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5G S 1 ,1 %:L @+81 =+8:O+ qG q 8? 7+
5G *%1 =8:K t K:)+ 2 x * +
' C S @+81 H & 7+ @$& '8W1 ) B 1 @ 4 +8L+ ; 0 1 MQ F/G 28 @ D
8:9%1 L *5w: @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G ' %B ! $&!
=8:K 8U+ .$B 1, 8 ,)< ?
!
L+ C 1 * +81 =8:K
C
G * + . 8! $6+ O t K:)++ XC * + 2 1 $6+ O C+ @+81
+ 2 B, X$ P =+8:O+ qG V% . 1 ! •)Q 7+ 8:9%1 ,P 5:c+ X7 + }P+8:O+
v 8U+- !_ =+8:O+ *:O L ' 1C
8( M+8`:N ,)+ ) 1 + = k
* +$&!, ,\L
.$&! ; Nd+ - $&B 1 +7Q ,35P *%&v j 4)+ ,) ) D g . 1
@ 4 +8L+ r G +8 7 T$&!, S5! =8:K 1 P + * + ; Nd+ @ 4 +8L+ r G
!_ =+8:O+ 1 $6+ K1 , KB 8U+
q 8? 7+ ,1 %:L .(Friedman
.
,C
,1991, p.66)
+$) V :
; % . Ec @+' v $1
L
%) 8 _-M ` + ,U L 1 @ C &
89%- V% 1 2 =8:K @ P + 1 E%) 7 4 @ 6' %B
+ (Unpatentable Invention),:Nd V1 D8%I =+8:O+ =8:K x * + 2j L x
C+ !
J
- 2$&!, = &5 + =+8:O+ 1 7 4 8%I ,1 %:L M ` +
L+ ,) 7
O *+
\ =+8:O+ MQ 1 8( =8:K ,1 %:L @+81 j7< M 7
. C %1
L$1 28L S M+ &P 1 =+8:O+ MQ F/G 1 +
C ,W $1 @ `:1+ 2 !_ =+8:O+ ! $&! ,
L&
L+ $ :\
L $)+ ,
2 Nd ] +8B 1 '$&&! ,U$%L † 0 Hc8
L+ *`5 ! @ ? 1 T L+ @ `:1+ 3G8 7+ @ + O81 C M 1 H $1 8 &P $D
-† 0 Hc8 - ? 18 =+8:O+ Nd ' + + 2C * + 7+ .$1
L MQ 1 @ C7 1 8( nKB
@ 9 + @+7+
@
.)+ =+8:O+ qG @ fP+ +8 7 2 L+ =8:K 1 =+8:O+ D C @ fP+ i K
C 7 $6+ O mW1 + ,P 5:c+ & E6 C H/) )7+
2 \ c +8 + @$& '8W1
r G
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% ) MQ @ 9 + 7+ ! ,:\/&
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.)+
!_ =+8:O+ 2=+8:O+
\ c
Nd ' + + 8b) C8%- ! $L81 8b) 1 *%&v $ B
L+ *`5 , C $B 1,5) 8 % =+8:O+ qG ,: 5G
G *+
Wc MQ ; K9
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8? 7+ @ +
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L 28( , KB C $B 1 ' N:B+ }P+8:O+ 7+ =8:K
O81 M ` +
* + ^>O
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49
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O
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L =+8:O+
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% 8 * $1 . L+ ' 8!
! 2 CQ, L$1 =+8:O+ M 1 Nd V1 D 7+ !
B 2=+8:O+ C '$B ' N:B+ v @C =+8:O+ M 1
7+ 8b)^80 .(Friedman
,1991,p.66)
Nd V1 D8%I
Nd ' + + !
L+ :B+ + =+8:O+ qG j b) • L+ 81
5G
@ ` j$P '$&&! `\&
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'+ 7+ =+8:O+ M 56 L 5 ^8€ L+ *`5 $&v 86 . L+ =+8:O+ qG ,: 5G j b)
=+8:O+ qG j b) , C 2 B :O L @ `:1+ 3G8 M+$
B, ,w & M B N:P+
L 5 ,? ! , P+8:O+ 1 f1+
@ 6 & E6 1 ,:NL & =+8:O+ qG m: %L q 8? 7+ =8:K
.(Friedman, 1991,p.66)
+ +8D ' /:L+
+8L+ r G q 8? 7+
,+ 8
; %.
z%6 '$) + 81
1 M + X+ - 2 % 8 * $1 .
B+ $6+ K) @C 1 @
1 =8:K C 8! = &: + =+8:O+ qG @ fP+ 7+ ,:L
.(Friedman,1991
3P 1 C V :
%)
.)+ r G @ fP+ ,P 5:c+
1 =+8:O+
Nd ' + + 2 !_
2MQ @ c 1 + @ 4 +8L+ q 8? 7+
5G " : B+ , j>P+ ! @+ %k8
.0
x
5G ,:L
% 8 * $1 (, p.66
V < 1 M P8:K C B,
2 " L+ @ `:1+ 3G8 $D ; P+8:O+ n:K @ 4
) 8! $&6+ O t K:)+ M 9 P+8:O+ 7+
5G @+81 + @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G ' %B i3:K
qG 7+ 8 *% - @ C8k
? 1 ) , C 2;C /: ,9 ) @ 4 +8L+ .(Friedman ,1991 , p.66
. (D. Blair,2005,p.8) .$&!, ‚ / + 2 =+8:O+
C $&!, m6+8 M U$) + @+81 + ,:1 D @ +E
!
G M 56
@ 4 +8L+ r G
! L+ @ CQ L ; P+8:O+ $% @+81 @+'E%()+ 2 B, M 9) N%D 7+ W)Q
NL NL
@ 6 %1+_c =+8:O+ qG ,: 5G j b)
$&&!,5) ' CQ81 + =+8:O+ qG j b) @ 6 %\
! ,$
L+ *`5 2 x @+81 .(Verma ,p.733) . B,5) '$6 9 2 W)Q M P8:K @+81 j7<
s8B =+8:O+
B lP 1 $ 4)+,
? 1 =+8:O+
Nd @ 6 C ,3`B ] +8B M CQ81
Wc
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5G C853D
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1
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C @ +_U
8L mI ,3P Q !
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S
%) nK9 M P8:K @+81 +8 7 T B, ,: 5G j b)
C @8 %Y ! @ 6 )81 1 =+8:O+ qG @ fP+
S
.(r HN& 7+ V ) 1) . L+ ,k
@ 6m:
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(+
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3P 1 2 W)Q 7+
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50
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: 8U ; 0 @ 6 & E6
( Besen, 1991, p.8
! $&: 6 ,BC C =+8:O+ qG j b) C @ 4 +8L+ r G
' /:L+ MQ 7+ ; P+8:O+ J O
:$&B 1 :B+
f1 C M 9 8`
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+ + 7+
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8- % 1 MQ ' 7 1C M B `:1+ @
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H & 7+ 8:5! ! $6 , -=+8:O+ @ 9 + @+7+
N ) =+8:O+ qG q 8?7+
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(1
T L+8 & E6
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T L+ =+8:O+ qG , 5:G+
1
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Nd V1 D =+8:O+
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5G ' C
(4
?
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1 M &!+ =+8:O+ qG j b) C @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G j b) M % t K:)+ M ` + , L &B 7+
Z8f =+8:O+ qG *%9) c M+ &P 1 W& @ 4 +8L+ r G Q ! m B, c+
-
}L8- * +
~ L+
:/U)MQ V5`
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. B, \ f (jC
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3G8
01 2 3
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,` ! , c $&: 6 8( $` V5` $& Q8 * + ,?
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-$&B 1 =+8:O+ qG q 8? 7+ ] +8B $c+C
! , P+8:O+ J
O
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%) *`5 ! $&!, ‚ / + + ,9 )
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, ! '7+$)+ 1 ! , P+8:O+
L 7+ VND C =+8:O+ $& Q8 % C+ VG+8
@ 6'E%()+ 2 L+ =+8:O+ qG j b) • L+ 81
5G V1 D ; P k 7+ ƒ O M 9P k
.(Vaver ,p.99) $6 , }B - @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G j b) + M P8:K @ +_U 8L
q…G j …b) • …L+ 8…1 • …L+ 7+ = …k +8 7 +$)
cC ,1 K:)+ M ` + z%6
G*+
!
B <$:L+
.$B 1,5)
L+ *`5 .1
5G V1 D =+8:O+
51
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Q
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- o 80 2@$\1 M P8:K ' /:L+ @+81 ; P+8:O+ @ 9 + 7+ =+8:O+ qG j b) 2 % 8 * $1
,: 5G j b) 2r
+
.$&!,
5G 2$&L , V ` 7+ J O @+ 3G8 1 W)Q `& +
.(Erkal ,2004 , p.11) $&: 6 8( $` V5` @ 4 +8L+ C =+8:O+ qG
] +8B $c+C ! , P+8:O+ @+81 @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G j b) 7+ @ + O81 M ` + * +81 &1
! 2$) B
Nd V1 D ! ,) 7
6'$ + @C
$6 , '7 c+ M P8:K
C 7+ S 86 *%1 t K:)+ M ` + =8:K 2 B,
1 2$&: %)
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Nd ] +8B $c+C =+8:O+ ! ,) 7.$&&!
XC C 86 1 L+ *`5 2=+8:O+ $& Q8 V%5` 3G8 7+ $\1 HD+C . + +
qG q 8? 7+
5G 3G8 * + 8( ; NP 1 T B c *%9) c M+ &P 1
) L
5G
.(Erkal ,2004 , p.12) $) B, 8( $` *%9) c @ 4 +8L+ r G =+8:O+
B $%
,<!
B : 8U ! 1 $%
r G q 8? 7+ @$& Q8 =+8:O+ J
$ $c $& Q8 8U+ 2@$& Q8 ; P+8:O+
O *+
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f1 !
qG ;$ 1 w
L+ *`5 @8L ' /:L+ *%&v 2 8%U +8D
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+8 7 T$B $6+ O c+ V`9 1 8%(1 MQ
j b)
+ =+8:O+ 7+
5G ' C
Nd 1 m%5
2@$& Q8 =+8:O+ 7+
L S 7+ }%1
? 8de @ .) 1 2 L S 7+ }%1 @8L ' /:L+
cC
. L+ + B @8L ' /:L+ ; Nd+ $&v 86 2$6 , } +E + =+8:O+ qG
C =+8:O+ V%5` 3G8
@ 4 +8L+ r G C =+8:O+ qG ! /U M+ , 4%:)
3G8 1 C C C 3G8 * + V%5` 7+
- C :B+ V5` } ) M 8! =+8:O+ $& Q8 ,?
. B+ $&6+ O *%9) c } ) j b) C * + 2 Nd
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,: 5G j b) t K:)+ C *%%\ M 7
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=+8:O+ qG j b) 5P+ 2^8? S 7+ . B, c+ + B
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j$P C -,P 5:c+ & E6 C H/) )7+
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%)
9 + ; P>?+ 1 , fP+
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L & @$& Q8 ; P+8:O+ @+81 2=+8:O+ qG N:P+ ;$ 1
5G
L&
L & j$P 1 ]N 8 ! ;>`9 * + 7+ ,` .(W. Leuzzi
1 ] +8B $& Q8 %6 n%K9
=+8:O+ qG 8de ,: 5G @ 6 L %L
%D ;>`9 7+ 2 L+ =+8:O+ qG j b) '$B
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; P+8:O+ 7+
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2
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: (W. Leuzzi ,1984, p.160)
B c
87;P k
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qG ,: 5G @ 6j b) 7+ S 86
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1 c 3G8 * +
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J KB+ j 5 81+81
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+ =+8:O+ qG
*+
5G j$P . L+ c V1 D 3G8 * +
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L+ • `\ ,L$&W
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2$ 5), @ 4 +8L+ ,: 5G j b) t K:)+ 1 j+$D+ C+ =8:K MQ
! L+ ,:%\kC
m%5
2' 8! +$%-
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$&! j+$D+ =+8:O+ qG j b) q 8? 7+
5G
; % . '+ 7+ ! @$\1 =8:K M % * +
! C =+8:O+
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N ) 8%U,
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Z8f 2$) B, c+ MQ 1 @ 4 +8L+ C =+8:O+ qG '$) + ! + ,:%\kC *%&v , 5:G+
:(W. Leuzz ,1984,p.169) L+ ' 8!
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L 1 @$& Q8 =+8:O+ 1 s 18 ; P>?+ @ 9 + 7+ \ c ! ,\ & .1
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+ + }P+8:O+ 7+ ' /:L+ 1 !
, KB qG)
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cC , KB qG @ 4 +8L+ '$) + @+81 -3
+
L+ 8N:\ 8( J KB+ j 5 81+81
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‡ \ *+ !
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+
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!
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L+ *`5
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Leuzz ,1984,p.169)$B
5! 1
1 '$B VG
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2 7+ 8Y1 =+8:O+ qG '$) + 1 @7 %: + qG @ 4 +8L+ '$) +
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1
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3P
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.(W. Leuzz ,1984,p.170)$)+' CQ t G 1 2$B $6+ O
f1+ @ 4 +8L+ 7+ j$ ' /:L+
,&3P ? 1 ! $B 1 , %5%B %!8
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C '$B :OC8
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7+ ' /:L+ jE3:
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B,5) ' + @8
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MQ M \/:& 7+ ,` o 80 @ 4 +8L+ 7+ '$&&! ' /:L+ C $B 1 '$B @ 4 @< ! >
o ND $& Q8
(Gillman V. Stern (1940))
C ' + +8D ' /:L+
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@8L ' /:L+ * +81 &1 C
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M %1 M ) D 8% /
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