٢.‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺻﺪﻑ‪ ،٣‬ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺸﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻬﻨـﮓ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﮐﺎﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﺎﻣـﻞ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺑـﻪ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺄﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺩﻳﻮﻳﺪ ﮔﻼﻳﻦ )‪ ،(David Glyn‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﺔ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮﻥ‪۱۹۹۶ ،‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻭ ﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻭ‪/‬ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻭﺭﻗﻲ ﺩﺭﺝ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺪﻑ )‪ (cowrie shell‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٧٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ١:‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ »ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺷﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ« ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑـﺮ ﻧـﺴﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ )ﺗﺠـﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﭘﺎﻱ( ﻭ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ )ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺒﻬﺎ(؛ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ »ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﮑﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﮑﻮﮎ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ« ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑـﺮ ﻧـﺴﻞ ﺳـﻮﻡ )ﻣـﺴﮑﻮﮐﺎﺕ( ﻭ ﻧـﺴﻞ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭﻡ‬
‫)ﺍﺳﮑﻨﺎﺱ(؛ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ »ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﭘـﻮﻝ« ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑـﺮ ﻧـﺴﻞ ﭘـﻨﺠﻢ‬
‫)ﺣـﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﭙﺮﺩﻩ(‪ ،‬ﻧـﺴﻞ ﺷـﺸﻢ )‪ ٢(plastic money‬ﻭ ﻧـﺴﻞ ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ )ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖﻫــﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑــﻲ‪ ٣‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑــﻲ ﻭﺟــﻮﻩ‪(٤‬؛ ﻭ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﭼﻬــﺎﺭﻡ »ﺑــﻪﮐــﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ« ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺴﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ )ﮐـﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺷـﻤﻨﺪ( ﻭ ﻧـﺴﻞ ﻧﻬـﻢ‬
‫)ﻣﺴﮑﻮﮐﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ(‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻭ ﻣـﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﻬـﺎﺕ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﻏـﺎﺯ ﺍﻧﻘـﻼﺏ ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻠﮕﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۱۸‬ﻡ‪،.‬‬
‫ﺻ َﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ٥.‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﹸ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺛﻮﭘﻮﻟﹸﺲ )‪ ،(M. Stathopoulos‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﻟــﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﭘـﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻠـﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪۱۹۹۵) Kluwer Law International‬ﻡ‪ (.‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﮏ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪.۳-۱‬‬
‫‪ plastic money -۲‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ )‪ (credit card‬ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ )‪،(debit card‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﻧﻘـﺪ ﻭ ﭼـﮏ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Credit Card‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣـﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫)‪3- Electronic Payments (EPs‬‬
‫)‪4- Electronic Fund Transfers (EFTs‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺟﻔﺮﻱ ﹸﺗﺮﮎ )‪ ،(Geoffrey Turk‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﻴﺴﺖﻭﻳﮑـﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺯﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺮﻳـﮓ ﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﻥ )‪ ،(Craig D. Manson‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ‪http://www.electronic-money.co.uk/Diss2.htm‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٧١‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﺑــﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺗﻘــﺴﻴﻢ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﻈــﺎﻡﻫــﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧــﺖ ﻋﻤــﺪﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷــﻲ‪ ١‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﻲ‪ .٢‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﻧﻤـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫)‪ (٤SWIFT) ،(٣CHIPS‬ﻭ )‪ ( ٥Fedwire‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ ﺧـﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴـﺴﻢﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ‪ ٦،‬ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‪ ٧،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻓـﺮﻭﺵ‪،‬‬
‫‪٨‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﻲ‪ ٩‬ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﻨﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴـﺴﻢﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ )‪ (online‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ )‪ (١٠check truncation‬ﻭ )‪(١١ACH‬‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- wholesale payment systems‬‬
‫‪2-retail payment systems‬‬
‫)‪3- The Clearing House Interbank Payment Systems (CHIPS‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﻬﺎﺗﺮ ﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺗﻬﺎﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﮎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ‪ online‬ﻭ ﺑـﻲﻭﻗﻔـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ‪ ۱۶‬ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪4- The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﮐﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻠﮋﻳﮏ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﺋﻴﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﻴﺎﻡﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺶﻓﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺠﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻣـﺮ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،Fedwire -٥‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻪﺭﻭﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﺎﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪6- Automated Teller Machines (ATMs‬‬
‫‪7- debit card‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫‪8- Point-of-Sale (POS) terminals‬‬
‫‪9- home banking‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫‪ Check truncation -١٠‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻭﺭﻧﮕﺎﺭ )ﮐﺎﻏﺬ( ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﻩ ﺗﻠﮕﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﺎﻏﺬ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١١‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ‪ ،ACH‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﭼﮏ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﮐﻼﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻓﻌـﺎﺕ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺳـﭙﺮﺩﻩﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٧٢‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ١‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﺔ ﺧـﻮﻳﺶ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺟـﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦﺷـﺪﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﮑﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻣـﺴﮑﻮﮎ ﮐـﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕـﺎﻩ ﻣـﺴﻠﻄﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺿـﻤﻦ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﺔ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺒﻲ‪ ،٢‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻧﺤـﻮﺓ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﮔﺮﮔــﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻨﻴــﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ ﻭﺟــﻮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳــﻖ ﺧﻄــﻮﻁ ﺗﻠﻔــﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻣــﻮﺍﺝ ﺭﺍﺩﻳــﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺧـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺿـﺔ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴـﺖ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭼﻨـﺪﺍﻥ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧـﻲﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣـﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﻨﻴـﺖ‪،٤‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪ ٥‬ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﮑﺮﺍﻧﺔ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗـﻲ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﻳـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪1- Electronic money (e-money‬‬
‫‪2- pocket money‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﭘﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ )‪ ،(Thomas P. Vartanian‬ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻇﻬـﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﮐﺠﺎﺳﺖ؟‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﹶﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﻦ ﺑَﻨﮑﺮ)‪ ۱۷ ،(Am. Banker‬ﮊﻭﺋﻦ‪۱۹۹۶ ،‬‬
‫‪4- security‬‬
‫‪5- privacy‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﮑـﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ )ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٧٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﺓ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘـﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﻣـﻲﮐﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎ؛ ﺑﺨـﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﻮﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﻬﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺳﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ١ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪ ٢‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‪ ،٣‬ﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﻻ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‪ ٤‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﺎﻳﺺ ﻭﻳﮋﺓ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻳﻔﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﺝ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻌﻞ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎﭘﻮﻟﻴﺲ )‪ ،(Minneapolis‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﺔ ﭘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/econed/curric/history.html‬‬
‫‪2- medium of exchange‬‬
‫‪3- standard of value‬‬
‫‪4- store of value‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٧٤‬‬
‫ﭘﻮ ﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎ ﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻮ ﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ ﺍ ﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎ ﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻮ ﻡ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮ ﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ١‬ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺖ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ٢‬ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗ ﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‪ ٣‬ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻳﺎ ‪ ٤access products‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﻬـﺮﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﺔ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻭﺟـﻮﻩ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺣـﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻮﺓ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‪ ٥‬ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﭘﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺳـﺮ ﻣـﻲﺑـﺮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻕ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ٦،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪1- Electronic banking (E-banking‬‬
‫‪2- e-money products‬‬
‫‪3- stored value products‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫‪5- communication method‬‬
‫‪6- European Commission‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٧٥‬‬
‫‪ (۱‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻪﺩﺍﺭ‪ ١‬ﻳﺎ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ‪ ٢‬ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛‬
‫‪ (۲‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮﮐﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛‬
‫‪ (۳‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﮐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺳﮑﻨﺎﺱ؛ ﻭ‬
‫‪ (۴‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﮎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﺓ‪ ٣‬ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺫﻳﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﻮﺷـﻤﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﮐﻴﻒ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ٤‬ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- chip card‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﮑﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ )"‪ ،(Integrated Circuit "IC‬ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﮑﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺗﮏﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺨـﺼﻲ )‪،(PINs‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻓﻈـﺔ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻌـﻀﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ) ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ(‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫‪2- Computer memory‬‬
‫‪3- Consumer Advisory Board‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﮐﻴﻒ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ )‪ (Electronic wallet‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧـﺔ ﮐـﻮﭼﮑﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺻـﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻭﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻴﻒ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻴﻒ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ )‪ (electronic cash‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳـﺎﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻤﺮﮐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺟﺎﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺘـﺼﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃـﺎﺕ؛ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻴﻒ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻴﻒ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺟﻴﺒﻲ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑـﻲ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ )‪ (Conditional Access For Europe: CAFE‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮐﻴﻒ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﭘـﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺁﺗﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٧٦‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺎ ﺷـﺨﺺ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪﮐﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ )ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ( ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﮐﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﺗﻌـﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪) ١‬ﻧﻘـﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﮐﺎﺑﻠﻲ( ﻭ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻒ ﻳﺎﺩﺷـﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩﺷـﺪﻩ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﭘﻴﺶﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻲ )ﭘﻮﻝ( ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ـ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺗـﮏﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭﻩ ﭘـﻴﺶﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ـ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺶﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ )ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﮐﻴـﻒ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ( ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺍﻣﺮ ﭘﻴﺶ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ )ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ( ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐـﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘـﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻱ )‪ (Mondex‬ﻭ )‪ (VISA Cash‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺷـﺮﮐﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪﻱ )‪ ،(Digicash‬ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫـﻢﺍﮐﻨـﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻣـﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،(Proton) ،(Millicent) ،(CyberCash) :‬‬
‫)‪ (PayTrust) ،(Payme.com) ،(BillPoint) (eMoneyMail) ،(PayPal‬ﻭ )‪.(Propay‬‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- interactive cable television‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻋﮑﺲﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٧٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺀ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﺔ ﻳﺎﺩﺷـﺪﻩ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ‪ Mondex‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۰‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۷۵‬ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﮕﺮ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ )ﭘﻮﻝ( ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔـﻮﺍﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ـ»ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﻱ ﻣﺘـﺼﻞ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ«ــ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐﻴﻒ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬
‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ‪ Visa Cash‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ Mondex‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ "ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕ" ﻳﺎﺩﺷـﺪﻩ ـ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ‪ Mondex‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ـ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻴـﺖ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ‪ Visa Cash ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﻳﺪ ﭼﺎﻡ‪ ١‬ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﻳﺠـﻴﮑﺶ ‪ 2Digicash‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۰‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐـﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ ﹶﮑﺶ )‪ ،(eCash‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺷـﺮﮐﺖ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺎﻳﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻠـﻎ ﺍﻳﮑـﺶ‬
‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺩﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- David Chaum‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﮑﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻧﻮﺍﻣﺒﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۹‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٧٨‬‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﮑﺶ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺧﺮﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ‪ ١‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﮑﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣـﻀﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘـﺎﻟﻲ‪ ٢‬ﺍﻣﮑـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﮑﺶ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣـﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻱ )ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺎﮐﺘﻲ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ( ﻭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻣـﻀﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻳﮑﺎﻳﮏ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﺮ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﮑﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﮐﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﮐﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻃـﻼﻉ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴـﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﻧﻘـﺪ )ﺍﺳـﮑﻨﺎﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲﻧـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﮑـﺶ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﮑﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺰﺩ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒـﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﻲ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺍﺷـﺨﺎﺹ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻧﺰﺩﻳـﮏ ﺍﺳـﮑﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻣـﺴﮑﻮﮎ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺪﺗ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- intermediary bank‬‬
‫‪2- blind signatures‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٧٩‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻧﻘﺪﻱ‪ ١‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭼﮏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۳‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭼﮏ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﮑﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﻲ ﻭ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬـﺎﻱ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﮔﻮﻧـﺎﮔﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻏـﻢ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﭘﻴﺶﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﺔ ﺭﻳﺰﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺷﺨـﺼﻲ ﻧـﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺍﻣﮑـﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺓ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨـﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﮐﺖ ﺷـﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟـﺚ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﻧﺎﺷـﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ )ﭘـﻮﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺛﺒﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- cashless payment instruments‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٨٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺛﺒـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻱ‪ ،١‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۴‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺧﻴﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻋـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻥ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﮔﻴـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﺑـﻪﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰﻻ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪﮐﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ )ﭘـﻮﻝ( ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘـﺼﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﺷـﺒﮑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻭﺷـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻥ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻭ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﻪﮐﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺷـﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ )ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻏﻴﺮﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻔﺎﻱ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺔ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﻪﮐﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷـﺮﺍﻥ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۵‬ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﮑﻨﺎﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۴‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣﻬﻤـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﺔ ﺗﺠـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ "ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ" ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑ ِ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- operator‬‬
‫‪2- clearers‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٨١‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﻗـﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺿـﺔ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪ ١‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻊﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﮐـﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺧـﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧـﻮﺩﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﻮﻳـﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕ ﻣـﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﮐــﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒــﺎﺭﻱ ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺐ ﺣــﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۱/۰۷ ،۰/۲۷‬ﻭ ‪ ۰/۱۵-۰/۰۸‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨــﻪ ﺩﺭﺑــﺮﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﮐﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﺷـﺔ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۰/۰۱‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺧـﻮﺩﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺓ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮓ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻴــﺴﺘﻢﻫــﺎﻱ ﻗــﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻣــﺎﻧﻊ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴــﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳــﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﮔﺰﻳﻨـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﭼﺎﻟـﺸﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- operating costs‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٨٢‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻲ ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ )ﺷﺒﮑﺔ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﺓ ﺷﻌﺐ( ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺖ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘ ِ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺰﻳ ِ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻴﺼﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﺪﻝ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺷـﻌﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻣﺘـﺄﺛﺮ ﻣـﻲﮐﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺒـﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧﺤـﺼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻـﺔ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺎﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻧﻘـﺪﻳﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻏـﻢ ﻭﺿـﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻲ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺭﮐﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﺔ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺖ ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﻲ؛ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧ ِ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٨٣‬‬
‫ﺭﺧﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ )ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ( ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮐﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻏﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘـﻲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ ﮐـﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺧﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ :‬ﺭﺧﻨﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﻧـﺎﮎ )ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﮐﻼﻫﺒـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑـﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺭﺧﻨﺔ ﺩﺯﺩﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪) ١‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺴﻬﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺏﮔﺎﻩ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺧﻨـﺔ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨـﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺑـﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﺟـﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘـﻮﻗﻲ ﺷـﺮﮐﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺨﺪﻭﺵ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺒﮑﺔ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫـﺪﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ )ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ( ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﮐـﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘـﻲ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ؛‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- hacker‬‬
‫‪ ،(Website) -٢‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﮔﺰﻳﻨﻲ "ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ" ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺏ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﺏﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺏ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ(‪) .‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ .(۱۳۸۴ ،‬ﺹ‬
‫‪.۲۰۸‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٨٤‬‬
‫• ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬
‫• ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬
‫• ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺒﻬﮑﺎﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﺨـﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ؛‬
‫• ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﺓ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻣﺰﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،١‬ﺍﻣﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ٢‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺷــﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟــﺚ ﻣﻌﺘﻤــﺪ‪ .٣‬ﻳﮑــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻬــﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﮐــﺎﺭﺕﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑــﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺪﺷﻪﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺭﻣﺰﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺣﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻨـﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻧـﺮﻡﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﺒﻠﻐﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﺧﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗـﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻣﻌـﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﻬﺪﻳـﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧـﻮﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮ ﺿـﺪ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- encryption‬‬
‫‪2- electronic signatures‬‬
‫)‪3- Trusted Third Parties (TTPs‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٨٥‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑﺎﻳـﺴﺘﻲ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﮕـﺎﻣﻲ ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺧـﻮﻳﺶ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﻴـﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻬﻞﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺭﺧﻨـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﺒـﻖﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ؛ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﺿـﺮﺭ ﻭ ﺯﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﻠﻴـﺔ ﺷـﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺣﮑﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺗـﻮﺍﻧﺶ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺣـﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺁﻧـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠـﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ )ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮﺍﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺭﻳـﺸﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺓ ﮐﺜﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪ ١‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ‪ ٢‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- option‬‬
‫‪2- money laundering‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٨٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ )ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪﺷﺪﻩ "ﻓﻘﻂ" ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻭ »ﺗﻨﻬﺎ« ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۳‬ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﭼﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ٢‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈـﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻃــﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﻧـﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﺑــﺮﻭﺯ ﻣــﻲﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃــﺎﺕ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻗــﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔـﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻴـﺖ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﮐﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻬـﺪﺍﺕ ﻣـﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﻭ ﻧﮑﻮﻝ ﻳﮑـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺮﮐﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ ِ‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘـﻮﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈـﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﮐﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪﻱ ﻣﺘـﺄﺛﺮ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- Legal risk‬‬
‫‪2- disclosures‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٨٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ‪ ١،‬ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ )ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ(؛ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﺔ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳـﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﺘﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ؟‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺿـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ‪ ٢‬ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻳـﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺑﻬﺮﺓ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤـﺪﺗ ﹰﺎ ﺟـﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﮐﻞ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﻪ ﻃـﻲ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺗـﺎﻫﻲ )ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﻪ( ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- seigniorage‬‬
‫‪2- demand for monetary aggregates‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٨٨‬‬
‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﺮﺿـﺔ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﻗـﻼﻡ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻧﺎﻣـﺔ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮐـﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﺓ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻞ ﺑﺪﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣـﺪ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺍﺳـﮑﻨﺎﺱ ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﻣﺒـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺪﻫﻴﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﺑﻬﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺍﺳـﮑﻨﺎﺱ ﺑـﺎ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻬﺮﺓ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺣﻖﺍﻟﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺭﺁﻣـﺪﻫﺎ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﭼـﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻗـﻼﻡ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻧﺎﻣـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﮑﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﺫﺧـﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺷﺒﮑﺔ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﮐﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜـ ﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﻱ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﺑـﺪﻫﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻗﺮﺿـﺔ‬
‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻩﻣﺪﺕ‪ ١‬ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﻥ ﺳـﭙﺮﺩﺓ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻧـﺰﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ٢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘـﻲ‪ ٣‬ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻧـﺰﺩ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﻱ ﺗﺮﻏﻴـﺐ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- central bank bills‬‬
‫‪2- reserve balances‬‬
‫‪3- government entities‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٨٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻗﻼﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪ ١‬ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻡﺩﻫﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ٢‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺿﻊ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ؟‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﮐﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺷﻤﻮﻝ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ـ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺣﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ ﺗـﺮﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﮐﻠﻴـﺔ ﻣﻘـﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻴﻮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗـﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣـ ﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎﻱ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﻳـﺎ ﻣﺠـﻮﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ(؟‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ )ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ( ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ )ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕ ﺳـﭙﺮﺩﻩﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻱ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣـﺎﻟﻲ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻧﮑﻲ‪ ٣‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ٤‬ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕﺷﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﻴﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ٥،‬ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﮐﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﺔ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﺤـﻮﺓ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- off-balance-sheet‬‬
‫ﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﺯﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺁﺗﻲ )‪.(future markets‬ﻡ‬
‫‪2- lender of last resort operations‬‬
‫‪3- non-bank‬‬
‫‪4- non-financial‬‬
‫‪5- European Union‬‬
‫‪١٩٠‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺮﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺗـﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ١‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺧـﻮﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۴‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﮐـﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘـﻴﺶﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ‪ Mondex‬ﻭ ‪ ،Visa Cash‬ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻻﻧﺔ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۷‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﻤـﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۷‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭﺟـﻮﻩ ﺟﻤـﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺷـﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ )ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻣـﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﺣـﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﺓ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ‬
‫‪۱۹۹۸‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻨـﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨـﺸﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺑـﺎﻧﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺨﺴﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺷﻤﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﺑـﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘـﺸﺎﺭ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﮑـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﹶﻧ ﹸ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ )‪ (۴‬ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﺔ ﻧﺤـﻮﺓ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺟـﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺮﺩﺵ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﻩ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧـﺪﮎ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺪﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ٢‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪1- European Monetary Institution (EMI‬‬
‫‪2- European Council Economic and Social Committee‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٩١‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ‪ ١‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻻﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳـﺪ ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﺌـﺖ ﺭﺋﻴـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺥ ‪ ۲‬ﻣﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۶‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﻓـﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻻﻳﺤﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۷‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﻈـﺎﺭﺕ ﺑـﺮ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﻪﻣﺎﻫﻪ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺆﺳـﺴﺔ ﻓـﺪﺭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ‪ ٢‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺥ ‪ ۲‬ﺍﻭﺕ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪۱۹۹۶‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﺓ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﺭﺃﻳﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﮓﮐﻨﮓ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼـﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑـﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﻴـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻩ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ Mondex‬ﻭ ‪ Visa Cash‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﮑﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ـ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻤـﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﻞ ـ ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺻـﺎﺩﺭﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﮐـﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎ ﺑﺎﻳـﺴﺘﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺷـﺮﮐﺖ‬
‫ﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﮐﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﮔﻴﺮ ِ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- prudential standards‬‬
‫)‪2- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٩٢‬‬
‫ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺣـﺎﻟﻲﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭼﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﻲ‪ ١‬ـ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﮐـﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﺳﮑﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ـ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﻣـﻲﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﻲ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺐ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـ ِ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﮕـﻮ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺩﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺷـﺪﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺑـﺖ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺑـﺖ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻓﺰﻭﻧـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﻞﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑـﺎﻗﻲ ﻣـﻲﻣﺎﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﮑـﻲ‬
‫ﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺭﻳـﺴﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺶ ﺭﻭ ِ‬
‫ﻲ ﭘﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﮑـﻲ‬
‫ﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﺎﺣﺪﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﺶ ﺭﻭ ِ‬
‫ﻲ ﭘﻴ ِ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻠ ِ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﮐﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﮑـﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﺄﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﺔ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﭼﻨـﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺭﻳـﺴﮏ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- travellers checks‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٩٣‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ﹰﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑـﻪ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪﻣﻨﺪ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨ ـﺔ ﺣــﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ )ﭘــﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑــﻲ( ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﻧﮕــﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﻣـﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﮐﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻧﺎﺷـﺮﺍﻥ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﮐﻨﺘـﺮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪" .۳‬ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺎﺗﺮ" ﻭ "ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺪﻳﻨﮕﻲ"‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﹰﺎ ﮐﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻬـﺎﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﭘﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻠـﺰﻡ ﻣـﻲﮐﻨﻨـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﭘﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﭘﺸﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﺮﻳﺪ‪) ١‬ﻧﻘﺪﮐﺮﺩﻥ( ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻧﺎﮔﻬـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻃـﻼﻉ ﻋﻤـﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻧﻘﺪﻳﻨﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﭘﺲﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ٢‬ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﺮﻳـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘـﻮﻝ )ﻧﻘـﺪﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ( ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﺮﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻬـﺎﺗﺮ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕـﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺫﺧـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ ،(redemption) -١‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﻠﻐﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﻬﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻠﮏ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﮐﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫‪2- withdrawal‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٩٤‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﺪﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‪ ١‬ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺮﺳﻲ‪ ٢‬ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻇﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﭘﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎﻧﮑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﮐـﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺭﻳـﺴﮏ ﻭ ﺷـﻴﻮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺎﺗﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ )ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ( ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺷﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹲﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺳـﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐـﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺷـﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﺑـﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠـﻲ ﺻـﺎﺩﺭﮐﻨﻨﺪﺓ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ (٣‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﮐـﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ ﻭ ﻣﻔـﺼﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﻣـﻲﮐﻨﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺤـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۴‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﭼﻨـﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺳـﻴﺎﻩ‪ ٤‬ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺨـﺎﻃﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺗﻘﻠـﺐ‪ ،‬ﮐﻼﻫﺒـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻘﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫‪1- liquid assets‬‬
‫‪2- audit‬‬
‫‪3- payment card‬‬
‫‪ ،(black markets) -٤‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻴـﺮﻩﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٩٥‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﺱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴـﺖ ﺣﺎﻓﻈـﺔ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻣﻨـﺎﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺗﺠـﺎﺭﺕ ﺑـﻲﻧـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ‪ ،١‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﻔﺖ‪،٢‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ٣‬ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺑﺮﺿﺪ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﮐﺜﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻲ‪ ٤‬ﻗـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺭﻭﭘـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﺋﻴـﺐ‪ ٥‬ﻭ ﺟﺰﺍﻳـﺮ ﺟﻨـﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ؛ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻴـﺎﺗ ِ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫)‪1- United Nations (UN‬‬
‫)‪2- Group of 7 countries (G7‬‬
‫)‪3- European Union (EU‬‬
‫‪4- tax havens‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺸﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﺋﻴﺐ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﮐـﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺪﻭﺭﺍ )‪ ،(Andorra‬ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺁﻧﮕﻴﻼ )‪ ،(Anguilla‬ﮐـﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﻧﺘﻴﮕـﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﺭﺑﻮﺩﺍ )‪،(Antigua & Barbuda‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﺍﻳــﺮ ﺁﻧﺘﻴــﻞ ﻫﻠﻨــﺪ )'‪ ،(Antilles 'Netherlands‬ﮐــﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ )‪ ،(Australia‬ﺟﺰﻳــﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻫﺎﻣــﺎ‬
‫)‪ ،(Bahamas‬ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺤـﺮﻳﻦ )‪ ،(Bahrain‬ﺟﺰﻳـﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﺭﺑـﺎﺩﻭﺱ )‪ ،(Barbados‬ﮐـﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻠﻴـﺰ )‪،(Belize‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﻣﻮﺩﺍ )‪ ،(Bermuda‬ﺟﺰﺍﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ )‪ ،(British Virgin Islands‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﮐﻤﭙﻴﻮ ﺩﻳﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪ ،(Campione d' Italia‬ﺟﺰﺍﻳﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺭﻱ)‪ ،(Canary Islands‬ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻧـﺎﺩﺍ )‪ ،(Canada‬ﺟﺰﺍﻳـﺮ ﮐِـﻴﻤَﻦ‬
‫)‪ ،(Cayman Islands‬ﮐـﺸﻮﺭ ﭼـﻴﻦ )‪ ،(China‬ﺟﺰﺍﻳـﺮ ﮐـﻮﮎ )‪ ،(Cook Islands‬ﮐـﺸﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﺳـﺘﺎﺭﻳﮑﺎ‬
‫)‪ ،(Costa Rica‬ﺟﻤﻬـﻮﺭﻱ ﭼـﮏ ﻭ ﻗﺒـﺮﺱ )‪ ،(Cyprus and Czech Republic‬ﺟﺰﻳـﺮﺓ ﺩﺍﻣﻴﻨﻴﮑـﺎ‬
‫)‪ ،(Dominica‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻨﻴﮑﻦ )‪ ،(Dominican Republic‬ﺗﻨﮕـﺔ ﺟﺒـﻞﺍﻟﻄـﺎﺭﻕ )‪،(Gibraltar‬‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ )‪ ،(Greece‬ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﮔﺮﻧﺰﻱ )‪ ،(Guernsey‬ﻫﻨﮓﮐﻨـﮓ )‪ ،(Hong Kong‬ﮐـﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺟﺮﺳﻲ )‪ (Ireland & Jersey‬ﻭ )‪.(Isle of Man‬‬
‫‪5- Carribbean‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٩٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ‪١‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ "ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻱ‪ ٢‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍ‬
‫)ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻴﺖ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻧﺎﻡ( ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺸﮑﻮﮎ ﺭﺍ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻤﻴﺘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﮐــﺎﺭﺕ‪ ٣‬ﻭ ﻧــﺮﻡﺍﻓــﺰﺍﺭ‪ ٤‬ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻧﻤــﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺷــﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑــﺮ ﺑــﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﮐﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﺒﻠﻐـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺶﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﮐﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗـﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺳـﺨﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﺍﻧـﻪ ﺗـﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﭘﻴـﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻼﻫﺒـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻧﮑﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﮕ ِﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ ِ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۵‬ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻦ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻣـﺮﺯﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎﻱ ﻧـﺮﻡﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺷـﺒﮑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺍﺟـﺪ ﺻـﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﺮﺣﻬـﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣـﺮﺯﻱ ﭘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑـﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- South Pacific‬‬
‫‪2- know your customer‬‬
‫‪3- card-based‬‬
‫‪4- software-based‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٩٧‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﮐﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﮑـﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣـﻪﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺟﺎﻧﺒـﻪ‬
‫ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺷــﺘﺮﺍﮎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫــﺎﻱ ﻋﻤــﻮﻣﻲ ﮐــﻪ ﮐﻠﻴــﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣــﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑــﺮ ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﻥﻣﺮﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﻮﺯﺓ ﺑﺎﻧﮑـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺍﺯ ﮐـﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺰﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﮐﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺑـﺎﻝ‪ ،١‬ﺗﻬﻴـﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻭﺳـﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﺔ ﻣﺒﻨـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳـﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺨـﺎﺫ ﺭﻭﻳﮑـﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬـﺎﻧﻲ ﻣـﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮐـﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿـﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺳﺨﺘﮕﻴﺮﺍﻧﻪﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻈـﺎﺭﺕ ﺑـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﻧـﺎﻇﺮﺍﻥ ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻣـﺮﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻴﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‪ :‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﻘﺘـﻀﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ؛ ﻫﻤـﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻫـﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- Basel Committee‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪١٩٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ﻧﻈﻴــﺮ ﺛﺒــﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴــﺖ ﺳﻴــﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍﻳــﻲ ﻣــﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺎﺷــﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈــﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﭼـﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﮐﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺭﮊﻳـﻢ ﻧﻈـﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﮑـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ ١‬ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﭘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﺔ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﺎﻥﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﺔ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﭼـﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗـﻲ ﺟـﺎﻣﻊ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﻨـﺴﭙﻦ‪،٢‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻼﺗﮑﻠﻴﻔـﻲ ﺑـﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﺮﮐﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﻼﺗﮑﻠﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﮐﻴﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﺿﻊﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻧﮕـﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﻣـﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺷـﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺑـﻲﺍﺛـﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻼﻗـﻪﻣﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺭﮐﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﮐﻮﺏﮔﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺸﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨـﺪ ﺍﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺐ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌـﺎﻻﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺻـﻨﻌﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺴ ِ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﮐﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣ ِﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﮐﺎﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪ ِ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﭼـﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﮐﻞ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻫﻨﮓﮐﻨﮓ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻡ‬
‫‪2- Greenspan‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪١٩٩‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﮐﻮﺏ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘـﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﺷـﻴﻮﭘﺎ‪ ١‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩ )ﺳﻴـﺴﺘﻢ ﻣـﺎﻟﻲ( ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻲ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﻴﺴﺖﻭﻳﮑﻢ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﮑﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧـﺖ ﮐـﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﮐﻞ ﺍﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘـﺄﺛﺮ ﻣـﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴـﺎﺕ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﮑـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻣﻘﻮﻟـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺨﻮﺵ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕـﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻳﮑـﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻼﻧـﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﮑﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ٢‬ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺿﺪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘـﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﻳﺪ َ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫________________________________________________________‬
‫‪1- Padoa Schioppa‬‬
‫‪2- David Saxton‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫‪٢٠٠‬‬
‫َﭼﻤ ِﺒﺮﺯ ﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﻧﮓ )‪ (Chambers C. B. Yang‬ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﮐﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺷـﺮﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻫـﺎﻭﺭﺙ ﻭ ﻟﮕـﺰﺍﻥ)‪ ،(Haworth & Lexon Law Office‬ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪﺓ ﻟﻴـﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﻮﺩﺍﻥ )‪ (Fudan University‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻧﮕﻬﺎﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﻟﻴـﺴﺎﻧﺲ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧـﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓـﻦﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷـﻬﺮ ﺳـﻴﺪﻧﻲ ‪(University of‬‬
‫)‪ Technology, Sydney‬ﻭ ﻣﺪﺭﮎ ‪ JM‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺷﺮﻕ ﭼﻴﻦ ‪(East‬‬
‫)‪ China Institute of Politics & Law‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﻧﮓ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴـﺎﺕ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻗـﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺷـﺮﮐﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻲ؛ ﺗﺠـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴـﮏ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻼﺕ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﭘُـﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑـﻲ ﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ‪ [email protected]‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺄﺧﺬ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪http://www.law-bridge.net/english/e-money.htm‬‬
٢٠١
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻒ ـ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‬
Thomas P. Vartanian, The Future of Electronic Payments: Roadblocks
and Emerging Practices, available at
http://www.ffhsj.com/bancmail//bmarts/roadblck.htm
Thomas P. Vartanian, Key Question for Emerging Systems: Where is
the Money?, Am. Banker, June 17, 1996, available in 1996 WL
5565107
Thomas P. Vartanian, The Emerging Law of Cyberbanking: Dealing
Effectively with the New World of Electronic Banking & Bank
Card Innovations, available at
http://www.ffhsj.com/bancmail/tpvcon.htm
Andreas Furche & Graham Wrightson, Computer Money: a
Systematic Overview of Electronic Payment Systems, dpunkt, 1996
DICKIE, Internet and Electronic Commerce Law in the European
Union, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 1999
Alan L Tyree, Virtual Cash Payments on the Internet, (1996) 7 Journal
of Banking & Finance Law and Practice, 35, 139, 233
Alan L Tyree, Smart Card, (1995) 6 Journal of Banking & Finance
Law and Practice, 297
The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, The History of Money,
available at
http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/econed/curric/history.html
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
٢٠٢
Craig D Manson, Electronic Money And its Legal Implications Within
The UK, available at http://www.electronicmoney.co.uk/Diss2.htm
Olivier Hance and Suzan Dionne Balz, The New Virtual Money: Law
and Practice, 423 Kluwer Law 1999
BIS Publications, Risk Management for Electronic Banking and
Electronic Money Activities, March 1998, available at
http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs35.htm
Juergen Seitz and Eberhard Stickel, Internet Banking - An Overview,
available at http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/9801-8.htm
M Stathopoulos, Modern Techniques for Financial Transactions and
their Effects on Currency: General and National Reports, Kluwer
Law International (1995) 1
Randall W. Sifers, Regulating Electronic Money in Small-Value
Payment Systems: Telecommunications Law as a Regulatory
Model, available at http://www.taxi-l.org/emoney.htm
OLUJOK E AKINDEMOWO, The Fading Rustle, Chink and Jungle:
Electronic Value and the Concept of Money, UNSW Law Journal,
available at
http://www.law.unsw.edu.au/unswlj/ecommerce/akindemowo.html
2 Furash & Company, Banking's Role in Tomorrow's Payment System,
Overview 1, 29 (1994)
Carol Sergeant, E BANKING: RISKS AND RESPONSES, available at
http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/speeches/sp46.html
David Carse, The Regulatory Framework of E-banking, available at
http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/speeches/speechs/david/speech_
081099b.htm
٢٠٣
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
Kelly Holland and Amy Cortese, The Future of Money, Business
Week, June 1995
Loretta J. Mester, The Changing Nature of the Payments System:
Should New Players Mean New Rules, Bus. Rev. (Fed. Res. Bank
of Philadelphia), March/April 2000
D. Stewart, The Future of Digital Cash on the Internet, J.I.B.C.
available at http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/970302.htm
HICKEY, E-commerce: Law, Business and Tax Planning, Jordans,
Bristol, 2000
Robert Hettinga, Internet Banking and Commerce: Security, available
at http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/9601-2.htm
Alan Greenspan, Regulating Electronic Money, available at
http://cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-19n2-1.html
Mauro Cipparone, The Role of the Central Bank in the Growing
Industry of Internet Payments, available at
http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/9605-6.htm
:‫ﺏ ـ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬
.(‫ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺼﻮﺏ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺩﻓﺘـﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ‬.‫ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺏ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‬.۱۳۸۴ ،‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬
.(‫ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺼﻮﺏ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﺴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺩﻓﺘـﺮﺍﻭﻝ‬.‫ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺏ ﻓﺎﺭﺳـﻲ‬.۱۳۸۳ ،‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
٢٠٤
‫ ﺑﺎﻧـﮏ‬،‫ ﺗﻬـﺮﺍﻥ‬.‫ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﺘﮕﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬.‫ ﺣﺴﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻠﺮﻳﺰ‬،‫ ﻣﺎﺟﺪﻱ‬-۳
.۱۳۶۷ ،‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰﻱ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
4- Bernetsen, A., 1997, Digital Money, Liquidity and Monetray
Policy, available at
http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue2_7/berentsen/#author
5- Black Histroy Pages. Cowrie Shells: The Currency of Africa,
available at http://purpleplanetmedia.com/bhp/pages/cowrie.shtml
6- BIS, 1996a. Security of Digital Money. Basel: Bank of
International Settlements, available at
http://www.isoc.org/inet98/proceedings/3f/3f_2.htm
7- BIS, 1996b. Implications for Central Banks of the Development of
Digital Money. Basel: Bank of International Settlements, available
at http://www.bis.org/publ/bisp01.pdf
8- BIS, 1997. Group of Ten - Electronic Money - Consumer
protection, Law Enforcement, Supervisory and Cross Border
Issues. Basel: Bank of International Settlements, available at
http://www.bis.org/publ/gten01.htm
9- BIS, 2000. Survey of Electronic Money Developments. Basel: Bank
of International Settlements, available at
http://www.bis.org/publ/cpss38.pdf#xml=http://search.atomz.com/s
earch/pdfhelper.tk?sp-o=2,100000,0
10- BIS, 2001. Laurence H Meyer: The future of money and of
monetary policy. Basel: Bank of International Settlements,
available at http://www.bis.org/review/r011206c.pdf
11- CAFE Project: Conditional Access for Europe, ESPRIT project
7023, available at http://www.chaum.com/CAFE_Project.htm
٢٠٥
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬
12- Chaum, D., 1995, Towards a Cashless Society: Electronic
Wallets, Esprit, the European Union's IT research and development
programme, available at
http://www.cordis.lu/esprit/src/results/pages/infoind/infind20.htm
13- Guthery S., 2004, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for News:
alt.technology.smartcards, available at
http://www.scdk.com/atsfaq.htm
14- Hallam-Baker, M. P., Electronic Payment Schemes, available at
World Wide Web Consortium, available at
http://www.w3.org/ECommerce/roadmap.html
15- Miller, J., 2004, E-money mini-FAQ (release 2.0), available at
http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/emoneyfaq.html
16- Murry, D., 2004, Internet Banking and Commerce: Security,
available at http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/JIBC/9601-2.htm
17- Sifers, W. R., 1997, Regulating Electronic Money in Small-Value
Payment Systems: Telecommunications Law as a Regulatory
Model, available at http://www.taxi-l.org/emoney.htm
18- Tax Heavens of the World: All the Worlds Investments Heavens
by Country, available at
http://www.escapeartist.com/taxhavens/taxheavens.htm
19- Winn, K. J., 2000, Catalytic Impact of Information Technology on
the New International Financial Architecture, available at
http://www.law.washington.edu/faculty/winn/Publications/Catalyti
c%20Impact%20of%20Information.htm
20- Yang, C., Legal Issues on Domain Name: A World Wide Watch,
available at
http://lawyer.20m.com/English/articles/domainname.htm
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
21- Yang, C.; Chen, M., and Lin, M., International Commercial
Arbitration in Net Era, available at
http://lawyer.20m.com/English/articles/arbitration.htm
٢٠٦