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w | }= iQS
svm
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ZZ
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C UOx @ 2 pYD t
w =t
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lQO
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Q
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g g g g
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Q Qy
|= @
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w
pmW
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| y
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Q
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Q
"O
Q Qmi
w sO m
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w
u OQ t
|}=iQS |wHDUH CU@ Q=m
w
'xR L u QO
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p$=Ut pL
xr-=Ut l} pL x@ hrDNt
=Q
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|
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w
x=Q
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u=
Q}o}B QN x@ =D Ci=}yQ l} '|}=iQS
|
w
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O
s= m R=
4
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xmu}=
|
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" v
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=
l}
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?
w |t
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=
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n
R=
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w |tv
1) bipartite
wt}B Q=@m}
xO
R=
V}@
x@r I}y '|}=iQS
|=
2) biconnected components
Q |UQQ@
h= o
|
O I}y Q=QmD
's= m
Q
wHDUH
wHDUH
O=
Q |WwQ
x@ TBU
w O W
=yDi=}yQ s=tD
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d= U
|
=
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uw @
w Vw m |= @
xr-=Ut x@ |oDU@ OwW
x WC k
"O W
Qy C=mQL x-r=@vO OvtiOy
Qo}Oty =@ xr-=Ut pL
|
u}= x@
VwQ
Q
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xm x@r l} |}=iQS
wHDUH
|t
|
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QO w
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Q
xm
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QO
3) backtracking
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w
Ovm|t
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?
4) breadth-rst search
=Q
103!u=SQ=D CQ@=Q
1
Q
OvrUw \UwD
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=
q@k xm
O Q
=iDU=
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Q
w K]UtQ}e
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"
w u}vJ
K]Ut 'OQ=O Qo =
Q |}=iQS
3
xO m O
x = pL=Qt
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=}
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w xDi=} Ow@y@ u}=DUOro \UwD
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Q@y=Q
1961 p U QO ,
u |= } B
w
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1963 p U QO ,=
Q |mUwD=Qwm uwtR
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h
Q@ ,=t}kDUt=Q
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1
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x wtHt
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|= a
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|
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Q
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|
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Q
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"
|
uO @
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um s}UkD pYDt
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= Q
O
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Q
s}t=v|t 4 pB
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"
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Q
h= o R=
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Q
uDi=}
h= o QO |=x }=O
Ovm|t s}UkD pYDt
K]Ut
Q |}=iQS
|= @
Q l} Qo}Oty =@ xQ}=O
CU= Q}PBv=mt= =yrB
OLt=v
Ow
= xmD x@
wHDUH
|
O Qy
R= s= m
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5
|
Q
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h= o
"
w
pB
3
=
w R e
Q
P
u
4
xm um |UQQ@
Q sD} Qwor= u}ty uDU@ Q=mx@
|= @
C
=}rta u}=
QO
q = =} OQ}o Q=Qk xQ}=O pN=O ,qt=m O}=@ =} pB Qy 'CiQo Q=Qk K]Ut
sD} Qwor= 'OvDUy
w x Q
CQ Y @ x }=O
Qo =
5
X}YND xQ}=O hQ] l} x@ =Q s=Om Qy O}=@ OvW=@ xDW=O pN=OD Qo}Om} =@ pB CiH l} xJv=vJ
=yi=Qo =yi=QoQ} R uOw@K]Ut uwtR xrtH R=
|
Ovv=wN
x
-
s} QPo|t QDW}@ |vi
w
utHv= xrH
t
u}=
R=
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"u GQ N , t m
"O=O
lQO
C
O = |m} Vv=}=B
pB Qy
R=
| yx o R= s= m
" W @
'
2
QO
"
QO
O}v}@@
O
"
CU= OQivt |}=iQS
\Ecient Planarity Testing"
3
pmW
=Wv 'CU=
x W xO=O u
u}J]N
=} R
C $ H R=
*
=@ =Lt x}r
- m s=Hv= 'sD} Qwor= u}= uDN=UOtQ=m |rY= O}rm
'C U
=yv=m}B
|
QO
O}v=wD|t
1
pmW QO
Q
= Q
A
=x
wHDUH l}
=
s v @ u=SQ D w
= pL=Qt |rw s}yO|t
=Q Q m
Q
|
=
Ci=QmB=y x-r=kt x@
` HQ=
(ACM) ?
U
O QDxO=U x- vwo xm K]Ut h=Qo l} |}=iQS
h= o x
- W
=
w h= o QO yx o Vw m w
|UQQ@
Q umtt Ci=}yQ l} Qov=Wv Q)B wD
|= @
OvW=@|t Ov=xOWv xDiQo Q_v
"
1) L. Auslander
=iDU= =@
R= xO
2) S. V. Parter
3) A. J. Goldstein
4) bridge
QO
=Lt
|
|
=Q
|rN=O
'
Ovtxkqa
|
=yv}W=t
wHDUH 'pmW
=yv=m}B
"
CU=
xm |}=yx@r Qov=Wv
5) recursive
xv=}=Q Vv=O u=oQR@ !104
7?
1
e
e
1
e
2
3
?o
>
?
?
?
6
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e
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4
=yDNQO 'AJ CtU h=Qo |}=iQS |wHDUH
|
|m} CU=Q CtU
u}=
QO
Q)B wD
= x@r =@ xOW
| y
xO=O u
VN@ |rw OvQ=O OwHw AJ CtU
R=
|}=iQS |wHDUH j} Q] R= uOw@K]Ut uwtR
%3
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w
"
Q
h= o QO
O
" yO
|t CUOx@
xm OvDUy |}=yx@r 'u}J]N
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= x@r
OvDU}v
OvDU}v CNQO u}=
=t}kDUt |rw OvQ=O OwHw
QO ,
Q
|DWoQ@ |=yx@r xm '|i== |=yx@r u}= xm C}ak=w u}=
|}=iQS
|
wHDUH ?r=H
=y}oS} w
|
R=
|m} 'Ovvm|t
x@
h= o QO 6
5 R= w 1
O O
" v=x W xO=O u
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QO
u}W}B
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CU=
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1
;;>6
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Q |va} u}=
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O =
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wYN@ CNQO
= x@r 'xvwtv
4 R= | y
Q
|= @
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| yx o
Ci=QmB=y
Q
= xm CU=
w u=SQ D
|=x }=O '3
pmW
Q
Q
h= o |= @
xm CU= xDmv u}= |UQQ@ pt=W sD} Qwor= xr
- LQt u}tHvB
|
| tQ m Q
X
R=
!6!3!2!5!4!1
w 4
"
x@ |}=iQS
O
CQ a x W
"
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1
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hrDNt
CU=yv
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w
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w |t
u= D
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Q
=
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pN=O
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QO
w K]Ut x-r-=Ut Ci=QmB=y
=
w u=SQ D O
p}rkD 'xv =} CUy K]Ut |DWoQ@
Q@y=Q
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x =Ut xR=
- Ov=
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w
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QQQ
= xm CU= |vat
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xDiQo Q_v
QO
|mUwD=Qwm
O
VwQ
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1) ancestor
O u}=
u= @
Qo = xm|DQwYQO
V}=Ri= Q@=Q@
60 R=
CU=
"
Q
O = ?U=vDt
h= o xR=
v= @
-
w |t Q@=Q@
"O W
V}@
Q
=
wO
=Q = H= u tR
=yvD R}v
Q
=
'u |= H= u tR
u
pL
Ov=wD|t 'xr-=Ut
|va}
Q
=
|= @ sRq u tR
O
QQQ
xR=
v= uO m @= @ wO
-
105!u=SQ=D CQ@=Q
|DNU Q=}U@ -xr-=Ut OvOQm|t Qmi xty =Q} R OQm O=H}=
=
=
=H}y
Q
|O } R u
w K]Ut -xr-=Ut pL
h= o uO @
CaQU =@ s}OQm xO=}B =Q u=ttD} Qwor= =t xm |Dkw |rw OQ=O R=}v |O=} R u=tR x@ u pL w CU=
|O } R
=}U@ =Q p!=Ut |NQ@ u=wD|t 'xO}J}B |=ytD} Qwor= R= |Q}oxQy@ =@ xm OW uWwQ xty |=Q@
O
Q
Q
" W = H=
Q pL QDa} QU
"O m
* UQQ@ R= w Ow@ xDiQov Q=Qk |twta xHwD OQwt Rwvy =ytD} Qwor= |v=tR |oO}J}B xr|
- =Ut
= = =@
=
| yQ m
1959 p U QO
*
} r
u w O}vwr
3
x@ Rwvy
w
2
|D=ar=]t xv}
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w w}DU=
1
l m
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CWPo|t p=U
"
T}v=tDQ=y T} QwH
wvm Or=vwO
'E
OaD x@ |oDU@ 'xr-=Ut pL
O=
VwQ
=yvD =ytD} Qwor=
12
= = =@ TBU
| yQ m
w xDi=}v
| y v }=Q |wQ
OvOw@ xOW =QH= |t}Ok
| y v }=Q |wQ
QDy@ Ow@ xOW =QH=
R=
= x=
Q@
= x=
Q@ xm |}=ytD} Qwor=
QDa} QU x-v=}=Q
|
|wQ
O
=
xQ
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Q@ xm h}a sD} Qwor= l} 'Qo}O
O}UQ|t Q_v x@ Ow@ xOW =QH= |i}a x-v=}=Q
=
=} QHD
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u tR
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Q_v
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=yv=tR =@
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Q@ xm
x =kt
w
'Z a QO
Q
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w
O Q |t xU}=kt
CQ a
xQ
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p
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x=Q |O a u=R U t v @
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l} xv
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x
'1970 -yO
" vO m
w
sD} Qwor= l}
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QO u=SQ D w
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% vO m u @
Ci=QmB=y
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u
|r@k x-OWQWDvt |=ytD} Qwor= R= QDQ@ w QDy@ 'O}OH |=ytD} Qwor= xQ=wty w OQ}o|t CQwY =ytD} Qwor= |=QH=
'
O w |t xOv=U=vW
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V}=t}B 'xU}=kt '`tH |}=OD@= C=}rta O=OaD |=v@t Q@ =ytD} Qwor= CaQU VHvU x-O}= R= u=SQ=D w Ci=QmB=y
Q
w K]Ut sD} Qwor= jiwt x-@ QHD p}rO x@ 'Ci=}yQ u}=
O Q |t C}=tL =yv R=}v OQwt xQ}e w x@r
'h= o uO @
Ci=QmB=y
4
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*
y= '1974 p U QO
w
=
= x =ytD} Qwor= CaQU VHvU
Q m @
u}vJty
Q
|= @ VwQ
O `k=w pw@k
" W
u}ty 'R}v
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w xv=}=Q swra x-} Q_v R}v w pta
OQ t
u QO
xm OvDWwv =ytD} Qwor=
=
xQ
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QO
CaQU x@
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5
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u
w
w xDiQ
"O @
|}=iQS
wHDUH `}Uw
|
qa= p=U
s
Q = |}=U=vW
GvQ]W x-t=vQ@ u} QDy@ x-OvQ@
CU=
xO m xO
O
ONDU= pvQwm x=oWv=O
"
Q
x=
|= v }=Q
=
| yO @ Q m
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" W s=
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w K]Ut uwtR `} QU sD} Qwor=
=
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wHDUH R= GvQ]W
= =D
| y t B R=
Ci=QmB=y x@ nv} QwD x-R}=H
= l} pw] QO Q=@ uw}r}t 40
|R @
wvax@
QO Q }O U= u=
= O =}
'uO @
=
1971 p U QO |
QDmO
O
|= y=
R=
sU=Qt
R=
TB
CW=O xt=O= u=vJty =ytD} Qwor= |}=Q=m x@
"
1) Juris Hartmanis
2) Steve Cook
3) Leonid Levin
4) A. Aho
w
QO
"O @
V}@ V=xt=vQ@ xm OQm
O Ci=} QO
lQ t
Qo}O |m}
=
u=SQ D
x qa
w= - k
5) J. Ullman
xv=}=Q Vv=O u=oQR@ !106
Union-Find x =U
- r- t
Q
union-nd
=
"O m R e =Q
O |t Qo}O p$=Ut
=
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p
qN
Ow
QO
Ow
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=
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Q =
x =Ut
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xO
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1
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OvW=@ pYDt R=Qi= l}
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QO
4
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q = ut
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"
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nv=w
w
w
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Q
lQO |= @
5
CUO x@ pt=m
=
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QO
1) automatic theorem proving 2) Juris Hartmanis 3) R. E. Stearns 4) propositional
calculus 5) satisability problem
xv=}=Q Vv=O u=oQR@ !138
x r t H 'x vw t v
|= @
xD Ww v
u }= x @ OvDU y s r= U l}Bt r= u= v= tQy k s=t D
Q
w
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for all x OlympicAthlete(x) implies t(x)
s}v=O@ Qo =
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Q
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s t(Achilles) x O = | xH}D u x
s}vm
'p t |= @
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x
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v UQ
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W @
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=
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is a bird"
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y
CU= xOvQB l} lWHvo \Tweety
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xx
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w Q O = xDW=O OwHw Qo =
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"
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u Q=
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Q
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Q CUQO=v
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1) Alonzo Church
}= w
W
y= N
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y
w
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1
w
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t
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"
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20 |= @ '
10 |= @ '
Q
X}YND
40 |= @ w
Ci=} Oy=wN xt=O= |i== Q}eDt
Qy
10
"
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Q
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30 |= @ '
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w
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O = |t V}=Ri= '=yQ}eDt O=OaD ?UL Q@ '|}=tv CQwYx@ 'umtt |=yDr=L O=OaD OwW|t xO}O xm xvwo u=ty
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pt=m
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R=
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n
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u= D @
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CU=
"
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w
p= -U
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w= 'x } w @
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NP p =U
$
NP p =U
CU=
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t
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p$=Ut u} QDrmWt
xrtH OvJ x@DQ
|=
1) polynomial-time algorithm
R=
R=
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QP =
| } B< Q=
QP =
xr-=Ut xm
|=Q=O | } B< Q=
O=O u
x =Ut Qo = xm
r-
2) nondeterministic polynomial problem
=Wv
w
l m
=Wv
O=O u
xv=}=Q Vv=O u=oQR@ !140
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Q
OvWwQi xr-=Ut pL
O oxQwO x
O}Dwrmwv s=vx@ |}=}t}W
G= C T= A
@
w
Q |WwQ
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S x = xDWQ u}=
@
x } w @ y
(UCLA) TrH T
p = DNA C
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R=
t W
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r QO
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v
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w
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N W w |=
wO
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w
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pmW
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xm CU=
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w
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xout =Hv}= QO "OW Oy=wN xO=O u=Wv xout dyin \UwD Y x@ X R= R=wQB CQwY u}= QO 'OW=@ Y QyW xDWQ
C |=Q@ CU= Qw] u}ty w |Qo}O QOT xm CU= |D}akwt u=ty QO '|m} QO A Qy OwW|t CiH X out =@
in =@ yin w G w
"CU= Y x@ X R= QiU xv} Ry =@ ?U=vDt |rw] |=Q=O d .Y
|U=vWCU} R pw=ODt |y=oW}=tR |=yWwQ R= CUv=wD utrO 'Qo}Oty x@ =yQiU xDWQ w =yQyW xDWQ uDN}t =@
CU=
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"
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Q
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CU= |ivt MU=B xv=iU-=Dt
"
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Q
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1000 |= @ O oxQwO x
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NP
w |t xDio pt=m
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O = |t Q=wWO Q=}U@
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u uO m
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t R=
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NP x =U
r-
Q
t
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Q
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xm
21
w_vt u}= |=Q@ w=
"
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Q pL |a} QU sD} Qwor= =@
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Q
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R=
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1
=
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AQ m OQ
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Q
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2
w |t R}v
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2) reducibility
w
Ov@ Q=mx@ p$=Ut
TB |v=tR x=Dwm
R=
Q P Vy=m s=vx@ |WwQ
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QP =
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OvDUy
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1) Richard Karp
=Wv
OvWwQi xr-=Ut x@ \@DQt w l}ORv Q=}U@ |=xr-=Ut xrtH
R= s= m
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Q
"
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w |
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t R=
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xm
NP p =U
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u |= @
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t
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x =Ut =@
r-
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u=
t w @ wQ |= r-
NP x =U
NP x =U
"
xm x}Qi u}=
t
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w
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O
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OQ
wivDU= x@ |rmQ@
Q]=N u}ty x@
R=
=U@
x=
"sR
wYLt l} sy=wN|t xmr@
|= v }=Q p
s = O}OH -xOmWv=O u}=
" W @
*
V}=Q} w =Q |awvYt Vwy xv}
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+ Ori u=}rwH x=Qty x@
w xD
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OO=
V y - WQ -
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QO
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=
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1962 p U QO s @
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1
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wvax@ s=@ uo}=i
u
R=
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u=
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QO
"
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%
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?
w
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"
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sHL uO}WN@ s}taD ,qFt #s} wQv <=QkDU=
Q x@ xDWQ u}= QO =t =QJ
=
" yxO=O u
xO=O
K}wD u}vJ =Q G=DvDU=
OvQ=O Q=Qk O}iU
w
xm
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= =} w \ki xU}m
=} w xm O}vm
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G
uwQO
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w
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R
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1) Computers and Thought
5) nonmonotonic inference
O}vm@ =y=}@ wr
=NDv= -xQ=@ QO
x=Q
u}=
u}= u=mt= |DL
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= =} w
w=
w
O
T L
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5
Q ut 'xH}Dv
Q Qmi hQY
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x@
CN=wvm}=v
Q
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QO
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QO
= =yv OwN xm
|R @
=
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ut
O CWPo |r=U
u uw @
=
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QO =Q |O } R Cq
CUO x@ <=QkDU= j} Q] R= =Q |R=@ u}v=wk
2) induction
=
R=
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u '
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Q
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w pw
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xv=}=Q Vv=O u=oQR@ !204
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x =Ut
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Q
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U
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x wtv xr-=Ut u}= xm O}UQ sQ_v x@
w
=y
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w
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|t}W sra
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OQ t QO |=
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Q K} QWD ut
|t Q=_Dv= |tra Q=m l}
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QDUo
wNty=v
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1) Joshua Lederberg
CU=
s w =vW |@ wN
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w
wvax@
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Q
|= @
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p=Q vO
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xr-=Ut l}
x wtHt
R= |= a
2) mass spectrometer
w |ort=LO
Q
=
xSw
B '1965 p U QO
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QO k
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O
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O
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Q |@ wJQ=yJ |rm Qw]x@ xmr@
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w OQ=O O Hw
w
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4) Dendral
R=
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1970 - yO
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w Q Cvwia xm
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y)
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O
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spectrographic peaks
%O}vm xaH=Qt Q} R `@vt x@ p=QOvO OQwt QO QDW}@ C=aq]= |=Q@
Avron Bear and Edward A. Feigenbaum, The Handbook of Articial Intelligence,
Vol. 2, Los Altos, Calif.:William Kaufmann, 1982, PP. 106.
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