APPENDICES TO:
RESTRUCTURING AND HOSPITAL CARE:
SUB-NATIONAL TRENDS, DIFFERENTIALS AND THEIR
IMPACTS IN NEW ZEALAND FROM 1981
By
Ian Pool, Sandra Baxendine, Jit Cheung, Ngaire Coombs,
Arunachalam Dharmalingam, Gary Jackson, Judith M Katzenellenbogen,
and Janet Sceats with Jenine Cooper
1
The Population Studies Centre (PSC) was established at the University of Waikato in 1982.
POPULATIONS STUDIES CENTRE DISCUSSION PAPERS are intended as a forum for the
publication of selected papers on research within the Centre, for the discussion and comment
within the research community and among policy analysts prior to more formal refereeing and
publication.
Discussion Papers can be obtained in pdf form from the Centre‟s website at
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/populationstudiescentre
Any queries regarding this report should be addressed to The Population Studies Centre
University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, e-mail [email protected] or Ph +64
7 838 4040
The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not reflect any official position
on the part of the Centre.
© 2009 The Population Studies Centre
The University of Waikato
Private Bag 3105
Hamilton
New Zealand
www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/populationstudiescentre
[email protected]
ISBN:- 1-877149-97-7
2
PREFACE TO APPENDICES
This web monograph serves four differing purposes:
1. Detailed Tabulations
It documents data referred to in the printed monograph but which are too detailed to be
included there, and of interest more to the specialist reader.
2. Detailed Figures
For similar reasons, it documents detailed figures.
3. Text Appendices
These appendices detail points referred to in the text, but requiring further elaboration.
4. Region-by-Region Health Relevant Indices
To provide health policy makers and managers with a short-cut guide to each of the
regions analysed in the text, Text Appendix C documents key results using a template
that covers the same factors for each region.
Ian Pool
Hamilton
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………..i
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….……………ii
Text Appendix
A Health Policy Changes..………………………………..……………...…….....1
B Filtering Process and Codes Used..………………….………………………..3
C Region-by-Region Review of Health Relevant Indices..……..………............7
Northland..………………………………………………………………………………...7
Waitemata….…………………………………………………………………………….12
Auckland Central..……………………………………………………………………….17
South Auckland…………………………………………………………………………..22
Waikato………………………………………………………………………………..…27
Bay of Plenty/Lakes…………………………………………………...........................…31
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti…………………………………………………………………35
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu…………………………………………………………..39
Wellington………………………………………………………………………………..43
Nelson/Marlborough……………………………………………………………………..47
Central South Island………………………………………………………………….…..52
Southern South Island…………………………………………………............................57
D Theoretical and Other Methodological Considerations of HUE………..…61
D.1 Towards Finding an Ideal Population Health Status Measure………………………61
D.2 The Hospital Utilisation Expectancy Index: What Is It?............................................62
D.2.1 Hospital Utilisation Expectancies………………………………………....63
D.2.2 Limitations of Hospital Utilisation Expectancies……………………...….64
D.3 Theoretical Foundations of HUE……………………………………………………64
D.4 Methodological Strengths of HUE……………………………………………….….65
D.5 Limitations of HUE………………………………………………………………….66
D.6 General Applications and Possible Extensions……………………………………...67
D.7 References………………………………………………………………………...…68
4
Appendix Tables
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 5.4
Table 5.5
Table 5.6
Table 5.7
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Table 6.4
Table 6.5
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Territorial Authorities Which Make Up the Health Regions………………….…70
Percentage of the Usually Resident Population in Age Groups 65 Years
and Over, By Age Group and Region, 1981 and 2001…………………………..72
Percentage Change in the Number of People by Broad Age Groups
and Region, 1981-2001…………………………………………………………..72
Standardised Percentage at Working Ages Receiving Three Main
Benefit Types for the Māori and Non-Māori Population,
By Benefit Type and Region, 1986 and 2001……………………………………73
Standardised Labour Force Status as a Percentage of Māori and Non-Māori
Population, By Region, 1981 and 2001………………………………………….74
Age-Standardised Mortality Rate (Per 100,000 of Population),
By Gender, Health Regions and New Zealand, Running 3 Year Average
1980-2000………………………………………………………………………..76
Age-Specific Mortality Rate (Per 1,000 of Population) By Gender and Age,
Health Region and New Zealand, Running 3 Year Averages, 1980-2000………77
Synthetic Life-Expectancy at Birth By Gender, Health Regions
and New Zealand, Running 3 Year Averages, 1980-98…………………………84
Life-Expectancy at Birth By Total and Māori Populations for New Zealand,
Selected 5 Year Averages, 1980-2000…………………………………………...85
Māori Life-Expectancy at Birth, By Gender and Larger Regions,
Selected 5 Year Averages, 1980-2000…………………………………………...85
Life-Expectancy at Age 65 Years By Gender, Health Regions
and New Zealand, Running 3 Year Averages, 1980-2000………………………86
Probability of Surviving from Age x for n Years by Gender,
Health Regions and New Zealand, Running 3 Year Average, 1980-2000………87
Hospital Discharge Rate Per 100,000 Population By Gender,
Health Regions and New Zealand, 1980-2001…………………………………..93
Age-Standardised Discharge and Bed-Day Rates for the
Sole-Māori Population By Gender and Larger Health Regions, 1990-94……….94
Hospital Discharge Rate Per 100,000 Population By Gender and Age,
Health Regions and New Zealand, 1980-2001…………………………………..95
Annual Age-Standardised Hospital Bed-Day Rate (Per Capita)
By Gender, Health Regions, and New Zealand, 1980-2001……………………102
Annual Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Day Rate (Per Capita)
By Gender and Age, Health Regions and New Zealand, 1980-2001…………..103
HUE at Birth, Health Regions and New Zealand, By Gender, 1980-2000…….110
Absolute Contribution of Age Groups to HUE at Birth, By Age Group,
New Zealand, 1980, 1990, 2000………………………………………………..111
HUE at Age 65 Years By Gender, Health Regions and New Zealand,
1980-2000………………………………………………………………………112
HUE at Birth for Māori and Total Population By Gender and Larger Health
Regions, Selected 5 Year Averages, 1980-2000………………………………..113
5
Appendix Figures
Figure 5.1
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.4
Figure 13.1
Differences in Life-Expectancy at Age 65 Years, Regions Compared to
New Zealand 1980 and 2000…………………………………………………...114
Ambulatory Sensitive Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at 65 Years,
Difference from New Zealand Total, By Gender and Region,
1980-82, 1990-92 and 1999-2001………………………………………………115
Ambulatory Sensitive Tranche Hospital Utilisation Expectancies
from Birth to 64 Years, Difference from New Zealand Total, By Gender
and Region, 1980-82, 1990-92 and 1999-2001………………………………...116
Non-Ambulatory Sensitive Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at 65 Years,
Difference from New Zealand Total, By Gender and Region,
1980-82, 1990-92 and 1999-2001………………………………………………117
Non-Ambulatory Sensitive Tranche Hospital Utilisation Expectancies
from Birth to 64 Years, Difference from New Zealand Total, By Gender
and Region, 1980-82, 1990-92 and 1999-2001………………………………...118
Tranche HUEs and Probability of Dying By Sickness/Invalid Benefit.
By Age, Gender, and Region, 1986 and 2001………………………………….119
6
TEXT APPENDIX A
Health Policy Changes
Area Health Board Act – In 1983, a new Area Health Board Act was passed which reorganised
public health and hospital care. The responsibilities of 18 health districts for the public health
activities of health promotion, health prevention and environmental health were combined with
those of 29 hospital boards to form 14 regionally-based area health boards (Scott 1994).
Drop Hospital co-payments – Hospital co-payments were dropped in 1993 as they were widely
unpopular and the predicted revenue was considerably less than expected.
Free Under 6 GP Consultations – From 1 July 1997, for children under six years, the subsidy for
general practitioner (GP) consultations was increased (to $32.50) and pharmaceutical partcharges were removed (Ashton 1999).
Hospital co-payments – In 1992 hospital co-payments were introduced to provide an incentive
for patients to utilise appropriate primary care services (Gauld 2001, p.95).
Hospital Booking System – In 1998 a booking system was introduced. There were three aspects
to the policy. First, patients referred for elective services had their condition and circumstances
assessed by clinician(s). Second, on the basis of that assessment, clinicians decided whether the
patient‟s level of need and ability to benefit from treatment, relative to others‟, was sufficient to
justify the offer of a publicly-funded operation or procedure. Third, patients who were offered
treatment (and who accepted) were scheduled for the procedure with the next six months.
Patients who did not meet the criteria were provided with a plan of care which could include
regular reviews by their primary care provider if their condition was likely to deteriorate. If a
patient‟s condition changed and he or she subsequently became eligible for publicly-funded
treatment, then that treatment was required to be provided within six months (Hefford and
Holmes 1999).
Increase in GP Subsidies – Subsidies for general practitioner (GP) services were increased in
1988 and in 1990 in an effort to improve access to primary care (Scott 1994).
Introduction of RHAs – Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) were introduced in July 1995 with
a role to monitor the health services requirements of the populations and to purchase services
accordingly. They negotiated contracts with a range of public and private providers, including:
CHEs (Crown Health Enterprises); private hospitals; general practitioners and voluntary
organisations (Ashton 1999).
Lead Maternity Carer introduced – In maternity care, a women selects a „lead maternity carer‟
with both clinical and fiscal responsibility for her through the birth, bringing in other expertise
when necessary.
7
Nurses Amendment Act – In 1990 the Nurses Amendment Act enabled midwives to take
responsibility for maternity care; previously only doctors had been able to undertake such
responsibility (Department of Health 1990).
Population Based Funding Formula – Introduced in 1983, the formula aimed to allocate and
control finances and to adjust for costs. It provided an incentive for private institutions to expand
and for public hospitals to cater for services unattractive to private institutions (Gauld 2001, p.
36).
References
Ashton, T. (1999) “The Health Reforms: To Market and Back?”. In Boston, J., Dalziel, P. and St
John, S. (eds) Redesigning the Welfare State in New Zealand: Problems, Policies and
Prospects (pp.134-153). Auckland: Oxford University Press.
Department of Health (1990) Nurses Amendment Act 1990, Information for Health Providers.
Wellington: Department of Health.
Gauld, R. (2001) Revolving Doors: New Zealand’s Health Reforms. Wellington: Institute of
Policy Studies and Health Services Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington.
Hefford, B. and Holmes, A. (1999) “Booking Systems for Elective Services: The New Zealand
Experience”. Australian Health Review 22(4):61-73.
Scott, C.D. (1994) “Reform of the New Zealand Health Care System”. Health Policy 29(1-2):2544.
8
TEXT APPENDIX B:
Filtering Process and Codes Used
First diagnosis and procedure is the ICD9-CM code. Vx are special ICD9-CM codes.
Filter
Why excluded
How excluded
Excluded Automatically
Non-NZ residents
These people are excluded as they are
not usually resident in New Zealand
so are not needed for a population
health measure.
Step 1
Boarders
These people are well people
accompanying others who had been
admitted for treatment. As these
people have not received treatment
they are not sick so should not be
included in analysis.
Step 2
Obstetrics/
Pregnancy related
Step 3
Well babies
Baby boarders
Domicile code – not in New Zealand
(MOH filter)
First diagnosis – V65.0
First procedure – null
These discharges were excluded as
First diagnosis – 630-677
the data were not complete from 1980
as the data were not collected until
1981-82. Also these discharges do not
result from sickness but a healthy
process of having a birth.
Well baby discharges were not
included until 1993. This was not
done at the same time throughout the
country. These babies are not sick so
should not be included in discharges.
These babies are well babies
accompanying others who had been
admitted for treatment. As these
babies have not received treatment
they are not sick so should not be
included in analysis.
9
First diagnosis – V30, V31, V33, V34,
V36, V37, V39 (MOH filter)
First diagnosis – V20.1
First procedure – null
Filter
Why excluded
How excluded
Step 4
Chemotherapy,
These cases are treated inconsistently
Radiotherapy, Renal between hospitals. Some are treated
Dialysis
as day-patients and some are treated
as out-patients.
Chemotherapy - (First procedure - 99.25
or first diagnosis – V58.1 or second
diagnosis – V54.1) Stay – day case
Radiotherapy – (First procedure – 92.29
or first diagnosis – V58.0) and Stay – day
case and Second procedure - null
Renal Dialysis – (First procedure – 39.95,
54.98 or First diagnosis – V56.0, V56.8)
and Stay – day case and Second procedure
- null
(MOH filter)
Same day
These cases are treated inconsistently First procedure – 44.13, 44.14, 45.13,
gastroscopies,
between hospitals. Some are treated 45.14, 45.16, 45.23, 45.24, 45.25, 57.32,
colonoscopies and
as day-patients and some are treated 57.33
cystoscopies
as out-patients.
Second procedure – null, 44.13, 44.14,
45.13, 45.14, 45.16, 45.23, 45.24, 45.25,
57.32, 57.33
Third procedure – null
Admission type – AA, W*
Stay – Day case
(MOH filter)
Blood transfusions
These cases are treated inconsistently First procedure – 99.03, 99.04, 99.05
between hospitals. Some are treated Second procedure – null
as day-patients and some are treated Admission type – not AC
as out-patients.
Stay – Day case
(MOH filter)
Starship day-patients This applied to day-patients where
A percentage of records were deleted to
some children were incorrectly coded fix this problem for 1991-1994
as such. This problem was fixed in
(MOH filter)
1995.
Step 5
Day-patients
Step 6
Mental health
Day-patients were excluded as they Stay – 0 days except when discharged
were not in the data set from the
dead
beginning. They began to be recorded
in 1987 and were not uniformly
recorded across the country.
Mental health discharges were
First diagnosis – V71.0, 295-301, 306.8,
excluded as they are not admitted
306.9, (307 not 307.8), 308, 309, 311-319
uniformly across the country.
First procedure – null
Ministry of Health filter was not used
here as we could not apply it for
1980-87 so we devised a comparable
filter.
10
Filter
Step 7
Rehabilitation
Respite care
Disability support
services
Step 8
Non-CHE
Step 9
Selected
supplementary
classifications
Why excluded
How excluded
These are usually either long stay or
intermittent care cases, which are
usually purchased separately from
medical/surgical services.
These are usually either long stay or
intermittent care cases, which are
usually purchased separately from
medical/surgical services.
Patients resident in these institutions
are purchased separately from
medical/surgical purchasing. In
addition, the recording of DSS cases
has, historically, been inconsistent
among providers.
The medical non-CHE discharges
were excluded as most are disability
support services. Non-CHE
discharges were not coded before
1988. They included the surgical
discharges treated in non-CHE
hospitals.
(Department – D00, D01, D02, D03, D04,
D10, D11, D12, D13, D14, D30, D31,
D32, D33, D34
or DRG 3.1 – 940, 941)
First procedure – null (MOH filter)
First diagnosis – V60.5, V60.4
First procedure – null (MOH filter)
Facility code – 3217, 3220, 3226, 3228,
3232, 3235, 3237, 3238, 3614, 3912,
3913, 4015, 4017, 4024, 4031, 4222,
4314, 5229, 5330, 5332, 5750, 5814, 5914
Department – P10, P11, P12, P13, P14,
P15, P16, P17, P18
First procedure – null (MOH filter)
Non-CHE discharges (MOH filter)
DRG 3.1 – 001-010, 019-024, 035-049,
053-069, 126, 128, 130, 133-136, 140141, 148, 166-201, 236, 241-242, 244,
247-249, 251-261, 264, 266-272, 275-284,
294-296, 336-354, 371-372, 376-379,
382-384, 389-391, 438-439, 444-470,
477-479, 489-491, 506-515, 520, 522,
531-537, 539-541, 550-551, 566-587,
616-621, 623, 664-665, 670-672, 674-677,
684-688, 701-703, 705-715, 717-727,
756-763, 780-784, 787-789, 793-794,
801-805, 808-809, 811-822, 841-848,
860-863, 870-876, 883-886, 888-894,
920-928, 932, 934-943, 951-952, 955-956
Except under 1 which were retained
Cases which should have been
First diagnosis - V24, V57, V60, V22,
filtered earlier as they could fall into V23, V27, V28
rehabilitation, respite care or
pregnancy related discharges.
11
Filter
Why excluded
How excluded
Step 10
Trimmed length of Longer discharges could distort the Stay greater than 365 days
stay longer 365 days result. Some of these can occur
because of miscoding or should have
been included in disability support
services.
MOH filtering – Filtering used in Ministry of Health (2000)
Source: Ministry of Health (2000) “Personal and Family Services” Hospital Throughput 1998/99: For DHBs and
Their Hospitals. Wellington
12
APPENDIX C
Region-by-Region Review of Health Relevant Indices
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Northland
Interpretive Summary
The health status and utilisation indicators of this region are characterised by:







Relatively high bed-day rates for younger people, and low bed-day rates for older people.
Overall bed-day rates that were initially high compared to New Zealand levels, and ended at the
New Zealand level.
Low and widening disparity in LE(0) compared to New Zealand levels. Average to low LE(65)
and female rates worsening relative to New Zealand rates to a level just below the New Zealand
level.
A radical drop in absolute and relative level of HUEs over the time period ending below New
Zealand.
A relatively low proportion of HUE(0) that is due to HUE(65) .
Levels of HUE(0) for acute were high initially ending around the New Zealand level whereas
elective was mainly around the New Zealand level.
Preventable HUE(0) tended lower than the New Zealand level especially for males, whereas
ambulatory sensitive (1980 and 1989) and injury preventable (all 3 years) was above New
Zealand.
In general, this region falls into the medium utilisation-poor health status category as reflected by the
low LE(0), the worsening LE(0) and LE(65) relative to New Zealand levels and the average bed-day
rates in the last decade. This applies more to younger than to older people. The relatively low HUEs
at the end of the period are indicative of this combination of low LEs and low to medium bed-day
rates. Younger people accounted for a disproportionate number of expected hospital days compared
to other regions, especially from the early 1990s. High levels of Acute HUEs compared to New
Zealand. These findings indicate poor health status of the population.
13
The Region and its People
Northland is the second smallest region defined in this report. It is largely rural and has a sizable
population growth especially among older people. In 1996, the percentage of people under 15
years of age was fairly high while that of the 15-44 years age group was low. It had a high
percentage of Māori. Socio-economic indicators highlight that this region is one of the most
socially deprived in New Zealand.
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
All rates remained above New Zealand levels despite convergence to the national level over the
time period.
Age-standardised rates
Rates started well above New Zealand levels but from 1985 they declined substantially, converging
to but remaining above the national levels. The gap between the regional and national levels reduced
to less than one half of the national gap. There were minor male-female discrepancies until 1990
when the gender gap increased substantially, ending with a gender gap similar to that for New
Zealand as a whole.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
Childhood and early adult age groups converged to New Zealand levels but remained higher than
national rates. Older age groups converged to reach New Zealand rates, with rates for 65 years and
over dropping below the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
In the early 1980s, the rates were fairly constant, followed by a sharp decrease from 1985 to the early
1990s (see Figure D2). Thereafter, the rate remained steady with a couple more years of decline. The
gender differences narrowed somewhat. Rates started above New Zealand levels and converged
consistently towards New Zealand levels, especially from the early 1990s, ending at about the New
Zealand level.
14
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
Except for the oldest age group, adult rates were well above New Zealand levels. Child rates end
closer to New Zealand levels. The mortality rates for the younger age groups were higher than New
Zealand levels while those for the older age groups were lower than New Zealand levels.
Age-standardised rates
Regional rates were initially above the national level but over time they increased to be just above the
New Zealand level.
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
After a small improvement in 1982, LEs remained fairly constant until the 1990s when the next
period of gradual improvement started (see Figure D2). Male LEs dropped somewhat during the mid1990s, while those for females continued to improve. Except for 1982-84, male LEs were well below
New Zealand levels with the regional-national gap widening with time. Without exception, female
LEs were below New Zealand levels with a similar widening of the regional-national gap from 1994.
At age 65
Male LEs were above average throughout the period. Female LE(65)s were similar to New Zealand
levels until 1993 when they dropped below the New Zealand level. In 1994, the LE for females
dropped in absolute terms so that for the remainder of the period it fell just below New Zealand
levels.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
After an initial rise in HUE during the early 1980s (very marked for females), there was a sharp drop
until 1991 to below the New Zealand level (see Figure D1). After a short period of stability, HUE
continued to drop in the mid-1990s with a slight increase 1996-8. During the time period, HUEs
started well above New Zealand levels, converging to New Zealand levels in the early 1990s and
falling below national levels from 1994.
At age 65
Starting above (well above for females) the national level, regional HUEs converged to New Zealand
levels by the late 1980s and by 1994 dropped decisively below New Zealand levels. There was a
considerable narrowing of the gender gap so that by 1998 male and female HUEs were about the
15
same. Regional HUEs at age 65 years as a proportion of HUE at birth tended to be lower than that
nationally especially from 1993.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


Acute HUEs for both males and females were above New Zealand levels in 1980 and 1989,
although by 1998 the HUEs were similar to New Zealand levels. The only elective HUE
which was above New Zealand levels was for females in 1980; the remaining HUEs were
around New Zealand levels.
Preventable HUEs were lower than New Zealand levels whereas injury preventable HUEs
were significantly higher than New Zealand levels for males over the whole of the time
period. For females preventable and injury preventable started in 1980 around New Zealand
levels and ended in 1998 just lower and above New Zealand levels respectively. For
ambulatory sensitive, the HUEs started above the New Zealand level but finished at, or just
below, the New Zealand level. Non-avoidable HUEs started well above but finished at the
New Zealand level.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D1: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Northland Region
Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
16
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
17
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D2: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Northland Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Waitemata
Interpretive Summary
The health utilisation and health status indicators of this region are characterised by:







Very low bed-day rates at all ages (except for under 5 year olds).
Overall bed-day rates that were very low compared to New Zealand levels initially, and then
converged to, but remained below, New Zealand levels.
LEs were consistently well above New Zealand levels, with some narrowing of the gap from the
early 1990s, especially for females.
A slight drop in HUEs over the period, starting well below New Zealand levels. HUE(0)
remained below the New Zealand level while HUE(65) reached the New Zealand level by 1998.
A relatively low proportion of HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65) until the mid-1980s. In the late
1990s there was a reversal of this pattern.
Acute and elective HUE(0) were well below New Zealand levels especially for 1980 and 1989
with the result becoming closer to New Zealand levels over time.
All categories of potentially avoidable HUE(0) were below New Zealand levels in 1980 and
1989.
In general, this region falls into the low utilisation-good health status category. Utilisation, especially
among older people, remained roughly constant in the context of large national decreases in
utilisation. The small drop in HUEs and the substantial narrowing of the regional-national gap over
the period are indicative of this combination of very high LEs and low bed-day rates. In the late
1990s, older people accounted for a disproportionate number of expected hospital days compared to
other regions and compared to this region in the early 1980s (when HUEs were weighted in favour of
people under 65 years).
The Region and its People
Waitemata is a largely urban/metropolitan area with substantial population growth in all age
groups. By 1996, older people had increased as a percentage of the population. The percentage of
Pakeha was relatively high while the non-Pakeha population was diverse. Socio-economic
indicators highlight that this region is one of the most affluent in New Zealand.
18
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
Rates in all age groups started well below New Zealand levels and converged towards them but
still remained below the national level over the time period.
Age-standardised rates
Rates started at about a third lower than New Zealand rates and gradually converged over the time
period. By the end of the period, rates were still lower than national levels but by a substantially
smaller margin. Male-female differences were initially small but increased from the late 1980s.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
This region consistently had one of the lowest rates nationally at all ages except possibly for under 5
year olds: rates converged to, but remained below, the New Zealand levels.
Age-standardised rates
There was a slight and gradual decrease in hospital bed-day rates between 1980 and 1998 (see Figure
D4). The gender difference remained relatively constant. Rates started well below New Zealand
levels and converged towards, but remained below, national rates.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
Generally rates were the lowest nationally of all regions. Female rates for 5-24 years fluctuated
relative to New Zealand levels for the time period.
Age-standardised rates
Regional rates were consistently well below the national rates. The difference between regional and
national rates was more marked for males than for females. The gap between the regional and
national female rates narrowed with time and rates almost converged by the end of the period.
19
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
LEs were consistently well above New Zealand levels for the duration of the time period. Male LEs
increased over the entire period, with a sharp improvement in 1990-92 (see Figure D4). While
increasing over the time period, female LEs fluctuated somewhat and the increase slowed from 1993.
The male-female gap narrowed over the period and there was a slight narrowing of the regionalnational gap for females from the early 1990s.
At age 65
For both males and females LEs were well above New Zealand levels throughout the time period,
with a slight narrowing of the gap from about 1993.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
HUEs dropped only slightly over the period (see Figure D3) but from 1989 the HUEs remained
relatively stable. After an initial widening of the gender gap, HUEs for males and females converged
by 1988. Regional HUEs remained well below New Zealand levels for the entire time period
although there was convergence towards the New Zealand level especially from the late 1980s.
At age 65
HUEs remained relatively constant over the 1980-98 period although female HUEs rose temporarily
in the mid-1980s, converging to almost the male levels in the late 1980s (see Figure D3). Starting
well below New Zealand levels, the HUEs converged to New Zealand levels and by 1998 the
regional levels almost coincided with the national level. Regional HUEs at age 65 years as a
proportion of HUE at birth tended to be lower than that nationally until the mid-1980s after which it
tended to be above New Zealand levels.
20
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


Acute HUEs were well below New Zealand levels in 1980. Elective HUEs were below New
Zealand levels but not to such levels as acute HUEs. In 1989 the levels of both acute and
elective HUEs were still below New Zealand levels. In 1998 acute male and elective female
HUEs were just below New Zealand levels and the remaining two HUEs were around New
Zealand levels.
All categories of potential avoidable HUEs (preventable, ambulatory sensitive, injury
preventable) as well as non-avoidable HUEs, started in 1980 well below New Zealand levels
with the exception of female injury preventable which is just below the New Zealand level.
By 1998 most categories were not very different from New Zealand levels with the
exceptions being ambulatory sensitive and female preventable HUEs which were just below
New Zealand levels.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D3: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Waitemata Region
Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
21
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
22
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D4: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Waitemata Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Auckland Central
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region are characterised by:







Very low bed-day rates at all ages (except under 5 years) but rates converged to New Zealand
levels and the oldest age group ending higher than New Zealand levels by 1998.
Overall bed-day rates were very low compared to New Zealand levels at first, and then
converged to New Zealand levels, ending just above New Zealand levels.
LE(0) was below New Zealand levels and improved relative to national levels from the late
1980s. This improvement was due to relative gains for younger people rather than older people
(especially males), whose mortality remained above the New Zealand level for the duration of the
time period as reflected in the average to low LE (65).
A slight drop in HUEs over the period, starting well below New Zealand levels. HUE(0) and
HUE(65)s ended just above the New Zealand level by 1998.
A relatively low proportion of HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65) until the early 1990s and
thereafter similar proportions.
In 1980 acute and elective HUE(0)s were very low compared to New Zealand levels. In 1989
elective remained extremely low and acute was not as low. By 1998 acute and elective levels
moved to or just above New Zealand levels.
All three categories of potentially avoidable in 1980 were well below New Zealand levels and by
1998 these categories were around New Zealand levels except ambulatory sensitive HUE(0)
which were above New Zealand levels.
In the 1980s, this region fell into the low utilisation-medium health status category. However,
mortality among younger adults improved somewhat relative to New Zealand from the late 1980s
and utilisation increased relative to New Zealand in the late 1990s especially among older people.
This explains the small absolute drop in HUEs and the closing of the regional-national gap at the end
of the time period. In the early 1980s, younger people accounted for a disproportionate number of
expected hospital days compared to other age groups but by the early 1990s this was no longer the
case. There are indications that this region was under-serviced in 1989 with elective HUE being
extremely low.
The Region and its People
Auckland Central is a largely urban/metropolitan area with a sizable population growth overall,
but a decline in the age groups 65 years and older, and a substantial increase in the under 15
years age group. It is one of the most ethnically diverse regions. Socio-economic indicators give
23
a mixed picture, with relatively high median incomes but relatively high proportions of the
population not in the labour force and living in overcrowded conditions. There is some evidence
of worsening of some socio-economic indicators over time.
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
Rates for all ages (except those for under 5 years, which were relatively high) were consistently
lower than New Zealand rates and generally there was a convergence towards national rates. All
age groups above 25 years, especially the oldest age group (65 years and over), showed a
substantial increase in the late 1990s.
Age-standardised rates
Rates were consistently lower than New Zealand levels and converged to the New Zealand rates
starting slowly in 1987 and accelerating in 1992, ending just below the New Zealand rate in 1998.
Male-female discrepancy increased somewhat in 1985 and gradually widened further over the time.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
Rates for all age groups 5 years and over remained reasonably constant, converging to New Zealand
levels from a low ranking. The oldest age group ended up higher than the New Zealand level. The
under 5 years age group was consistently high relative to the New Zealand rate.
Age-standardised rates
Rates declined slightly during the early to late 1980s, followed by a decisive decline between 1987
and 1992 (see Figure D6). Thereafter rates increased slightly to the end of the period. Rates started
well below the New Zealand rate and converged consistently towards the national level. The 1998
rates were just above the New Zealand level.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
Adult rates in the 25-74 years age groups started above the New Zealand level and converged to
approximately the New Zealand level or just below it, whereas rates for the 75 years and over age
group remained consistently above the New Zealand level.
24
Age-standardised rates
During the early and mid-1980s the rates were just above the New Zealand level. From 1989,
Auckland Central rates coincided with the national rates.
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
Female LEs increased more or less consistently and gradually over the period except for the 19881991 period when the increase was fairly steep (see Figure D6). Male LEs first increased and then
declined in the 1980s. Between 1987 and 1991 the increase in male LEs was steep, followed by a
period of more gradual increase. Auckland Central LEs were below New Zealand levels until the late
1980s after which they converged to the New Zealand rate.
At age 65
LEs were close to the New Zealand level throughout the period, tending to be just below in the
1980s. Male LEs diverged slightly below the New Zealand level from 1993.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
There was very little change in absolute HUE level over the time period (see Figure D5). HUEs
remained low compared to the New Zealand level and were relatively constant until the mid-1980s.
Thereafter they decreased somewhat but increased slightly from 1994. In 1996, there was a small
divergence of the male and female HUEs, which had been at about the same level through most of
the period. HUEs started well below the New Zealand level and converged to the national level by
1996, ending just above the New Zealand level in 1998.
At age 65
There was very little change in absolute HUE level over the time period (see Figure D5). However,
there was a slight increase from 1994 that continued to the end of the time period. Starting
substantially below the New Zealand level, regional HUEs converged to the national level and by
1998 were slightly above the New Zealand level. HUEs at age 65 years as a proportion of HUE at
birth tended to be lower than that nationally for males and females until the early 1990s (substantially
lower in the early 1980s) and were similar thereafter.
25
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


In 1980 both acute and elective HUEs were well below New Zealand levels with elective
levels being well below the New Zealand level in 1989. By 1998 elective female rates had
increased to be just above the New Zealand level whereas the other rates were around the
New Zealand level.
In 1980 all categories of potential avoidable HUEs (preventable, ambulatory sensitive, injury
preventable) as well as non-avoidable HUEs started below the New Zealand level with most
categories being well below the New Zealand level. By 1998 most categories were not very
different from the New Zealand level except for the categories ambulatory sensitive HUE
which was above the New Zealand level and injury preventable HUE for males which was
just below the New Zealand level.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D5: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Auckland Central
Region Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
26
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 19811982 1983 1984 19851986 1987 1988 19891990 1991 199 1993 1994 1995 19961997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
27
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D6: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Auckland Central Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND
COMPONENT HEALTH INDICES:
South Auckland
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region are characterised by:







Initially low bed-day rates for adults 15 years and over, but rates converged to the New Zealand
levels by 1998.
Overall bed-day rates that were initially low compared to the New Zealand level and then
converged to and ended at the New Zealand level.
Female LE(0) that were somewhat below the New Zealand level for the time period. Male
estimates started above the New Zealand level and became less favourable over time. Relative to
the national level there were gains in LE(65) but not in LE(0) as shown by the LE(65) for males
that were consistently higher than the national level and LE(65) for females that converge from
below to the national level.
A slight drop in HUEs over the period, starting well below the New Zealand level. By 1998
HUE(0) and HUE(65) both ended just above the New Zealand level.
A relatively low proportion of HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65) until the early 1990s.
Elective HUE(0) was well below New Zealand levels for 1980 and 1989 though acute levels
were not as consistent with female levels being below and male levels not being too different to
New Zealand levels. By 1998 acute and elective HUE(0) were around New Zealand levels.
In 1980 all categories of potentially avoidable were generally below New Zealand. By 1998
there was not much difference to New Zealand levels.
In the early 1980s, this region fell into the low utilisation-medium health status category, although
from the late 1980s mortality among younger adults worsened somewhat relative to the New Zealand
level and in the late 1990s utilisation increased relative to the New Zealand level especially among
older people. This explains the small absolute drop in HUEs and the closing of the regional-national
gap at the end of the time period. In the early 1980s, younger people accounted for a disproportionate
number of expected hospital days compared to other regions but by the mid-1980s this was no longer
the case. Elective hospitalisations were significantly under-represented in the early and middle part
of the period while potentially avoidable HUEs started below New Zealand levels and ended around
New Zealand levels.
28
The Region and its People
South Auckland is a largely urban/metropolitan area with substantial population growth in all
age groups. It is the most ethnically diverse region. Socio-economic indicators give a mixed
picture, with relatively high median incomes and fairly low proportions on income support but
high levels of overcrowding and low labour force participation. There is some evidence of
worsening of some socio-economic indicators over time.
Discharge rates
Age-specific rates
Rates for all age groups started below the New Zealand level and converged to the New Zealand
rates from the early 1990s to end at a level at, or just above, the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
Rates started below the New Zealand level and in early to mid-1980s this gap widened. From mid- to
late 1980s the rate converged to New Zealand rates, just overtaking them by 1996. Male-female
differences widened from the mid-1980s and further in the 1990s.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
The rates for all ages over 15 years started well below the New Zealand level and converged to the
New Zealand level over time to end at about the New Zealand level. The rate for under 15 years
fluctuated around the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
Rates decreased gradually from the early 1980s, followed by a short period of slight increase in the
early 1990s. From 1995, rates again decreased gradually. Male-female differences narrowed slightly
over the period. Rates started below the New Zealand level and converged towards it. By 1994,
regional and national rates were indistinguishable.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
The rates for under 5 years increased from the late 1980s, but those for other ages below 25 years did
not show a consistent pattern. Rates for adults 25-65 years worsened relative to the New Zealand
level in the 1990s. Relative to females, older males had a more favourable pattern compared to the
29
New Zealand level over the time. The rates for over 75 years were generally below the New Zealand
level.
Age-standardised rates
Female regional rates reflected the national rate for the time period. Male regional rates were just
below New Zealand rates until 1990 when the rates converged.
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
After a small increase in the early 1980s, LEs decreased again until 1986 (see Figure D8). Thereafter,
LEs increased steeply until the early 1990s when the increase became more gradual. Female LEs
were consistently just below the New Zealand level for the time period. Male LEs started above the
New Zealand level and converged to the national level from the mid-1980s. From 1990, male LEs
became less favourable relative to the New Zealand level although there was some convergence at
the end of the period.
At age 65
Male LEs were consistently above the New Zealand level. Females LEs started just below the New
Zealand level and increased relative to the national level especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
From 1991 female LEs converged to about the New Zealand level.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
There was a slight decrease in HUE over the time period, most of which occurred between 1983 and
1991 (see Figure D7). After 1991, there was a small increase followed by a small decrease, with
female HUEs being similar to male HUEs. Regional HUEs started well below the New Zealand level
and converge to the national level by mid-1990s.
At age 65
There was a slight decrease in the HUEs over the time period, although there was a temporary
increase in the early 1990s (see Figure D7). Between 1988 and 1992, male and female HUEs
diverged but converged again later in the time period. Starting well below the New Zealand level, the
regional HUEs converged to the national level by the late 1990s. Until the early 1990s, regional
HUEs at age 65 years as a proportion of HUE at birth tended to be lower than that nationally for
males and females.
30
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


Elective HUEs were above the New Zealand level for both 1980 and 1989 but by 1998 the
level was close to the New Zealand level. In 1980 acute HUEs showed different levels for
males and females with the level for males being just below the New Zealand level and the
level for females being well below the New Zealand level but by 1998 the levels were close
to the New Zealand level.
In 1980 all categories of potential avoidable HUEs (preventable, ambulatory sensitive, injury
preventable) as well as non-avoidable HUEs for females started below the New Zealand level
with the majority being well below the national level. Most rates for males started below the
New Zealand level except for preventable HUEs which were close to the New Zealand level.
By 1998 most categories were not very different from the New Zealand level except for male
ambulatory sensitive HUE which was just above the New Zealand level.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D7: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for South Auckland
Region Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
31
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
32
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D8: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: South Auckland Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Waikato
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region are characterised by:







Adult bed-day rates that started just above the New Zealand level and converged to the New
Zealand level or below it, while the rates for under 5 years increased to just above the New
Zealand level.
Overall bed-day rates dropped substantially over the period, starting somewhat above the New
Zealand level but from 1984 the rates were similar to the New Zealand rate.
LE(0) increased over time, with female estimates fluctuating relative to the New Zealand level
while male estimates tended to be just above the national level. Relative to New Zealand, the
gains for older people (especially older women) were greater than for younger people as reflected
in the somewhat favourable LE(65) and relatively low mortality over 65 years.
From positions above the New Zealand level, HUE(0) converged to the New Zealand level over
the time while HUE(65) remained just below the New Zealand level from 1986.
The proportion of HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65) was within the average range.
Elective HUE(0) started in 1980 above the New Zealand level but finished just below the New
Zealand level, whereas acute HUE(0) were around New Zealand levels.
Preventable HUE for females and ambulatory sensitive started in 1980 well above New Zealand
levels. Preventable HUE(0) in 1998 were below the New Zealand level with other categories not
very different.
In general, this region falls into the medium utilisation-medium health status category. Both health
status and hospital utilisation measures in this region started fairly poorly relative to the New Zealand
level, but improved later in the period. These gains were mainly for people over the age of 65 years.
Elective HUE(0) was high compared to acute in 1980 indicating possible over servicing but elective
reduced to under New Zealand levels.
The Region and its People
Waikato is a region whose population is almost equally divided between urban and rural areas. It
has below average population growth overall and an aging population, mainly due to the declines
in the number of children and a below average growth in the economically active age groups. It
has about average percentage Pakeha, and the non-Pakeha population is mainly Māori. It has an
average to below average socio-economic profile.
33
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
Childhood rates showed a slight deterioration relative to the New Zealand level. Adult rates
approximated the New Zealand level with males having a better position than females relative to
the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
Waikato and New Zealand rates were very similar throughout the time period. As with New Zealand
rates, gender discrepancies widened (especially around the 1990s) but the gap narrowed somewhat
by the end of the period. From the 1990s female rates diverged somewhat from the national rates
ending higher than the New Zealand rate.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
Adult rates started just above the New Zealand level and converged to the national level or dropped
below it. The rates for under 5 years increased to just above the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
Rates dropped substantially over the time period, with the steepest drop occurring between 1983 and
1989 (see Figure D10). Male-female differences reduced over the period. Regional rates started
somewhat above the New Zealand level and by 1984 national and regional rates were similar.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
Rates for ages below 65 years fluctuated relative to the New Zealand levels and were generally
somewhat above the national rates. The rates for older age groups, especially the 75 years and older
age group, were favourable relative to the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
Regional rates fluctuated around the national rate for the entire time period.
34
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
LEs increased over time, with plateaus alternating with rises (see Figure D10). From 1994, the
increase in male LE was constant and steep. Female LEs fluctuated just above and below New
Zealand levels throughout the time period. Male LEs showed a similar pattern.
At age 65
The rates for males were fairly consistently just above the New Zealand rate for the time period.
Rates for females started at about the New Zealand level and from 1985 were consistently above
national levels.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
HUEs dropped substantially until 1990s after which the drop became more gradual (see Figure D9).
The male-female gap narrowed over the period. Starting from above the New Zealand level, regional
HUEs converged to the national level by the mid 1980s and fluctuated relative to the New Zealand
level, ending at about the New Zealand level.
At age 65
Male HUEs reduced from 1980 while female HUEs first increased and then decreased from 1984,
increasing the male-female discrepancy (although it reduced again later) (see Figure D9). The HUE
decrease continued for the remainder of the time period. Starting above the New Zealand level, the
regional HUEs dropped below the national level in 1986 and maintained a position just below the
New Zealand level for the rest of the period. Regional HUEs at age 65 years as a proportion of HUE
at birth tended to be within a 5 per cent range of the national level.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


In 1980 elective HUEs started above and well above the New Zealand level for males and
females respectively and by 1998 the HUEs were just below the New Zealand level. Acute
HUEs started around the New Zealand level and remained there except for the female acute
rate which moved just above the New Zealand level.
In 1980 ambulatory sensitive and non-avoidable HUEs started above the New Zealand level.
Preventable HUE for females started well above the national level. The remaining categories
were similar to the New Zealand levels. By 1998 the majority of categories were similar to
the New Zealand levels except for preventable HUEs which were just below the New
Zealand level and injury preventable HUE for females which was above the New Zealand
level.
35
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D9: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Waikato Region
Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Life-Expectancy Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Females
36
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D10: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Waikato Region, 1980-98
37
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region are characterised by:







Initially very high bed-day rates which, while converging to the New Zealand rates over time,
remained higher than the national rates for groups under 65 years.
Overall bed-day rates started above the New Zealand level and consistently converged towards
but remained above the New Zealand level.
Despite absolute gains in LE(0), estimates remained well below the New Zealand level
throughout the period with some widening of the gap for males in 1990s. LE(65) was generally
above the New Zealand level showing that the health status of older people was better than the
national level while that of younger people was poorer.
Both HUE(0) and HUE(65) started well above the New Zealand level and converged to and
ended just above the national level.
A relatively low proportion of HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65).
In 1980 and 1989 acute and elective HUE(0) were well above New Zealand levels. In 1998 acute
HUE was still above with elective HUE being around New Zealand.
All categories of potentially avoidable HUE(0) started above New Zealand levels except female
injury preventable. By 1998 ambulatory sensitive and injury preventable HUE(0) were above
New Zealand levels whereas preventable HUE(0) is around the New Zealand level.
In general, this region falls into the high utilisation-poor health status category although this applies
more to younger people of the region than to older people as indicated by low LE(0) and high bedday rates for the under 65 years age group. In addition, in the 1980s younger people accounted for a
disproportionate number of expected hospital days compared to other regions.
The Region and its People
Bay of Plenty/Lakes is a region where just under half of the population lives in semi-rural and
rural areas. It has relatively high population growth overall largely due to the significant growth
among older people. It has slightly below average percentage Pakeha, and a high proportion of
Māori. Its socio-economic profile is below average.
38
Discharge rates
Age-specific rates
Rates followed the New Zealand pattern but at a much higher level. Only the rates for 75 years
and over converged to the New Zealand level by 1998.
Age-standardised rates
Rates started above the New Zealand level and diverged further in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
After 1992, the gap narrowed somewhat but regional rates remained substantially above the New
Zealand levels. As for the national rates, male-female differences widened from mid-1980s.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
All ages started above the New Zealand level and converged to it over time. By 1998, the rates for
groups under 65 years remained above the New Zealand level while rates for those over 65 years
fluctuated around the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
Rates dropped fairly consistently from 1982 until 1992, after which the level stayed constant until the
next drop from 1994 (see Figure D12). There was some convergence of the male and female rates
over the time period. Rates started above the New Zealand level and consistently converged towards,
but remained above, the New Zealand level.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
Rates for adults below 65 years were fairly consistently above the New Zealand rates. The rates for
age groups 65 years and over were consistently below the New Zealand level except for females aged
65-74 years.
Age-standardised rates
Rates were similar to the New Zealand level throughout the time period.
39
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
Male LEs increased gradually and continuously over the time period, while female LEs fluctuated
until 1990 after which they increased until 1993 (see Figure D12). Slight gains were made in the last
year of the period. Starting at about the national levels, the female LEs dropped below the New
Zealand level in 1984 and remained below the national level until the end of the time period. In the
1990s there was some narrowing of the gap. Male LEs were consistently below national levels for the
time period with a widening of the gap from 1995.
At age 65
Male LEs were consistently above New Zealand levels throughout the time period. Female levels
fluctuated relative to the New Zealand level until 1992 when LEs were consistently just above New
Zealand levels.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
There was a drop in HUEs over the period, with some slight fluctuations (see Figure D11). Malefemale differences narrowed. Starting well above New Zealand levels, regional HUEs converged
towards the New Zealand level over the time, ending at a level just above the national level.
At age 65
Starting from a high level, HUEs dropped substantially until 1989 (see Figure D11). Thereafter, HUE
levels fluctuated until the final decrease from 1994 to the end of the period. Male-female differences
reduced during the period. Starting well above the New Zealand level, the regional HUEs converged
towards the national level ending fractionally above the national level by 1998.
Regional HUEs at age 65 years as a proportion of HUE at birth tended to be lower than that
nationally for males and females.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


In 1980 both acute and elective HUEs started well above the New Zealand level and
remained above in 1989 although not at such a high level. By 1998 acute HUEs were still
above the New Zealand level and elective HUEs were around the New Zealand level.
In 1980 all categories of potential avoidable HUEs (preventable, ambulatory sensitive, injury
preventable) as well as non-avoidable HUEs for females started above the New Zealand
levels with half being well above the New Zealand levels except injury preventable female
HUEs which were similar to the New Zealand levels. By 1998 ambulatory sensitive and
40
injury preventable HUEs were still just above the New Zealand levels and preventable
female HUEs were just below New Zealand levels with the remaining categories being
similar to New Zealand levels.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D11: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Region Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
41
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D12: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Bay of Plenty/Lakes Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Hawke’s Bay/Tairawhiti
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region can be summarised as follows:






Bed-day rates for all age groups started substantially above the New Zealand level with those for
people under 65 years remaining higher than the New Zealand level and those for over 65 years
converging to the New Zealand level by 1998.
Overall bed-day rates started well above the New Zealand level and converged slowly to the
national rate, remaining just above it.
LE(0) and LE(65) were below the New Zealand level for most of the period, with further
widening of the national-regional gap at various times.
Starting well above New Zealand levels, regional HUE(0) and HUE(65) converged towards the
New Zealand level over the period, maintaining the highest regional level for most of the period
from 1988 onwards, and ending at about the New Zealand level in 1998.
Acute and elective HUE(0) were well above New Zealand levels in 1980 and by 1989 fell to New
Zealand levels, by 1998 acute and elective being at New Zealand levels.
Ambulatory sensitive and injury preventable HUE(0) were well above New Zealand levels in
1980 and 1989, and by 1998 were mainly around New Zealand levels. Preventable HUE tended
around the New Zealand level and finished just below the New Zealand level.
For most of the period, this region fell into the high utilisation-poor health status category. This was
reflected in the extremely high mortality rates and bed-day rates. HUEs were also above the New
Zealand levels for most of the period, ending at about the New Zealand level. There is an indication
public health prevention is working with low levels of preventable HUEs in relation to everything
else.
The Region and its People
Two-thirds of the Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti population lives in large urban settings and its rural
population is widely spread over a relatively large area. It has low population growth overall
largely due to its below average growth among adults of all ages and population decline among
children. It has below average percentage Pakeha, and a high proportion of Māori. Socioeconomic indicators highlight that this region is one of the more socially deprived in New
Zealand.
42
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
All rates were substantially higher than the national rates, with some convergence to the New
Zealand levels over the time period especially in the late 1990s.
Age-standardised rates
Rates started substantially above the New Zealand level and diverged further in the late 1980s and
early 1990s. From 1992, there was gradual convergence with regional rates still being above the New
Zealand rate by 1998. There were unusual dips in discharge rates in 1985 and 1998. Male-female
differences were relatively stable compared to the New Zealand pattern although differences widened
further from 1990.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
All age groups started substantially above the New Zealand level. Levels for groups under 65 years
remained higher than the New Zealand level while those for groups over 65 years converged to the
New Zealand level by 1998.
Age-standardised rates
Regional rates dropped substantially from 1981 to 1998, with marked decreases during 1981-1985,
1988-1992 and 1995-1998 (see Figure D14). There was a narrowing of gender differences. Rates
started well above the New Zealand level and converged slowly towards but remained just above the
New Zealand rate.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
The rates were mostly well above the New Zealand rate. In the 1990s, there was worsening of rates
in some age groups.
Age-standardised rates
Rates were consistently just above the New Zealand level throughout the period.
43
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
Male LEs increased until 1990, were constant in the early 1990s and then increased again (see Figure
D14). Female LEs increased erratically, with the greatest increase between 1987 and 1991. LEs were
below the New Zealand level for the period, with further widening of the gap from 1991.
At age 65
Female LEs were consistently below the New Zealand level. Male LEs started at the New Zealand
level but dropped below it from 1983.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
HUEs decreased substantially over the 1982-1998 period (see Figure D13). The steepest decrease
was between 1988 and 1992. Male-female differences reduced until they were negligible by 1998.
Starting well above the New Zealand level, regional HUEs converged towards the national level over
the time, ending at about the New Zealand level. This region maintained the highest HUE(0) level
from 1988 until 1997.
At age 65
The high female HUEs changed little until 1989 when they decreased sharply until 1992, and then
more gradually until 1998 (see Figure D13). Male HUEs dropped gradually from 1982 and more
steeply from 1989. Male-female differences reduced substantially so that by 1998 the gap had closed.
Regional HUEs started well above the New Zealand level and gradually converged towards it so that
by 1998 national and regional HUEs coincided. Regional HUEs at age 65 years as a proportion of
HUE at birth tended to be within 4 per cent of the national average.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


In 1980 both acute and elective HUEs started above the New Zealand level with female acute
HUEs being well above the national level. In 1989 acute HUEs were well above the New
Zealand level but elective HUEs were around the national level. By 1998 both acute and
elective HUEs were around the New Zealand level.
In 1980 ambulatory sensitive HUEs started well above the New Zealand level, injury
preventable and non-avoidable started above the New Zealand level. Except for injury
preventable male HUEs which finished in 1998 just above the New Zealand level, all other
groups finished around the New Zealand level. Preventable HUEs for males started just
below and for females just above the national level with both finishing just below the New
Zealand level.
44
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D13:Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Hawke’s
Bay/Tairawhiti Region Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
45
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D14: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Hawke’s Bay/Tairawhiti Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region can be summarised as follows:







Bed-day rates for all ages, except those for children, were above New Zealand levels but
converged to New Zealand levels.
Overall bed-day rates started above the New Zealand level, but converged to the New Zealand
level by 1996.
Female and (especially) male LEs were just below the New Zealand levels.
Starting well above the New Zealand level (especially for females), regional HUEs at birth and at
age 65 years converged towards the New Zealand level over the time period, ending at about the
New Zealand level.
In the 1980s a relatively high proportion of the female HUE(0) was due to HUE(65) but this
changed in the 1990s when a relatively low proportion prevailed. Male estimates were similar to
the New Zealand levels.
Acute HUE(0) is high for 1980 and 1989, whereas elective was at or just above New Zealand
levels. By 1998 acute and elective HUE(0) were around New Zealand levels.
All three categories of potentially avoidable HUE(0) were above New Zealand levels for 1980
and 1989, by 1998 were around New Zealand level.
In the early part of the period this region fell into the high utilisation-poor health status category
(especially for adults), although by 1998 utilisation was about average. This is reflected by the
relatively high adult mortality and high adult hospital utilisation especially in the 1980s, as well as
the high proportion of female HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65) in the 1980s. While hospital
utilisation decreased substantially in absolute and relative terms, LEs remained relatively low to the
end of the time period.
The Region and its People
Just over half of Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu residents live in large urban settings and the
remainder are spread fairly evenly over secondary and minor urban, and rural areas. This region
has low population growth overall largely due to its below average growth among adults of all
ages and population decline among children. It has the highest percentage Pakeha of all regions
on the North Island. It has average to below average socio-economic indicators.
46
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
Generally rates followed the New Zealand pattern at a level just above New Zealand rates.
Age-standardised rates
The regional pattern mirrored the national pattern but at a slightly higher level. Male-female
differences were fairly consistent over the time period.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
The rates for children were consistently just below the New Zealand rates while the other age groups
converged in the 1990s from a position above the national level to the New Zealand rates.
Age-standardised rates
After an initial period of no change, rates dropped substantially from 1985 to 1991, after which the
reduction became more gradual (see Figure D16). The male-female gap narrowed somewhat. Rates
started above the New Zealand levels and converged towards it. By 1996, regional and national rates
were similar.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
Rates in the adult age groups tended to be above the New Zealand rate, with the rates in older age
groups being slightly more above the New Zealand rate.
Age-standardised rates
Female regional rates coincided with the national rate until the early 1990s when a small gap
developed with the regional rates being higher. Male regional rates were slightly above the New
Zealand level for most of the period.
47
Life-Expectancies (LE)
At age 0
The gradual increase in LE became more marked between 1988 and 1991, after which it became
gradual again (see Figure D16). There was a narrowing of the male-female discrepancy in LEs. Male
and female LEs were consistently just below New Zealand levels.
At age 65
Male LEs were consistently just below the New Zealand level, but converged to it by 1998. Female
LEs fluctuated just below and above the New Zealand level although they tended to be below the
national level. There was minimal narrowing of the male-female difference in LE(65).
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
Male and female HUEs were fairly stable and high in the early 1980s, but declined steeply between
1984 and 1991 (see Figure D15). Thereafter, they reduced more gradually. The substantial malefemale discrepancy reduced over time, so that by 1998 they were about equal. Starting well above the
New Zealand level, regional HUEs converged towards the national level over the time, ending at
about the New Zealand level.
At age 65
Starting from a high level (especially for females), HUEs dropped substantially from 1984 to 1991
(see Figure D15). Thereafter, the reduction was more gradual. There was a very marked narrowing of
the male-female gap which disappeared by 1998. Starting well above the New Zealand levels (in the
case of females in particular), there was a gradual convergence of regional HUEs to the national
level. The convergence was marked from 1991 so that by 1998 the national and regional levels
almost coincided. For females, regional HUEs at age 65 years as a proportion of HUE at birth tended
to be higher than the national levels in the 1980s and lower in the 1990s. Male regional HUEs tended
to be at about the national level, except for 1993 when it was below the New Zealand level.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


Acute HUEs were well above the New Zealand level in 1980, still above it in 1989 but
declined to be around the New Zealand level by 1998. Elective HUEs started around the New
Zealand level in 1980, moved to be just above it in 1989 and declined again to be around the
New Zealand level by 1998.
All categories of potential avoidable HUEs (preventable, ambulatory sensitive, injury
preventable) as well as non-avoidable HUEs started in 1980 above the New Zealand levels
with female preventable and non-avoidable HUEs being well above New Zealand levels. By
48
1998 all categories were around the New Zealand level except for male injury preventable
HUE which was still above the national level.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D15: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years
Taranaki/Manawatu/Wanganui Region Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
for
120
100
80
60
40
20
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Life-Expectancy Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Females
49
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D16: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Taranaki/Manawatu/Wanganui Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Wellington
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region can be summarised as follows:







Bed-day rates for people younger than 45 years converged to the New Zealand level from below
although they still remain below the national level while rates for people 75 years and over
converged from above.
Overall bed-day rates reflected the national rate, ending somewhat below the national level.
Female LE(0) fluctuated around the New Zealand level throughout the time period while male
LEs, which were lower than the New Zealand level in the early 1980s, fluctuated around the
national level until 1992 when they increased to a level just above the New Zealand level.
Female LE(65) dropped relative to the New Zealand level from 1987 while male LE(65) mostly
fluctuated around the New Zealand level, having started just below it.
Except for a short period in mid and late 1980s, where it was above the New Zealand level,
HUE(0) fluctuated around the New Zealand level. A relatively high proportion of HUE(0) was
due to HUE(65) until early 1990s.
Acute HUE(0) were above New Zealand whereas elective HUEs were below the New Zealand
level in 1980. This changed around in 1989 and 1998 with acute being below the New Zealand
level and elective being just above in 1989 and finished in 1998 at the New Zealand level.
Injury preventable HUE(0)s for males were well below New Zealand levels for the whole time
period. The other categories, ambulatory sensitive and injury preventable HUE(0) fluctuated
around, just above and just below New Zealand levels.
In general, this region falls into the medium utilisation-average health status category, often
reflecting the national level. Health status gains for men from the 1980s are reflected in the relative
increase in LE(0) when men experienced a decrease in mortality relative to the national level. During
the 1980s, older people accounted for a disproportionate number of expected hospital days compared
to other regions. Injury Preventable HUEs for males being low represents the urban nature of the
region.
The Region and its People
Wellington is a largely urban/metropolitan area and has low population growth overall largely
due to its below average growth among adults of all ages and population decline among children.
Its ethnic composition largely reflects that of New Zealand as a whole, with just over 70 per cent
Pakeha. Socio-economic indicators are average to above average.
50
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
Rates were generally at or below the national level during the 1980-98 time period.
Age-standardised rates
Until 1986, the regional and New Zealand rates were almost the same. Thereafter the regional rates
decreased to a level below the New Zealand level and stayed more or less the same until 1998. Malefemale differences reflected the national pattern.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
Rates for the ages under 45 years started below the New Zealand level and converged to the New
Zealand level, while the rates for people 75 years and over converged from above the New Zealand
level. The intermediate age groups fluctuated around the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
Rates remained relatively stable until 1985 when there was a steep decrease until 1992 (see Figure
D18). Thereafter, rates continued to decrease more gradually until 1996, when they once again
decreased more decisively. The difference between male and female rates decreased over the time
period, although female rates remained lower for the duration of the time. Generally, regional rates
reflected the national rate, with the 1998 rate being somewhat below the New Zealand level.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
All rates fluctuated around the New Zealand level. Some age groups ended below the New Zealand
level.
Age-standardised rates
Regional rates reflected the national rates over the time period.
51
Life Expectancies
At age 0
Male LEs increased continuously over the time period, with substantial increases in the 1982-1985
and 1989-1994 periods (see Figure D18). Female LEs showed a slight increase between 1980 and
1983 and a sharp increase between 1990 and 1993 with another increase between 1996 and 1998.
During the remaining years there were no real gains for female LEs. There was a reduction in the
difference between male and female LEs. Starting below the New Zealand levels, male LEs
fluctuated around New Zealand level until 1992 after which they remained slightly above national
levels. Female LEs fluctuated around the New Zealand level throughout the time period.
At age 65
Male LEs tended to be just below the New Zealand levels until the early 1990s after which they
remained at the national level. Female LEs started at about the New Zealand level but dropped just
below it from 1987.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
After an initial increase in HUEs in the early 1980s, there was a continuous drop from the mid-1980s
until 1998 (see Figure D17). The sharpest decline was between 1985 and 1989. Male and female
HUEs had converged by 1998. Regional HUEs fluctuated around the New Zealand level except for a
brief surge in the mid- to late 1980s after which levels converged again.
At age 65
HUEs increased (very marked for females) before they dropped continuously from the mid-1980s
(see Figure D17). The male-female gap narrowed substantially over the period, with the genderspecific HUEs ending the period at about the same level. Starting above the New Zealand level and
diverging further in the mid 1980s, regional HUEs started converging to the New Zealand level from
the late 1980s. Regional HUEs were just below the New Zealand level by 1998. Regional HUEs at
age 65 years as a proportion of HUE at birth were mostly higher than the national levels for males
and females between 1980s and early 1990s, and then similar thereafter.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth

In 1980 acute and elective HUEs were on opposite sides of the New Zealand level with acute
being above and elective being below the New Zealand level. In 1989 elective HUEs moved
to be just above the New Zealand level and by 1998 were around the New Zealand levels.
52

Acute males in 1989 dropped below the New Zealand level whereas females were around the
New Zealand level. By 1998 both male and female levels were below the New Zealand level.
Injury preventable male HUEs were below the New Zealand level for the whole of the time
period. In 1980 preventable HUEs started just below the New Zealand level and ambulatory
sensitive HUEs started just above the New Zealand level with the remaining categories being
around the New Zealand level. By 1998 the following categories were just below the New
Zealand level: males preventable, females ambulatory sensitive, injury preventable and males
non-avoidable. The remaining categories were around the New Zealand level.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D17: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Wellington Region
Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
53
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
54
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D18: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Wellington Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Nelson/Marlborough
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region can be summarised as follows:







Bed-day rates decreased substantially in absolute and relative terms at all ages, the decrease
intensifying with age.
Starting just above the New Zealand level, age-standardised bed-day rates dropped below the
national level in 1983 and diverged further in 1988 to achieve some of the lowest regional rates
in the 1990s.
LE(0) remained above the New Zealand level for the period and LE(65) was above the New
Zealand level from the mid 1980s but dropped in absolute and relative terms in the early and mid
1990s, but increased to the New Zealand level after 1996 to finish above the New Zealand level.
The drop was particularly marked for male LE(0) and female LE(65).
Starting minimally above the New Zealand level, the regional HUE(0) and HUE(65) dropped
below the New Zealand level in the mid to late 1980s and remained substantially below the New
Zealand level for the rest of the period. HUEs were the lowest in New Zealand from 1995 with a
widening gap thereafter.
A relatively low proportion of HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65) throughout the time period.
In 1980 acute and elective HUE(0) were around the New Zealand level except female acute
which was above. By 1989 and 1998 acute was well below the New Zealand level with elective
being around New Zealand levels.
In 1980 generally all potentially avoidable categories were around the New Zealand level by
1989 and 1998 they generally tended below New Zealand levels.
In general, this region falls into the low utilisation-medium health status category. The extremely low
(and decreasing!) HUEs reflect both the low bed-day rates and the decreasing LEs (and thus
increasing mortality). Younger people accounted for a disproportionate number of expected hospital
days compared to other regions. The low acute HUEs and average elective HUEs show that region
has low hospital utilisation but not at the expense of elective hospitalisation. Low potentially
avoidable HUEs were also low compared to other regions, further reinforcing the low HUEs.
The Region and its People
Nelson/Marlborough is the smallest region analysed in this series and has more than one third of
its population living in minor urban and rural areas. It has above average growth in all the age
groups and, as with New Zealand as a whole, the population has aged over the last two decades.
55
With almost 90 per cent Pakeha, this is the least ethnically diverse region in New Zealand.
Socio-economic indicators reflect increased labour force participation since 1986 (the only
region with this pattern) and minimal overcrowding but relatively poorer median incomes.
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
Generally rates started just above the New Zealand levels and in late 1980s and early 1990s
decreased dramatically so that by 1998 they were the lowest nationally.
Age-standardised rates
Regional rates were similar to or just above the New Zealand levels until 1988 when rates dropped
below the New Zealand rates. From 1993, this decrease accelerated so that by 1998 the regional rate
was substantially below the New Zealand level. Male-female discrepancies reduced over the time
period especially since 1997.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
Child rates remained well below the New Zealand levels throughout the time period. All adult age
groups started at or above the New Zealand level and then dropped to a level below the New Zealand
rate. The drop relative to the New Zealand level occurred in the early to late 1980s and intensified
with age so that by 1998 rates in the oldest age group were extremely low relative to the New
Zealand rate.
Age-standardised rates
Rates dropped sharply more or less continuously from 1980 to 1992, after which there was a slight
increase followed by a decline at the end of the period (see Figure D20). The male-female difference,
which was not very large, reduced further during the time with male rates being consistently higher
than those of females. Starting just above the New Zealand level, regional rates dropped below the
national rate in 1983. There was further divergence from 1988, with the region ending the period
with the lowest regional rates in New Zealand.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
Rates for ages below 65 years fluctuated relative to the New Zealand levels, mostly at a level below
the New Zealand rates. For ages 65-74 years, the early high rates dived in mid- to early 1980s to a
56
level mostly well below the New Zealand rate. The oldest age group shows similar rates to the New
Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
From 1983, male regional rates were below the New Zealand level, converging again in 1995.
Female rates fluctuated relative to the New Zealand rate until 1989, after which they dropped below
the New Zealand level, converging again in 1995.
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
Female LEs increased from 1980 to 1991, with the increase in the late 1980s being substantial (see
Figure D20). Thereafter, female LEs decreased somewhat and then levelled off before increasing
again after 1996 to the end of the period. Male LEs increased until 1993 when they decreased
somewhat and increased again after 1996. Increases during the 1985-1988, 1990-1992 and 19961998 periods were substantial. LEs remained above the New Zealand level for the period. The
national-regional gap for male LEs widened from 1986 to 1993 after which it narrowed and widened
again slightly so that the regional LE ended above the New Zealand level. Female LEs had a similar
pattern except that when the gap narrowed it did not widen again so ended just above New Zealand
level.
At age 65
Female LEs started below the New Zealand level but crossed over to be above the New Zealand level
between 1985 and 1994 after which they dropped again to the New Zealand level in 1996 then rose
above the New Zealand level again. Male LEs had a similar pattern but instead of dropping below the
New Zealand level they converged to the New Zealand level.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
HUEs decreased over most of the period, with the steepest decline being between 1987 and 1992 (see
Figure D19). Male and female HUEs converged from 1987 when the female HUE dropped. Starting
minimally above the New Zealand level, the regional HUEs dropped below the New Zealand levels
in the mid- to late 1980s and remained substantially below the New Zealand level for the rest of the
period.
At age 65
HUEs had a fluctuating downward pattern until 1985-86 when the downward trend became more
consistent especially for males (see Figure D19). From 1992, HUEs increased somewhat and then
decreased again between 1995 and 1998. The male-female gap in HUEs, which was quite substantial
57
in the mid-1980s, had closed by 1992. Starting at about the national level, regional HUEs dropped
below the national level in the 1980s. The national-regional disparity widened substantially in 1988
so that by 1998 regional HUEs were well below national levels. Regional HUEs at age 65 years as a
proportion of HUE at birth tended to be lower than that nationally for males and females throughout
the time period.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


In 1980 female acute HUEs were above the New Zealand level with male acute and elective
being around the New Zealand level. In 1989 and 1998 acute HUEs were below the New
Zealand level whereas elective HUEs were around the New Zealand level in 1989 and 1998
for males and just below for females.
In 1980 non-avoidable and female preventable HUEs were just above the New Zealand level.
Male preventable HUE started below the New Zealand level and ended in 1998 just above
the New Zealand level which was opposite to the trend the other show. The remaining
categories started around the New Zealand level. Other than males preventable HUE all other
categories ended below New Zealand levels with ambulatory sensitive being well below New
Zealand levels.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D19: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Nelson/Marlborough
Region Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
58
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
59
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D20: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Nelson/Marlborough Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Central South Island
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region can be summarised as follows:







Comparatively low bed-day rates for younger people but high rates for older people especially
those over 75 years old. All rates converged towards New Zealand rates over time.
Age-standardised bed-day rates were initially slightly above the New Zealand level but
converged towards the New Zealand level by 1989.
Male and female LE(0) were above the New Zealand level (more so for females) for most of the
period, while LE(65) were at the New Zealand level throughout for females but just below for
males from 1988.
Starting above the New Zealand level, regional HUEs converged to the New Zealand level
ending just above the national rate.
A relatively high proportion of HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65) until 1995.
Generally acute HUE(0) were around New Zealand levels whereas elective tended to be just
above New Zealand level for all years.
Preventable male and ambulatory sensitive HUE(0) were above New Zealand levels for the
whole period with preventable female HUEs being above in 1998. Injury preventable male rates
started above in 1980 then were just below for both males and females in 1989 then finished
around New Zealand levels.
In general, this region falls into the high utilisation-medium health status category. The health status
relative to New Zealand was better for young people than older people. Older men in the region had
health status levels just below the national level as shown by the LE(65). Hospital utilisation was on
average higher than for New Zealand as a whole but was comparatively low for younger people. This
is reflected in the lower age-specific bed-day rates as well as the relatively high proportion of
HUE(0) that was due to HUE(65) until the early 1990s. With high elective HUEs the regions shows
that it had excess capacity which enabled elective procedures. High preventable and ambulatory
sensitive HUEs indicate that primary health care was not doing as well as it should.
The Region and its People
Besides the population numerical dominance of Christchurch, Central South Island is a region
with just under one quarter of its population living in minor urban and rural areas. It has below
average population growth and the population is ageing. The child population is decreasing. As
with all South Island regions, there is little ethnic diversity, with 85 per cent of the population
60
being Pakeha. Socio-economic indicators are about average, although labour force participation
has stayed constant over the last period compared to a drop in other regions and median incomes
were somewhat below the New Zealand level.
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
Children started at the New Zealand level and ended below it. While the rates for people 65 years and
over were above the New Zealand level, all groups except children had converged to about the
national level by the end of the period.
Age-standardised rates
Until 1988-89, the regional and New Zealand rates were almost the same. Thereafter the regional
rates decreased to a level just below the New Zealand rate. The difference in rates applied mainly to
males. There was a convergence of rates once more in 1998. Male-female differences reflected the
national pattern.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
Younger ages started below the New Zealand level and converged to the New Zealand level with
time, mostly staying below or at the New Zealand level. Ages above 65 years started above the New
Zealand level and converged to it, with the 75 years and over age group remaining above the New
Zealand level.
Age-standardised rates
Rates showed a definite decline from 1984 until 1992 when they level out before the last period of
gradual decline from 1994 (see Figure D22). There is some narrowing of the difference in male and
female rates. Rates started just above the New Zealand rates and coincided with the New Zealand
rates in 1989 after which time national and regional rates were indistinguishable.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
Rates for children tended to be below New Zealand rates from the 1990s. Younger adult rates were
mostly below or at the New Zealand level. Females 75 years and older had relatively high rates from
the late 1980s while male rates converged to the New Zealand rate over the time period.
61
Age-standardised rates
Regional rates reflected the national rate for the duration of the period.
Life-Expectancies
At age 0
There was an increase in LE for males and females over the period, with the greatest increase being
between 1987 and 1991 (see Figure D22). Male and female LEs levelled out between 1983 and 1986.
Female LEs levelled out in the early 1990s. Male-female differences narrowed somewhat. Male LEs
were consistently just above the New Zealand level and female LEs were consistently just above the
New Zealand levels from 1982.
At age 65
Female LEs reflected the national level over the time period. Male LEs started just above the New
Zealand level, crossed over in 1988 and remained just below the national level for the remainder of
the period.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUE)
At age 0
After a period of small increase in the early 1980s, HUE dropped decisively until 1993 after which
the decrease was only slight (see Figure D21). The difference between male and female HUEs
narrowed substantially. Starting above the New Zealand level, regional HUEs converged to the New
Zealand level ending just above the national rate.
At age 65
During the early 1980s, HUEs increased substantially until 1983-84 when they declined sharply until
1993, after which the decline was small (see Figure D21). Starting well above the national level,
regional HUEs gradually converged to the New Zealand level so that by 1998 regional HUEs were
just above the national level. Regional HUEs at age 65 years as a proportion of HUE at birth tended
to be higher than the national level until 1995, but most markedly in 1980s.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth

Elective HUEs were above or just above the New Zealand level for 1980 and 1989. In 1998
female elective HUEs were just above the New Zealand level and for males the levels were
around the New Zealand rate. Acute HUEs in 1980 showed contrasting trends for males and
females with male rates being just below and female rates being just above the New Zealand
62

level. In 1989 the HUEs were around the New Zealand level and by 1998 the female acute
rate was just above and the male rate was around the New Zealand level.
Preventable male HUEs and ambulatory sensitive HUEs were above or just above the New
Zealand level for 1980, 1989 and 1998. In 1980 injury preventable male and non-avoidable
female HUEs were above the New Zealand level, by 1989 injury preventable male HUEs
were below the New Zealand level and both HUEs were around the New Zealand level in
1998. Preventable HUE for females started around the New Zealand level but finished above
the New Zealand level.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D21: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Central South Island
Region Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
63
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
64
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D22: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Central South Island Region, 1980-98
REGIONAL HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCIES AND COMPONENT HEALTH
INDICES:
Southern South Island
Interpretive Summary
The utilisation and health status indicators of this region can be summarised as follows:






All bed-day rates for age groups 25 years and over started above the New Zealand level and
decreased to about the New Zealand level.
Age-standardised bed-day rates started well above the New Zealand level and converged
consistently towards the New Zealand level to meet New Zealand rates in 1998.
Male LE(0)s were just below the New Zealand level for most of the period (gap narrowing) while
female estimates converged to the New Zealand level from the late 1980s ending just above the
national level. LE(65) stayed consistently below the New Zealand level for the time period.
HUE(0) and HUE(65) started above the New Zealand level, remained above it for most of the
period and ended at about the national level. A relatively low proportion of HUE(0) was due to
HUE(65) for females until late 1980s.
Acute HUE(0)s were around New Zealand levels for the whole time period, whereas elective
rates were above New Zealand levels for 1980 and 1989, being around New Zealand levels by
1998.
Preventable HUE(0) generally tended high compared to New Zealand. Ambulatory sensitive high
for females in 1980 and 1989 whereas in 1998 both males and females were just below New
Zealand levels.
At the beginning of the period, this region fell into the high utilisation-medium health status category
although by the end of the period utilisation was about average. Over the time period, there were
more LE gains for females relative to the New Zealand level than for males and more gains for
younger people than for older people. Hospital utilisation, while on average higher than the New
Zealand level, was comparatively low for younger people by the late 1990s. This is reflected in the
lower age-specific bed-day rates as well as the relatively high proportion of HUE(0) that was due to
HUE(65) until the early 1990s. Some of the high utilisation can be accounted for by the high levels
of elective HUE(0) in early and middle periods.
The Region and its People
Southern South Island is a region with about one third of its population living in minor urban and
rural areas. It is the only region with negative population growth, due to the 20 per cent negative
child population growth and below average growth in the adult population. As with all South
Island regions, there is minimal ethnic diversity, with 85 per cent of the population being Pakeha.
65
Socio-economic indicators are somewhat below average, although labour force participation has
dropped minimally over the last period compared to a larger drop in other regions.
Discharge Rates
Age-specific rates
From a position above the New Zealand rate, there was a general convergence to New Zealand
rates. In the younger age groups, the drop in rates was evident earlier relative to the New Zealand
rate. The 75 years and over age group remained above the New Zealand level despite a relative
drop since 1995.
Age-standardised rates
Regional rates were above the New Zealand level until 1992 when they gradually converged to the
national rate. By 1998, regional rates were just below the New Zealand level. Male-female
differences reflected the national pattern.
Hospital Bed-Days Per Population
Age-specific rates
Child rates remained at or below the New Zealand level while young adult rates were around the
New Zealand levels by 1998. The rates for adults 25 years and over were consistently above the New
Zealand level and dropped to about the New Zealand level in 1998.
Age-standardised rates
Rates dropped in the early 1980s, levelled until 1989 and then declined further until 1992 (see Figure
D24). The next relatively steep decline was between 1994 and 1998. The male-female gap reduced
over the time period. Rates started well above the New Zealand level and converged consistently
towards the New Zealand level until 1998 when it coincided with the national rates.
Mortality Rates
Age-specific rates
The rates for under 5 years dropped below the New Zealand level from the 1980s while the rates for
older children fluctuated. Young adult rates tended to be below the New Zealand level. Older adult
rates were generally above the New Zealand rate.
66
Age-standardised rates
Male rates were consistently just above the New Zealand level. Female rates more or less reflected
national rates, although at times they tended to be a little above them.
Life-Expectancies (LE)
At age 0
Over the period there was an increase in LE, especially for males, with the 1987-1992 period having
the steepest increase (see Figure D24). Male LEs were just below the New Zealand level for the
whole time period except for convergence from 1992 to 1995. Female LEs were slightly below the
New Zealand level until 1988 and just above the New Zealand level from 1992.
At age 65
Male and female LEs remained consistently below the New Zealand level for the entire time period.
Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs)
At age 0
HUEs decreased in the early 1980s before a short period of increase in the late 1980s (see Figure
D23). From 1992-93, there was a steady decline, which was sharpest at the end of the time period.
Regional HUEs started above the New Zealand level, remained above it for most of the time, and
converged to about the national level in 1998.
At age 65
HUEs declined steadily until the mid-1980s when they fluctuated for a few years until the decisive
decline starting 1991-92 (see Figure D23). Starting slightly above the national level, regional HUEs
remained above the New Zealand level for most of the time period except for a short period in the
mid-1980s for females. The national-regional gap increased from 1987 to 1991 after which there was
convergence to around the national level. Regional HUEs for females at age 65 years as a proportion
of HUE at birth tended to be lower than the national level until the late 1980s but regional HUEs for
males at age 65 years were at about the national level throughout the time period.
Dissaggregated Supply and Demand HUEs at Birth


Acute HUEs were around the New Zealand level for 1980, 1989 and 1998. Elective HUEs
were above the New Zealand level in 1980 and 1989 and around the New Zealand level in
1998.
Preventable HUEs for 1980 and 1989 were well above the New Zealand level. In 1998
female HUEs were still above the New Zealand level and male HUEs were around the New
67
Zealand level. Non-avoidable HUEs started above the New Zealand level but by 1998 were
around the New Zealand level. For females, ambulatory sensitive and injury preventable
HUEs started above the New Zealand level and finished just below it. For males, ambulatory
sensitive HUE started around the New Zealand level and finished just below the New
Zealand level and injury preventable HUE started just below the New Zealand level and
finished around the New Zealand level.
Hospital utilisation expectancy (days) at
age X
Figure D23: Hospital Utilisation Expectancies at Birth and Age 65 Years for Southern South Island
Region Compared to New Zealand, 1980-98
120
100
80
60
40
20
Female HUE at 0
Female HUE at 65
Female NZ HUE at 0
Male HUE at 0
Male HUE at 65
Male NZ HUE at 0
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
0
1.2
80
1.0
78
0.8
76
0.6
74
0.4
72
0.2
70
0.0
68
1980 1981 19821983 1984 1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 19911992 1993 1994 19951996 1997 1998
Bed-days Males
Bed-days Females
Life-Expectancy Males
Life-Expectancy Females
68
birth
82
Life-expectancy (years) at birth
1.4
capita
Bed-days per capita
Figure D24: Public Hospital Age-Standardised Bed-Day Rates and Life-Expectancy at Birth, By
Gender: Southern South Island Region, 1980-98
APPENDIX D
THEORETICAL AND OTHER METHODOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS OF THE HUE
D.1
TOWARDS FINDING AN IDEAL POPULATION HEALTH STATUS MEASURE
The importance of health, both economically and in terms of the quality of human capital, means
that governments and various agencies must evaluate health in order to provide robust evidencebases for policy. Good policy must address issues of efficiency (the best outcome for the lowest
cost) and effectiveness (outcomes which lead to population health gains). In order to build
appropriate evidence-bases two aspects of health must be measured and projected: those relating
to health per se (to health status, need and the potential for gains) and those relating to the
economic and management aspects of the health sector. This monograph discusses an attempt to
develop and apply methodologies that meet the first of these objectives, and which will also have
an innate capacity to address the development of an evidence-base for policy.
This monograph is thus firstly a methodological study. However, it also presents results that
point to sub-national differentials in the indices we are presenting. These sub-national
differences are related in part to regional differences in population health need, and in part to
variations in the supply of services. Both of these determinants produce inequities in health and
health care, and thus address a theme underlying the present work: social determinants of health.
This study, therefore, also addresses issues of health equity and demonstrates sub-national
differences.
In the first case, the analysis of health status need and potential for gains (Sceats et al. 1995) has
classically been addressed by mortality-based measures of population health status. It is widely
recognized that indices of mortality in a sense measure only the final outcome of health and not
the many intermediate stages from good health, to poor health, to death. While mortality
provides an indirect measure of prevalent population health issues, its use as an indicator of
morbidity is often challenged especially when chronic degenerative diseases are the leading
causes of death. The practical reality is, however, that mortality and its inverse, survivorship, still
provide the best documented and most standardised indices of health.
Morbidity can be viewed as a more profound, and in a sense more precise, national health
indicator than mortality. However, morbidity is a multi-dimensional concept and difficulty exists
in finding an operational, universal definition of health/ill-health (Johnstone et al. 1998). In
addition, data on different states of health are not readily available and where available, are often
better suited to the measurement of acute rather than chronic conditions (Ruzicka and Kane
1990). They also tend not to be standardised and this makes benchmarking and crosscomparative analysis very problematic. In practice, it is the incidence of disease that is usually
reported rather than the time spent in ill-health (Riley 1990). Good health has been an almost
neglected dimension of most studies.
69
In more recent years, attempts have been made to synthesise mortality and morbidity to achieve a
more global and relevant measure of health status. Thus research on population health status
indices has concentrated on quantifying the relationship between mortality and morbidity in
order to predict future health trends. Health expectancy (HE) (Robine and Michel 1992) and
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) (Murray and Lopez 1996) are two macro-level indices
developed over the recent decades and are being used ever more frequently by governments and
health planners to describe the health status of the population. Since 1993 OECD has included
HE in its official health statistics and the World Health Report, 1997 (WHO 1997) emphasised
HE as a key indicator of population health. Life-table methodologies like that used in the HE can
be useful to meet several needs. They can measure health per se, but also their actuarial functions
make them very suitable tools by which management and thus economic issues can be addressed.
The research reported here forms part of work done over the last 3 to 4 years in the Population
Studies Centre at the University of Waikato. This multidisciplinary work has drawn from the
traditions of demography, epidemiology and human ecology, and has applications in health
systems research and policy. In essence, after a theoretical and methodological assessment of
health status measures (Johnstone et al. 1998) and a review of data available in New Zealand, a
new method was developed for estimating Hospital Utilisation Expectancies, a life-table
methodology that is an extension of conventional Health Expectancies in which mortality and
morbidity data are combined into a single population health measure (Cheung 1999; Pool et al.
2000).
D.2
THE HOSPITAL UTILISATION EXPECTANCY INDEX: WHAT IS IT?
Building on the so-called Sullivan‟s methods (Sullivan 1971) and conventional Health
Expectancies, Hospital Utilisation Expectancies (HUEs) incorporate the period prevalence of
hospital utilisation into a conventional life-table format by partitioning the person-year exposure
(nLx) on the life-table into different states of hospital utilisation. It yields the “number of days
while still surviving, that a person of a particular age can expect to spend in hospital” (Cheung
1999; Pool et al. 2000). The same methodology can be extended to other population health
variables, for example, time in a disabled state or on a benefit.
Thus hospital utilisation replaces the conventional morbidity measure in the HE calculation. In
our study, the hospital utilisation component of the HUE is obtained from hospital discharge data
that have been collected systematically, more or less, by modern standards and published in New
Zealand since the 1950s, and mortality data collected efficiently since the 1880s. The numbers of
days of hospitalisation for the population is summed and divided by the total in the population to
obtain the hospital days per population.
Data for the mortality component is obtained from counts of the official mortality registrations.
Both morbidity and mortality rates are calculated using as denominators census population
counts (for census years) and intercensual estimates. Discussion of the quality of these sources of
data is discussed in Chapters 3 and 7.
70
D.2.1 Hospital Utilisation Expectancies
Like their parent Health Expectancy methodology, HUEs are empirically grounded and therefore
not heavily dependent on assumptions, and this distinguishes them from both DALYs and
QALYs, two other commonly used measures synthesising mortality and morbidity (Johnstone et
al. 1998).
HEs usually draw their empirical data from special surveys on disability. These surveys yield
standardised variables and are relatively cost-efficient. Thus they have been carried out in many
countries including in the Third World (Lamb 1999).
Unlike Health Expectancies, however, HUEs use existing population-based discharge data as
against information requiring specially designed sample surveys. This is a property that has
major advantages, above all, their use of readily accessible data that involve large numbers going
back decades, making available a time series. For geographical analyses, this property is very
valuable, as there are sufficient numbers in cells to allow regional analyses spanning two
decades. In contrast, since numbers are typically small in sample surveys, health expectancies
can only be satisfactorily computed for New Zealand as a whole and only for one point in time
(1996/7). Only few countries have sufficient data to calculate health expectancies over a period
of time at the regional level (Gutierrez-Fisac et al. 2000; van Oyen et al. 1996; Bone et al. 1995).
In New Zealand, HUEs have been taken back at a national level as far as 1951 (Pool and Cheung
2000) but because of a lack of geo-coded data prior to 1978, this cannot be done at a regional
level before that time.
Another useful property is that HUEs combine both duration and prevalence thereby increasing
their analytical power and their utility for health services management due to the results not
being affected by problems of multiple admissions (Cheung 1999). Further, they are not
compromised by the lack of National Health Index (NHI) numbers before 1988 or changes in the
coding of inter-hospital and inter-specialty transfers.
In addition, HUEs reflect not only health status (demand factors) but also health system (supply)
factors. This property provides opportunities for health systems applications but equally it makes
challenges. The challenge is in unravelling these two sets of factors from each other. Supply and
demand are less critical in monitoring use of health system resources. In the longer term supply
and demand become important to measure over supply so resources can be redistributed to
people more in need. It is important in health research where a measure of demand can give an
indication of the health status of the population and therefore its need.
In countries where national population-based health statistics and survey-based estimates of
health and disability status are rare or limited to certain districts/cities, the HUE even offers the
potential for a reliable health status indicator (Pool et al. 2000). Analysis of HUEs by different
discharge clusters can provide health planners with additional tools with which to identify
opportunities for health gain (Portal 1999c and 1999d). These studies, it should be noted, have
also used HUEs at a sub-regional (hospital catchment) level and have been found to be robust.
71
D.2.2
Limitations of Hospital Utilisation Expectancies
As mentioned above, HUEs are not measures of health status only; changes in the HUE can
reflect both changes in health status and changes in the availability of health services in general
and hospital beds in particular. This property is both an advantage and a limitation of HUEs, thus
work in Chapter 8 endeavours to improve the HUEs utility.
Another limitation is the quality of the hospital discharge data due to the changes in collection
protocols over time and differences in their application between regions. In this report, the
hospital data has been filtered so as to ensure comparability of the data over a 19 year period (see
Chapter 3). Because of this filtering, the HUEs reported reflect short-term public hospital
medical and surgical discharges only. The entire New Zealand hospital experience is not
represented.
D.3
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HUE
Both the HUE and the parent method of health expectancies (HEs) are based on the life-table, a
very robust and long-developed tool, the outputs of which are readily understood by nontechnical end-users. In their classical formats, as measures of mortality (or rather of lifeexpectancy) and of the economic value of remaining years of life (or of life-lost), life-table
methodologies have been employed at a popular level. This is not necessarily true for some other
health measures.
Unlike their widely known relative the DALY or “burden of disease” model, the HE and HUE
methods are empirically derived. Thus HUEs and similar methods are based on what is actually
observed and recorded about the population without the need for pre-defined parameters that are
often derived from assumptions based on qualitative data or even from theoretical assumptions
(as is the case for the DALY).
A very significant point is that life-table methodology is also underpinned by a strong body of
epidemiological, general demographic and mathematical demographic and actuarial theory
(Chiang 1968, 1978; Keyfitz 1977, 1982a, 1982b). The demographic and biometric
underpinnings of this methodology come down a very prestigious scientific line dating from the
seventeenth century and including the work of people such as Edmund Halley (who was also an
astronomer). In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century this work was greatly advanced
by actuarial sciences spurred on by the growth of the insurance industry. More recently, it has
been demography that has led in elaborating the theory (e.g. see Tuljapurkar et al. 2000).
As a result, there is a clear idea about the ways in which aetiologies, age-specific force, relative
impact, cohort implications (e.g. the effects of cohort deterioration, see Bourbeau and Ligaré)
and gender affect life-expectation and exposure to risks of ill-health (for New Zealand these are
described empirically in, for example, Pool 1985, 1994 and Cheung 1999). Moreover,
mathematical demography and actuarial science (e.g. Keyfitz 1977, 1982a, 1982b) provide an
understanding of the theoretical interactions (in terms of both their directions and strength)
between the different life-table functions, and, in turn, their impacts on age-sex structures (and
conversely the way in which age-sex structure affects overall survivorship patterns). These
theoretical elaborations are employed constantly to study actual populations, and also to estimate
72
life-table functions (and thus population dynamics) in societies with incomplete registration data
(in Chapter 1 we referred to this when considering the uses of HUEs).
This theory is built on a very extensive empirical base covering both the actuarial-demographic
and the bio-medical and aetiological dimensions. These bases also extend back over time (e.g.
Stolnitz 1955, 1956) so that time-series and cohort factors can be studied. This point is
important for the present monograph because, although the HUE is a “new” methodology it
comes from a solid base of scientific research. More importantly, the synergies and interactions
between demographic change and population health have been mapped to a degree, so that
subsequent work builds on robust foundations. This gives the present work a far more secure and
rigorous baseline than many of the other areas involved in the domain of social determinants of
health.
D.4
METHODOLOGICAL STRENGTHS OF HUE
The robustness of the HUE methodology lies in the fact that it incorporates a “mortality”
component (in this case the inverse of death, survivorship); that is, it studies the hospital use of
survivors in any cohort. This has immediate resonance with major questions faced by the health
system. When planning for future services, hospital managers are faced with having to take
account of two highly interrelated phenomena:
1. The proportion of the population surviving beyond middle age to older age, and increasingly
even within old age itself, has increased, and will continue do so in the future (see Tuljapurkar
et al. 2000); and
2. The fact that these older ages are those at which conditions requiring hospitalisation are most
likely to occur.
At the same time, hospitalisation at these older ages is often due to conditions relating to frailty
prior to death, and in some cases what is termed “discharge” is a result of death while at hospital.
Analyses based on admission rates alone implicitly assume that everyone, including the very old,
will survive to the end of the study period, and thus these measures inflate estimated future levels
of hospitalisation. In contrast, by integrating hospital with mortality data, the HUE methodology
does take account of this mortality factor (Cheung et al. 2001), and thus gives a far more reliable
estimate of potential admission levels for use in financial and service planning.
Moreover, instead of artificially summing up the effects of mortality on population health and its
needs as approximated by utilisation data, as occurs in some other needs assessment tools such as
QALYs, the analyses presented in this monograph integrate in a natural manner these two crucial
components of population needs and their interactions at every age group. With this measure it is
possible to assess the impacts of changing patterns of morbidity, mortality and health system
policies on hospital use in the appropriate context.
73
A methodological advantage that HUEs have over their health expectancy counter-parts is that
HUEs use data on both incidence1 (discharge rates) and duration (bed-stay) to derive period
prevalence. The estimates thus derived are more direct approximations of the duration dimension
in the life-table exposure-to-risk function than are estimates derived from Sullivan‟s method
based solely on point prevalence rates.
Furthermore, the period prevalence estimations of length of time employed in the HUE
corresponds to one whole calendar year. This well-defined unit interval has computational
elegance compared to data obtained from most surveys that typically relate to experience over
varying time intervals other than a single calendar year, such as in the last week, or last six
months, or last three years. In HUE calculations, period prevalence rates at different ages (for
one whole calendar year) are synthesised following the age sequence, as in conventional lifetable calculations. The resultant measure of lifetime hospital stay therefore resembles a true
“duration estimate” for the entire lifetime.
D.5
LIMITATIONS OF HUE
Because of limitations imposed by the type of data it must employ, the HUE methodology does
not have innate properties allowing it to address causal relationships between the supply and
availability of health services, and the level of utilisation. The level of hospital use is a function
of complex interactions of a range of factors, among which the health status of the population,
and therefore its level of need for hospital services, is merely one integral component of the
formula. Beyond this, there are “supply-side” factors including the available services, relative
access to the services by the population, and administrative practices and clinical procedures
(e.g. when a patient is deemed fit to be discharged) which can vary considerably between
hospitals. In addition, the availability of services in a private setting – that is, both those
interventions funded privately and those that may or may not be performed in public hospitals –
also has an effect on the level of public hospital use. As noted already (Chapter 1) use of private
hospital services in New Zealand is restricted in the main to elective and cosmetic procedures,
except for some orthopedic interventions funded under the ACC (Accident Compensation
Corporation).
The impact of HUEs on both population health needs and “supply-side” factors simultaneously is
enabling and disabling. On the one hand, HUEs capture these “supply-side” factors so as to
provide a true and comprehensive picture of the reality faced by hospital managers. For them,
need and other factors are not self-operating in a mutually exclusive manner, but are likely to
exhibit high levels of inter-dependency so that in practice actual resource consumption is rarely
determined by the level of need for the resources alone. On the other hand, hospital use is also a
function of “supply-side” factors that cannot be easily disaggregated and quantified when using
HUEs. In the later part of this monograph, the analysis of HUEs by major types of hospitalisation
goes some way to address this concern. Thus relative advantage/disadvantage of populations
1
Here, and in Chapter 1, we are using this term in a non-conventional way – i.e. they relate to all cases, not
just newly diagnosed cases, but a weakness of New Zealand hospital discharge data sets is that these have to be
counted as new even when they are re-admissions.
74
may be determined not only by need but also by factors that affect access, and therefore they
address central issues of health equity.
Like many other tools used in studying population health, HUE is not entirely free from the fact
that trends in HUEs may also be a reflection of underlying changes in the composition of the
population. The population studied with HUEs essentially represents the “average” of
demographically different sub-population groups within it (Cheung et al. 2001). For example,
distinctive patterns of risk exposure and service use by different major ethnic groups and/or birth
cohorts would be distorted in an “averaged” synthetic measure. Ethnic specific analysis and the
analysis by selected birth cohorts, albeit somewhat limited, can help to demonstrate this point.
The strength of HUEs rests in their wide applicability, for example, for different geographical
groupings, by causes of hospitalisation, by time-series, by cohort and/or longitudinally.
However, detailed disaggregations have limitations. The inevitably smaller cell sizes in very
refined analyses are likely to produce unstable results and random error effects associated with
these. That said, at all levels of application the HUE methodology will retain a distinct advantage
as it has significantly larger cell sizes than its parent methodology (e.g. HEs).
Other limitations, but not pertaining to HUE analyses, are problems due to errors in both
population data and hospital data. Numerator error in hospital data, particularly variations
between hospitals, imposes considerable limitations on the regional analyses of HUEs.
D.6
GENERAL APPLICATIONS AND POSSIBLE EXTENSIONS
The general methodology used for HUEs is very close to, and thus draws its justification from,
that for health expectancy. Previous work on HUEs by the present authors has been peer
reviewed at two international meetings (Pool and Cheung 1999; Pool et al. 2000), one of which
was organised by the WHO with a special focus on health expectancy.
Unlike health expectancies whose calculations rely heavily on the availability of nationallybased sample surveys (which can be very expensive to administer), data for calculating HUEs
are much easier to obtain from existing hospital admission data sets. Furthermore, the
availability of historical data in most countries and the inclusion of information on place of
residence, socio-demographic characteristics and diagnosis of cause of hospitalisation means
detailed studies at a lower level of aggregation are possible.
There is one other very important difference between health expectancies and HUEs alluded to in
the last paragraph: the difference between sample and population data. The use of population
data for the HUEs means that numbers in the cells are typically very large and thus problems
akin to sampling error are avoided. In addition, data are collected routinely so that cost is less of
an issue.
Beyond their analytical potential, HUEs are also useful tools for planning and monitoring. The
ratio between HUE and life-expectancy can help to gauge the relative levels of hospital resource
consumption after giving due attention to the levels of mortality. Furthermore, the series of
probabilities drawn from HUE computations can be applied to cohorts through probability
75
models, which incorporate both incidence and duration dimensions. The actuarial properties
inherent in such models can then be used to construct a framework, which is an essential step
towards health (that is, hospital) management and financial planning.
D.7
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77
Appendix Tables
Appendix Table 2.1 Territorial Authorities Which Make Up the Health
Regions
Region
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu
Territorial Authority
Far North District
Kaipara District
Whangarei District
North Shore City
Rodney District
Waitakere City
Auckland City
Manukau City
Franklin District
Papakura District
Hamilton City
Hauraki District
Matamata-Piako District
Otorohanga District
Ruapehu District north(1)
South Waikato District
Thames-Coromandel District
Waikato District
Waipa District
Waitomo District
Kawerau District
Opotiki District
Rotorua District
Taupo District
Tauranga District
Western Bay of Plenty District
Whakatane District
Central Hawke's Bay District
Gisborne District
Hastings District
Napier City
Wairoa District
Horowhenua District
Manawatu District
New Plymouth District
Palmerston North City
Rangitikei District
Ruapehu District south(2)
South Taranaki District
Stratford District
Tararua District
Wanganui District
78
Wellington
Nelson/Marlborough
Central South Island
Southern South Island
Carterton District
Chatham Islands District
Kapiti Coast District
Lower Hutt City
Masterton District
Porirua City
South Wairarapa District
Upper Hutt City
Wellington City
Marlborough District
Nelson City
Tasman District
Ashburton District
Banks Peninsula District
Buller District
Christchurch City
Grey District
Hurunui District
Kaikoura District
Mackenzie District
Selwyn District
Timaru District
Waimakariri District
Waimate District
Westland District
Central Otago District
Clutha District
Dunedin City
Gore District
Invercargill City
Queenstown-Lakes District
Southland District
Waitaki District
(1) Ruapehu District north – Taumaranui, Ohura and National Park wards.
(2) Ruapehu District south – Waimarino and Waiouru wards.
79
Appendix Table 2.2: Percentage of the Usually Resident Population in
Age Groups 65 Years and Over, By Age Group and Region, 1981 and 2001
Region
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu
Wellington
Nelson/Marlborough
Central South Island
Southern South Island
NEW ZEALAND
65-74
6.1
5.7
8.5
4.4
5.4
5.9
6.3
6.5
5.8
7.4
7.1
6.8
6.3
1981
75-84
85+
2.5
0.6
2.4
0.5
4.4
1.2
1.9
0.4
2.2
0.5
2.3
0.5
2.8
0.7
3.1
0.8
2.7
0.6
3.2
0.8
3.2
0.7
3.1
0.7
2.9
0.7
65+
9.1
8.6
14.0
6.6
8.1
8.6
9.8
10.4
9.2
11.3
11.1
10.6
9.9
65-74
7.8
5.9
5.1
5.0
6.7
7.7
7.1
7.4
6.1
7.6
7.4
7.5
6.6
2001
75-84
85+
4.3
1.2
3.8
1.1
3.7
1.5
2.8
0.9
3.9
1.2
4.7
1.3
4.5
1.4
4.8
1.6
3.8
1.2
5.1
1.5
4.9
1.5
4.7
1.5
4.2
1.3
65+
13.3
10.8
10.3
8.7
11.9
13.6
13.0
13.7
11.1
14.3
13.8
13.7
12.1
Sources: 1981 and 2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings, Statistics New Zealand.
Appendix Table 2.3 Percentage Change in the Number of People by Broad
Age Groups and Region, 1981-2001
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu
Wellington
Nelson/Marlborough
Central South Island
Southern South Island
NEW ZEALAND
Under 15
15-64
65+
6.5
28.9
86.1
23.4
54.3
86.8
27.0
36.6
-5.4
23.4
53.8
92.9
-7.2
15.5
64.4
8.3
35.3
110.5
-12.8
4.4
36.3
-14.0
2.7
33.3
-7.3
13.0
32.2
5.9
31.0
61.3
-7.9
14.9
39.1
-25.8
0.9
24.5
0.1
22.8
45.4
Sources: 1981 and 2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings, Statistics New Zealand.
80
Appendix Table 3.1: Standardised1 Percentage at Working Ages Receiving
Three Main Benefit Types for the Māori and Non-Māori Population, By
Benefit Type and Region, 1986 and 2001
2001
1986
Unemployment
Benefit
Sickness/
Invalid
Benefit
Total
12.3
16.6
9.1
38.0
13.5
9.1
8.3
5.9
23.3
5.9
21.0
8.4
10.9
8.2
27.4
7.0
4.3
19.3
11.7
10.5
6.9
29.2
8.4
4.1
19.7
11.5
14.4
8.4
34.3
7.0
8.8
3.3
19.2
12.3
15.4
6.5
34.3
8.1
11.8
3.7
23.6
13.0
15.8
6.9
35.7
7.5
10.6
3.7
21.9
11.3
14.1
7.3
32.7
Wellington
6.6
7.3
3.2
17.2
9.5
11.6
5.8
26.9
Nelson-Marlborough
5.3
8.5
3.9
17.7
9.4
12.0
7.1
28.6
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
7.8
9.3
4.1
21.1
9.0
11.4
7.6
28.0
6.1
13.1
2.3
21.6
7.9
13.3
6.5
27.7
NEW ZEALAND
7.2
8.9
3.8
20.0
10.9
13.1
7.1
31.1
10.4
3.9
7.1
3.8
14.9
Domestic
Purposes
Benefit
Unemployment
Benefit
Sickness/
Invalid
Benefit
Total
Northland
6.4
11.3
3.9
21.5
Waitemata
5.8
4.7
3.0
Auckland Central
8.0
7.1
South Auckland
8.1
Waikato
7.2
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/
Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Region
Domestic
Purposes
Benefit
Māori
Non-Māori
Northland
1.4
7.2
1.9
Waitemata
2.7
2.8
1.4
6.9
2.9
4.3
2.5
9.7
Auckland Central
3.3
4.6
2.6
10.6
2.2
5.7
3.1
11.1
South Auckland
3.6
3.6
1.9
9.1
3.4
5.0
3.3
11.7
Waikato
3.5
4.9
1.9
10.4
3.6
6.6
3.6
13.7
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/
Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
4.1
6.0
1.7
11.9
3.8
6.7
3.2
13.8
4.5
7.5
1.9
13.9
4.5
7.1
3.8
15.3
3.5
5.7
2.0
11.2
4.2
7.6
4.3
16.1
Wellington
2.7
3.9
1.5
8.2
2.9
6.5
2.9
12.2
Nelson-Marlborough
2.9
5.8
2.5
11.1
4.0
7.1
4.5
15.5
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
3.2
5.9
2.1
11.2
3.5
7.1
4.4
15.0
2.8
6.5
1.8
11.1
3.3
8.0
4.2
15.5
3.3
6.4
3.5
NEW ZEALAND
3.3
5.1
1.9
10.3
(1)
Standardised by age and gender to 1996 New Zealand total population (both genders) 15-64 years. This
removes the effect of different age structures from the analysis and allows comparisons between years.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, 1986 and 2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
81
13.2
Appendix Table 3.2:
Standardised1 Labour Force Status as a Percentage of
Māori and Non-Māori Population, By Region, 1981 and 2001
1981
Part-time
Employed
Northland
46.9
6
9.1
38
100
Waitemata
59.6
5.2
5.6
29
100
Auckland Central
57.9
4.3
8.1
29.7
100
South Auckland
52.6
4.1
9.1
34.1
100
51
5.7
7
36.7
100
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
51.3
6.5
6.3
35.8
100
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
56.1
4.9
5.7
33.3
100
Taranaki/Wanganui/ Manawatu
54.2
6.5
6.1
33.4
100
Wellington
62.9
6
5.2
25.9
100
Nelson/Marlborough
60.6
6.9
3.9
28.8
100
Central South Island
55.3
6.1
7.5
31
100
Southern South Island
59.3
6.4
4
29.4
100
NEW ZEALAND
54.5
5.6
6.8
33.2
100
Ethnicity
Māori
3
NonLabour
Force
Full-time
Employed
Region
Waikato
Unemployed
Total
2
2001
Non-Māori
Northland
37.1
13.6
13.8
35.5
100
Waitemata
54
12.3
8.8
24.9
100
Auckland Central
51.4
11.8
10.2
26.6
100
South Auckland
49.9
10.4
11.5
28.1
100
Waikato
42.5
14
12.3
31.3
100
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
41.4
14.6
13.1
30.9
100
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
45.3
13.3
11.5
29.8
100
Taranaki/Wanganui/ Manawatu
44.7
13.9
11.2
30.2
100
Wellington
51.8
13.4
9.9
24.9
100
Nelson/Marlborough
53.9
15.8
6.6
23.8
100
Central South Island
50.2
14.8
8.6
26.4
100
Southern South Island
51.5
15
8
25.4
100
NEW ZEALAND
46.7
13.4
11.1
28.9
100
58
10.1
3.2
28.7
100
Northland
Waitemata
61
10.4
2.4
26.3
100
Auckland Central
62.6
9.1
3.5
24.8
100
South Auckland
60.7
9.7
2.6
26.9
100
Waikato
60.1
10.1
2.1
27.6
100
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
58.9
10.5
2.4
28.2
100
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
60
10.8
2
27.2
100
Taranaki/Wanganui/ Manawatu
60
10.6
1.9
27.5
100
63.8
10.2
1.9
24.1
100
Wellington
82
Nelson/Marlborough
58.1
11.2
2
28.7
100
Central South Island
57.7
10.7
2.5
29.1
100
Southern South Island
59.3
11.1
1.5
28.1
100
NEW ZEALAND
60.3
10.3
2.3
27.1
100
Northland
54.2
16.7
5.9
23.2
100
Waitemata
57.8
15.4
5
21.8
100
Auckland Central
55.4
13.6
5.7
25.3
100
South Auckland
55.5
13.5
6.1
24.9
100
Waikato
57.2
16.5
5.2
21.1
100
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
56.6
17.1
5.5
20.7
100
57
17.1
5.1
20.9
100
Taranaki/Wanganui/ Manawatu
55.2
17
5.5
22.3
100
Wellington
58.7
15.7
5.3
20.2
100
Nelson/Marlborough
58.2
17.9
4
20
100
Central South Island
55.7
17.5
4.7
22
100
Southern South Island
55.7
17.3
4.7
22.3
100
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
NEW ZEALAND
56.5
16
5.2
22.2
(1) Standardised by age and gender to 1996 New Zealand total population (both genders) 15-64 years. This
removes the effect of different age structures from the analysis and allows comparisons between years.
(2) Not included in the population are those whose labour force status was not specified in 2001.
(3) 50% or more Māori blood in 1981.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, 1981 and 2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
83
100
Appendix Table 5.1: Age-Standardised Mortality Rate (Per 100,000 of Population), by Gender, Health
Regions and New Zealand, Running 3 Year Average 1980-2000
Age-Standardised Mortality Rate per 1,000 of population
Gender
Males
Females
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
NEW ZEALAND
Region
13.8
13.3
12.7
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.2
12.0
11.6
11.2
11.1
11.0
10.8
10.6
10.5
10.3
9.8
9.6
9.3
9.1
Northland
14.1
13.5
12.6
12.2
12.5
12.6
12.5
12.3
12.3
12.2
11.6
11.5
11.3
11.5
11.3
11.1
10.8
10.3
10.5
10.1
10.1
Waitemata
12.5
11.9
11.5
11.2
11.1
11.0
11.1
10.9
10.5
10.3
10.0
10.1
9.6
9.5
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.0
8.8
8.2
8.0
Auckland Central
13.7
13.5
13.1
12.9
12.8
13.1
13.1
12.9
12.1
11.7
11.2
11.1
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.5
10.2
9.9
9.5
9.2
9.1
South Auckland
13.7
13.1
11.9
11.8
11.7
12.0
12.2
12.0
11.8
11.2
11.1
11.0
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.4
10.0
9.5
9.4
9.2
9.1
Waikato
13.4
13.1
12.4
12.2
12.3
12.3
12.4
11.8
11.8
11.5
11.2
11.0
10.7
10.8
10.4
10.3
10.1
10.1
10.0
9.7
9.5
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
13.7
13.3
12.5
12.2
12.1
12.4
12.3
11.8
11.6
11.3
11.1
11.2
11.1
10.9
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.1
9.8
9.5
9.4
14.7
14.0
13.2
13.2
13.3
13.3
12.9
12.8
12.5
12.3
11.8
12.0
11.9
11.9
11.5
11.3
11.1
10.7
10.4
10.2
10.1
13.7
13.5
13.0
12.8
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.5
12.3
11.8
11.5
11.4
11.4
11.3
11.1
10.9
10.4
9.8
9.6
9.7
9.8
Wellington
13.9
13.7
13.1
12.7
12.5
12.3
12.4
12.3
12.3
11.9
11.4
11.1
10.9
10.7
10.5
10.2
10.2
9.9
9.6
9.2
9.1
Nelson-Marlborough
13.7
13.4
12.7
12.5
12.0
12.1
11.7
11.5
10.9
10.6
10.4
10.2
9.9
9.8
10.2
10.2
9.9
9.1
8.7
8.7
8.6
Central South Island
13.7
13.1
12.5
12.3
12.6
12.6
12.5
12.3
12.2
11.8
11.2
11.1
11.1
11.0
10.7
10.5
10.2
9.8
9.4
9.0
8.7
Southern South Island
14.8
14.2
13.6
13.5
13.6
13.5
13.2
12.9
12.5
12.2
11.8
11.8
11.3
11.0
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.2
9.9
9.5
9.4
NEW ZEALAND
8.7
8.4
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.1
7.9
7.8
7.5
7.4
7.2
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.5
6.4
6.2
6.1
Northland
9.0
8.7
8.3
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.0
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.0
6.8
6.5
6.3
Waitemata
7.7
7.3
7.0
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.0
5.7
5.5
5.5
Auckland Central
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.1
7.9
7.6
7.3
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.3
6.0
5.9
South Auckland
8.9
8.7
8.2
7.9
7.9
8.1
8.4
8.0
7.8
7.4
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.6
6.5
6.3
6.2
Waikato
8.8
8.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
8.6
8.2
7.9
7.8
8.1
8.4
8.4
8.1
8.2
8.1
7.9
7.5
7.2
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.9
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
8.9
8.8
8.3
8.3
8.6
8.6
8.7
8.4
8.3
8.0
7.7
7.5
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.4
7.4
7.1
7.3
7.0
7.1
8.6
8.5
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.2
7.9
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.1
6.9
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.4
Wellington
8.5
8.3
8.1
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.1
8.1
8.1
7.7
7.6
7.3
7.2
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.6
6.4
6.1
6.1
Nelson-Marlborough
8.9
8.6
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.6
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.2
6.8
6.5
6.6
6.5
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.3
6.0
5.9
5.9
Central South Island
8.9
8.5
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.7
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.1
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.9
6.6
6.3
6.1
5.9
5.8
Southern South Island
9.1
8.8
8.2
8.2
8.4
8.3
8.4
8.0
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.3
7.1
6.9
6.9
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.3
Note: 1980 and 2000 are based on two year averages.
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set – Mortality
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
84
2000
Appendix Table 5.2: Age-Specific Mortality Rate (Per 1,000 of Population) By Gender and Age, Health
Region and New Zealand, Running 3 Year Averages, 1980-2000
Age
Group Gender
Age-Specific Mortality Rate Per 1,000 of Population
Region
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
NEW ZEALAND
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
Northland
2.8
2.5
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.9
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.5
Waitemata
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.4
Auckland Central
3.3
3.3
3.1
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.7
3.5
3.3
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.1
South Auckland
2.9
3.1
2.9
3.1
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.1
2.0
1.9
Waikato
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.9
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
3.3
3.3
3.7
3.6
3.4
2.9
2.9
3.4
3.4
3.1
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.1
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
4.6
4.4
3.9
3.5
3.3
3.0
2.9
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.6
3.4
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.5
3.1
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.4
1.7
Wellington
4.1
4.5
4.0
3.6
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.1
3.2
2.9
2.8
2.2
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.5
Nelson-Marlborough
2.4
2.6
3.4
3.7
3.7
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.2
2.9
2.1
1.4
1.5
1.4
2.1
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.4
Central South Island
3.3
3.2
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.3
3.1
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
Southern South Island
3.7
3.9
4.2
3.7
3.5
3.2
3.6
3.3
2.7
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.7
Females NEW ZEALAND
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
Northland
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.9
2.3
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.2
1.8
1.8
Waitemata
1.8
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.1
Auckland Central
3.2
3.2
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.9
2.5
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
South Auckland
2.5
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.2
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.2
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
Waikato
2.8
2.3
2.7
2.5
2.3
1.8
2.0
2.5
2.7
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.4
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.6
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
2.3
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.6
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.2
1.0
Wellington
2.7
2.9
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.2
Nelson-Marlborough
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.7
2.3
2.0
2.0
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.6
Central South Island
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.2
2.0
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.1
1.1
0.9
Southern South Island
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.3
2.2
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.1
(years)
Under 5 Males
(Continued on next page)
85
Appendix Table 5.2 (continued)
Age
Group Gender
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
NEW ZEALAND
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.34
0.36
0.33
0.33
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.27
0.25
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.23
Northland
0.33
0.31
0.20
0.31
0.36
0.59
0.65
0.54
0.38
0.23
0.21
0.17
0.17
0.11
0.11
0.18
0.45
0.50
0.37
Waitemata
0.28
0.25
0.29
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.22
0.24
0.23
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.21
Auckland Central
0.36
0.34
0.36
0.45
0.40
0.39
0.41
0.35
0.34
0.28
0.28
0.22
0.13
0.20
0.23
0.28
0.26
0.21
0.17
South Auckland
0.35
0.32
0.30
0.27
0.33
0.47
0.42
0.40
0.26
0.29
0.35
0.32
0.36
0.28
0.33
0.28
0.20
0.21
0.26
Waikato
0.39
0.39
0.41
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.46
0.46
0.39
0.38
0.30
0.29
0.22
0.28
0.29
0.26
0.24
0.21
0.29
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
0.39
0.49
0.40
0.42
0.35
0.36
0.29
0.30
0.38
0.48
0.52
0.38
0.24
0.14
0.18
0.26
0.36
0.34
0.26
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.36
0.42
0.40
0.42
0.34
0.31
0.29
0.34
0.29
0.27
0.22
0.30
0.21
0.23
0.27
0.33
0.33
0.26
0.20
0.24
0.16
0.24
0.31
0.41
0.43
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.42
0.43
0.38
0.23
0.15
0.16
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.25
Wellington
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.27
0.26
0.31
0.34
0.31
0.25
0.22
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.29
0.25
0.23
0.16
0.16
0.19
Nelson-Marlborough
0.47
0.52
0.45
0.31
0.31
0.24
0.36
0.28
0.33
0.25
0.21
0.12
0.20
0.19
0.30
0.26
0.26
0.22
0.18
Central South Island
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.33
0.27
0.24
0.23
0.29
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.21
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.11
0.17
0.21
0.25
Southern South Island
0.29
0.31
0.27
0.29
0.24
0.22
0.18
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.32
0.25
0.36
0.33
0.32
0.21
0.19
0.21
0.21
Females NEW ZEALAND
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.16
Northland
0.38
0.38
0.41
0.35
0.33
0.33
0.24
0.24
0.15
0.03
0.06
0.15
0.24
0.18
0.26
0.23
0.34
0.31
0.25
Waitemata
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.26
0.22
0.18
0.12
0.17
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.12
0.09
Auckland Central
0.21
0.18
0.13
0.20
0.16
0.20
0.18
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.29
0.26
0.25
0.13
0.16
0.14
0.26
0.24
0.24
South Auckland
0.21
0.22
0.18
0.26
0.27
0.35
0.30
0.29
0.21
0.20
0.26
0.27
0.20
0.07
0.07
0.13
0.16
0.14
0.12
Waikato
0.16
0.20
0.23
0.29
0.29
0.25
0.24
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.11
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.21
0.22
0.24
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
0.30
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.30
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.24
0.31
0.27
0.23
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.22
0.32
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.25
0.27
0.26
0.30
0.27
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.21
0.24
0.18
0.27
0.26
0.35
0.28
0.23
0.19
0.26
0.26
0.29
0.23
0.19
0.18
0.24
0.30
0.28
0.18
0.14
0.20
0.23
0.27
0.21
0.21
0.16
0.20
0.13
0.11
0.11
Wellington
0.24
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.18
0.17
0.14
0.18
0.16
0.20
0.16
0.15
0.10
0.07
Nelson-Marlborough
0.11
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.28
0.29
0.21
0.17
0.13
0.18
0.04
0.13
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.15
0.04
0.19
Central South Island
0.31
0.28
0.28
0.24
0.23
0.17
0.18
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.09
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.15
Southern South Island
0.12
0.19
0.16
0.28
0.28
0.34
0.29
0.24
0.17
0.10
0.16
0.21
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.24
0.22
0.16
0.12
(years)
5-14
Age-Specific Mortality Rate Per 1,000 of Population
Region
Males
(Continued on next page)
86
Appendix Table 5.2 (continued)
Age
Group Gender
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
NEW ZEALAND
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
Northland
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.9
Waitemata
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
Auckland Central
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
South Auckland
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.1
Waikato
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.1
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.8
2.0
1.7
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
Wellington
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
Nelson-Marlborough
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.4
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
Central South Island
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.1
0.9
Southern South Island
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.9
Females NEW ZEALAND
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
Northland
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
Waitemata
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.3
Auckland Central
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
South Auckland
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
Waikato
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.6
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
Wellington
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
Nelson-Marlborough
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
Central South Island
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
Southern South Island
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
(years)
15-24
Age-Specific Mortality Rate Per 1,000 of Population
Region
Males
(Continued on next page)
87
Appendix Table 5.2 (continued)
Age
Group Gender
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
NEW ZEALAND
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
Northland
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.8
Waitemata
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.1
Auckland Central
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
South Auckland
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.6
Waikato
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.9
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.2
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
Wellington
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
Nelson-Marlborough
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.6
Central South Island
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.3
Southern South Island
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Females NEW ZEALAND
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
Northland
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
Waitemata
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
Auckland Central
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
South Auckland
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Waikato
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
Wellington
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
Nelson-Marlborough
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
Central South Island
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
Southern South Island
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.7
(years)
25-44
Age-Specific Mortality Rate Per 1,000 of Population
Region
Males
(Continued on next page)
88
Appendix Table 5.2 (continued)
Age
Group Gender
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
NEW ZEALAND
11.5
11.3
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.3
9.9
9.4
9.0
8.8
8.4
8.0
7.7
7.5
7.3
6.9
6.7
6.4
Northland
11.4
10.4
10.6
11.1
10.9
10.9
10.6
11.0
10.8
10.4
10.6
10.3
10.0
9.8
9.3
9.6
9.3
9.3
8.8
Waitemata
9.6
9.2
9.0
8.9
8.6
8.2
8.2
7.9
7.8
7.2
7.3
6.7
6.5
6.1
5.9
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.0
Auckland Central
12.4
12.5
12.1
12.8
12.9
13.0
12.0
11.0
10.3
9.6
9.4
9.1
8.5
7.8
7.5
7.3
6.9
6.1
5.9
South Auckland
10.8
10.4
10.2
9.7
9.6
9.7
9.7
9.8
9.0
8.9
8.6
8.7
8.6
8.1
8.1
7.4
7.5
7.0
6.7
Waikato
11.4
11.2
10.9
10.9
10.7
10.8
10.0
9.9
9.4
8.8
8.5
8.1
8.0
7.4
7.2
7.1
7.4
7.5
7.2
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
12.0
11.9
11.8
11.1
11.0
11.1
11.2
10.7
9.7
9.5
9.6
9.9
9.2
9.0
8.7
8.8
8.2
7.8
7.1
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
12.3
12.5
12.3
12.0
11.8
11.2
11.5
11.1
10.7
10.1
9.7
9.3
9.1
8.9
9.0
8.4
8.2
7.9
7.9
11.4
11.3
11.2
11.1
11.0
10.7
10.5
9.9
9.5
9.1
8.6
8.6
8.1
8.3
7.7
7.5
6.9
6.8
6.7
Wellington
11.9
11.9
11.5
11.1
10.5
10.3
10.3
10.1
10.1
9.4
9.2
8.2
8.0
7.5
7.4
7.0
6.7
6.7
6.5
Nelson-Marlborough
10.7
10.4
10.6
10.3
10.2
9.4
8.0
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.3
6.8
6.2
6.1
6.3
6.3
5.6
5.4
5.5
Central South Island
11.4
11.7
10.8
11.0
10.4
10.5
10.1
9.3
8.8
8.6
8.7
8.5
7.8
7.3
6.9
6.7
6.3
6.1
5.6
Southern South Island
11.8
11.4
11.4
11.3
11.5
11.6
11.2
10.8
10.2
9.6
9.2
8.1
7.7
7.2
7.5
7.7
7.1
6.8
6.3
Females NEW ZEALAND
6.8
6.5
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.1
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.1
5.1
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.3
Northland
6.9
6.5
6.6
6.8
7.2
7.6
7.3
6.6
6.3
6.4
6.6
6.2
5.9
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.7
5.6
5.6
Waitemata
5.4
5.1
5.0
4.7
4.9
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.9
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.1
4.1
3.6
3.4
3.3
Auckland Central
7.3
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.2
6.5
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.2
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.3
4.1
3.9
South Auckland
7.0
6.1
6.7
6.6
6.9
6.8
6.6
6.7
6.5
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.0
5.4
5.5
5.3
4.9
4.5
4.6
Waikato
6.9
6.1
6.6
6.2
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.0
6.1
5.8
5.8
5.1
4.9
4.6
5.0
4.7
4.7
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
6.8
6.6
6.8
6.8
7.3
7.0
7.0
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.5
5.2
5.1
5.3
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
7.7
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.1
6.9
6.4
6.4
6.6
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.1
6.1
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.9
5.3
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.9
6.6
6.5
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.1
5.7
5.3
4.8
4.9
5.1
4.9
Wellington
6.9
6.8
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.4
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.4
5.1
4.6
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.6
4.4
4.1
Nelson-Marlborough
6.3
6.1
6.0
5.6
5.2
5.5
5.2
5.5
5.5
5.3
4.8
4.5
4.7
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.2
4.1
3.8
Central South Island
6.6
6.5
6.1
6.1
5.7
6.0
5.6
5.5
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.5
4.7
4.5
4.7
4.3
4.0
3.7
3.7
Southern South Island
6.6
6.5
6.2
6.4
6.2
6.5
6.1
6.0
5.7
5.8
5.7
5.3
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.9
4.4
4.4
4.0
(years)
45-64
Age-Specific Mortality Rate Per 1,000 of Population
Region
Males
(Continued on next page)
89
Appendix Table 5.2 (continued)
Age
Group
(years
)
65-74
Gender
Males
Female
s
Age-Specific Mortality Rate Per 1,000 of Population
Region
NEW ZEALAND
198
1
44.1
198
2
43.2
198
3
42.3
198
4
41.8
198
5
41.4
198
6
41.4
198
7
40.0
198
8
38.5
198
9
37.0
199
0
36.0
199
1
35.4
199
2
34.6
199
3
34.1
199
4
33.3
199
5
32.6
199
6
31.5
199
7
30.2
199
8
29.0
199
9
27.8
Northland
44.4
42.0
41.8
42.3
42.9
42.5
41.7
40.8
39.6
35.7
35.7
33.4
34.5
33.3
33.2
32.1
31.4
32.3
30.7
Waitemata
37.5
36.7
36.4
35.1
34.6
34.1
34.0
32.7
31.2
30.6
29.8
29.2
30.0
30.3
29.4
27.5
26.2
25.1
23.0
Auckland Central
45.0
43.1
42.2
40.8
41.5
42.4
43.5
41.1
38.9
36.1
35.3
35.5
36.1
35.5
34.6
33.4
31.2
29.0
26.7
South Auckland
44.3
42.9
43.7
42.5
42.6
41.2
38.8
36.4
34.1
34.1
33.7
34.0
33.1
33.1
31.2
29.4
28.8
28.3
28.9
Waikato
44.3
41.9
41.1
41.2
40.5
40.5
38.0
36.6
35.9
35.7
35.3
34.5
34.0
33.6
33.1
31.9
30.8
28.7
29.1
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
42.4
41.4
38.9
38.5
39.6
40.0
37.5
35.5
34.2
33.8
32.4
32.3
31.8
30.8
30.4
29.8
29.6
27.9
26.8
44.7
44.7
45.3
45.6
46.5
45.0
42.0
39.0
38.0
37.7
38.8
38.3
37.5
36.0
35.3
35.3
32.7
30.9
28.7
45.8
46.1
43.3
43.0
41.4
43.7
42.7
42.6
38.9
37.4
36.9
36.5
36.7
34.6
34.8
31.7
30.5
29.8
30.1
Wellington
46.2
45.7
43.0
41.3
40.9
41.9
40.6
38.8
37.3
37.6
36.6
35.6
32.8
32.1
31.0
31.5
30.1
30.7
29.2
Nelson-Marlborough
45.4
46.1
45.9
44.3
43.9
41.4
37.4
33.8
32.5
31.4
31.8
30.7
31.1
30.0
29.5
29.0
26.9
25.8
24.2
Central South Island
41.2
40.1
40.7
41.7
40.9
40.3
38.8
39.0
38.6
37.3
37.0
35.8
35.3
34.8
33.4
32.1
30.1
28.7
26.9
Southern South Island
49.5
49.5
48.5
47.8
46.5
45.8
44.9
42.9
42.0
40.2
39.4
36.6
35.4
34.1
34.8
34.2
34.0
32.2
30.3
24.5
23.6
23.1
23.1
22.8
23.0
22.5
22.0
21.2
20.7
20.3
19.8
19.4
19.2
19.0
18.5
17.8
17.3
16.7
Northland
25.0
27.0
23.6
24.5
23.2
25.9
25.6
25.4
23.1
22.5
19.8
20.5
19.5
22.1
21.4
21.4
20.5
19.9
18.6
Waitemata
21.8
21.0
19.9
18.8
18.1
18.2
18.8
18.8
18.5
17.7
17.0
17.3
17.3
17.1
17.3
16.4
15.7
13.7
13.8
Auckland Central
23.8
24.0
24.1
24.3
23.8
23.8
23.6
22.9
21.6
20.6
20.0
19.6
19.8
19.8
18.9
18.4
17.2
16.6
15.2
South Auckland
25.8
23.8
23.7
23.3
23.2
22.9
22.6
21.5
20.9
19.6
21.4
21.5
21.2
19.9
20.0
19.7
18.0
17.6
16.4
Waikato
25.9
24.7
23.8
23.3
22.5
21.2
20.9
19.9
20.5
19.4
19.8
18.8
19.0
18.3
18.1
18.5
18.3
18.8
17.0
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
24.4
23.8
24.1
24.3
24.4
23.9
22.4
22.4
22.5
22.4
20.4
18.8
18.7
19.4
19.2
18.2
18.6
18.3
18.3
26.9
26.4
25.6
24.3
23.5
23.9
24.4
24.6
23.5
22.4
22.4
22.3
21.6
20.7
20.6
20.1
19.4
19.5
18.7
23.8
22.8
22.9
23.0
24.7
25.1
24.1
21.9
21.1
22.0
22.6
22.1
21.7
21.0
21.1
19.9
19.0
18.5
18.3
Wellington
24.0
22.1
22.3
22.2
22.5
23.8
23.1
23.6
21.9
21.7
20.6
20.6
19.2
19.4
19.2
19.3
18.2
17.5
17.5
Nelson-Marlborough
26.5
26.4
24.8
24.5
20.8
21.4
20.7
20.6
18.7
17.4
17.4
16.2
16.6
17.2
18.4
17.6
16.2
16.1
15.0
Central South Island
24.4
22.6
22.4
22.3
22.3
22.6
22.0
21.6
21.0
20.6
20.1
19.0
18.3
17.7
17.7
16.3
15.9
15.7
15.5
Southern South Island
25.4
24.5
23.6
25.0
24.3
24.6
23.4
22.9
22.3
21.1
21.0
21.2
20.8
20.3
19.3
19.5
19.0
18.7
18.3
NEW ZEALAND
(Continued on next page)
90
Appendix Table 5.2 (continued)
Age
Group
(years)
75 and
over
Gende
r
Males
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
199
8
199
9
120.
9
120.
9
112.
4
124.
4
112.
8
115.
1
112.
9
124.
7
121.
6
121.
4
127.
6
123.
6
126.
2
112.
0
114.
6
107.
4
119.
3
110.
9
106.
4
102.
8
119.
4
112.
2
107.
3
101.
7
118.
1
103.
4
102.
2
103.
1
100.
6
103.
0
101.
9
103.
4
106.
3
102.
0
104.
9
101.
3
101.
5
100.
0
95.3
93.6
91.4
96.3
89.3
92.3
88.7
99.4
97.4
95.2
97.4
93.3
92.5
92.2
92.5
95.7
90.6
89.8
83.4
105.
3
105.
6
105.
3
104.
4
102.
5
99.8
99.2
98.9
97.8
98.5
98.5
99.2
97.9
96.3
94.4
91.9
86.7
87.3
86.5
109.
8
104.
3
114.
1
115.
7
112.
3
106.
8
115.
9
122.
0
107.
7
101.
5
105.
6
100.
2
112.
5
109.
3
111.
3
105.
1
112.
4
110.
6
106.
0
105.
4
102.
7
110.
2
115.
5
111.
3
111.
4
112.
6
118.
0
110.
0
107.
8
107.
7
101.
4
115.
0
113.
2
116.
3
107.
7
116.
4
111.
5
105.
6
96.9
112.
0
106.
5
103.
6
116.
4
108.
9
106.
6
102.
8
115.
8
116.
2
112.
4
111.
7
115.
1
116.
0
107.
5
107.
2
106.
6
102.
2
108.
6
115.
9
112.
2
116.
1
114.
1
116.
6
114.
0
108.
1
105.
7
119.
5
108.
6
112.
8
108.
7
114.
8
117.
7
112.
3
108.
3
116.
8
119.
1
110.
4
105.
6
97.2
114.
2
108.
2
102.
6
122.
0
104.
3
111.
8
110.
2
115.
7
118.
7
110.
7
108.
2
117.
0
122.
4
101.
4
100.
4
101.
7
107.
8
107.
5
101.
4
98.2
101.
6
96.4
98.2
96.6
96.7
97.1
92.1
99.6
95.9
97.2
96.1
87.6
86.1
86.8
108.
9
109.
0
104.
6
103.
0
108.
5
101.
4
101.
5
102.
9
107.
3
103.
3
102.
9
101.
6
99.1
97.8
97.1
95.1
93.9
97.1
98.9
94.0
89.1
89.5
86.0
86.7
98.5
94.9
92.2
101.
6
98.5
95.7
87.8
82.9
81.2
83.6
85.2
86.4
84.3
83.2
80.6
Northland
86.2
80.3
80.4
78.9
80.6
77.2
73.9
74.4
Waitemata
74.6
72.1
68.1
70.9
73.1
75.2
74.1
Auckland Central
90.5
89.1
87.1
88.2
90.1
92.1
90.6
South Auckland
87.0
82.5
77.0
78.1
81.1
85.8
Waikato
85.0
80.3
78.6
82.6
83.7
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
79.7
76.9
72.9
79.8
88.5
82.6
84.0
91.3
86.5
83.2
83.5
Wellington
87.0
85.8
Nelson-
94.2
82.4
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
Female
s
Age-Specific Mortality Rate Per 1,000 of Population
Region
NEW ZEALAND
98.5
95.0
95.9
95.0
102.
7
110.
8
103.
5
111.
7
105.
2
108.
5
104.
8
108.
2
103.
2
102.
6
103.
4
108.
9
78.2
76.7
76.9
76.3
76.2
76.7
76.3
73.9
72.9
70.8
78.0
78.7
75.7
71.9
72.3
74.8
74.9
74.3
68.5
66.1
63.2
72.0
71.3
70.5
69.6
70.9
70.9
70.5
70.8
70.5
70.7
69.5
66.1
88.4
85.0
81.0
78.7
79.5
79.4
79.3
80.3
82.0
80.5
79.3
75.6
79.9
77.1
72.6
71.3
72.5
71.8
73.2
72.2
73.1
73.2
70.7
71.0
68.4
84.4
79.1
81.0
77.7
77.4
73.3
71.9
69.6
68.6
71.6
70.1
69.5
69.8
70.9
82.5
84.1
80.8
82.7
80.0
77.9
74.1
74.1
70.3
70.2
71.6
72.0
67.8
66.1
64.0
92.3
92.0
87.8
85.5
81.3
75.3
73.8
77.4
80.2
82.1
78.2
78.2
76.1
80.3
77.1
85.6
88.2
88.4
87.0
84.5
80.7
77.5
77.1
78.8
78.5
78.5
78.5
76.8
73.5
72.7
72.7
82.1
84.1
84.1
88.0
89.2
88.5
83.7
80.2
78.7
79.5
76.8
76.9
77.2
79.1
75.2
73.8
71.0
84.8
84.4
83.5
80.5
83.0
84.4
79.4
74.5
69.5
74.2
72.3
77.0
77.6
78.6
73.4
68.8
68.3
91
106.
1
106.
6
104.
3
100.
8
106.
0
108.
5
100.
2
108.
7
108.
1
103.
4
98.7
101.
1
107.
9
Marlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
89.8
81.1
80.3
82.6
85.1
86.1
84.8
83.4
82.5
80.0
80.4
79.4
80.2
79.7
80.7
79.7
75.9
74.2
71.0
96.4
87.0
87.1
88.7
89.1
89.6
85.2
84.8
84.4
84.9
84.0
81.6
80.6
78.7
79.0
75.3
76.5
75.5
76.2
Note: 1980 and 2000 are based on two year averages.
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set – Mortality
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
Appendix Table 5.3: Synthetic Life-Expectancy at Birth By Gender, Health Regions and New Zealand,
Running 3 Year Averages, 1980-98
Gender
Males
Females
Life-Expectancy at Birth
Region
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
NEW ZEALAND
70.1
70.3
70.7
71.0
71.1
71.1
71.2
71.4
71.7
72.1
72.5
72.7
73.0
73.3
73.7
73.9
74.1
74.6
75.0
75.4
75.6
Northland
69.3
69.8
70.7
70.9
70.6
70.5
70.4
70.7
70.6
70.8
71.4
71.6
71.9
71.8
72.1
72.3
72.4
72.8
72.8
73.3
73.3
Waitemata
71.7
72.3
72.7
72.9
72.9
73.1
73.2
73.3
73.7
73.9
74.2
74.3
75.1
75.4
75.5
75.6
75.6
76.1
76.3
77.3
77.6
Auckland Central
69.7
70.0
70.1
70.6
70.5
70.4
70.2
70.3
71.1
71.6
72.3
72.6
72.9
73.2
73.6
73.9
74.3
74.7
75.4
75.9
76.1
South Auckland
70.3
70.8
71.5
71.7
71.6
71.4
71.2
71.5
71.6
72.1
72.1
72.4
72.5
72.8
73.2
73.5
74.0
74.6
75.0
75.2
75.4
Waikato
70.5
70.6
71.2
71.3
71.2
71.2
71.0
71.7
71.7
72.0
72.4
72.7
73.0
73.1
73.7
74.0
74.1
74.1
74.2
74.5
74.7
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
69.7
69.8
70.2
70.3
70.6
70.4
70.7
71.1
71.3
71.7
72.0
72.1
72.2
72.5
73.0
73.0
72.7
73.2
73.6
74.5
74.7
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
68.8
69.1
69.3
69.6
69.9
70.1
70.5
70.7
71.1
71.5
72.0
71.7
71.6
71.6
71.9
72.2
72.4
73.0
73.4
73.7
73.9
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu
70.2
70.2
70.5
70.7
71.0
70.9
71.0
71.1
71.3
71.9
72.2
72.6
72.5
73.0
73.2
73.4
74.0
74.7
75.0
74.8
74.7
Wellington
69.7
69.8
69.9
70.6
71.0
71.5
71.3
71.4
71.6
71.9
72.4
72.7
73.2
73.8
74.1
74.4
74.5
75.0
75.1
75.6
75.7
Nelson-Marlborough
71.0
70.9
71.1
71.1
71.7
71.7
72.4
73.0
73.6
73.6
73.8
74.2
75.0
75.2
74.8
74.5
74.9
75.8
76.5
76.5
76.7
Central South Island
70.2
70.7
71.0
71.4
71.1
71.3
71.3
71.5
71.9
72.4
73.0
73.0
73.2
73.5
73.8
74.3
74.6
75.2
75.6
76.3
76.6
Southern South Island
69.7
69.9
70.1
70.1
70.3
70.4
70.7
70.6
71.1
71.6
72.3
72.4
73.0
73.2
73.7
73.7
74.0
74.5
75.0
75.4
75.6
NEW ZEALAND
76.2
76.5
77.0
77.2
77.2
77.2
77.1
77.4
77.7
78.1
78.4
78.6
78.9
79.1
79.2
79.3
79.4
79.9
80.2
80.6
80.8
Northland
75.7
76.0
76.4
76.8
76.9
76.7
76.5
76.9
77.1
77.2
77.4
78.1
78.2
78.3
77.9
77.8
78.1
78.6
78.9
79.4
79.6
Waitemata
78.1
78.6
78.9
79.5
79.4
79.3
78.9
79.1
79.4
79.7
79.8
80.0
80.1
80.4
80.4
80.4
80.5
81.0
81.7
82.1
82.2
Auckland Central
75.7
76.0
76.2
76.7
76.6
76.8
76.6
77.1
77.5
78.0
78.5
78.8
78.9
79.1
79.3
79.7
79.8
80.1
80.4
81.1
81.4
South Auckland
75.7
75.9
76.8
77.1
77.1
76.8
76.2
76.8
77.2
78.0
78.3
78.2
78.3
78.6
78.8
79.0
78.9
79.4
79.7
80.2
80.4
Waikato
75.9
76.2
77.1
76.9
77.1
77.4
77.8
78.0
77.8
77.9
78.1
78.4
78.8
79.1
79.5
79.4
79.5
79.6
79.8
80.1
80.3
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
76.1
76.6
77.2
77.2
76.7
76.4
76.4
76.9
76.7
76.9
77.2
77.8
78.5
78.7
78.7
78.6
79.0
79.4
79.6
79.7
79.8
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
75.8
75.8
76.5
76.5
76.3
76.2
76.1
76.7
76.9
77.3
77.5
77.7
77.4
77.7
77.5
77.9
77.9
78.4
78.2
78.8
78.7
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu
75.9
76.1
76.6
76.8
76.9
76.7
76.7
76.9
77.4
77.9
78.1
78.1
78.1
78.3
78.7
78.8
79.2
79.7
79.9
80.2
80.2
Wellington
76.3
76.5
76.8
77.4
77.4
77.6
77.2
77.3
77.4
77.7
78.0
78.5
78.9
79.6
79.5
79.6
79.5
80.0
80.3
80.9
81.1
Nelson-Marlborough
76.7
77.1
77.6
77.7
77.8
78.2
78.2
78.1
78.2
78.8
79.6
80.1
80.0
79.9
79.5
79.6
79.7
80.5
80.9
81.3
81.3
92
Central South Island
76.0
76.4
77.2
77.4
77.4
77.5
77.5
78.0
78.3
78.7
79.0
79.2
79.5
79.6
79.7
79.6
80.1
80.6
81.0
81.4
81.6
Southern South Island
75.9
76.3
76.8
77.0
76.7
76.8
76.8
77.4
77.7
78.1
78.4
78.6
79.0
79.4
79.4
79.5
79.6
80.0
80.2
80.6
80.8
Note: 1980 and 2000 are two-year averages
Sources: National Minimum Data Set – Mortality, New Zealand Health Information Service
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Census of Population and Dwellings
93
Appendix Table 5.4: Life-Expectancy at Birth By Total and Māori Populations
for New Zealand, Selected Five Year Averages, 1980-2000
1980-1984
Males Females
70.4
76.7
Total population
Socio-cultural Māori
population1
Pasifika
Asian
65.2
73.5
-
1990-1994
Males Females
72.8
78.7
69.6
82.1
-
70.6
76.3
-
76.1
83.9
-
1996-2000
Males Females
75
80.3
66.9
68.42
79.73
72.1
75.72
84.03
(1) 50% or more Māori in 1981.
(2) Two year average 1999-2000.
(3) Two year average 1999-2000, data not available for previous years due to insufficient numbers.
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set – Mortality
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
Appendix Table 5.5: Māori Life-Expectancy at Birth, By Gender and Larger
Regions, Selected 5 Year Averages, 1980-2000
Region
Males
1
New Zealand
Northland
Auckland Wide
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu/Wellington
1980-84
65.2
62.7
65.9
62.9
63.3
66.7
67.3
2
1990-94
70.6
66.4
70.9
67
67.1
73.5
75
Females
1996-00
66.9
63.5
68.3
65.5
65
65.1
67.8
3
1980-84
69.6
67.9
71.2
66.8
67.5
72.4
70.5
1
1990-942 1996-003
76.1
72.1
72.7
68.8
75.9
73.3
72.4
70.8
71.7
71.1
77.9
70.9
81.6
72.8
(1) 1981 50% or more Māori population is used as denominator.
(2) 1991 Socio-cultural Māori population is used as denominator.
(3) 1998 linear interpolated population using the Socio-cultural Māori population of 1996 and 2001 censuses.
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set – Mortality
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
94
Appendix Table 5.6: Life-Expectancy at Age 65 Years By Gender, Health Regions and New Zealand, Running 3
Year Averages, 1980-2000
Region
198
0
198
1
198
2
198
3
198
4
198
5
198
6
198
7
Life-Expectancy at Age 65 Years
198
198
199
199
199
8
9
0
1
2
199
3
199
4
199
5
199
6
199
7
199
8
199
9
200
0
NEW ZEALAND
13.1
13.3
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.8
13.8
14.0
14.1
14.4
14.7
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.1
15.2
15.4
15.8
16.0
16.3
16.3
Northland
13.0
13.3
13.7
14.0
13.9
13.8
13.9
14.0
14.1
14.2
14.7
14.8
15.0
14.7
14.9
15.1
15.5
15.9
15.6
16.0
16.0
Waitemata
13.7
14.1
14.4
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.7
14.8
15.1
15.3
15.5
15.5
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.9
16.0
16.4
16.6
17.2
17.4
Auckland Central
13.1
13.2
13.5
13.6
13.8
13.7
13.7
13.7
14.1
14.3
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.8
14.9
15.1
15.3
15.7
16.0
16.3
16.3
South Auckland
13.2
13.4
14.1
14.1
14.2
14.0
13.9
14.2
14.4
15.0
15.1
15.1
15.0
15.2
15.3
15.6
15.9
16.2
16.3
16.3
16.4
Waikato
13.2
13.5
14.0
14.1
13.9
13.9
13.9
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.7
14.8
15.0
15.0
15.3
15.3
15.5
15.6
15.9
16.0
16.2
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
13.4
13.6
14.0
14.3
14.3
14.0
14.0
14.5
14.8
15.0
15.1
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.6
15.6
15.7
16.1
16.4
16.5
16.5
Hawke‟ s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawa
tu
12.9
13.2
13.6
13.5
13.4
13.3
13.4
13.7
13.9
14.1
14.3
14.2
14.2
14.4
14.7
14.9
14.9
15.4
15.6
15.9
15.8
13.0
13.2
13.3
13.6
13.6
13.7
13.5
13.6
13.7
14.2
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.7
14.7
15.3
15.8
15.9
15.8
15.7
Wellington
12.9
13.0
13.4
13.6
13.8
13.9
13.7
13.8
13.9
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.7
15.0
15.1
15.3
15.3
15.6
15.8
16.2
16.3
Nelson-Marlborough
12.7
12.9
13.2
13.4
13.7
13.7
14.0
14.3
14.7
14.9
15.2
15.3
15.5
15.5
15.3
15.5
15.7
16.3
16.7
16.9
16.9
Central South Island
13.2
13.4
13.8
13.8
13.6
13.7
13.7
13.9
13.9
14.0
14.4
14.6
14.7
14.7
14.9
15.1
15.3
15.6
16.0
16.3
16.6
Southern South Island
12.4
12.6
12.9
13.0
13.0
13.1
13.2
13.4
13.7
13.8
14.1
14.1
14.3
14.6
14.8
14.8
14.9
15.1
15.5
15.8
16.0
NEW ZEALAND
16.8
17.1
17.5
17.7
17.6
17.5
17.5
17.6
17.8
18.1
18.3
18.5
18.5
18.7
18.8
18.8
18.9
19.3
19.4
19.7
19.8
Northland
16.6
17.0
17.1
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.5
17.8
17.8
17.8
17.9
18.5
18.7
18.8
18.3
18.4
18.5
19.0
19.4
19.9
20.2
Waitemata
17.6
18.1
18.4
18.9
18.8
18.8
18.6
18.6
18.8
18.9
19.2
19.4
19.3
19.3
19.4
19.4
19.6
19.7
20.2
20.5
20.6
Auckland Central
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.5
17.4
17.4
17.3
17.4
17.6
18.0
18.4
18.6
18.7
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.9
19.2
19.4
20.0
20.0
South Auckland
16.7
16.9
17.4
17.8
17.8
17.6
17.4
17.8
18.2
18.6
18.9
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.9
18.9
18.9
19.4
19.4
19.8
19.9
Waikato
16.7
17.1
17.5
17.7
17.6
17.6
17.8
18.1
18.1
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.9
19.1
19.3
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.3
19.6
19.6
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
17.0
17.5
17.7
18.0
17.5
17.3
17.3
17.7
17.6
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.1
19.4
19.6
19.9
20.1
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
16.6
16.8
17.2
17.2
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.2
17.3
17.7
18.2
18.3
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.4
18.5
18.8
18.5
18.8
18.8
Gende
r
Males
Female
s
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawa
95
tu
17.1
17.3
17.7
17.6
17.5
17.2
17.1
17.3
17.8
18.1
18.2
18.2
18.2
18.3
18.5
18.5
18.8
19.2
19.4
19.5
19.4
Wellington
17.1
17.3
17.6
17.8
17.7
17.7
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.8
18.0
18.3
18.3
18.7
18.7
18.7
18.6
19.0
19.3
19.6
19.6
Nelson-Marlborough
16.1
16.5
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.8
18.0
17.9
17.8
18.4
18.9
19.3
19.2
19.3
19.0
18.8
18.9
19.4
19.9
20.1
20.1
Central South Island
16.6
17.0
17.8
17.8
17.7
17.6
17.5
17.7
17.8
18.0
18.2
18.2
18.5
18.6
18.8
18.8
19.0
19.4
19.6
19.9
20.0
Southern South Island
16.3
16.6
17.2
17.3
17.0
17.1
17.0
17.4
17.5
17.7
17.8
17.9
18.1
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.9
18.9
19.1
19.1
19.3
Note: 1980 and 2000 are based on 2-year averages
Sources: National Minimum Data Set – Mortality, New Zealand Health Information Service
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Census of Population and Dwellings
Appendix Table 5.7: Probability of Surviving from Age x for n Years by Gender, Health Regions and New
Zealand, Running 3 Year Average, 1980-2000
a) Probability of Surviving from Birth to 15 Years (15p0)
Gender
Males
Females
Probability of Surviving
Region
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
NEW ZEALAND
0.980
0.980
0.980
0.981
0.981
0.982
0.982
0.983
0.984
0.984
0.985
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.989
0.989
0.989
0.989
0.990
Northland
0.982
0.983
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.982
0.980
0.980
0.983
0.984
0.986
0.985
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.988
0.985
0.982
0.982
0.984
0.985
Waitemata
0.984
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.990
0.991
0.991
0.990
0.989
0.989
0.990
0.991
0.992
Auckland Central
0.981
0.982
0.982
0.983
0.983
0.983
0.982
0.980
0.982
0.983
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.988
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.990
South Auckland
0.982
0.982
0.982
0.983
0.983
0.983
0.982
0.984
0.985
0.985
0.983
0.982
0.983
0.984
0.985
0.985
0.986
0.988
0.988
0.988
0.988
Waikato
0.982
0.982
0.983
0.983
0.982
0.982
0.981
0.983
0.982
0.983
0.983
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.986
0.989
0.989
0.989
0.988
0.988
0.988
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.980
0.980
0.979
0.978
0.979
0.981
0.983
0.984
0.982
0.981
0.981
0.983
0.985
0.986
0.988
0.988
0.987
0.985
0.984
0.987
0.988
0.974
0.974
0.975
0.977
0.979
0.982
0.983
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.985
0.984
0.986
0.987
0.989
0.990
0.990
0.980
0.981
0.983
0.982
0.982
0.980
0.981
0.981
0.982
0.982
0.982
0.984
0.984
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.989
0.990
0.991
0.989
0.988
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
0.977
0.976
0.974
0.977
0.980
0.982
0.981
0.982
0.984
0.984
0.985
0.985
0.987
0.988
0.990
0.991
0.990
0.991
0.990
0.991
0.991
0.981
0.984
0.982
0.979
0.980
0.980
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.983
0.984
0.988
0.992
0.990
0.990
0.986
0.990
0.989
0.992
0.991
0.994
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.979
0.980
0.981
0.982
0.980
0.981
0.980
0.981
0.983
0.984
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.989
0.990
0.990
0.992
0.992
0.992
0.991
0.991
0.978
0.979
0.978
0.977
0.979
0.981
0.983
0.982
0.983
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.991
0.991
0.991
0.990
0.991
NEW ZEALAND
0.984
0.984
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.989
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.991
0.991
0.992
0.992
Northland
0.985
0.983
0.983
0.982
0.984
0.984
0.985
0.987
0.987
0.987
0.990
0.991
0.989
0.986
0.988
0.986
0.988
0.986
0.988
0.988
0.989
Waitemata
0.991
0.989
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.989
0.987
0.989
0.990
0.993
0.993
0.992
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.992
0.993
0.994
0.995
96
Auckland Central
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.985
0.988
0.990
0.992
0.991
0.990
0.989
0.989
0.990
0.991
0.992
0.991
0.992
0.992
0.994
South Auckland
0.983
0.985
0.985
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.982
0.983
0.985
0.988
0.988
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.989
0.991
0.989
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.990
Waikato
0.984
0.985
0.987
0.984
0.985
0.986
0.989
0.989
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.990
0.988
0.989
0.988
0.989
0.990
0.991
0.992
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.986
0.985
0.987
0.986
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.989
0.991
0.990
0.990
0.988
0.989
0.990
0.990
0.989
0.988
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.986
0.988
0.990
0.990
0.989
0.988
0.986
0.986
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.989
0.990
0.982
0.982
0.983
0.985
0.986
0.986
0.986
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.989
0.989
0.990
0.990
0.990
0.989
0.989
0.990
0.993
0.994
0.994
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
0.983
0.984
0.983
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.990
0.992
0.992
0.992
0.992
0.992
0.993
0.992
0.993
0.993
0.991
0.992
0.994
0.993
0.992
0.989
0.989
0.988
0.989
0.990
0.992
0.993
0.992
0.990
0.990
0.992
0.993
0.993
0.992
0.990
0.990
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.981
0.981
0.983
0.983
0.984
0.984
0.985
0.987
0.987
0.989
0.989
0.992
0.992
0.993
0.992
0.992
0.991
0.993
0.993
0.994
0.995
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.983
0.984
0.984
0.985
0.987
0.988
0.991
0.991
0.991
0.991
0.991
0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.993
0.993
(Continued on next page)
Appendix Table 5.7 (continued)
b) Probability of Surviving from 15 to 25 Years (10p15)
Gender
Males
Females
Probability of Surviving
Region
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
NEW ZEALAND
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.983
0.983
0.983
0.983
0.983
0.984
0.985
0.986
0.986
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.989
Northland
0.973
0.973
0.974
0.977
0.978
0.980
0.978
0.979
0.977
0.978
0.978
0.982
0.981
0.980
0.979
0.977
0.980
0.980
0.984
0.981
0.980
Waitemata
0.985
0.986
0.988
0.987
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.989
0.990
0.989
0.988
0.987
0.988
0.987
0.988
0.989
Auckland Central
0.983
0.984
0.983
0.985
0.984
0.986
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.985
0.986
0.988
0.988
0.989
0.988
0.990
0.990
0.992
0.991
0.992
0.992
South Auckland
0.989
0.988
0.988
0.986
0.984
0.983
0.982
0.982
0.981
0.980
0.981
0.982
0.984
0.986
0.985
0.987
0.986
0.988
0.987
0.989
0.988
Waikato
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.983
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.983
0.983
0.983
0.982
0.982
0.983
0.984
0.986
0.985
0.984
0.985
0.988
0.989
0.989
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.981
0.981
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.979
0.977
0.978
0.976
0.976
0.979
0.979
0.979
0.978
0.978
0.981
0.979
0.982
0.980
0.983
0.982
0.983
0.981
0.981
0.982
0.982
0.981
0.980
0.980
0.980
0.981
0.984
0.982
0.981
0.978
0.979
0.982
0.982
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.982
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.985
0.985
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.982
0.981
0.983
0.984
0.985
0.986
0.985
0.986
0.985
0.987
0.988
0.989
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.985
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.983
0.984
0.985
0.987
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.989
0.991
0.990
0.991
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.986
0.986
0.985
0.985
0.984
0.982
0.982
0.986
0.990
0.991
0.988
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.989
0.992
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.988
0.988
0.988
0.987
0.988
0.987
0.987
0.985
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.986
0.988
0.989
0.991
0.992
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.987
0.987
0.986
0.987
0.984
0.984
0.982
0.985
0.986
0.986
0.986
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989
0.991
0.991
0.991
NEW ZEALAND
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.996
Northland
0.991
0.990
0.994
0.994
0.996
0.995
0.994
0.992
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.993
0.992
0.992
0.991
Waitemata
0.994
0.995
0.996
0.995
0.994
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.995
0.994
0.993
0.993
0.995
0.996
0.997
0.997
Auckland Central
0.992
0.993
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.996
0.997
0.997
0.997
0.997
0.997
0.997
97
South Auckland
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.995
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
Waikato
0.993
0.993
0.992
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.993
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.993
0.994
0.995
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.991
0.991
0.992
0.992
0.992
0.994
0.993
0.994
0.990
0.991
0.991
0.993
0.993
0.992
0.994
0.993
0.993
0.992
0.992
0.992
0.992
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.991
0.992
0.991
0.992
0.991
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.992
0.992
0.992
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.993
0.993
0.994
0.993
0.994
0.993
0.994
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.994
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.997
0.997
0.995
0.994
0.992
0.992
0.993
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.994
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.995
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.996
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.995
0.995
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.994
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.996
0.997
0.996
0.996
0.996
0.997
0.997
0.997
0.997
(Continued on next page)
Appendix Table 5.7 (continued)
c) Probability of Surviving from 25 to 45 Years (20p25)
Gende
r
Males
Probability of Surviving
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of
Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganu
i/ Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
1980
0.96
4
0.95
9
0.97
4
0.95
8
0.96
0
0.96
4
0.95
1
0.95
7
0.96
8
0.96
8
0.97
1
0.96
1
0.96
5
1981
0.96
4
0.95
8
0.97
5
0.95
8
0.96
6
0.96
3
0.95
3
0.95
7
0.96
4
0.96
8
0.96
8
0.96
3
0.96
6
1982
0.96
5
0.96
4
0.97
3
0.96
0
0.96
8
0.96
7
0.95
3
0.95
5
0.96
5
0.96
9
0.96
9
0.96
4
0.96
4
1983
0.96
5
0.96
0
0.97
4
0.96
1
0.96
9
0.96
5
0.95
3
0.95
6
0.96
3
0.96
9
0.97
2
0.96
5
0.96
4
1984
0.96
6
0.96
0
0.97
3
0.96
3
0.96
5
0.96
9
0.95
4
0.95
8
0.96
7
0.96
9
0.97
6
0.96
5
0.96
6
1985
0.96
5
0.95
4
0.97
4
0.96
0
0.96
4
0.96
8
0.95
3
0.96
0
0.96
7
0.96
9
0.97
6
0.96
5
0.96
5
1986
0.96
6
0.95
9
0.97
2
0.96
0
0.96
2
0.96
8
0.95
8
0.96
2
0.96
9
0.96
7
0.97
3
0.96
5
0.96
6
1987
0.96
5
0.95
7
0.97
2
0.95
8
0.96
2
0.96
4
0.95
9
0.96
3
0.96
8
0.96
8
0.97
2
0.96
5
0.96
2
1988
0.96
5
0.95
6
0.97
0
0.96
1
0.96
1
0.96
4
0.96
1
0.96
3
0.96
6
0.96
7
0.97
6
0.96
9
0.96
4
98
1989
0.96
6
0.95
4
0.96
9
0.96
1
0.95
9
0.96
2
0.95
9
0.96
3
0.96
9
0.97
0
0.97
5
0.97
1
0.96
4
1990
0.96
6
0.95
4
0.96
9
0.96
1
0.95
8
0.96
3
0.96
1
0.96
2
0.96
8
0.97
1
0.97
3
0.97
1
0.96
8
1991
0.96
6
0.95
7
0.97
0
0.96
4
0.96
0
0.96
4
0.95
9
0.96
2
0.96
8
0.97
4
0.96
9
0.96
9
0.96
8
1992
0.96
7
0.95
6
0.97
2
0.96
5
0.96
2
0.96
5
0.96
1
0.96
1
0.96
5
0.97
2
0.97
0
0.96
8
0.97
0
1993
0.96
7
0.95
9
0.97
5
0.96
7
0.96
3
0.96
5
0.96
1
0.96
0
0.96
8
0.97
2
0.97
1
0.96
7
0.96
8
1994
0.96
8
0.95
8
0.97
6
0.96
8
0.96
6
0.96
5
0.96
3
0.95
8
0.97
0
0.97
1
0.96
9
0.96
9
0.97
0
1995
0.96
9
0.95
8
0.97
7
0.97
0
0.96
5
0.96
7
0.95
8
0.95
9
0.97
2
0.97
1
0.96
9
0.97
0
0.97
1
1996
0.96
9
0.96
0
0.97
5
0.97
3
0.96
7
0.96
7
0.95
5
0.95
8
0.97
1
0.97
1
0.97
1
0.97
0
0.97
3
1997
0.96
8
0.96
2
0.97
5
0.97
1
0.96
8
0.96
6
0.95
2
0.95
5
0.96
8
0.97
2
0.97
1
0.97
1
0.97
2
1998
0.96
9
0.96
4
0.97
5
0.97
1
0.97
0
0.96
3
0.95
4
0.95
5
0.96
7
0.97
1
0.97
3
0.97
1
0.97
2
1999
0.96
9
0.96
4
0.97
7
0.97
3
0.96
9
0.96
3
0.95
8
0.95
4
0.96
6
0.97
1
0.96
9
0.97
4
0.97
3
2000
0.97
0
0.96
4
0.97
9
0.97
6
0.96
7
0.96
1
0.96
0
0.95
8
0.96
8
0.97
0
0.97
0
0.97
3
0.97
5
Female
s
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of
Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganu
i/ Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
0.97
8
0.97
6
0.98
2
0.97
2
0.97
7
0.97
8
0.97
7
0.97
8
0.97
5
0.97
8
0.98
0
0.98
0
0.97
8
0.97
8
0.97
9
0.98
3
0.97
4
0.97
6
0.97
7
0.97
9
0.97
5
0.97
4
0.97
8
0.98
4
0.98
0
0.97
9
0.97
9
0.97
8
0.98
5
0.97
3
0.97
6
0.97
8
0.98
0
0.97
8
0.97
5
0.97
9
0.98
0
0.98
0
0.98
1
0.97
9
0.97
9
0.98
5
0.97
6
0.97
9
0.97
7
0.98
0
0.97
8
0.97
6
0.98
0
0.98
0
0.98
0
0.98
1
0.98
0
0.97
6
0.98
3
0.97
6
0.98
0
0.97
9
0.97
8
0.98
0
0.97
8
0.98
2
0.97
7
0.98
1
0.98
0
0.98
0
0.97
7
0.98
4
0.97
9
0.97
9
0.98
1
0.97
7
0.97
7
0.97
8
0.98
2
0.97
6
0.98
1
0.97
9
0.98
0
0.97
7
0.98
3
0.97
8
0.97
5
0.98
2
0.97
5
0.97
2
0.97
9
0.98
2
0.97
7
0.98
3
0.98
2
0.98
0
0.97
7
0.98
3
0.97
8
0.97
5
0.98
3
0.97
4
0.97
3
0.98
1
0.98
1
0.97
8
0.98
5
0.98
3
0.98
1
0.97
4
0.98
2
0.97
8
0.97
7
0.98
2
0.97
4
0.97
4
0.98
3
0.98
1
0.98
4
0.98
6
0.98
5
0.98
1
0.97
3
0.98
3
0.98
0
0.98
0
0.98
1
0.97
4
0.97
8
0.98
3
0.98
1
0.98
5
0.98
5
0.98
5
0.98
1
0.97
2
0.98
2
0.98
3
0.97
9
0.98
0
0.97
6
0.97
8
0.97
9
0.98
1
0.98
5
0.98
5
0.98
6
0.98
1
0.97
7
0.98
3
0.98
3
0.97
8
0.98
1
0.97
8
0.97
9
0.97
9
0.98
1
0.98
2
0.98
4
0.98
7
0.98
2
0.97
8
0.98
4
0.98
3
0.97
5
0.98
2
0.98
0
0.98
0
0.97
9
0.98
2
0.98
2
0.98
5
0.98
7
0.98
3
0.97
9
0.98
6
0.98
3
0.97
7
0.98
4
0.98
1
0.97
8
0.98
3
0.98
4
0.98
5
0.98
5
0.98
8
0.98
3
0.97
7
0.98
4
0.98
2
0.97
7
0.98
2
0.97
9
0.97
9
0.98
4
0.98
5
0.98
6
0.98
5
0.98
8
0.98
3
0.97
8
0.98
5
0.98
3
0.98
1
0.98
1
0.98
0
0.97
8
0.98
4
0.98
5
0.98
6
0.98
5
0.98
8
0.98
3
0.98
0
0.98
6
0.98
3
0.98
1
0.98
0
0.98
0
0.98
1
0.98
3
0.98
5
0.98
4
0.98
6
0.98
5
0.98
3
0.97
9
0.98
7
0.98
4
0.97
9
0.98
2
0.98
2
0.98
0
0.98
3
0.98
5
0.98
6
0.98
5
0.98
3
0.98
3
0.97
8
0.98
6
0.98
4
0.98
0
0.98
3
0.98
0
0.97
8
0.98
3
0.98
6
0.98
7
0.98
5
0.98
3
0.98
4
0.97
9
0.98
5
0.98
5
0.98
1
0.98
4
0.98
0
0.97
8
0.98
3
0.98
7
0.98
9
0.98
5
0.98
6
0.98
4
0.98
0
0.98
4
0.98
6
0.98
3
0.98
3
0.97
9
0.97
6
0.98
3
0.98
7
0.98
9
0.98
6
0.98
8
(Continued on next page)
Appendix Table 5.7 (continued)
d) Probability of Surviving from 45 to 65 Years (20p45)
Gender
Males
Probability of Surviving
Region
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
NEW ZEALAND
0.782
0.785
0.789
0.794
0.796
0.800
0.803
0.807
0.813
0.820
0.828
0.830
0.834
0.840
0.845
0.847
0.849
0.856
0.860
0.867
0.870
Northland
0.783
0.789
0.805
0.801
0.793
0.796
0.797
0.803
0.796
0.801
0.807
0.805
0.807
0.810
0.813
0.821
0.813
0.819
0.820
0.830
0.834
Waitemata
0.801
0.813
0.822
0.825
0.828
0.834
0.843
0.839
0.843
0.843
0.855
0.853
0.861
0.863
0.871
0.871
0.875
0.883
0.887
0.894
0.898
Auckland Central
0.776
0.780
0.779
0.784
0.772
0.771
0.768
0.782
0.796
0.806
0.816
0.818
0.820
0.827
0.839
0.844
0.846
0.853
0.867
0.874
0.877
South Auckland
0.784
0.789
0.796
0.800
0.809
0.811
0.810
0.809
0.807
0.819
0.821
0.825
0.823
0.823
0.831
0.831
0.842
0.843
0.853
0.859
0.869
Waikato
0.785
0.782
0.786
0.793
0.794
0.799
0.798
0.812
0.815
0.823
0.832
0.837
0.843
0.843
0.852
0.853
0.855
0.850
0.849
0.854
0.860
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.778
0.779
0.779
0.783
0.794
0.796
0.796
0.794
0.801
0.818
0.821
0.820
0.813
0.822
0.825
0.829
0.827
0.838
0.844
0.858
0.863
0.766
0.771
0.770
0.774
0.778
0.784
0.794
0.788
0.793
0.799
0.810
0.817
0.821
0.823
0.825
0.822
0.829
0.833
0.839
0.840
0.843
0.785
0.787
0.790
0.791
0.795
0.795
0.801
0.804
0.814
0.821
0.827
0.835
0.833
0.841
0.837
0.845
0.847
0.858
0.860
0.863
0.863
Wellington
0.776
0.776
0.779
0.784
0.792
0.801
0.806
0.804
0.806
0.806
0.818
0.821
0.835
0.838
0.846
0.845
0.852
0.859
0.860
0.864
0.865
99
NelsonMarlborough
Females
0.815
0.805
0.810
0.806
0.810
0.813
0.825
0.847
0.861
0.863
0.862
0.857
0.866
0.874
0.876
0.872
0.870
0.882
0.885
0.885
0.879
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.779
0.788
0.785
0.800
0.799
0.810
0.810
0.815
0.826
0.834
0.837
0.834
0.835
0.846
0.852
0.858
0.859
0.867
0.871
0.880
0.884
0.780
0.779
0.786
0.788
0.792
0.787
0.786
0.792
0.799
0.808
0.819
0.825
0.843
0.849
0.856
0.849
0.842
0.854
0.858
0.868
0.867
NEW ZEALAND
0.871
0.871
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.878
0.877
0.882
0.883
0.885
0.885
0.888
0.892
0.895
0.895
0.897
0.899
0.903
0.907
0.909
0.911
Northland
0.867
0.869
0.876
0.873
0.869
0.861
0.855
0.860
0.872
0.878
0.877
0.874
0.879
0.883
0.877
0.875
0.873
0.883
0.886
0.888
0.888
Waitemata
0.895
0.894
0.900
0.902
0.907
0.903
0.900
0.900
0.906
0.903
0.901
0.898
0.906
0.913
0.909
0.912
0.911
0.923
0.926
0.928
0.927
Auckland Central
0.870
0.866
0.866
0.864
0.862
0.864
0.868
0.877
0.875
0.875
0.874
0.881
0.886
0.891
0.896
0.898
0.902
0.904
0.909
0.913
0.917
South Auckland
0.861
0.861
0.877
0.866
0.868
0.862
0.863
0.867
0.864
0.868
0.870
0.882
0.889
0.894
0.886
0.884
0.886
0.893
0.902
0.902
0.906
Waikato
0.866
0.865
0.880
0.871
0.880
0.878
0.882
0.879
0.880
0.878
0.882
0.880
0.885
0.884
0.895
0.901
0.904
0.897
0.901
0.901
0.907
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.866
0.871
0.875
0.872
0.872
0.863
0.867
0.866
0.872
0.872
0.875
0.875
0.879
0.880
0.882
0.886
0.889
0.894
0.897
0.891
0.891
0.857
0.855
0.862
0.863
0.861
0.865
0.869
0.877
0.876
0.874
0.866
0.869
0.864
0.878
0.875
0.880
0.875
0.881
0.879
0.889
0.890
0.862
0.864
0.868
0.871
0.871
0.873
0.869
0.874
0.876
0.883
0.883
0.886
0.882
0.880
0.885
0.892
0.900
0.899
0.896
0.898
0.901
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
0.869
0.868
0.870
0.877
0.879
0.879
0.876
0.884
0.888
0.885
0.882
0.890
0.896
0.905
0.902
0.905
0.902
0.904
0.907
0.914
0.919
0.889
0.882
0.885
0.888
0.896
0.903
0.897
0.900
0.894
0.893
0.897
0.905
0.909
0.905
0.899
0.901
0.904
0.912
0.915
0.921
0.920
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.873
0.876
0.877
0.885
0.885
0.892
0.887
0.893
0.894
0.902
0.904
0.906
0.911
0.905
0.907
0.901
0.910
0.915
0.922
0.922
0.922
0.873
0.876
0.878
0.882
0.879
0.881
0.877
0.883
0.884
0.891
0.887
0.889
0.895
0.902
0.900
0.901
0.897
0.908
0.909
0.915
0.914
(Continued on next page)
Appendix Table 5.7 (continued)
e) Probability of Surviving from 65 to 75 Years (10p65)
Gender
Males
Probability of Surviving
Region
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
NEW ZEALAND
0.628
0.632
0.639
0.645
0.649
0.651
0.653
0.661
0.671
0.681
0.688
0.691
0.698
0.702
0.708
0.714
0.723
0.734
0.743
0.753
0.755
Northland
0.626
0.629
0.649
0.649
0.648
0.642
0.646
0.647
0.651
0.658
0.686
0.689
0.710
0.702
0.709
0.707
0.716
0.723
0.719
0.732
0.736
Waitemata
0.667
0.678
0.683
0.684
0.693
0.696
0.701
0.702
0.713
0.725
0.728
0.732
0.738
0.734
0.733
0.740
0.754
0.763
0.772
0.789
0.795
Auckland Central
0.626
0.629
0.642
0.648
0.658
0.653
0.647
0.640
0.657
0.673
0.692
0.697
0.695
0.690
0.695
0.702
0.710
0.726
0.743
0.761
0.758
South Auckland
0.627
0.628
0.640
0.634
0.644
0.643
0.654
0.668
0.685
0.703
0.702
0.704
0.702
0.708
0.708
0.722
0.737
0.743
0.748
0.743
0.747
Waikato
0.623
0.633
0.648
0.654
0.652
0.657
0.659
0.676
0.685
0.689
0.690
0.692
0.700
0.704
0.706
0.710
0.719
0.728
0.745
0.743
0.745
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.638
0.642
0.650
0.669
0.672
0.663
0.661
0.678
0.693
0.701
0.703
0.713
0.713
0.718
0.724
0.730
0.735
0.739
0.752
0.761
0.768
0.625
0.628
0.629
0.626
0.624
0.619
0.630
0.648
0.670
0.676
0.678
0.667
0.672
0.678
0.691
0.696
0.697
0.715
0.729
0.746
0.747
0.618
0.622
0.620
0.639
0.641
0.653
0.638
0.645
0.645
0.669
0.677
0.681
0.684
0.682
0.697
0.697
0.722
0.732
0.738
0.736
0.732
Wellington
0.617
0.617
0.621
0.639
0.651
0.655
0.649
0.657
0.669
0.678
0.678
0.684
0.693
0.713
0.718
0.726
0.723
0.734
0.729
0.742
0.738
100
NelsonMarlborough
Females
0.623
0.621
0.619
0.620
0.631
0.634
0.651
0.677
0.702
0.714
0.724
0.720
0.729
0.726
0.736
0.740
0.744
0.761
0.769
0.782
0.781
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.647
0.653
0.661
0.658
0.650
0.655
0.660
0.669
0.667
0.669
0.678
0.680
0.689
0.693
0.698
0.708
0.719
0.735
0.746
0.760
0.767
0.591
0.599
0.599
0.605
0.610
0.618
0.624
0.629
0.641
0.646
0.655
0.659
0.680
0.690
0.701
0.697
0.702
0.705
0.719
0.734
0.745
NEW ZEALAND
0.773
0.778
0.786
0.789
0.790
0.792
0.791
0.795
0.799
0.805
0.810
0.813
0.817
0.820
0.822
0.825
0.830
0.836
0.840
0.845
0.844
Northland
0.757
0.771
0.755
0.783
0.776
0.788
0.768
0.770
0.770
0.787
0.792
0.814
0.809
0.818
0.797
0.803
0.804
0.810
0.816
0.827
0.838
Waitemata
0.791
0.797
0.804
0.813
0.823
0.829
0.829
0.824
0.824
0.828
0.834
0.840
0.838
0.838
0.840
0.839
0.848
0.854
0.871
0.870
0.867
Auckland Central
0.782
0.785
0.784
0.783
0.781
0.786
0.786
0.788
0.794
0.804
0.812
0.817
0.821
0.820
0.820
0.827
0.832
0.841
0.847
0.859
0.858
South Auckland
0.768
0.769
0.783
0.783
0.787
0.788
0.792
0.793
0.802
0.807
0.818
0.804
0.804
0.806
0.816
0.815
0.818
0.833
0.836
0.846
0.840
Waikato
0.749
0.764
0.775
0.784
0.788
0.795
0.805
0.807
0.816
0.811
0.821
0.816
0.825
0.822
0.828
0.831
0.828
0.831
0.826
0.842
0.843
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.772
0.777
0.782
0.780
0.780
0.777
0.782
0.793
0.795
0.794
0.796
0.812
0.825
0.826
0.820
0.823
0.832
0.829
0.831
0.832
0.842
0.763
0.758
0.763
0.769
0.781
0.787
0.783
0.779
0.778
0.788
0.796
0.796
0.797
0.803
0.811
0.812
0.816
0.822
0.822
0.829
0.824
0.781
0.785
0.793
0.791
0.791
0.778
0.775
0.783
0.800
0.806
0.799
0.793
0.798
0.801
0.807
0.807
0.818
0.826
0.830
0.832
0.829
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
0.785
0.781
0.797
0.796
0.797
0.795
0.785
0.791
0.786
0.800
0.801
0.811
0.811
0.823
0.820
0.823
0.823
0.831
0.837
0.837
0.835
0.748
0.761
0.762
0.776
0.778
0.808
0.804
0.809
0.810
0.826
0.837
0.836
0.847
0.843
0.838
0.829
0.837
0.849
0.850
0.860
0.855
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.773
0.779
0.794
0.795
0.797
0.797
0.795
0.799
0.802
0.807
0.809
0.814
0.824
0.830
0.835
0.837
0.848
0.852
0.854
0.856
0.857
0.762
0.773
0.780
0.787
0.775
0.781
0.778
0.788
0.792
0.797
0.806
0.806
0.806
0.809
0.814
0.823
0.821
0.826
0.828
0.831
0.830
(Continued on next page)
Appendix Table 5.7 (continued)
f) Probability of Surviving from 75 to 85 Years (10p75)
Gender
Males
Probability of Surviving
Region
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
NEW ZEALAND
0.305
0.319
0.348
0.350
0.347
0.339
0.342
0.351
0.356
0.365
0.381
0.385
0.394
0.397
0.409
0.416
0.424
0.442
0.451
0.463
0.465
Northland
0.289
0.329
0.388
0.385
0.385
0.362
0.385
0.378
0.394
0.371
0.398
0.395
0.404
0.379
0.391
0.406
0.440
0.469
0.463
0.487
0.489
Waitemata
0.329
0.357
0.368
0.387
0.386
0.389
0.375
0.373
0.385
0.394
0.410
0.407
0.427
0.436
0.445
0.451
0.443
0.463
0.473
0.504
0.507
Auckland Central
0.308
0.312
0.342
0.340
0.343
0.328
0.331
0.346
0.366
0.375
0.391
0.396
0.405
0.401
0.408
0.420
0.431
0.443
0.448
0.456
0.459
South Auckland
0.339
0.354
0.413
0.406
0.403
0.373
0.356
0.348
0.356
0.377
0.404
0.399
0.415
0.422
0.440
0.440
0.455
0.470
0.472
0.472
0.471
Waikato
0.333
0.346
0.374
0.369
0.344
0.328
0.332
0.367
0.367
0.371
0.382
0.383
0.402
0.401
0.439
0.446
0.457
0.447
0.442
0.458
0.470
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.328
0.331
0.364
0.362
0.360
0.346
0.354
0.379
0.385
0.386
0.393
0.384
0.402
0.408
0.426
0.413
0.425
0.464
0.474
0.468
0.449
0.275
0.311
0.347
0.355
0.339
0.340
0.330
0.331
0.337
0.368
0.390
0.379
0.368
0.375
0.391
0.395
0.396
0.422
0.433
0.444
0.438
0.322
0.320
0.339
0.332
0.341
0.329
0.333
0.335
0.343
0.357
0.364
0.364
0.373
0.379
0.380
0.380
0.399
0.432
0.438
0.433
0.429
Wellington
0.292
0.309
0.347
0.345
0.341
0.341
0.346
0.350
0.336
0.347
0.374
0.389
0.389
0.386
0.401
0.410
0.417
0.426
0.448
0.468
0.485
101
NelsonMarlborough
Females
0.256
0.277
0.318
0.329
0.351
0.356
0.375
0.363
0.369
0.361
0.378
0.417
0.416
0.424
0.392
0.402
0.412
0.459
0.475
0.489
0.479
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.288
0.304
0.325
0.337
0.333
0.332
0.334
0.346
0.340
0.349
0.368
0.384
0.386
0.386
0.403
0.416
0.421
0.428
0.440
0.458
0.471
0.298
0.306
0.328
0.319
0.311
0.310
0.324
0.332
0.346
0.348
0.353
0.355
0.364
0.391
0.389
0.401
0.400
0.420
0.432
0.438
0.439
NEW ZEALAND
0.486
0.503
0.524
0.530
0.525
0.517
0.513
0.518
0.525
0.537
0.550
0.561
0.564
0.571
0.578
0.580
0.586
0.596
0.610
0.622
0.628
Northland
0.511
0.503
0.521
0.503
0.522
0.504
0.540
0.537
0.534
0.511
0.526
0.558
0.588
0.598
0.599
0.594
0.600
0.612
0.627
0.643
0.648
Waitemata
0.514
0.556
0.587
0.599
0.585
0.563
0.556
0.558
0.580
0.582
0.589
0.591
0.593
0.596
0.602
0.599
0.605
0.609
0.632
0.652
0.664
Auckland Central
0.501
0.504
0.506
0.520
0.517
0.506
0.497
0.506
0.524
0.537
0.555
0.567
0.568
0.575
0.590
0.589
0.581
0.587
0.597
0.622
0.616
South Auckland
0.460
0.481
0.517
0.540
0.541
0.524
0.505
0.529
0.539
0.563
0.575
0.582
0.592
0.581
0.590
0.583
0.589
0.597
0.608
0.615
0.623
Waikato
0.489
0.498
0.523
0.529
0.527
0.521
0.522
0.537
0.530
0.533
0.538
0.561
0.577
0.592
0.594
0.593
0.605
0.616
0.619
0.620
0.620
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
0.497
0.530
0.541
0.558
0.535
0.519
0.518
0.524
0.526
0.536
0.543
0.556
0.564
0.590
0.597
0.598
0.597
0.626
0.647
0.661
0.667
0.475
0.486
0.517
0.509
0.502
0.489
0.492
0.506
0.524
0.542
0.561
0.577
0.559
0.559
0.540
0.563
0.572
0.578
0.573
0.581
0.594
0.496
0.510
0.515
0.525
0.509
0.513
0.506
0.516
0.511
0.534
0.551
0.561
0.565
0.566
0.576
0.568
0.584
0.599
0.616
0.619
0.618
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
0.494
0.510
0.514
0.527
0.524
0.533
0.512
0.500
0.500
0.522
0.545
0.551
0.549
0.561
0.575
0.572
0.574
0.583
0.608
0.622
0.626
0.472
0.489
0.547
0.521
0.540
0.530
0.551
0.518
0.508
0.533
0.560
0.594
0.566
0.596
0.587
0.597
0.583
0.593
0.609
0.626
0.635
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
0.464
0.494
0.526
0.530
0.524
0.515
0.515
0.514
0.525
0.532
0.542
0.544
0.546
0.549
0.556
0.565
0.573
0.592
0.602
0.620
0.626
0.471
0.480
0.517
0.508
0.506
0.495
0.496
0.512
0.516
0.524
0.527
0.539
0.547
0.554
0.566
0.575
0.588
0.582
0.590
0.591
0.603
Appendix Table 6.1: Hospital Discharge Rate Per 100,000 Population By Gender, Health Regions, and
New Zealand, 1980-2001
Gender
Males
198
0
198
1
198
2
198
3
198
4
198
5
Age-Standardised Hospital Discharge Rate Per 1,000 of Population
198
198
198
198
199
199
199
199
199
199
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
199
6
199
7
199
8
199
9
200
0
200
1
NEW ZEALAND
109
109
111
110
110
105
108
108
105
100
101
99
97
101
105
105
104
107
105
108
110
112
Northland
137
141
147
146
150
138
139
124
128
118
121
120
119
118
121
115
114
129
126
126
131
126
Waitemata
69
69
71
73
75
69
75
75
74
74
78
78
78
80
85
86
88
90
89
94
98
107
85
88
88
87
83
88
90
89
82
82
80
81
88
93
95
95
100
104
101
108
116
Region
Auckland Central
86
South Auckland
91
88
92
89
87
81
87
90
87
86
87
86
84
92
99
101
105
108
108
113
117
117
Waikato
Bay of
Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
109
107
112
109
107
102
102
105
102
97
102
103
100
105
109
106
100
108
104
108
111
112
131
125
129
127
128
123
128
128
128
125
127
127
118
122
127
126
123
126
124
130
132
130
102
Female
s
Bay/Tairawhiti
139
145
144
148
150
136
145
150
134
130
131
132
131
131
138
130
131
131
118
120
121
122
Taranaki/Wanganui
/ Manawatu
119
118
118
118
120
115
115
115
115
109
113
109
106
113
114
118
111
113
111
117
117
119
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
107
108
111
109
111
109
106
105
104
93
94
91
92
94
97
98
99
102
95
99
98
97
116
117
111
113
118
113
108
110
95
94
96
93
86
92
91
87
84
81
79
89
93
93
112
110
112
110
111
110
110
111
102
95
96
89
89
95
97
98
98
101
105
105
107
105
129
132
131
132
126
119
126
124
126
123
116
118
109
115
120
115
113
111
101
105
107
110
NEW ZEALAND
97
98
99
98
99
92
95
95
91
86
85
83
81
85
88
88
89
91
89
92
95
96
Northland
135
137
141
141
145
136
130
120
121
116
111
108
104
110
105
99
101
108
108
105
111
106
Waitemata
64
64
66
67
67
60
67
66
63
58
63
63
63
66
70
71
71
72
74
79
85
89
Auckland Central
78
79
78
78
77
71
74
80
73
66
64
64
67
68
72
74
76
83
83
85
90
96
South Auckland
81
78
82
80
78
70
73
74
74
72
71
69
71
75
85
84
89
87
90
96
100
102
Waikato
Bay of
Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
102
103
101
104
100
90
94
96
91
86
88
90
85
93
95
93
92
99
96
99
98
96
116
119
119
117
120
110
114
112
113
111
110
107
98
105
107
106
106
110
107
110
111
108
122
130
128
128
131
124
128
135
120
113
111
110
109
108
112
111
113
113
100
101
99
104
105
105
104
107
105
98
100
101
100
98
97
94
92
97
99
99
98
98
94
97
98
100
94
95
97
95
97
93
91
89
83
77
77
76
74
78
80
83
85
86
79
86
86
85
102
102
98
98
104
101
96
98
86
84
80
75
69
76
78
73
72
74
69
80
80
81
95
98
98
95
99
95
98
97
90
84
84
78
77
82
83
86
85
88
91
91
95
94
119
119
117
117
112
106
110
106
111
104
98
100
93
97
99
96
95
93
85
88
89
93
Taranaki/Wanganui
/ Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Sources: National Minimum Data Set: Public Hospital Discharges, New Zealand Health Information Service
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Census of Population and Dwellings
103
Appendix Table 6.2: Age-Standardised1 Discharge and Bed-Day Rates for the
Sole-Māori Population By Gender and Larger Health Regions, 1990-94
Region
New Zealand
Northland
Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s B./Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu/Wellington
Discharge rate per 100,000 people
Males
Females
167
159
201
200
156
140
167
155
182
169
212
186
155
152
Bed-Day rate per person
Males
Females
1.16
1.04
1.20
1.10
1.02
0.89
1.17
0.96
1.26
1.13
1.59
1.32
1.14
1.04
(1) Standardised by age to 1996 total New Zealand Population (all ethnic groups and both genders)
Sources: National Minimum Data Set: Public Hospital Discharges, New Zealand Health Information Service
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Census of Population and Dwellings
104
Appendix Table 6.3: Hospital Discharge Rate Per 100,000 Population By Gender and Age, Health Regions,
and New Zealand, 1980-2001
a) Under 5 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Rate Per 1,000 of Population
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
186
174
174
176
178
194
254
223
206
231
238
226
136
132
126
130
132
147
195
179
176
189
212
226
146
146
138
140
145
165
201
179
181
176
173
210
231
225
236
252
234
252
1980
153
164
91
152
123
142
190
1981
160
171
105
182
130
136
182
1982
175
251
134
207
168
148
187
1983
180
254
139
211
157
170
195
1984
188
289
140
217
173
175
217
1985
185
281
134
208
168
164
213
1986
196
273
148
224
173
174
224
1987
191
251
143
217
167
174
226
1994
204
229
162
239
194
213
240
1995
200
224
153
227
210
210
214
1996
199
215
154
207
214
203
231
1997
204
252
150
211
228
212
248
1998
199
247
166
230
205
204
259
1999
209
262
176
207
221
227
291
2000
209
270
180
252
228
210
263
2001
212
240
185
276
236
213
259
211
210
219
222
224
224
246
241
203
227
230
250
245
248
264
258
279
248
213
195
201
222
174
181
198
188
203
193
203
207
203
187
195
178
155
160
174
182
191
195
201
210
214
185
183
180
177
196
203
197
189
186
192
207
205
213
173
178
195
198
200
201
191
204
180
183
141
138
137
154
166
154
157
152
143
125
140
125
124
141
141
134
145
144
124
145
165
147
155
165
153
160
152
164
170
161
147
139
144
139
155
175
175
180
182
192
177
183
183
179
155
171
175
175
175
182
198
178
183
175
174
180
176
204
212
195
188
184
177
186
196
176
113
109
72
125
89
100
140
120
118
82
151
104
98
140
130
176
111
158
131
109
147
131
203
111
154
124
134
140
140
217
115
171
138
132
162
137
239
106
150
128
121
160
147
224
136
166
138
126
155
142
194
124
183
128
127
157
139
179
110
151
107
147
173
130
170
96
135
118
132
168
134
169
101
148
110
135
184
132
179
99
159
101
131
179
133
179
105
172
111
132
168
150
193
113
173
132
159
193
155
168
136
192
155
160
172
157
185
132
179
169
159
167
159
177
124
172
181
161
172
161
183
123
175
181
175
186
158
186
127
177
171
169
217
166
208
142
172
180
182
225
169
232
153
201
188
173
213
171
200
153
240
199
165
201
153
147
159
156
159
170
180
178
166
168
176
182
199
194
195
204
238
203
168
166
159
164
129
136
139
141
142
149
158
144
149
143
138
133
129
149
150
145
158
154
148
156
163
164
111
119
135
126
138
142
154
138
152
139
146
136
125
142
146
146
155
158
153
162
148
150
110
100
107
108
129
122
120
128
105
117
111
90
94
106
107
104
111
107
109
114
123
109
118
116
110
104
111
111
115
119
109
98
113
105
115
137
127
145
134
144
137
146
144
144
111
129
113
123
124
121
135
135
138
114
108
125
114
143
155
151
139
152
139
137
134
128
(Continued on next page)
105
Appendix Table 6.3 (continued)
b) 5-14 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Rate Per 1,000 of Population
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
55
52
51
50
48
50
79
65
66
58
65
60
35
34
34
39
35
38
46
41
40
41
42
45
42
39
38
38
38
39
51
47
50
50
51
54
73
69
70
68
63
61
1980
63
82
39
55
50
58
74
1981
62
85
37
54
49
59
64
1982
63
86
40
49
50
63
69
1983
62
91
38
49
46
58
71
1984
64
95
40
51
46
60
72
1985
61
86
36
44
44
58
68
1986
60
85
37
46
45
56
74
1987
59
81
37
46
46
57
65
1994
51
59
39
46
46
58
62
1995
51
60
38
52
44
57
60
1996
48
52
42
49
39
47
63
1997
50
62
46
50
42
51
62
1998
50
67
41
51
47
53
63
1999
49
62
42
46
46
52
61
2000
49
60
42
52
48
55
60
2001
50
58
46
53
46
52
65
76
83
82
84
89
83
89
92
74
71
74
75
70
72
74
68
67
67
62
61
57
63
73
75
73
70
69
66
69
63
60
60
62
56
67
62
63
62
65
64
59
55
55
47
44
44
52
56
55
56
53
53
49
54
55
56
46
49
47
46
46
48
46
46
43
45
63
62
60
60
76
68
58
62
48
50
49
47
41
43
44
38
38
32
35
35
33
36
63
62
60
61
69
65
58
58
52
47
44
42
44
45
45
47
46
46
45
45
46
41
70
74
77
74
73
67
71
70
69
71
62
58
51
54
54
47
47
48
46
46
42
44
48
64
26
38
39
46
58
49
70
28
43
38
48
56
48
66
31
36
39
46
54
46
67
28
36
37
45
50
50
77
28
39
37
44
58
46
75
25
33
34
45
56
46
73
28
33
34
46
59
44
58
28
37
33
42
58
42
61
28
33
33
41
52
40
57
27
30
30
37
53
40
54
26
32
32
41
55
38
48
31
33
29
40
53
38
50
29
33
32
40
44
41
52
32
34
33
45
49
42
50
31
37
38
47
52
42
42
33
35
37
46
51
39
40
34
37
35
41
50
40
47
32
37
32
41
51
40
52
33
39
34
47
51
39
43
32
37
36
43
47
40
49
33
37
36
45
52
40
43
34
38
35
43
50
72
73
66
70
76
66
64
68
64
59
58
54
59
61
65
60
54
55
53
52
47
53
56
54
54
52
54
54
50
48
49
49
50
42
43
48
45
47
41
42
39
41
42
43
47
49
48
45
49
45
46
43
41
34
35
34
34
37
37
40
36
41
36
36
37
39
50
51
47
47
54
49
45
44
35
34
35
31
33
31
35
31
28
31
30
33
28
30
46
48
48
45
52
44
45
44
38
33
34
32
35
40
38
38
37
39
38
36
41
39
49
52
57
53
53
50
54
46
48
51
45
45
37
42
38
43
42
40
35
38
32
34
(Continued on next page)
106
Appendix Table 6.3 (continued)
c) 15-24 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Rate Per 1,000 of Population
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
63
60
61
57
55
55
87
79
85
82
78
78
46
47
46
45
44
41
54
46
44
42
38
40
58
54
52
49
49
49
55
55
58
57
54
58
90
81
85
84
78
79
1980
76
113
48
53
61
71
97
1981
75
108
48
53
58
74
92
1982
79
123
49
57
61
76
102
1983
76
120
49
54
59
69
94
1984
75
107
49
53
57
69
99
1985
71
106
46
51
54
66
95
1986
69
92
48
49
56
63
96
1987
69
85
50
57
57
64
97
1994
59
77
46
44
55
60
82
1995
56
70
46
44
54
55
74
1996
52
63
43
43
52
51
70
1997
52
66
44
42
48
54
74
1998
50
67
43
42
53
51
72
1999
50
60
47
42
51
49
72
2000
53
73
45
47
54
55
71
2001
55
74
52
49
55
54
78
104
101
105
112
113
97
100
97
87
91
86
80
83
78
88
74
73
71
63
64
59
65
85
83
86
82
85
80
77
76
71
69
71
72
73
73
74
73
71
66
68
67
59
52
55
48
64
69
73
69
57
56
57
58
58
60
48
47
51
50
47
47
42
42
45
42
86
93
94
81
85
86
75
78
61
69
67
60
58
58
57
50
53
46
42
47
48
47
79
72
78
70
74
69
68
68
54
53
53
49
47
48
49
50
47
47
49
47
48
53
91
93
97
98
90
82
80
76
75
73
73
65
62
62
64
59
57
52
46
45
52
59
69
104
43
54
52
70
78
70
111
44
57
48
74
85
70
110
42
54
48
69
88
70
106
45
53
49
72
94
70
110
44
53
49
67
94
64
98
41
47
42
60
82
65
94
46
50
43
61
85
64
85
46
52
44
64
82
59
82
42
46
46
58
82
55
81
39
41
44
52
71
53
72
39
35
37
55
76
51
69
38
34
41
55
72
50
67
36
35
42
54
73
52
68
40
35
42
56
78
54
71
38
36
48
63
79
53
69
42
37
44
62
71
52
60
42
37
48
55
75
51
64
41
42
44
60
76
49
61
38
39
50
58
70
49
58
43
43
49
57
65
52
66
49
44
54
59
65
55
66
57
50
58
58
74
91
98
99
99
108
102
98
101
83
76
79
73
73
73
80
77
81
79
59
61
58
62
76
75
73
78
76
71
71
72
65
62
66
63
61
64
61
60
58
51
54
52
56
55
67
67
67
63
64
64
58
55
49
44
46
42
42
41
46
48
44
44
41
46
46
45
74
71
74
74
78
75
71
73
62
62
53
52
50
50
47
43
48
47
37
50
45
49
66
69
70
67
73
65
68
67
62
57
51
47
47
51
50
52
49
50
51
48
52
54
84
80
85
83
79
72
72
67
72
73
62
58
57
62
58
56
55
50
42
44
46
48
(Continued on next page)
107
Appendix Table 6.3 (continued)
d) 25-44 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific rate Per 1,000 of Population
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
55
52
53
51
48
50
74
67
68
70
65
64
36
37
38
37
35
38
46
43
41
42
37
42
47
49
47
49
44
46
51
51
55
55
50
52
71
70
70
69
64
66
1980
63
88
34
49
50
64
78
1981
62
89
32
47
51
61
78
1982
62
91
37
47
49
64
78
1983
61
84
37
48
47
60
78
1984
61
88
38
48
45
56
82
1985
56
77
34
43
42
54
70
1986
57
83
35
46
46
55
72
1987
56
65
36
45
46
56
72
1994
52
65
39
40
51
55
71
1995
52
60
41
45
53
52
68
1996
51
64
41
44
56
46
67
1997
53
67
47
47
57
55
69
1998
53
68
47
49
59
51
66
1999
54
66
46
50
61
53
70
2000
56
72
51
54
63
57
72
2001
58
69
58
58
62
57
73
88
91
85
87
89
76
83
83
77
71
71
69
70
68
73
71
67
66
62
65
66
67
70
71
66
67
71
65
62
63
65
61
63
59
59
59
59
59
58
55
53
50
48
44
46
43
56
63
60
62
56
58
59
59
59
64
42
44
44
45
44
47
43
45
46
44
76
70
65
69
69
63
60
64
55
48
52
53
46
48
49
45
42
44
40
47
48
51
61
58
60
60
57
59
55
56
53
46
49
43
43
45
45
47
47
49
56
53
54
54
82
80
75
79
72
67
67
63
66
66
59
58
54
57
61
57
56
52
47
49
51
53
89
133
61
73
77
94
105
90
133
60
69
72
98
109
88
129
58
68
71
96
111
86
127
58
67
68
95
100
84
131
55
65
65
92
103
75
110
47
57
56
77
92
75
106
51
56
58
78
96
74
97
50
58
57
82
89
68
105
46
52
55
74
90
63
100
38
42
51
69
90
59
92
39
39
49
67
81
58
82
39
36
47
66
80
54
78
35
37
45
61
66
55
78
36
39
45
61
71
56
73
40
36
56
62
75
54
62
39
39
52
60
69
54
68
41
37
56
59
69
55
71
40
45
51
63
74
54
69
44
46
55
59
73
56
64
48
48
58
62
69
57
69
51
50
62
61
70
58
68
53
52
63
61
69
109
123
111
115
111
99
104
112
92
83
79
80
72
71
76
71
70
73
65
64
64
68
94
94
92
91
87
74
79
79
79
75
69
71
68
71
70
67
60
60
60
61
61
65
86
83
84
83
80
71
67
69
56
49
51
49
48
48
48
48
50
49
45
49
50
49
87
97
89
83
90
88
81
79
69
64
57
53
49
53
53
48
44
49
45
52
53
51
84
86
87
82
84
78
80
74
66
61
61
54
54
54
56
57
54
56
57
57
61
59
116
120
111
109
99
93
89
86
89
84
73
73
65
63
64
55
59
55
49
51
51
54
(Continued on next page)
108
Appendix Table 6.3 (continued)
e) 45-64 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Rate Per 1,000 of Population
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
111
103
104
101
95
98
126
119
121
121
112
119
76
74
75
76
72
74
94
87
88
80
75
78
90
88
92
91
85
93
107
98
105
105
97
96
133
130
128
129
116
116
1980
120
152
79
100
103
117
148
1981
123
147
82
96
99
121
138
1982
121
145
76
97
95
124
135
1983
119
147
77
96
93
119
143
1984
116
146
77
91
90
111
132
1985
110
129
68
88
79
107
124
1986
114
133
78
91
89
108
126
1987
115
116
75
98
99
113
137
1994
100
123
79
87
98
99
126
1995
99
119
79
85
100
94
127
1996
98
110
80
91
105
92
123
1997
100
132
80
95
105
95
120
1998
99
124
79
99
109
100
118
1999
102
126
85
95
111
93
123
2000
105
121
90
101
111
105
125
2001
107
122
97
111
115
105
120
149
169
162
167
158
145
154
167
147
138
139
137
131
126
133
123
113
124
111
117
119
119
130
127
125
125
122
119
120
117
120
110
116
108
110
116
119
114
118
114
114
106
107
96
100
93
109
109
105
113
108
111
104
114
116
112
91
92
91
90
88
89
89
92
94
93
132
144
129
129
130
124
119
120
101
101
105
101
86
92
87
88
85
77
76
94
92
93
121
128
126
120
119
121
124
124
111
100
100
92
85
93
93
94
92
93
98
99
102
99
146
152
150
149
140
130
138
141
142
134
120
126
114
120
121
112
116
114
97
105
106
110
105
151
67
83
91
114
126
106
146
65
82
86
117
128
106
152
68
76
92
110
127
105
147
67
79
87
107
135
104
151
68
76
83
105
131
97
141
59
73
72
93
115
100
134
64
75
76
104
125
101
125
65
84
80
108
122
98
124
63
77
85
100
123
93
121
58
75
78
94
121
91
116
67
69
80
93
117
91
120
66
70
78
98
112
86
109
63
68
76
88
105
88
116
63
68
80
98
106
91
110
67
72
90
95
107
89
105
69
73
85
92
111
90
104
64
74
91
96
109
92
118
66
84
92
100
109
89
112
69
84
94
97
101
93
107
76
85
99
98
108
96
112
80
90
106
99
114
96
103
86
93
108
95
103
134
139
144
135
135
129
131
146
123
119
116
118
107
105
105
103
105
104
99
103
102
103
110
109
109
112
111
105
105
110
111
111
106
104
103
103
107
105
103
103
99
104
98
104
100
101
100
100
99
96
95
93
88
83
79
83
78
85
84
83
86
87
78
86
85
85
108
117
107
114
118
109
103
105
98
91
87
84
73
91
86
77
76
78
70
86
82
88
99
103
103
101
100
102
103
101
96
91
90
82
78
80
84
85
88
86
94
95
98
94
135
134
134
133
127
117
124
122
125
113
110
114
111
104
108
106
104
99
89
91
98
103
(Continued on next page)
109
Appendix Table 6.3 (continued)
f) 65-74 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Rate Per 1,000 of Population
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
239
229
233
233
231
242
251
244
255
242
252
248
171
170
190
187
199
200
201
181
186
177
189
213
198
204
208
209
209
220
227
227
238
248
240
251
268
271
267
271
249
265
1980
229
235
163
180
203
249
252
1981
233
293
151
178
198
249
252
1982
237
282
152
180
205
255
261
1983
238
294
169
177
199
254
245
1984
236
299
173
171
199
251
235
1985
227
284
150
174
184
229
243
1986
236
281
168
186
192
238
273
1987
243
257
185
195
204
245
265
1994
252
263
221
218
242
259
275
1995
255
259
221
227
231
255
288
1996
246
258
213
224
236
257
269
1997
256
297
222
235
256
267
271
1998
247
278
216
237
256
244
264
1999
256
279
220
238
269
259
273
2000
263
277
232
244
276
263
298
2001
262
259
254
249
263
263
279
265
287
301
308
323
287
306
318
275
271
275
297
288
291
295
293
293
304
278
283
292
295
232
236
242
246
242
240
244
261
256
242
240
242
226
236
237
232
228
232
230
233
240
216
222
220
245
259
272
283
270
270
258
274
283
281
224
224
229
245
246
255
238
250
242
241
246
256
253
252
241
255
237
228
216
213
206
209
216
244
230
219
183
197
182
216
241
224
240
238
257
255
260
247
247
262
252
239
244
228
230
243
248
248
230
246
254
255
261
256
282
281
270
285
269
259
275
283
309
287
273
293
263
273
293
290
275
274
255
267
264
275
156
203
106
115
135
169
186
156
227
106
110
128
166
178
160
212
102
118
130
173
181
162
214
104
125
140
174
185
163
210
112
117
134
155
192
157
216
98
111
116
150
177
164
197
116
126
121
166
183
171
204
118
132
142
172
199
169
198
123
132
151
157
189
164
188
115
129
148
160
199
167
189
136
121
149
174
202
165
184
128
121
149
183
191
165
187
142
140
149
165
188
175
204
152
137
156
196
206
182
202
154
150
166
191
208
184
186
148
159
170
190
205
185
209
153
158
185
185
217
193
226
155
169
189
213
215
188
225
160
169
187
194
211
197
213
163
183
205
204
215
203
212
191
189
217
198
215
203
211
188
203
211
201
205
185
202
199
201
221
204
229
236
228
213
199
191
205
194
217
224
208
224
200
205
207
216
168
171
165
176
179
171
167
172
181
175
182
177
180
190
206
214
210
212
194
215
218
216
146
148
163
159
165
165
162
163
159
159
157
156
161
169
171
176
181
186
174
193
200
187
173
164
175
178
154
168
154
164
160
155
164
155
133
142
180
165
155
155
150
168
172
186
160
162
167
166
172
171
180
189
178
170
174
167
158
168
174
178
176
187
197
193
199
198
193
183
192
189
191
185
196
198
211
191
193
207
194
207
206
210
204
212
194
211
213
221
(Continued on next page)
110
Appendix Table 6.3 (continued)
g) 75 Years and Over
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Rate Per 1,000 of Population
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
365
357
372
364
369
385
389
373
402
398
385
385
279
290
334
327
344
334
283
273
285
267
294
316
299
276
322
285
305
358
372
366
371
376
400
403
407
405
431
400
392
405
1980
341
421
237
232
281
369
396
1981
334
450
234
222
239
336
370
1982
343
421
219
249
270
358
418
1983
347
412
217
246
285
361
383
1984
353
421
242
245
254
355
392
1985
344
383
245
242
247
366
384
1986
355
412
268
266
267
344
392
1987
367
377
266
259
288
364
406
1994
395
409
338
341
338
412
419
1995
403
369
348
338
354
417
476
1996
419
410
379
375
398
393
442
1997
437
464
386
422
411
431
452
1998
428
460
371
428
400
408
433
1999
446
463
402
434
450
446
462
2000
458
508
417
430
486
441
487
2001
461
474
472
469
475
470
456
418
398
410
434
451
417
450
486
467
425
438
442
445
477
472
453
493
499
459
482
480
433
366
353
354
371
377
380
379
380
388
373
395
401
351
363
376
358
380
373
337
371
361
344
337
350
393
400
426
454
459
482
469
489
481
476
367
385
391
394
432
444
394
412
429
432
339
320
309
344
359
339
345
356
342
339
339
331
311
332
336
342
340
308
352
360
368
385
375
375
375
387
391
385
401
420
395
392
396
364
364
389
401
389
417
435
469
469
485
467
382
402
404
414
411
383
430
444
422
432
442
457
432
450
458
489
475
477
450
456
471
480
230
313
172
140
174
263
278
233
316
152
151
171
232
306
240
328
152
166
198
239
281
247
326
174
166
187
257
291
253
305
186
163
173
275
275
250
305
178
165
180
244
280
258
320
193
181
184
250
282
263
294
190
195
189
256
281
261
295
192
192
195
238
305
258
287
202
187
213
242
292
268
307
236
196
216
263
299
263
284
232
189
218
276
306
264
298
248
204
238
275
285
276
320
252
215
262
276
291
289
315
263
234
267
295
313
302
311
265
241
280
307
351
319
338
286
293
298
312
338
333
346
297
316
303
334
352
330
368
297
331
324
327
320
347
366
311
342
367
353
378
355
372
337
353
355
344
385
364
381
362
362
366
355
371
264
272
300
294
312
327
317
336
336
325
336
326
337
348
338
349
365
389
346
344
357
362
246
270
268
273
279
270
279
285
276
269
289
269
269
284
295
331
351
383
349
356
355
366
224
253
261
266
285
274
268
267
255
244
247
250
246
261
268
303
330
319
298
325
330
341
286
238
227
228
245
268
280
278
235
254
247
234
210
240
244
249
250
254
249
286
318
301
256
256
267
280
293
290
297
306
306
300
296
276
272
279
302
308
316
339
361
371
381
386
280
270
268
274
280
273
293
303
322
313
323
340
319
332
349
339
347
343
346
345
355
375
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set – Public Hospital Discharges,
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-1996 Census of Population and Dwellings
111
Appendix Table 6.4: Annual Age-Standardised Hospital Bed-Day Rate (Per Capita) By Gender, Health
Regions, and New Zealand, 1980-2001
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
1980
1.04
1.17
0.65
0.75
0.87
1.15
1.35
1981
1.02
1.18
0.62
0.74
0.80
1.09
1.24
1982
1.02
1.17
0.61
0.74
0.84
1.09
1.28
1983
0.99
1.15
0.61
0.74
0.80
1.01
1.21
1984
0.95
1.16
0.61
0.73
0.75
0.98
1.12
1985
0.90
1.07
0.57
0.71
0.71
0.91
1.07
1986
0.89
1.07
0.59
0.71
0.75
0.85
1.05
Age-Standardised Hospital Bed-Days Rate Per Person
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
0.86
0.83
0.74
0.73
0.68
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.94
0.94
0.85
0.77
0.75
0.67
0.66
0.59
0.57
0.53
0.51
0.53
0.50
0.47
0.47
0.48
0.71
0.68
0.61
0.58
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.56
0.72
0.66
0.62
0.62
0.57
0.56
0.58
0.61
0.85
0.80
0.69
0.71
0.67
0.62
0.62
0.63
1.06
1.00
0.90
0.90
0.83
0.72
0.71
0.72
1995
0.60
0.55
0.48
0.56
0.57
0.57
0.67
1996
0.56
0.52
0.46
0.54
0.56
0.52
0.61
1997
0.55
0.57
0.46
0.55
0.55
0.56
0.60
1998
0.51
0.52
0.44
0.54
0.54
0.50
0.59
1999
0.52
0.54
0.45
0.52
0.56
0.52
0.59
2000
0.53
0.55
0.46
0.55
0.58
0.54
0.60
2001
0.52
0.52
0.49
0.54
0.57
0.54
0.60
1.28
1.35
1.33
1.29
1.24
1.09
1.11
1.10
1.09
0.96
0.93
0.87
0.82
0.84
0.83
0.76
0.70
0.66
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.58
1.19
1.17
1.19
1.14
1.14
1.02
1.01
0.96
0.95
0.86
0.84
0.77
0.73
0.70
0.69
0.68
0.58
0.56
0.53
0.54
0.53
0.54
1.05
1.05
1.03
1.00
0.96
0.99
0.92
0.86
0.87
0.73
0.72
0.68
0.64
0.62
0.63
0.59
0.57
0.53
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.44
1.07
1.07
0.99
1.05
0.99
1.05
0.90
1.06
0.85
0.99
0.84
0.95
0.80
0.93
0.85
0.90
0.67
0.82
0.62
0.75
0.61
0.75
0.54
0.68
0.47
0.60
0.49
0.63
0.51
0.62
0.49
0.58
0.43
0.56
0.42
0.55
0.37
0.54
0.39
0.55
0.41
0.55
0.38
0.53
1.16
0.89
1.08
0.55
0.66
0.70
1.02
1.14
1.17
0.88
1.10
0.53
0.65
0.67
0.97
1.19
1.14
0.86
1.05
0.54
0.63
0.70
0.96
1.05
1.14
0.85
1.10
0.55
0.62
0.70
0.92
1.05
1.07
0.84
1.00
0.54
0.61
0.65
0.85
1.01
0.97
0.77
0.97
0.48
0.57
0.59
0.76
0.94
0.97
0.77
0.95
0.51
0.59
0.58
0.78
0.92
0.98
0.75
0.87
0.50
0.62
0.58
0.77
0.90
0.97
0.70
0.81
0.46
0.53
0.57
0.68
0.90
0.85
0.64
0.74
0.40
0.48
0.54
0.63
0.79
0.84
0.62
0.67
0.44
0.46
0.53
0.60
0.77
0.81
0.57
0.58
0.41
0.44
0.48
0.59
0.73
0.73
0.53
0.57
0.38
0.43
0.49
0.51
0.60
0.74
0.53
0.59
0.40
0.41
0.49
0.54
0.63
0.72
0.53
0.49
0.40
0.44
0.52
0.53
0.62
0.69
0.50
0.47
0.40
0.44
0.49
0.48
0.57
0.65
0.48
0.44
0.38
0.44
0.48
0.47
0.55
0.60
0.47
0.46
0.37
0.45
0.46
0.51
0.54
0.50
0.43
0.46
0.36
0.44
0.44
0.46
0.50
0.51
0.44
0.44
0.37
0.44
0.46
0.46
0.50
0.52
0.44
0.45
0.41
0.44
0.48
0.46
0.51
0.52
0.44
0.44
0.41
0.45
0.46
0.44
0.51
1.10
1.14
1.09
1.05
1.07
1.00
0.94
0.98
0.97
0.85
0.78
0.73
0.68
0.69
0.68
0.64
0.60
0.59
0.48
0.49
0.46
0.49
1.06
1.03
1.04
1.03
1.04
0.91
0.90
0.84
0.80
0.76
0.73
0.64
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.56
0.51
0.49
0.44
0.44
0.46
0.45
0.85
0.87
0.84
0.84
0.88
0.85
0.84
0.75
0.70
0.63
0.61
0.58
0.53
0.53
0.51
0.51
0.48
0.45
0.38
0.38
0.37
0.38
0.94
0.93
0.90
0.90
0.85
0.91
0.77
0.86
0.80
0.88
0.74
0.81
0.74
0.80
0.66
0.77
0.57
0.72
0.54
0.64
0.52
0.63
0.43
0.57
0.36
0.53
0.41
0.53
0.44
0.53
0.39
0.51
0.39
0.49
0.37
0.48
0.32
0.47
0.35
0.47
0.35
0.49
0.34
0.47
1.03
0.99
0.93
0.91
0.88
0.80
0.80
0.83
0.83
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.62
0.63
0.61
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.44
0.42
0.42
0.43
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set – Public Hospital Discharges,
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-1996 Census of Population and Dwellings
112
Appendix Table 6.5: Annual Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Day Rate (Per Capita) By Gender and Age, Health
Regions and New Zealand, 1980-2001
a) Under 5 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Days Rate Per Person
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
1.00
0.90
0.89
0.89
0.85
0.92
1.29
1.15
0.93
1.09
0.95
0.93
0.84
0.82
0.81
0.71
0.71
0.73
1.27
1.11
1.05
1.12
1.17
1.16
0.89
0.83
0.78
0.91
0.75
0.89
1.15
0.96
0.96
0.86
0.86
0.93
1.42
1.21
1.17
1.16
1.08
1.19
1980
0.86
0.86
0.65
1.19
0.88
0.91
1.19
1981
0.88
0.79
0.69
1.31
0.87
0.95
1.07
1982
0.98
1.35
0.93
1.49
1.11
0.98
1.09
1983
0.97
1.40
0.92
1.47
1.00
1.03
1.21
1984
0.99
1.53
0.94
1.44
0.91
1.05
1.30
1985
0.96
1.43
0.88
1.42
1.00
0.91
1.20
1986
1.01
1.38
0.98
1.47
1.01
1.04
1.33
1987
1.02
1.30
0.97
1.46
0.93
1.02
1.38
1994
0.92
0.87
0.85
1.15
0.91
0.93
1.02
1995
0.88
1.00
0.79
1.08
0.90
0.87
0.93
1996
0.86
0.87
0.77
1.02
0.93
0.80
0.86
1997
0.85
0.88
0.68
0.97
0.96
0.88
0.91
1998
0.81
0.81
0.74
0.99
0.85
0.90
0.87
1999
0.85
1.01
0.79
0.85
0.90
1.03
1.09
2000
0.88
1.03
0.78
1.14
0.98
0.83
0.90
2001
0.88
0.84
0.80
1.12
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.30
1.21
1.38
1.21
1.23
1.16
1.13
1.09
0.96
1.10
1.18
1.26
1.25
1.14
1.04
1.02
1.04
1.02
0.84
0.75
0.83
0.94
0.76
0.81
0.96
0.86
0.90
0.81
0.87
0.92
0.93
0.84
0.96
0.84
0.76
0.91
0.88
0.87
0.78
0.79
0.78
0.80
0.81
0.86
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.82
0.91
0.94
0.95
1.08
1.16
0.96
0.97
0.89
0.73
0.78
0.83
0.81
0.89
0.82
0.75
0.82
0.83
0.82
0.72
0.61
0.72
0.67
0.75
0.57
0.73
0.62
0.88
0.59
0.70
0.59
0.68
0.70
0.77
0.68
0.74
0.62
0.65
0.57
0.62
0.57
0.60
0.65
0.56
0.72
0.67
0.83
0.65
0.82
0.59
0.83
0.63
0.82
0.65
0.83
0.54
0.73
0.59
0.73
0.75
0.80
0.62
0.77
0.72
0.69
0.54
0.56
1.13
0.73
0.73
0.90
0.74
0.71
0.75
0.63
1.27
0.74
0.67
0.90
0.77
0.76
0.95
0.88
1.25
0.81
0.76
0.93
0.85
0.75
1.13
0.87
1.17
0.80
0.80
0.95
0.84
0.77
1.12
0.78
1.16
0.87
0.76
1.01
0.83
0.77
1.43
0.70
1.05
0.75
0.70
1.13
0.81
0.82
1.20
0.90
1.36
0.80
0.74
0.83
0.86
0.78
1.02
0.84
1.26
0.74
0.76
0.90
0.83
0.81
0.94
0.85
1.04
0.66
0.86
1.16
0.83
0.73
0.97
0.59
0.86
0.76
0.82
0.95
0.81
0.75
0.78
0.63
0.93
0.72
0.75
1.03
0.83
0.70
0.75
0.54
1.06
0.62
0.78
0.93
0.89
0.70
0.81
0.62
0.99
0.62
0.72
0.81
1.03
0.77
0.89
0.61
0.92
0.71
0.81
0.95
0.97
0.73
0.70
0.73
1.00
0.74
0.75
0.71
0.87
0.71
0.79
0.68
0.88
0.76
0.72
0.68
0.80
0.73
0.69
0.61
0.89
0.84
0.76
0.73
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.59
0.82
0.76
0.78
0.71
0.74
0.68
0.73
0.65
0.79
0.72
0.74
0.80
0.79
0.71
0.80
0.64
0.74
0.73
0.85
0.91
0.92
0.74
0.80
0.72
0.91
0.81
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.74
0.68
0.68
1.11
0.79
0.74
0.85
1.01
0.83
0.78
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.81
0.87
0.64
0.62
0.63
0.63
0.71
0.72
0.81
0.64
0.98
0.89
0.95
0.96
1.13
0.97
0.87
0.83
0.95
0.85
0.77
0.82
0.69
0.74
0.82
0.70
0.66
0.61
0.60
0.76
0.72
0.63
0.74
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.77
0.68
0.64
0.68
0.71
0.64
0.67
0.78
0.87
0.75
0.81
0.76
0.81
0.67
0.61
0.73
0.60
0.61
0.66
0.66
0.61
0.69
0.65
0.73
0.52
0.47
0.52
0.47
0.60
0.49
0.63
0.44
0.59
0.46
0.63
0.47
0.59
0.53
0.60
0.52
0.59
0.50
0.63
0.43
0.61
0.59
0.49
0.46
0.52
0.56
0.42
0.71
0.50
0.66
0.42
0.70
0.62
0.64
0.60
0.65
0.51
0.64
0.52
0.63
0.61
0.70
0.49
0.64
0.59
0.60
0.56
0.54
0.60
0.56
0.60
0.73
0.68
0.61
0.60
0.72
0.68
0.78
0.78
0.77
0.66
0.69
0.59
0.63
0.64
0.58
(Continued on next page)
113
Appendix Table 6.5 (continued)
b) 5-14 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Days Rate Per Person
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
0.24
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.39
0.31
0.26
0.24
0.23
0.19
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.22
0.19
0.16
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.39
0.30
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.23
1980
0.34
0.44
0.20
0.30
0.34
0.35
0.50
1981
0.32
0.43
0.17
0.27
0.31
0.34
0.39
1982
0.31
0.34
0.20
0.28
0.31
0.35
0.41
1983
0.29
0.41
0.20
0.26
0.28
0.33
0.41
1984
0.30
0.44
0.20
0.25
0.27
0.33
0.40
1985
0.27
0.35
0.17
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.37
1986
0.27
0.39
0.17
0.23
0.26
0.28
0.39
1987
0.25
0.38
0.14
0.21
0.25
0.26
0.34
1994
0.17
0.17
0.12
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.24
1995
0.16
0.19
0.12
0.20
0.14
0.18
0.21
1996
0.15
0.18
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.18
1997
0.14
0.18
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.17
1998
0.14
0.18
0.11
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.18
1999
0.14
0.20
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
2000
0.14
0.18
0.12
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.16
2001
0.14
0.17
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.18
0.50
0.51
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.31
0.29
0.30
0.27
0.24
0.24
0.27
0.21
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.37
0.40
0.37
0.30
0.32
0.28
0.29
0.25
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.32
0.28
0.27
0.24
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.21
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.17
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.36
0.27
0.31
0.25
0.26
0.23
0.26
0.23
0.30
0.25
0.28
0.22
0.23
0.21
0.24
0.21
0.15
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.16
0.11
0.15
0.11
0.13
0.08
0.12
0.09
0.14
0.10
0.12
0.09
0.11
0.08
0.11
0.33
0.24
0.32
0.12
0.23
0.26
0.26
0.34
0.31
0.24
0.35
0.14
0.23
0.22
0.28
0.33
0.30
0.23
0.32
0.18
0.17
0.22
0.24
0.30
0.32
0.22
0.33
0.13
0.20
0.24
0.22
0.28
0.32
0.23
0.30
0.13
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.31
0.26
0.20
0.27
0.11
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.26
0.29
0.22
0.36
0.14
0.16
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.28
0.20
0.26
0.13
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.28
0.27
0.18
0.24
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.27
0.25
0.16
0.24
0.11
0.11
0.17
0.15
0.24
0.24
0.16
0.19
0.11
0.14
0.19
0.14
0.23
0.21
0.15
0.16
0.12
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.25
0.18
0.13
0.14
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.17
0.20
0.15
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.19
0.11
0.11
0.15
0.14
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.11
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.16
0.13
0.12
0.15
0.09
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.14
0.09
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.14
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.42
0.39
0.37
0.36
0.37
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.29
0.27
0.24
0.25
0.22
0.25
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.24
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.25
0.22
0.18
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.18
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.11
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.25
0.19
0.23
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.24
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.12
0.16
0.13
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.11
0.08
0.14
0.10
0.13
0.10
0.12
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.07
0.11
0.21
0.20
0.23
0.21
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.16
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.08
(Continued on next page)
114
Appendix Table 6.5 (continued)
c) 15-24 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Days Rate Per Person
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
0.35
0.32
0.32
0.28
0.25
0.24
0.52
0.45
0.40
0.39
0.31
0.30
0.27
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.20
0.19
0.31
0.26
0.25
0.19
0.16
0.17
0.38
0.31
0.30
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.31
0.28
0.29
0.29
0.25
0.25
0.49
0.48
0.43
0.38
0.35
0.33
1980
0.50
0.68
0.36
0.35
0.46
0.46
0.74
1981
0.48
0.63
0.36
0.36
0.43
0.58
0.64
1982
0.51
0.76
0.36
0.38
0.43
0.55
0.80
1983
0.46
0.67
0.34
0.36
0.40
0.49
0.70
1984
0.45
0.63
0.35
0.35
0.33
0.46
0.71
1985
0.42
0.59
0.29
0.33
0.37
0.45
0.63
1986
0.40
0.48
0.27
0.29
0.37
0.40
0.61
1987
0.38
0.48
0.28
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.54
1994
0.25
0.30
0.18
0.16
0.22
0.27
0.33
1995
0.22
0.30
0.19
0.16
0.20
0.22
0.30
1996
0.20
0.25
0.15
0.16
0.19
0.18
0.23
1997
0.19
0.27
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.27
1998
0.17
0.24
0.15
0.14
0.20
0.18
0.26
1999
0.18
0.24
0.17
0.13
0.22
0.20
0.25
2000
0.18
0.29
0.13
0.16
0.24
0.21
0.26
2001
0.19
0.26
0.16
0.15
0.21
0.19
0.27
0.63
0.62
0.71
0.61
0.60
0.52
0.50
0.54
0.46
0.48
0.44
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.39
0.34
0.31
0.30
0.24
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.59
0.52
0.56
0.49
0.54
0.50
0.47
0.45
0.39
0.38
0.41
0.38
0.45
0.39
0.39
0.41
0.37
0.32
0.36
0.34
0.31
0.27
0.27
0.22
0.36
0.32
0.34
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.18
0.20
0.19
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.23
0.21
0.17
0.16
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.66
0.49
0.63
0.44
0.59
0.43
0.47
0.38
0.53
0.38
0.48
0.37
0.40
0.35
0.39
0.33
0.32
0.28
0.38
0.24
0.34
0.25
0.29
0.22
0.25
0.19
0.21
0.21
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.20
0.22
0.19
0.23
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.49
0.36
0.48
0.24
0.30
0.30
0.39
0.46
0.53
0.35
0.47
0.20
0.33
0.26
0.41
0.49
0.58
0.34
0.43
0.21
0.28
0.25
0.36
0.46
0.54
0.32
0.46
0.22
0.25
0.25
0.37
0.48
0.50
0.32
0.45
0.24
0.26
0.25
0.32
0.50
0.45
0.29
0.40
0.22
0.24
0.21
0.32
0.37
0.46
0.29
0.39
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.32
0.39
0.42
0.28
0.35
0.21
0.23
0.21
0.28
0.36
0.41
0.26
0.29
0.19
0.19
0.24
0.25
0.38
0.35
0.24
0.30
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.22
0.31
0.37
0.22
0.25
0.18
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.30
0.32
0.21
0.25
0.17
0.14
0.18
0.23
0.29
0.26
0.19
0.23
0.13
0.13
0.17
0.21
0.26
0.24
0.19
0.22
0.16
0.13
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.28
0.19
0.25
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.22
0.29
0.21
0.18
0.21
0.15
0.12
0.16
0.18
0.24
0.24
0.16
0.18
0.13
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.25
0.18
0.16
0.18
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.18
0.24
0.16
0.14
0.17
0.11
0.12
0.16
0.16
0.22
0.17
0.15
0.18
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.16
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.20
0.13
0.12
0.18
0.18
0.22
0.20
0.16
0.24
0.14
0.12
0.19
0.18
0.25
0.49
0.53
0.48
0.43
0.48
0.43
0.44
0.42
0.35
0.41
0.36
0.42
0.38
0.37
0.37
0.33
0.36
0.30
0.33
0.33
0.30
0.24
0.23
0.26
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.18
0.16
0.17
0.20
0.29
0.30
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.32
0.31
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.24
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.20
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.15
0.14
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.40
0.32
0.39
0.33
0.38
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.25
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.17
0.20
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.16
0.18
0.12
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.11
0.15
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.15
0.14
0.16
0.40
0.37
0.41
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.30
0.29
0.32
0.30
0.26
0.22
0.22
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.15
(Continued on next page)
115
Appendix Table 6.5 (continued)
d) 25-44 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Days Rate Per Person
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
0.32
0.29
0.30
0.27
0.24
0.25
0.43
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.32
0.28
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.19
0.16
0.18
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.18
0.19
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.27
0.23
0.21
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.25
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.35
0.32
0.31
1980
0.42
0.55
0.23
0.36
0.38
0.44
0.60
1981
0.41
0.58
0.21
0.34
0.36
0.41
0.58
1982
0.40
0.54
0.25
0.30
0.34
0.45
0.57
1983
0.40
0.46
0.25
0.33
0.32
0.40
0.56
1984
0.38
0.45
0.25
0.32
0.33
0.38
0.58
1985
0.34
0.41
0.22
0.29
0.29
0.34
0.47
1986
0.34
0.44
0.20
0.28
0.31
0.35
0.46
1987
0.33
0.35
0.19
0.31
0.28
0.34
0.43
1994
0.24
0.27
0.16
0.18
0.23
0.28
0.32
1995
0.23
0.24
0.17
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.29
1996
0.22
0.24
0.17
0.20
0.24
0.21
0.28
1997
0.22
0.28
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.23
0.25
1998
0.21
0.26
0.18
0.18
0.23
0.21
0.30
1999
0.21
0.25
0.17
0.19
0.25
0.22
0.25
2000
0.21
0.25
0.16
0.20
0.28
0.26
0.26
2001
0.21
0.25
0.18
0.20
0.27
0.22
0.27
0.53
0.54
0.57
0.57
0.56
0.45
0.48
0.41
0.44
0.40
0.37
0.37
0.36
0.34
0.35
0.35
0.33
0.28
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.26
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.50
0.45
0.44
0.39
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.39
0.33
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.33
0.32
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.25
0.27
0.23
0.32
0.33
0.30
0.29
0.25
0.23
0.25
0.23
0.22
0.25
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.23
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.49
0.39
0.41
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.42
0.38
0.37
0.33
0.35
0.32
0.34
0.30
0.37
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.34
0.28
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.18
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.16
0.21
0.17
0.22
0.19
0.20
0.16
0.19
0.50
0.53
0.75
0.32
0.43
0.42
0.59
0.74
0.49
0.51
0.67
0.32
0.41
0.41
0.58
0.69
0.47
0.48
0.62
0.29
0.37
0.41
0.57
0.71
0.50
0.47
0.60
0.30
0.37
0.39
0.54
0.62
0.44
0.44
0.59
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.47
0.59
0.37
0.38
0.46
0.22
0.29
0.30
0.39
0.50
0.39
0.38
0.46
0.24
0.29
0.31
0.40
0.52
0.36
0.37
0.42
0.24
0.29
0.29
0.42
0.49
0.38
0.35
0.47
0.22
0.27
0.28
0.36
0.49
0.35
0.32
0.44
0.19
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.44
0.30
0.29
0.34
0.19
0.20
0.25
0.31
0.40
0.29
0.28
0.31
0.19
0.19
0.23
0.30
0.38
0.25
0.24
0.30
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.24
0.29
0.15
0.17
0.21
0.25
0.33
0.29
0.24
0.24
0.16
0.15
0.23
0.26
0.33
0.26
0.22
0.23
0.15
0.16
0.22
0.22
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.23
0.16
0.15
0.22
0.21
0.28
0.22
0.21
0.25
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.24
0.27
0.19
0.20
0.27
0.15
0.16
0.20
0.23
0.28
0.19
0.19
0.23
0.16
0.17
0.22
0.22
0.24
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.16
0.16
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.17
0.16
0.22
0.20
0.25
0.66
0.69
0.60
0.57
0.59
0.50
0.47
0.51
0.49
0.60
0.58
0.57
0.54
0.49
0.44
0.44
0.41
0.39
0.42
0.36
0.38
0.34
0.32
0.34
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.26
0.25
0.21
0.26
0.41
0.39
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.31
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.44
0.41
0.37
0.34
0.34
0.32
0.25
0.27
0.24
0.24
0.22
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.54
0.51
0.62
0.48
0.49
0.46
0.45
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.37
0.41
0.38
0.39
0.37
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.29
0.27
0.28
0.22
0.25
0.21
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.23
0.25
0.21
0.24
0.18
0.23
0.20
0.21
0.16
0.21
0.17
0.20
0.17
0.23
0.16
0.21
0.64
0.63
0.55
0.57
0.49
0.47
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.40
0.38
0.39
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.24
0.25
0.23
0.19
0.19
0.17
0.17
(Continued on next page)
116
Appendix Table 6.5 (continued)
e) 45-64 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Days Rate Per Person
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
0.89
0.78
0.77
0.73
0.63
0.64
0.98
0.91
0.84
0.80
0.65
0.78
0.55
0.55
0.49
0.51
0.45
0.44
0.76
0.75
0.65
0.60
0.52
0.50
0.75
0.64
0.67
0.60
0.55
0.62
0.89
0.70
0.79
0.72
0.61
0.61
1.06
0.97
0.97
0.93
0.77
0.78
1980
1.17
1.33
0.72
0.99
1.06
1.18
1.59
1981
1.20
1.23
0.78
0.94
0.93
1.19
1.49
1982
1.15
1.10
0.68
0.91
0.96
1.20
1.42
1983
1.10
1.20
0.65
0.88
0.87
1.13
1.39
1984
1.05
1.14
0.66
0.88
0.82
1.00
1.20
1985
0.96
0.94
0.54
0.80
0.71
0.94
1.19
1986
0.95
1.06
0.59
0.84
0.80
0.93
1.08
1987
0.93
0.91
0.54
0.79
0.79
0.92
1.22
1994
0.63
0.63
0.44
0.56
0.62
0.62
0.78
1995
0.59
0.60
0.44
0.51
0.59
0.54
0.70
1996
0.54
0.51
0.40
0.50
0.56
0.50
0.66
1997
0.53
0.64
0.38
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.64
1998
0.49
0.57
0.37
0.49
0.56
0.51
0.60
1999
0.49
0.55
0.37
0.47
0.52
0.45
0.60
2000
0.49
0.52
0.39
0.48
0.54
0.51
0.64
2001
0.49
0.52
0.42
0.49
0.51
0.51
0.61
1.42
1.55
1.48
1.44
1.29
1.24
1.13
1.23
1.20
1.03
1.01
0.96
0.83
0.81
0.86
0.79
0.64
0.66
0.55
0.56
0.52
0.55
1.34
1.36
1.29
1.26
1.31
1.12
1.10
0.96
1.03
0.89
0.89
0.80
1.05
1.17
1.13
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.02
0.91
0.87
0.75
0.78
0.73
0.77
0.73
0.71
0.68
0.59
0.56
0.50
0.55
0.53
0.51
0.65
0.64
0.65
0.56
0.51
0.49
0.44
0.42
0.41
0.41
1.17
1.21
1.21
1.25
1.22
1.18
1.06
1.12
0.94
1.08
0.98
1.03
0.90
0.98
0.81
0.96
0.69
0.90
0.63
0.79
0.58
0.74
0.61
0.69
0.49
0.60
0.51
0.63
0.48
0.60
0.49
0.58
0.44
0.55
0.42
0.52
0.34
0.51
0.42
0.53
0.41
0.52
0.40
0.47
1.34
1.03
1.21
0.63
0.80
0.86
1.21
1.34
1.46
1.01
1.22
0.61
0.74
0.77
1.17
1.27
1.43
0.97
1.08
0.61
0.72
0.81
1.12
1.16
1.33
0.95
1.13
0.60
0.72
0.82
1.01
1.29
1.28
0.92
1.09
0.62
0.69
0.78
0.94
1.23
1.15
0.84
1.12
0.51
0.67
0.64
0.83
1.10
1.10
0.83
1.10
0.50
0.65
0.66
0.89
1.12
1.22
0.82
1.00
0.49
0.74
0.67
0.90
1.04
1.11
0.77
0.87
0.45
0.58
0.70
0.79
0.99
0.94
0.72
0.84
0.42
0.55
0.61
0.71
1.01
0.89
0.68
0.71
0.48
0.52
0.63
0.70
0.97
0.93
0.65
0.67
0.47
0.52
0.55
0.69
0.83
0.80
0.57
0.60
0.39
0.45
0.50
0.58
0.71
0.77
0.57
0.67
0.38
0.43
0.53
0.61
0.71
0.76
0.57
0.53
0.39
0.44
0.56
0.55
0.68
0.70
0.54
0.50
0.39
0.44
0.54
0.49
0.66
0.69
0.50
0.44
0.32
0.42
0.51
0.51
0.63
0.65
0.50
0.55
0.34
0.46
0.50
0.57
0.61
0.48
0.44
0.48
0.32
0.43
0.47
0.50
0.51
0.51
0.45
0.45
0.34
0.41
0.47
0.48
0.52
0.49
0.45
0.50
0.34
0.42
0.51
0.51
0.59
0.50
0.44
0.47
0.37
0.42
0.48
0.44
0.50
1.20
1.28
1.27
1.16
1.11
1.03
1.01
0.99
0.98
1.26
1.16
1.14
1.19
1.19
1.07
0.96
0.93
0.94
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.70
0.71
0.75
0.66
0.63
0.58
0.49
0.51
0.47
0.48
0.92
0.84
0.80
0.77
0.69
0.70
0.61
0.56
0.54
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.49
0.90
0.91
0.86
0.88
0.87
0.84
0.84
0.72
0.71
0.67
0.59
0.62
0.54
0.57
0.58
0.54
0.49
0.47
0.38
0.38
0.36
0.37
1.05
1.00
1.07
1.04
1.08
0.95
0.98
0.93
0.94
0.86
0.85
0.86
0.82
0.81
0.69
0.82
0.70
0.77
0.62
0.71
0.57
0.63
0.49
0.59
0.38
0.55
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.40
0.51
0.40
0.52
0.42
0.49
0.32
0.48
0.41
0.50
0.33
0.49
0.37
0.45
1.24
1.23
1.17
1.10
1.05
0.93
0.96
1.03
0.97
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.76
0.69
0.71
0.71
0.64
0.55
0.46
0.45
0.43
0.48
(Continued on next page)
117
Appendix Table 6.5 (continued)
f) 55-74 Years
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Days Rate Per Person
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
2.41
2.13
2.10
1.94
1.79
1.83
2.28
1.93
1.97
1.80
1.86
1.65
1.46
1.39
1.52
1.40
1.40
1.46
1.92
1.60
1.71
1.40
1.52
1.52
1.81
1.83
1.78
1.69
1.73
1.70
2.31
2.01
2.02
1.88
1.77
1.72
2.62
2.51
2.45
2.27
1.80
1.92
1980
2.95
2.91
1.83
2.10
2.46
3.59
3.22
1981
2.90
3.20
1.74
2.00
2.20
3.32
3.16
1982
2.88
3.04
1.73
1.96
2.31
3.03
3.23
1983
2.86
3.27
1.76
1.96
2.30
2.94
3.21
1984
2.70
2.88
1.70
1.80
2.20
2.97
2.74
1985
2.60
2.94
1.53
1.91
2.21
2.63
2.88
1986
2.54
2.85
1.58
1.85
2.04
2.62
3.00
1987
2.45
2.49
1.70
1.97
2.11
2.43
2.76
1994
1.82
1.55
1.51
1.60
1.75
1.74
1.86
1995
1.77
1.47
1.46
1.74
1.67
1.67
1.85
1996
1.59
1.36
1.40
1.59
1.57
1.59
1.66
1997
1.59
1.52
1.37
1.53
1.64
1.66
1.60
1998
1.45
1.38
1.33
1.55
1.48
1.36
1.57
1999
1.46
1.36
1.26
1.43
1.53
1.43
1.54
2000
1.50
1.30
1.32
1.57
1.57
1.48
1.71
2001
1.46
1.27
1.39
1.44
1.51
1.51
1.55
3.10
4.07
3.67
3.66
3.39
3.25
3.26
2.68
3.10
2.51
2.47
2.54
2.18
2.34
2.30
2.13
1.88
1.78
1.65
1.64
1.60
1.75
3.37
3.20
3.49
3.22
2.94
2.94
2.87
2.78
2.71
2.54
2.37
2.10
2.97
3.04
3.05
2.86
2.68
2.89
2.85
2.42
2.52
2.15
2.05
1.88
1.99
2.13
1.96
2.03
1.64
1.61
1.45
1.43
1.48
1.45
1.81
1.82
1.85
1.76
1.61
1.56
1.32
1.32
1.27
1.25
3.07
3.15
2.96
3.00
2.91
3.08
2.54
3.26
2.45
3.25
2.19
2.88
2.19
2.78
2.35
2.84
1.86
2.73
1.75
2.38
1.72
2.31
1.51
2.14
1.33
1.89
1.41
1.92
1.33
1.89
1.41
1.80
1.08
1.61
1.13
1.69
0.98
1.59
1.14
1.63
1.20
1.65
1.00
1.58
3.61
2.20
2.49
1.33
1.45
1.70
2.53
2.47
3.40
2.19
2.59
1.38
1.35
1.61
2.47
2.73
3.23
2.14
2.46
1.29
1.47
1.59
2.35
2.29
3.42
2.16
2.60
1.25
1.53
1.82
2.29
2.37
3.17
2.13
2.17
1.28
1.53
1.65
2.08
2.48
2.86
1.95
2.30
1.22
1.32
1.38
1.89
2.33
2.59
1.96
2.05
1.22
1.43
1.34
1.96
2.21
2.70
1.97
2.28
1.27
1.52
1.58
1.98
2.42
3.09
1.84
2.03
1.10
1.33
1.57
1.64
2.07
2.55
1.65
1.71
1.00
1.34
1.39
1.64
1.86
2.53
1.64
1.69
1.16
1.13
1.34
1.65
2.06
2.52
1.47
1.32
1.04
1.03
1.28
1.58
1.71
2.09
1.39
1.30
1.07
1.11
1.31
1.22
1.60
2.17
1.44
1.49
1.14
1.03
1.26
1.48
1.65
2.20
1.43
1.20
1.10
1.20
1.38
1.46
1.67
2.07
1.39
1.08
1.08
1.27
1.23
1.24
1.46
1.85
1.31
1.17
1.07
1.21
1.30
1.32
1.47
1.81
1.30
1.14
1.07
1.17
1.30
1.46
1.39
1.49
1.17
1.13
0.99
1.15
1.16
1.18
1.29
1.62
1.17
1.10
1.01
1.16
1.14
1.15
1.24
1.62
1.21
1.09
1.19
1.17
1.25
1.21
1.20
1.49
1.16
0.99
1.04
1.15
1.13
1.15
1.24
2.39
2.68
2.58
2.56
2.63
2.34
2.59
2.62
2.66
2.74
2.68
2.53
2.76
2.78
2.24
2.21
2.13
2.25
2.10
1.90
1.64
1.67
1.66
1.75
1.81
1.50
1.56
1.20
1.26
1.27
1.29
1.92
1.86
1.54
1.60
1.61
1.69
1.65
1.46
1.34
1.18
1.27
1.30
1.24
2.05
2.06
2.12
2.19
2.26
2.25
2.16
1.87
1.83
1.62
1.58
1.55
1.46
1.61
1.35
1.35
1.26
1.20
1.09
1.06
1.05
0.99
2.42
2.46
2.37
2.43
2.20
2.51
2.32
2.29
1.79
2.37
1.66
2.21
1.74
2.25
1.47
2.22
1.42
2.06
1.31
1.77
1.42
1.78
1.16
1.61
0.85
1.43
0.89
1.41
1.19
1.44
1.16
1.44
1.03
1.32
0.91
1.33
0.83
1.29
0.89
1.27
0.89
1.26
0.93
1.25
2.64
2.49
2.45
2.39
2.35
2.21
2.22
2.37
2.17
2.03
2.01
1.92
1.75
1.87
1.70
1.69
1.52
1.52
1.30
1.27
1.35
1.34
(Continued on next page)
118
Appendix Table 6.5 (continued)
g) 75 Years and Over
Gender
Males
Females
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s
Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Wellington
NelsonMarlborough
Central South Island
Southern South
Island
Age-Specific Hospital Bed-Days Rate Per Person
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
4.55
4.09
4.04
3.67
3.49
3.39
4.51
4.65
4.11
3.73
3.18
3.29
2.73
2.65
2.96
2.80
2.81
2.57
3.11
2.75
2.74
2.37
2.59
2.58
2.86
2.81
2.92
2.35
2.94
3.08
4.22
3.76
3.72
3.45
3.43
3.30
5.01
4.24
4.50
4.05
3.44
3.24
1980
5.60
6.36
3.55
2.52
3.50
6.53
6.88
1981
5.42
6.47
2.99
2.69
3.39
5.80
6.04
1982
5.48
6.12
2.60
2.94
3.60
5.85
6.44
1983
5.42
5.84
2.60
2.90
3.94
5.36
5.53
1984
5.21
6.22
2.59
3.15
3.51
5.24
5.20
1985
5.04
5.95
2.94
3.11
3.13
5.26
5.08
1986
4.99
5.92
3.24
3.19
3.65
4.34
4.88
1987
4.91
5.09
3.13
2.97
3.45
4.53
5.39
1994
3.40
2.69
2.61
3.05
3.22
3.18
3.52
1995
3.22
2.21
2.53
2.95
2.89
3.01
3.36
1996
3.11
2.27
2.63
3.06
3.01
2.72
2.98
1997
3.10
2.50
2.74
3.47
2.97
2.96
3.06
1998
2.81
2.29
2.48
3.36
2.69
2.45
2.76
1999
2.89
2.42
2.66
3.33
2.93
2.56
2.92
2000
2.95
2.65
2.82
3.15
3.00
2.81
3.02
2001
2.98
2.33
3.01
3.18
3.06
2.96
3.02
6.96
6.62
6.73
6.65
6.55
5.35
6.29
6.61
6.15
5.22
4.80
4.08
4.11
4.68
4.15
3.72
3.70
3.35
2.97
3.15
3.11
2.69
6.88
6.86
6.60
6.61
6.87
5.69
6.06
5.66
5.54
4.88
4.43
4.17
6.57
6.27
6.25
6.27
6.12
6.50
5.33
5.21
5.34
4.40
4.22
4.22
4.05
3.42
3.71
3.72
3.13
3.11
2.90
3.07
2.97
2.97
4.06
3.74
3.63
3.35
3.48
3.05
2.49
2.46
2.53
2.59
5.52
6.55
4.62
6.48
5.07
6.92
4.81
7.27
4.06
6.29
4.64
6.35
4.37
6.18
5.12
6.03
3.95
5.26
3.45
5.00
2.93
5.03
2.47
4.37
2.29
3.74
2.51
3.77
2.76
3.68
2.70
3.33
2.35
3.25
2.06
3.32
2.16
3.38
1.90
3.47
1.94
3.46
2.04
3.50
6.05
4.82
5.62
2.72
2.08
2.83
5.57
5.93
6.43
4.81
6.20
2.42
2.28
3.04
4.81
7.00
6.17
4.83
5.96
2.36
2.47
3.43
5.14
5.13
5.95
4.73
6.15
2.74
2.40
3.17
5.16
5.18
5.66
4.87
5.17
2.62
2.41
2.76
4.84
4.49
5.40
4.65
4.96
2.72
2.62
3.17
4.42
4.77
5.84
4.49
5.17
2.58
2.59
2.81
4.30
4.57
5.61
4.30
4.51
2.72
2.85
2.76
4.15
4.34
5.16
3.97
4.13
2.38
2.56
2.74
3.47
4.68
4.70
3.61
3.57
2.27
2.33
2.56
3.16
3.67
4.98
3.51
3.79
2.45
2.28
2.58
3.06
3.45
4.69
3.21
2.86
2.27
2.00
2.40
2.92
3.70
4.30
2.98
3.08
2.26
2.17
2.97
2.72
2.94
4.15
2.83
2.84
2.27
2.10
2.75
2.60
2.86
3.94
2.85
2.36
2.22
2.33
2.79
2.70
3.13
4.14
2.79
2.24
2.22
2.45
2.54
2.60
2.97
4.01
2.65
2.08
2.27
2.61
2.46
2.32
2.51
3.61
2.61
1.98
2.25
2.86
2.38
2.50
2.62
2.81
2.38
2.05
2.09
2.87
2.35
2.28
2.32
2.71
2.46
2.01
2.27
2.83
2.58
2.27
2.62
2.96
2.51
1.93
2.48
2.82
2.51
2.31
2.69
3.12
2.52
2.09
2.55
2.64
2.53
2.45
2.59
5.90
5.92
6.04
6.08
6.23
6.56
5.32
5.78
5.67
6.05
6.26
6.65
6.37
6.62
5.75
5.84
5.26
4.47
5.29
4.50
3.92
3.65
3.97
3.55
3.56
3.05
3.11
2.36
2.43
2.43
2.49
4.15
3.98
3.35
3.15
2.91
2.89
3.01
2.62
2.69
2.26
2.30
2.37
2.35
5.28
5.90
5.53
5.41
6.36
6.10
5.97
5.27
4.50
4.12
3.98
3.76
3.33
2.94
2.92
3.04
2.94
2.49
2.03
2.16
2.06
2.17
5.40
6.11
4.21
5.56
4.36
6.13
3.40
5.98
4.86
6.35
4.44
5.75
4.45
5.51
4.06
5.12
2.93
4.81
2.74
4.49
2.85
4.20
2.27
3.90
1.80
3.57
1.97
3.16
2.12
3.24
2.15
2.86
1.93
2.87
1.69
2.91
1.57
2.83
1.76
3.02
2.00
3.13
1.72
3.07
5.48
5.28
4.75
4.60
4.61
4.17
4.21
4.27
4.74
4.14
4.45
4.22
3.34
3.43
3.36
3.30
3.19
2.79
2.53
2.22
2.22
2.45
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set – Public Hospital Discharges,
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-1996 Census of Population and Dwellings
119
Appendix Table 8.1: HUE at Birth, Health Regions and New Zealand, By Gender, 1980-2000
198
0
198
1
198
2
198
3
198
4
198
5
198
6
Hospital Utilisation Expectancy (days) at Birth
198
198
198
199
199
199
199
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
Males
199
4
199
5
199
6
199
7
199
8
199
9
200
0
NEW ZEALAND
79
79
80
79
76
72
71
70
68
62
62
58
54
55
56
54
51
51
48
50
51
Northland
87
89
91
92
91
84
84
75
74
67
64
61
55
55
49
46
43
50
45
48
48
Waitemata
52
52
51
51
51
49
51
50
47
46
48
46
45
44
46
46
45
46
44
47
49
56
57
57
57
54
54
55
54
50
49
44
44
45
49
50
49
52
52
51
54
Region
Auckland Central
57
South Auckland
66
62
68
65
61
57
61
59
54
53
53
48
49
51
54
51
52
52
51
53
55
Waikato
88
85
87
82
79
74
69
70
67
58
61
58
55
54
55
51
47
51
45
47
50
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
101
94
100
96
88
84
83
86
82
75
76
70
60
61
62
58
53
54
53
55
57
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawa
tu
92
100
101
99
94
83
87
86
87
77
76
71
67
69
69
64
60
57
51
52
51
91
90
92
89
90
81
80
77
77
72
70
65
62
60
60
59
52
52
49
50
49
Wellington
77
79
80
79
77
81
75
70
71
61
62
59
57
56
57
54
52
50
42
43
43
Nelson-Marlborough
82
77
79
72
68
68
66
72
59
55
54
48
43
46
46
45
40
40
37
39
40
Central South Island
82
82
84
87
80
77
75
75
69
64
66
60
53
56
55
53
51
53
53
56
57
Southern South Island
86
89
88
87
82
75
75
77
78
70
70
69
Females
63
65
64
61
59
55
46
48
50
NEW ZEALAND
88
88
89
88
88
81
80
79
74
69
67
63
58
59
59
56
54
54
50
52
53
Northland
103
108
107
116
102
99
97
91
83
74
71
61
63
63
51
48
45
48
48
47
50
Waitemata
57
56
56
60
59
55
54
55
50
46
51
48
45
47
47
47
46
46
45
48
53
Auckland Central
58
58
59
58
57
55
56
61
53
50
48
46
46
44
48
50
51
54
54
54
55
South Auckland
64
63
69
70
64
60
56
58
59
57
56
51
56
54
57
54
53
52
50
54
56
Waikato
100
96
99
96
89
80
82
82
71
66
64
63
56
59
59
54
52
57
51
51
53
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
111
124
106
107
99
93
91
90
90
78
77
76
63
67
67
62
59
59
55
57
59
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawa
104
109
110
106
106
102
94
101
100
92
84
77
70
73
71
69
63
63
50
52
50
120
tu
107
106
111
110
111
96
93
88
85
80
78
68
65
63
63
61
56
56
49
51
52
Wellington
86
91
89
91
98
95
91
81
74
70
67
65
60
61
58
58
55
51
44
46
44
Nelson-Marlborough
92
87
87
77
84
80
80
72
60
58
59
50
39
45
48
45
43
41
36
41
42
Central South Island
94
93
100
97
99
91
88
86
81
75
73
67
63
60
61
57
57
57
57
60
62
Southern South Island
98
97
94
91
88
81
80
85
87
79
80
79
67
70
68
67
64
59
51
49
49
Sources: National Minimum Data Set – Mortality, 1980-2000
National Minimum Data Set – Hospital Discharges, 1980-2000
Statistics New Zealand – 1981-2001 Census of Population and Dwellings
121
Appendix Table 8.2: Absolute Contribution1 of Age Groups to HUE at Birth,
By Age Group, New Zealand, 1980, 1990, 2000
Age
Group
(years)
Under 1
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85-89
90 and
over
Total
Under 1
1-14
15-44
45-64
65-74
75-84
85+
1980
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.6
2.5
2.4
1.9
1.7
2.1
2.4
3.4
4.3
5.8
6.8
8.7
9.1
8.7
6.5
3.7
1.1
78.6
2.3
5.3
13.0
20.3
17.8
15.3
4.8
Contribution bed-days
Males
Females
1990 2000 1980 1990 2000
2.9
3.5
2.0
2.6
3.0
1.4
0.9
1.4
1.0
0.7
1.0
0.7
1.2
0.8
0.5
1.0
0.7
1.2
0.8
0.6
1.4
0.8
1.7
1.1
0.7
1.6
1.0
1.8
1.1
0.8
1.5
1.0
2.1
1.3
0.8
1.3
1.0
2.4
1.3
0.9
1.4
1.0
2.8
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.1
3.2
1.7
1.1
2.0
1.4
3.9
2.2
1.4
2.9
1.9
4.1
2.7
1.8
3.7
2.7
4.8
3.4
2.5
5.1
3.5
5.9
4.4
3.3
6.6
4.7
7.7
5.6
4.2
7.4
6.3
8.8
7.3
5.7
7.8
6.8
10.9
8.6
6.8
6.3
5.7
10.3
8.7
7.1
3.8
4.3
7.4
7.1
5.9
1.8
62.5
2.9
3.4
8.7
13.7
14.0
14.1
5.6
2.1
51.0
3.5
2.2
5.9
9.5
11.0
12.5
6.4
4.0
87.6
2.0
3.8
14.0
18.7
16.5
21.2
11.4
4.2
67.4
2.6
2.6
8.0
12.7
12.8
17.3
11.3
4.4
53.1
3.0
1.7
5.4
9.0
9.9
13.8
10.3
1980
2.9
2.5
2.3
2.0
3.1
3.1
2.5
2.2
2.7
3.0
4.3
5.4
7.3
8.7
11.1
11.6
11.1
8.3
4.7
Percentage Contribution
Males
Females
1990 2000 1980 1990 2000
4.7
6.9
2.3
3.8
5.6
2.2
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.2
0.9
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
2.3
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.4
2.6
1.9
2.1
1.6
1.4
2.4
1.9
2.4
1.9
1.6
2.0
1.9
2.7
1.9
1.6
2.2
2.0
3.2
2.3
1.9
2.5
2.3
3.7
2.5
2.1
3.2
2.7
4.4
3.3
2.6
4.6
3.7
4.6
4.1
3.4
6.0
5.3
5.5
5.0
4.7
8.1
6.9
6.8
6.5
6.1
10.5
9.2
8.7
8.3
8.0
11.9
12.4
10.1
10.8
10.6
12.5
13.2
12.4
12.8
12.7
10.1
11.3
11.7
12.9
13.3
6.0
8.5
8.5
10.5
11.2
1.4
100.0
2.9
6.7
16.5
25.8
22.7
19.4
6.1
3.0
100.0
4.7
5.4
14.0
21.9
22.4
22.6
9.0
(1) The contribution each age group hospitalisation had to the overall HUE
Sources: National Minimum Data Set – Mortality, 1980-2000
National Minimum Data Set – Hospital Discharges, 1980-2000
Statistics New Zealand – 1981-2001 Census of Population and Dwellings
122
4.1
100.0
6.9
4.4
11.5
18.6
21.6
24.5
12.6
4.5
100.0
2.3
4.4
16.0
21.3
18.8
24.2
13.0
6.2
100.0
3.8
3.9
11.9
18.9
19.1
25.7
16.8
8.2
100.0
5.6
3.3
10.1
16.9
18.6
26.0
19.4
Appendix Table 8.3: HUE at Age 65 Years By Gender, Health Regions and New Zealand, 1980-2000
Region
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu
Wellington
Nelson-Marlborough
Central South Island
Southern South Island
52
54
35
30
38
63
62
58
62
56
51
59
56
52
60
32
30
37
59
60
67
61
57
47
59
57
54
60
31
32
42
59
67
68
64
59
50
66
57
54
61
32
32
42
56
62
67
63
59
47
68
57
52
61
31
32
39
55
54
63
62
57
42
62
54
50
60
33
32
37
52
54
54
56
62
44
59
50
49
58
34
32
39
46
53
60
56
54
44
58
51
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Waitemata
Auckland Central
South Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/Manawatu
Wellington
Nelson-Marlborough
Central South Island
Southern South Island
59
67
37
30
38
67
73
68
76
63
61
70
65
60
74
36
31
39
64
90
72
79
69
55
68
64
63
75
35
34
44
69
70
76
84
69
58
79
62
62
84
40
34
45
68
71
75
82
69
50
76
61
63
69
39
34
40
62
63
75
83
78
58
80
59
59
68
40
34
41
57
62
75
69
75
56
72
55
57
67
37
34
36
57
60
67
69
71
57
69
55
Hospital Utilisation Expectancy (days) at 65 Years
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Males
49
47
43
44
40
38
38
51
46
44
43
40
37
36
34
31
30
34
32
33
31
32
34
30
31
27
30
29
38
33
35
35
31
35
36
48
45
40
41
39
38
37
57
56
49
51
46
39
39
58
62
52
51
45
43
48
54
53
51
47
44
42
39
50
52
44
44
43
42
40
51
41
37
35
31
27
31
58
52
49
51
46
40
40
52
55
48
51
49
44
44
Females
56
53
49
48
44
42
41
65
58
48
51
41
45
43
39
34
32
36
34
34
34
38
34
33
32
29
31
30
39
40
39
38
35
42
38
57
48
45
45
44
39
41
61
61
49
50
51
43
44
73
73
68
61
53
49
52
65
61
56
55
45
44
42
62
55
53
52
50
45
44
51
40
38
42
35
26
29
66
62
58
56
52
48
43
58
61
55
58
56
47
49
Sources: National Minimum Data Set – Mortality, 1980-2000
National Minimum Data Set – Hospital Discharges, 1980-2000
Statistics New Zealand – 1981-2001 Census of Population and Dwellings
123
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
38
31
33
33
38
37
41
46
40
40
31
40
44
37
28
32
34
35
35
40
43
41
38
31
38
44
35
28
32
34
36
33
36
40
35
38
26
36
41
36
32
34
38
38
35
37
39
36
35
25
38
39
34
28
32
38
35
29
36
35
34
30
26
39
32
35
30
34
38
36
32
37
38
35
31
25
41
34
36
31
37
38
38
34
39
37
34
31
27
43
36
41
34
34
34
41
42
47
50
43
41
32
45
47
40
31
33
36
37
38
43
50
44
42
32
41
47
39
30
35
37
37
36
39
43
39
40
29
41
45
39
30
34
40
37
40
40
45
40
37
26
42
42
36
32
33
40
36
35
37
33
34
31
25
42
37
37
32
36
41
39
35
41
35
36
33
28
45
34
38
33
41
41
39
36
42
35
37
32
31
47
35
Appendix Table 8.4: HUE at Birth for Māori and Total Population By Gender
and Larger Health Regions, Selected 5 Year Averages, 1980-2000
Region
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/
Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu/Wellington
NEW ZEALAND
Northland
Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty/Lakes
Hawke‟s Bay/
Tairawhiti
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu/Wellington
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
1980-841
Males Females
1990-942
1996-003
1990-94 Sole4
Males Females Males Females Males Females
Māori Population
77
86
46
49
85
94
69
81
49
51
76
88
63
65
47
46
73
75
68
70
44
48
74
77
74
80
52
59
80
87
111
112
87
94
108
115
115
83
101
102
163
183
129
139
52
56
133
144
127
137
90
107
43
47
99
115
Total Population
62
50
63
47
50
50
61
48
72
55
79
91
57
85
97
89
109
60
97
112
58
57
48
57
67
53
48
52
53
58
97
108
71
76
54
56
84
100
61
65
48
51
1981 50% or more Māori blood used as denominator
1991 Socio-cultural Māori population used as denominator
1999 Linear interpolated population using the socio-cultural Māori population of the 1996 and 2001 censuses
1991 sole Māori population used as denominator
Sources: National Minimum Data Set – Mortality, 1980-2000
National Minimum Data Set – Hospital Discharges, 1980-2000
Statistics New Zealand – 1981-2001 Census of Population and Dwellings
124
Appendix Figures
1.5
1980 Males
1980 Females
1.0
2000 Males
2000 Females
0.5
0.0
-0.5
Sources:
New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set – Mortality
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
125
Southern S. Island
Central S. Island
Nelson-Marlb.
Wellington
H. Bay/Tairawhiti
BoP/Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland Central
Waitemata
-1.5
Taran./Wang./Man.
-1.0
Northland
Life Expectancy at age 65 difference to New Zealand
(years)
Appendix Figure 5.1: Differences in Life-Expectancy at Age 65 Years, Regions
Compared to New Zealand 1980 and 2000
Appendix Figure 10.1: Ambulatory Sensitive Hospital Utilisation
Expectancies at 65 Years, Difference from New Zealand Total, By Gender and
Region, 1980-82, 1990-92 and 1999-2001
Ambulatory Sensitive
Difference in HUE(65) to NZ (days)
15
1980-82
Males
10
1990-92
1999-01
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
Northland
-20
Difference in HUE(65) to NZ (days)
15
1980-82
Females
10
1990-92
1999-01
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
Northland
-20
1
0
-1
-2
-3
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
126
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
-4
Northland
Difference in HUE(65) to NZ (days)
Note: Weighted
– 1.3;
4 Average Deviations: Males 1980-82 – 3.5, 1990-92 – 2.0, 1999-2001
1980-82
Females 1980-82 –Males
4.2, 1990-92 – 2.3, 1999-2001
– 1.0.
1990-92
3
Sources: New
Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Mortality.
1999-01
New
2 Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Public Hospital Discharges.
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
Difference in HUE(0) to NZ (days)
Note: Weighted
15 Average Deviations: Males 1980-82 – 1.1, 1990-92 – 0.8, 1999-2001 – 0.6;
Females 1980-82 –Males
1.3, 1990-92 – 0.9, 1999-2001 – 0.6.
Sources: New
10 Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Mortality.
New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Public Hospital Discharges.
Statistics
New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
5
127
10
-5
-10
Southern South
Island
Females
Island
Island
Central South
Island
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
Northland
Difference in Tranche HUE 0-64 yrs to NZ (days)
Males
Southern
South
Southern South
Island
Island
South
Central South
Central
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
Northland
Difference in Tranche HUE 0-64 yrs to NZ (days)
10
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
1
Marlborough
Marlborough
Nelson/
Nelson/
Wellington
Wellington
Manawatu
Manawatu
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Tairawhiti
Tairawhiti
Bay/
Hawkes Bay/
Hawkes
4
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/ Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
3
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
Northland
Northland
Difference in Tranche HUE 0-64 yrs to NZ (days)
Appendix Figure 10.2: Ambulatory Sensitive Tranche Hospital Utilisation
Expectancies from Birth to 64 Years, Difference from New Zealand Total, By
Gender and Region, 1980-82, 1990-92 and 1999-2001
15
1980-82
Ambulatory Sensitive
1990-92
1999-01
5
0
-5
-10
-15
15
1980-82
1990-92
1999-01
5
0
-5
-10
-15
2
0
Females
Males
1980-82
1980-82
-1
1990-92
1990-92
-2
1999-01
1999-01
-3
-4
0
1980-82
1990-92
1999-01
-15
Appendix Figure 10.3: Non-Ambulatory Sensitive Hospital Utilisation
Expectancies at 65 Years, Difference from New Zealand Total, By Gender and
Region, 1980-82, 1990-92 and 1999-2001
Non-Ambulatory Sensitive
Difference in HUE(65) to NZ (days)
15
Males
10
5
0
-5
1980-82
-10
1990-92
1999-01
-15
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
Northland
-20
Difference in HUE(65) to NZ (days)
15
Females
10
5
0
-5
1980-82
-10
1990-92
1999-01
-15
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
Northland
-20
Note: Weighted Average Deviations: Males 1980-82 – 7.0, 1990-92 – 3.7, 1999-2001 – 2.0;
Females 1980-82 – 10.0, 1990-92 – 4.7, 1999-2001 – 2.7.
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Mortality.
New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Public Hospital Discharges.
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
128
Non-Ambulatory Sensitive
15
Males
10
5
0
-5
1980-82
1990-92
-10
1999-01
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
Northland
-15
15
Females
10
5
0
-5
1980-82
1990-92
-10
1999-01
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
-15
Northland
Difference in Tranche HUE 0-64 yrs to NZ (days)
Difference in Tranche HUE 0-64 yrs to NZ (days)
Appendix Figure 10.4: Non-Ambulatory Sensitive Tranche Hospital
Utilisation Expectancies from Birth to 64 Years, Difference from New Zealand
Total, By Gender and Region, 1980-82, 1990-92 and 1999-2001
0
-1
1980-82
-2
1990-92
1999-01
Southern South
Island
Central South
Island
Nelson/
Marlborough
Wellington
Taranaki/Wanganui/
Manawatu
129
Hawkes Bay/
Tairawhiti
Bay of Plenty/
Lakes
Waikato
South Auckland
Auckland
North Auckland
-3
Northland
Difference in Tranche HUE 0-64 yrs to NZ (days)
Note: Weighted
3 Average Deviations: Males 1980-82 – 4.8, 1990-92 – 3.1, 1999-2001 – 1.4;
Females 1980-82 –Males
5.0, 1990-92 – 3.1, 1999-2001 – 1.3.
Sources: New
Zealand
Health
Information
Service,
National
Minimum Data Set - Mortality.
2
New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Public Hospital Discharges.
1
Statistics
New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
Appendix Figure 13.1: Tranche HUEs and Probability of Dying By
Sickness/Invalid Benefit. By Age, Gender, and Region, 1986 and 2001
0.050
Males 15-29 years
1986
14
Males 15-29 years
2001
0.040
Probability of Dying
12
Tranche HUE (days)
1986
0.045
2001
10
8
6
4
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
2
0.005
0
0.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
0.050
Males 30-44 years
1986
14
Males 30-44 years
2001
0.040
Probability of Dying
12
Tranche HUE (days)
1986
0.045
2001
10
8
6
4
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
2
0.005
0
0.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
0.140
Males 45-59 years
14
Males 45-59 years
1986
2001
1986
2001
0.120
Probability of Dying
Tranche HUE (days)
12
10
8
6
0.100
0.080
0.060
4
0.040
2
0.020
0
0.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
(Continued on Next Page)
0.050
14
0.045
12
0.040
0.035
10
0.030
8
0.025
6
0.020
0.015
4
0.010
2
0.005
0
0.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
130
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Appendix Figure 13.1
(continued)
0.050
Females 15-29 years
1986
14
Females 15-29 years
2001
0.040
Probability of Dying
12
Tranche HUE (days)
1986
0.045
2001
10
8
6
4
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
2
0.005
0
0.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
0.050
Females 30-44 years
1986
14
Females 30-44 years
2001
0.040
Probability of Dying
12
Tranche HUE (days)
1986
0.045
2001
10
8
6
4
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
2
0.005
0
0.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
0.140
Females 45-59 years
1986
14
2001
Females 45-59 years
1986
2001
0.120
Probability of Dying
Tranche HUE (days)
12
10
8
6
0.100
0.080
0.060
4
0.040
2
0.020
0
0.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Percentage getting Sickness/Invalid Benefit
Note: The co-ordinates between two reference variables are shown for the intersection for each region at each date.
Sources: New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Mortality.
New Zealand Health Information Service, National Minimum Data Set - Public Hospital Discharges.
Statistics New Zealand, 1981-2001 Censuses of Population and Dwellings.
131
Appendix Figure 13.1 – Discussion
If there was no correlation, the scatter plots would look like this:
With the points scattered randomly within the circles.
There is some possible correlation between the probability of dying and sickness/invalid benefit
for older males and (to a lesser extent) females. This is as expected, given that people on
sickness/invalid benefit are unwell and therefore at a higher risk of dying. Other than this there
appear to be no strong correlations between HUE/probability of dying and sickness/invalid
benefits in either time period.
Regional differences become clearer with age as the rates getting higher and the changes become
greater. Thus in Appendix Figure 13.1 there is variance between the results for 1986 and 2001.
The cluster for 1986 had higher tranche HUE and lower sickness/invalid benefit rates whereas
that for 2001 had lower tranche HUEs and higher sickness/invalid benefit rates.
The scatter graphs show that the difference between the two time periods became more
pronounced as people reach older ages (i.e. the two circles of dots are further apart). These
results could indicate a shift from the formal health system to the informal as people turn to
sickness/invalid benefit due to a shortfall in supply in the formal health system. What is not clear
is whether this apparent displacement from hospitalisation to benefit use was voluntary, or an
effect of efficiency gains. Nor, at this stage, can we estimate whether this shift might have long
term effects on health status. That is, we cannot show whether or not those who at another time,
might have been hospitalised and are now existing on sickness/invalid benefits with some
measure of primary care support might be expected at some future date to present at hospital
with more severe ill-health and even as an acute case.
132