Sachs, J. and Warner, A. (1995), "Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth", NBER Working Paper Series , No 5398.

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1G couowlt 10262 4JJ6 6UGQ2 O fiG GX6W9I GCOUOW!62 OL IL2 fO W9Ufl9CfflUUä 1116 2fflq 62 pit (361P
(m9) COULW G !wboL9uc6 otaGueLsi DflCP 0126926 6UGCf2 OL62OflLC6 poowe F6 !L1 fiG dneee o
WSUfltSCflL62 IU JG 9C6 0 LG2OflLCG 00 W2 JJWWGL (j
) 2!wlISLtit bLoAIqee eAqeucG ps S&lcnInLG
!2 edne6eq pit su IUCLGS2G 0 GuGLeit GXb0I42 JuG l!U)(2 O flJG2G DflC1J 0126926 6l6C2 0 #J6 1022 0&
bLoqncpou GxeLusI!iea' pOM6AGL' LewsIuC ebscnIsflAe suq $2 ite nubLoAGu
JJJ6 L62 0 JG bsbei. ! oL89u6q $2 0II0M2 U 6Cfl0U MG 6XSW!UG W6 CLOCC-ConigLit aLoM4tJ
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LGCOL qnLua 48O-98 MG S2 MIJGfJGL fIG GAqGLICG 1LOW fiG bS2r O XGSL2 enbboI4a
UQlOU fJS
spnuqsu USf1L9J LG2OflLCG2 qebLG22 aLoMff suq uq fIG 9USMGL O PG AG2 IU 2GCfOU 3 MG bL62eu
2OWG bLej!w!u9O LG2flI2 ou boe2pje bspMsAe pX 2nqAua fiG GJGC2 O USf1L9I LG2OflLCG qGbGuqGucG OU
bocsi suq ecouow!c AsL!spIe 2GCfOU ' bLe2eu S 2flWWSL1 suq 20W6 fiOflä42 SpOri nv1L6 LG2GSLCIJ
!U P!2 9LG9 ybbeuqx 21J0M2 fiG GXGU2!OU O fiG LfJ92flXSW9 woq O fiG CS2G O L9G9PG 9uq uou-
wqe9pie aooqe ybbGuqx B qG2cLps2 Je qs9 neeq u pe bsbcL
2GCI0U 5 EWb!U.CS1 EIgGuCe OU 62onLCG-9s2sq c3t.OMfi
MG pGaIU M!fJ CL022-COflUp.1¼ 8L0Mp 6d11S!0U2 qGecLpGq ILl BSLLO suq 2SIS-I-AI914IU (4882)' suq
fl2G LGCGUfl? pl 9C2 9Ll M9WGL (.1382) !U S enqX 01 fIG I!uIc9862 01 LS6 boi!cl suq 8LoMfr BIG
pseic qes 12 fi9 Gcouow!c äLOMfJ lu scouowX I pcM€u !we =o suq =i. (u P! Cs26 eo suq 4aee)
ponq pe S ueas!A6 1nUCiIOU 01 !U!P91 !UCOW6 ,' suq S A6C0L 01 OflJ6L 2LflCflL9I Cp9L9C6L!2!C2 01 fiG
ecouowX x1:
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oni bL6eLL6q WG92flLG
01 LG2OflLCG qGbGUqGUCG 12 fiG L9O 01 bu•w9LA-bLoqnc 6xboL2 0 0Db ILl .180 MP!CIJ MG qGUOG 2Xb'
MG IJ96 9120 G2G OfJGL bo2Siple WGS2flLG2 01 LG2OflLCG q6bGUqGUCG' 92 MG P9Il W6U0U
ant. GWb!uCsI esipua boiu 12 o !UC(nqG )ne Iu!fsI lucowe (reobo) suq fiG 29LG o bqwsiA
GxboI4S !U eob !U
(2xbY 92 2IJOMU !U LGdL622!OU J !L1 SpG J HoIquä !U!!SI !UCOWG C0U2SU 9
p!aeL 29L6 o bL!w9t.1 Gxbol42 9 WG 29I4 01 fiG beuoq 12 922oCsGq MIfJ 0MGL äLoMfi OA6L fiG UGX 50
AGSL2' M!fi 91J 62flWSGq co6Wc!6u 01 -9050' Mp!Cp 12 P!äPIX 29!2flSIIA 2!au!ucSUf (-Lsho = -g) 10
asnae fiG 2!6 01 hJ!2 c0GWC!6U U0G fJ9 2Xb !2 W6S2flLG 52 9 2SL6 01 CDb M!flJ 9 CL022-CoflhJfLX
W69U U 4.4 01 04583 suq S esuqsiq
01 jji6L6OL S nu ssuqsq qGA90U IUCLGS2G
lu pe 29LG O buwsi.X exboI42 !U JJ M0flq PG saeocs46q M!flJ S LGflCfl0U !U suuns bei-csbig äLOMIP
019 I!UI6 1622 fJ9U OUG bGLceu bGL XG9L' ebecIUc9,,) -o•a bGLceu beL suunw (=-a5oo43) 19GL !U
fiG bsbeL MG M!jl 9A6 WOLG 0 2& Sp0fl fiG b9pMsAa 01 4P!2 GGC pn flil2 C9JCflI9OU AG2 9 LonaIJ
G9 01 hG 0LGL2 01 ws0unqe 0 fiG äLOMflJ G16C seeoqseq MIfJ LG2OI1LCG spnuqsucG
R W! pe JG C926 )J9 P!2 US9AG 9220C!90U PGMGGU LG2OflLCG MGSJflJ 9uq aLoMp !2
ebau.one suq 9Cfl9fl? L6UGC2 SU 9220C!SflOU GfMGGU LG2OflLCG MG9IP suq 2OW6J!UO 6126 J9 9GC2
äLOMflr EOL exswbie 20W9 9AG SLarl6q flJ9 LG2OfILCG-UC COflUI462 SLG WOLG bLouG o sqob uMsLq-
ooquä ecouow!c boI!c!9e 01. 0 q9AG0b poseq suq !UGU6CP.AG PflLGSflCL9C!62 VIGLU9!AGI1 U9flL9I
2
L620111C6 MGSIP w!8p1 IO2iGL 20C!s boIsL!s!ou suq !ucowo !U6dfl9I!1 92 fiG 611162 1126 IIJG!L boI!c9I
boepoue o GxbLobuslG 9 q2bLoboI41ousG 21)916 01 fiG LG2OrILCG M991fl1 E!USHX' qGbGLJqGucG ou
bL!w9L1 LG2OI1LCG !2 0IGU 9jIG8Gq 0 W9(G fiG CO11UILX WOLG A11IUGLSPIG 0 GXGLU9 2p0C2
U ISPIG 4' MG t00( 9 fIG 6d\6UC6 101 211C1) 66C12 p sqqiu6 S UflW6L 01 ASIISPIG2 0 fIG P92C
6LoMfi LG8LG2S!OLJ 11)626 LG0L62210U2 916 WG9U 0 2GLA6 M0 bniboeee IPG 4!L2 12 0 269 !1 11)626
Sqq!fousl A9Li9pG2 — 20W6 OIMI.J1CP 916 ucnqsq !U OflJGL äLOMfJ 2nqI62 — 916 flJGW2GIAG2 2!äU!C9UfX
922oCseq M!gJ 01.OMflJ OUCG IG2OI1LCG M69lflJ !2 9gGIJ !U0 SCCO11Uf 11)6 2GC0LJ ! 0 296 !t fiG 2Xb
S220C!9i0U 12 2GU2!!A6 0 fiG!L !UCIfl2!0U
IU L66L622!OU 4 MG sqq su obGuue2s ASL!spjG' 2ObEV flJ9 WG9211LG2 fiG ILSCPOU 0)69L2
P6MGGU .1682 suq 4888 IIJ9 fiG C0I1UL1 M92 UG6L9(Gq M!fi IJG 610P91 ecouow1 V C0flULX !2 2S!q 0 pG
iueäL9eq !1 w9U9UGq LGS20U9PIl tOM 9L!U2 suq dno4sa' suq q!q U0 1)9A6 SU GXC622!A6111 P!0P PISCI(
WSLgG GXc1)9U6G LS6 bLGw!nw (266 29C112 suq MSWGL .1882 101 WOL6 qe92 OU fiG IOLWSI CLGqS) v
conup) Ws 12 obu 6AGLX 169L PGMG6U 42 suq .1688 LGC6IAG2 S A9jflG 2ObEIl = ' C0flLUL)I fJS !2
9IM&2 c026q qnL!U fJ626 A69L2 LGCG!A62 S ASf1G 2ObE1 = 0 11)6 LG8LG22!Ou LG2flIf2 qGW0U2f.9G flJ9
obGuue22 2 !GLX 2p.oua) 9uq boe!!Ael) sa2oc9eq M!flJ 8LOMflJ' 92 MG 21)0MG !U 29CP2 GUq MSWGL
(4ea2) IwboLsuiIX' pe buw9LX exboii C0GWC!GU !2 28u!UcsLlf6AGU 9GL C0UL0Il!Uä IOL f.9q6 bol!ck j.pe
A9IflG 01 fiG C06WC!GU !2 !U 19Cr GA6U pfäpGL IIJ9U IU LGth.G22!0U 4
j1)G OfJ6L A9U.9P162 coueqseq !U 9j6 4 916: II1A.088' fiG 9A6L966 !UAG2WGU 0 (3Db LSfO OAGI.
pe beuoq .1 O-4 a88 Bflb' SU !UqGx fJ9 WG92flLG2 fIG dnsi o fiG pIlLGSflcLSck lu gie bqoq 4380.i 883 (110w J9nLo'
flo' fiG esuqeq qeMsIou o fiG oä o giG GX6LU9 6Lw2-0t.9qG IuqGx
OAGL ps beqoq ias-ae (Low M0L 19PIG 4883)' suq IIIEO' fiG L9!0 0l fIG !UCOWG 21)919 01 fiG ob
O beceu 01 porispoq 0 WG !UCOWG 21J9L6 o qia pogow o belceur 01 p0n2Gp0q2
juG 9p6 21)0M2 1)S J6 21)91601 bu.wsO exboi.a !u 0Db LGW9!U2 26U!C9U 991 COuiLoII!u8 101
JJJG PflLG911CL9 iuqGx 2 9 2wbI9 cowbo2!6 O f)J1.GG !uqGxG2 0 wGs2nLe: (4) GWC!eucA O&flJG
1nq!csLX () sci o iGq 9bG' suq () scg o coLLnbf!ou .1JJ626 !uqoxGa 916 pseq ou 2nLAGX2 couqnqeq
P1' Bfl2!UG22 IUGW9I0U9I OAGL. IJG beqoq 680-93
flIG2G ASU.9p162 .jjJ6 9PIG 9120 20M2 fl9 fIG I92 M0 01 flJG2G A9L!9PIG2 112D 9Uq W1EO 9(6 LJ0
fiG W2GIAG2 2IauiQCsUfA 9220Ci9Gq MIflJ aLoMflJ MpiI6 obGuucee' IUAG2WGU suq flLG9flCL9pC dnsI!X SLG
2!auwcsuflt 92eocsGq M!p äLOMfJ, J9flLO (j
psq 69L1!GL q6W0U2L9Gq fIG 21äUIIJCSUCG 01 fiG
PfILG9I1CLSfC dnsI!X WG9GflLG IOL CL022-C0flLJLA 6ioip'
iu Gdnspou (J ) MG qlob fiG iue!aLJRJC9U ASLISPIG2 112D suq Ii,iE suq sqq LGa!ousI qfIWWA
A9L!SPI62 IOL V2!9 211p-29P9L9U VIL!C9' suq IGflU VWGL!C9 'fl 01 flJG 2p.nCf1L9I A9L19p162 (u!!sI !UC0WG
obeuueee' LG2OI1LCG 9pnuq9uce !uAG2WGU L9G suq pnLGSflCL9Clt) LGW9IU 2!auiucsu GAGU 9GL fJ6
!UClfl2!OU O1LGäIOUSI qnwwX A9L!9p162 QUilt fIG 2flP-2S1J5(9U V1L!C9 qnwwlt ASLISPIG !2 G!3UI1jc9u' M!fJ
uGasfAG CoGWC!GU 01 -J w6suiua PS 2flP-291J919U VIL!CSU CoflLIL!G2 C86U2 SUpfl2 aLGM 1622 L9bqI2
pX
beLc6u bGL 169L qnLuä 6.J-9a fiG W9aUflqG 01 fiG LG2OflLCG GGC L6W9!U2 spon IJG 29W6
S !U fiG OflJGL 16dL622!0U2 Mifli S CO6WC!6U IU fi!2 C926 0 -J
vifionap fiG 63L622!oue !u 1PI .J 916 6xbIoL9oL1 SLJq flinG MG GIG 2OWGMP9f pG2!9U O 2LG22
S 2fJ1Cf1L9 !uGLbL6f9I!0u' MG qo fJ!ul fiG LG2fll2 9(9 !UOLW9fA6 90fl fiG 0II0M!Uä ä6UGLSJ bo!u2 EIt2
M9fGAGL fiG 6X9C U9flL6 0 fiG 9AGL2G 6UGC 0 U9f1L9 L62011LC6 spnuqsuce OU GCOUOW!C &OMfi' fiG
eAqeuce 2flaaG22 BJ9 ! !2 U0 2!WbIA s bloxA 0L PflLGSflCL9fC !UGWC!6UC?t 01 bLoecIou!2w 2!UCG fJG2G
9(6 WG92flL6 qLGCfX fJLOrIälJ Bfl suq 2ObEV I 9120 2GGWG fJ9 fiG SqAGI.26 6GC 2 U0 obelsfuä
W9UIlt pX IOMGL!LJa !UA62W6U L9G2' 2!UC6 fiG uGa9flAe COLLGISfOU 2 W9U9UGq GAGU 9GL C0uL0ll!ua tOL
!UAG2WGU L9G2 !U fiG LGaLee2!0u.
O uq SLut 9220C!GfOU PGMG6U eLwe-o-Lsqe
OI1L
A0I9iI! suq äLoMfJ IGSq2 fIG 0 qoMub9A p!2 GUGC 92 s boeepje C9UUGJ OL fiG bqwsi.X eXboL4 siiecr
OflL 49!IflLG O uq SIJA 9220C!SPOU p94M66U !U9dfl9I!O suq dLOMflJ WSX LG2flI 4LOW W692flLGWGU bLopIewG
suq s Jweq aswbie OL WOLG 2!WbIA ow pe tsc fli9 !uednGpIA 92 U0 qLec GUGC2 OU aLOMfiOUCG MG
COLJLOI tOL L9q6 bol!cX suq PflLG9flCL9iC !UGWC!GUcA iii SUX 6A6U MG SAG I!U16 GWb!L!CSl p92!2 O bnLene
file CIJ9UUGI I/lLflJGt. Iii fJI2 bsbeu 1WGLG0LGa MG MIII blocecq !u iite bsbei o oo OL IiqLGc 66C2
1M U06 i9 OiG1 2flG2 9AG LS9CJ9q qL9u couqnoue LG89Lqua fiG 9GC2 o AolsfflA suq
!uGdnsl!A ou äL0Mp 2!uce fG2G dnee!ou2 SLG UO1 fiG W9!U COUCGW o P! bsb6L MG LGGL fiG LG9GL 0
MO LGCGU GXSWbIG2: V162!u9 suq oqq (j') suq sw& suq 9WGA (468'tY
10
obGigfiua ion8p !uAG2WGU' LsqG bojc1i' 9uq pflL6911CL9!C boI!c1 92 MGII 92 OjIJ6L 66C2 UO LGI9f6 0
flJG2G A91!9p1G2
MG 9A6 9120 CGC6 fIG L0pr12uG22 O fIG 1620I1LC6 G6C2 OU 8LOMflJ !U 26A6L91 OflJGL M912
ucnqIuä fiG 26U2!I!A! o fIG LGLG22!0U LG2f1I2 fO 0flI!GL2 9UC1 9U6LU9fAG WG9211LG2 o bqwLX L62OILCG
!U6U2!O QUO Ot fIG 29I!GU t69flL62 0 011L q9j9 2 fiJ9 M0 O!I-GCOLIOWIG2' OW9U suq esnq! VLSP!9 IJ9AG
AGLA P!81J 21J9162 o buwsLA 6Xb0I4a !U CDb .LP61 8120 9AG IOM 8LOMfJ' M!flJ QWSU 9 94 bGLCGU b6L
AG9L suq e9nqI yL9pl9 9 -OQ8 b€iceu bGL AG9L 20 fJ9 fJG!L bleeGuca IU fiG LG8LseeIoue M0fl 6uq o
2LGUäfi6U fIG 6eW9Gq UG9AG 2Xb 616C HOMGAGL' fiGl 9120 IISAG W!22!Uä A91fl62 tOL 2GA6L91 OfJGL
A9u9pI6e 20 fJ9 fIG LG2flI2 9CL022 qGLGu 2b6C!C9!0U2 M0fl G 2GU2!lA6 0 M6fJGL pG2G C0flU1462
9A6 qLobbeq lu 01 on o p6 egwble 10 jG226U file !U29p!I!A 9CL022 29WblGe MG SA6 qlobbGq pop
COflUfi62 tLOW fiG LG8LGCC!oIJe !U .L9P16 J M 2f622 fi9 fP!2 0W12210U brlepGe 0111 LG2fll2 oM8Lq2 9
2WSflGL weseriiq 9AGL26 6GC 0 U9I1L9I LG2O11LC62 OU 8LoMflr jjJ9 I2 fiG GIGC Monq p6 6AGLJ
eL0U8GL M!fi fJG2G CO11UfJG2 Uc11qGq•
JJJGLG SLG OflL OfJGL 0!l-iUGU2!AG 6COUOWIG2 fIJ9 SLG U0 !U 0111 CSWblG PGC9112G Db 99 IC U0
9A9!19P16 tOL fiG f1
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8.O-4 698 b6Loq: B9pL9!U 1L9d KflM9!' 9uq fiG nueq VL9P EW!L9G2 JjJ6!L 8LOMflJ
LSG2 01 fiG WSX!W11W-SAS!19p16 flW6 beioqe 916 bL6aGueq !U .LSPIG
SIOLJä M!fi äioMni tOL OWSU 2uq
9nq VL$p!9 V06 flJ9 IJG tOIlL owgGq GCOUOW!G2 9AG UGaSfAG äLOMfl L9G2 uqGeq K11M9! suq
flU6 VL9P EW!L962 p9ne encp I0N &OM4p L9G2 fi9 ! IC 9L 0 9(G fiG qss 9 9CG A9fl6 MG
enabec flJ9 fiG2G IOM äL0Mp L9G2 916 flG !U b9L fO uqGx UnWPGL bwpiewe suq WG921ILGWGU bLopIGwe
SGCOCIGGq MIni ISLaG cpsuaee u L69AG bucee PGM6GU OIl auq OflJ6L 2GC0L2 92 M6II 92 I9POL W!äLSP.OU
!UfO suq Oflf O fJG2G COflUL!G2 EOL pG bnLboeGe o f! bsbei' !f 211WCG2 0 UOG fJ9 fiG 21X 0!I-!UGU2!A6
GCOUOW!62 fJ9 MG GXCII1G )JSAG IOM âLOMflJ 20
4}i9!L !UCI112!OU M0flq !4 suXfi!Li0 2LGU8fJGU fiG
UGäSPAG 922OC!9IOU p6G6u LG2O11LCG !U6U2!A suq &o?Ip
MG 9120 uAe2as6q WOLG OLUJ9I GCPU!d11G2 tOL 922622!uä fiG 2GU2AfA O 0111 1eäL622ioU2 O
VAGLSaG äLOMp 0L J OJ6L 0iI-!UGU2iAG GCOUOWIG2 lu O11L 29WbIG M92 .1 382' MIJ!IG 9AGLSäG aLoMp
tOL PG !u 46 excriqq 0iorib M92 -99
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0flj!GL2 EOL fi! MG 401PM 20W6 04 fiG bLocGqnLee qcqpeq u BGI2IGA' KP suq MGI2CP (.1a9o b 59)
9uq BOIIGU suq 19CWSU (.iaao bb 9-5)' jG PS2IC G9 12 0 GXCIflG Qp2GLI9f0U2 flJ9 IJSAG
GXLGWGIX p!ap Le2qfl92 suq .(GAGL9äG, OU fiG LG8LG22!0u LG2flI2 .LP!2 !2 b9L!cnIsLIX !Wb0I49U !U IJ!2
C0UGX4 2IUCG Sfl C0(1UL!G2 IISAG 911 GdflSI Me!aJ (U fiG LG&G22I0U2 MGfJGL fJGA 91.9 S PUA 01. 191a6
GCOUOWA jp6LG4OLG MG M9UG O änsLq 9as!ua fiG qGbeuqGuco 04 OI1L LG2I1J2 011 9 psuqn 04 1LJA
GCOUOWIG2 jG IGAG1.saG 04 911 02GLA9fl0U 12 9 WflIfASU.9j6 WGSSf1LG 04 fIG q29UCe 04 2 X A9I 41.0W
fIG WG9U2 lu fIG eswbie BGI2IGA KflP suq MGI2CIJ L6C0WWGU 9 29f2f C MIJ!CP pGA CSj( DEII2 flJSj
COWp!U62 fIGSG M0 !U0 OUG WG92flLG (DEIi2=L((P\(1i.O)v()) 911q 4flLflIGL 2nädG2 Gxclnqluä 9U
O2GLA90U It DELL2 6XCG62 5(b4U)v()' IU fIG IOLWflIS2 SP0AG L 12 fiG Le2qn9j P 2 fiG IGAeL98G (
fiG Uf1WPGL 04 LGaL622OL2 suq U !2 fiG eswblG 2!!G U LGäLG22IOU 15 IU 9PG J MG 40flU
fJ9 jiiiqsq
9uq jopsäo psq S DELL2 A91fl9 9poii M0 fWG2 p!8p61 flJSU fJ!2 flJLG2i0 9Uq epon M0 IW62 P!äPGL
fISU fIG UGX P!0P62 C0nUjL1 !U fiG 2SWbIG IqUq9q suq iopsao1e aLOMflJ M92 O.39 6j0M fIG CL022COflUp)% WG9U 04 J 3J suq ! P9q pfap LG20flLCG-!UGU2A !U J aJ BGCSfl2G MG qiq UO M9tJ fiG LG2(1I2
0 pG oo 26u2!PAG 0 9 2!UäIG OP2GLA8OU MG 9j20 ow!Gq jL1•Uq9q 4LOW flJG e9wbIG U 911 04 IJG
LGaLG22!oue !U I9PIG J•
V P!L M9X MG C6C<G 40L LOPfl2fiG22 M92 0 LA 9IGLU9fAG WGS2IILG2 o4 bu•wiJ LG2Of1LCG
!UGU2UA U 19P16 3 MG ao pSCfC 0 fiG äLoM4p LGdLG22!OU MIfi !U!flSl !UC0WG obGuuG22 9uq buwst) Gxb014
!UGU2!1 suq LA fJLGG 9f0U9 W69211L62 04 LG2OflLC6 !LIGU2!X jp& 4L2 L6dLG22!OU IU 9PI6 3 qeuoeq
j 12 2iwbA s LGbIiC910U 04 LGäLG22!Ou J ' M!flJ 2Xb WGS2IIUUa LG2OflLCG iUGU2IA JJJG U6X WG9211L6 04
LG2OflLCG !UGU2!O !
MPICIJ W692flLG2 fiG 2IJSLG 04 W!UGLSI bLoqncou lU 0Db !U .1 84 JiJ!2 !2
COu2ps1Ceq ne!uä coflulJ-2bGc4jc bLoqncflou q949 4LOW fiG fl2 BflLGSfl 04 (4IUG2 40L J6 40b (M6UA-JLG6
W!UGLSI2 U 4f JJJG2G bLoqncfou 4jänLG2 MGLG fiJGU ASn6q 9 fl2 !WbOL bucGa suq qqeq pA ie rra
qost ASIC1G 040Db 0 0P9!U 214b MG C9U 2G6 4LOW LG&922!OU 35 flJS W!IJGI.9I bLoqncou 12 920
uGäspAeIA 922OC9Gq M!p anp2edneu &OMjp OflL fJLq WGS2flLG 04 LG2OflLCG !UGUa!A ! bXLJ
scpou o buwst) exboqa lu
exbol.r2 !u j
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0Db MP!CP 2 2Xb) QI1L 4OflL4 WGS2flLG !2 flJG ba osuq SLG9 beL beL2ou U Ja.i eäLe2aoua 33 suq
3 20M 494 0fli 9L6 9120 ucaal!AGIA 9220Cs4Gq M!fj.J 2np2GdnGLJ4 äLOMlpe
QI1L bL6eLLeq W69211LG 01 LG2O11LC6 !U46U2!4 ! 2Xb II 92 Gff6L COAGLSa6 ot bqw9O¼ bLoqric4ou
f19U J,jE MIJ!CP W69211L62 0U W!UGL9J2 suq 11161 bLoqnc4ou iu $qqf0U' MG 2fl2b6C4 4J94 W69211LG2 01
buwsL1 GXbOL42 9AG 1622 W69211L6W6U4 GLLOL 41J9U fIG B11LG911 01 I"J!UG2 624! W9462 01 W!UGLSI bLoqnc4ou
!Li 4J 62b6C!9lI1 IOL booLek COflU4L!G2 MG bLelek 2Xb 40 bXl.J W9IUIX P6C91126 fIG !UIGL2GCIOL9I suq
bojij!csi GCOUOWX G6C42 0 USI11LSI LG2O11LC62 ponq qGbGuq ou fiG MG!äpl o fl102G LG2OI1LCG2 !u 40491
IUCOWG (ps !2 GDb) L94GL fJ9U 40491 GXbOL42 E!U9IIA' MG bLGIGL 2Xb 40 suq 9LG9 b6L b6L2ou P6C9112G
suq !2 uo $ AGL1 bLGc!26 WG9211LG o buwsL1 bLoqnc4ou' fiofläp I9uq 9PflLJ9UCG 46U2 40 6 C0LLGI94G
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2dn9L62 LGaLG22!oue 1946k IU flJG b9beL
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e MG 9120 exbGuweufeq M!4p bLsI!w!uSLX 9f9 qeAeIobeq 94 fIG M°qq B9u1c 4194 9446Wbf2 40
WG921LG fiG bLoqnc4Ae MG9141i 0 fiG Moqq1a GCOUOWIG2 suq 40 9110C946 4IS4 M691fJ SwoLia pnwsu
csbi49I bpXeics csb!4aI suq U9411L91 LG2OrILCG2 MG fl2G fIG bkoboi.pou 0 U94flL9 LG2OflLCG MGSI4P !U 40491
bLoqncA6 MGSI4P 929 W692fl16 O LG2OflLCG spnuqsucs V M!1P fiG 04GL WGS2flLG2 S P!P bloboi.fou o
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MG U046 flJ94 624! W94G2 O W!U6L91 L62GLAG2 0UIt 26GW 40 G 9A9!ISPIG 0L OH suq a92 suq 9 6M WS1OL
W!UGLSI2 MG q!q U04 uq LG2GLAG q949 MflJ 2flWC!6U4 L62OflL6 suq cOnU4LA cOAGL9G 40 PG fl2Gttll OL 4P!2
bsbGu J0LGOAGL' GXbGL42 94 4G fl 9f116911 O VJ!UG2 LGbOL4 flJ94 LG2GLAG 624! W9462 tOL wsiiA cotlu4q62
suq w!u6L912 SLG 2IWbIX xGq wnçbje o bLoqncou SUXMSX' o ps 4peX wsX uo IJ9A6 wrtcp WOLG
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0WGL suq MG!I
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LGOLG22!OU IU fiG QL2( COIflWU siiq L68LG22!OUC MfJ fiG 11GM ASL!9pIG2 !U 2flp26dflGLJ C0flWU2 BIG UGM
A9L!9p162 ucnqe pG 2Xb A9L!9P6 wGufouGq 9pOAG 92 M611 92 fiG 2ObEkl ASU9PIG %LOW 29C112 suq
M9LUGL (laa2Y
IU 9PIG 8MG 2POM flJ9 2Xb suq 2ObEIl LGW9!U 2!8U!QC9UMPGU !UcIflqGq !U fIG B91L0 (4684)
ebec!Ic9!ou' MIfI -L9f02 0% -53 suq 2ae LG2bGCfAGI1 JJJG M0 W9!U C1J9U662 %LOW fIG oLjOu9
LGOLG22!OU 91.6 UL2 fi9 fIG flW9U C9b!9I A9L!9pf62 9bbG9L 1622 2!8uftIcsu suq eGcouq' flJ9 !uAG2rw6u !e
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2ObEIl 9120 LGW9!U 2iäUUjC9Uc
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suq rGA!uG (4683) juG 0L8iU9J eiqX couaqieq %OflL qGLGLJ WG92flLG2 01jU9UC!9J qG6beuu6 suq MG
9AG eepwsGq L68L622!ou2 M!flJ 911 %0(1L U
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suq 385
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2!au!4!csu L69Gq 0 fiG 2J9L6 04 !UAG2W6U 9xbGuqnLG2 ou w9cp!ueL1 suq ednbwsuc M LGbl!cse
flIG!L P92!C LG2flJ !U fiG 4jL2 coinwu: 9 aau!l!csur C0G4jC!6U OU EflIb 9uq EU iU2!äU!jC9IJ C0G4LJC!GU OU
11E2 IU fiG fJLq LGQLG22!OU' MG nbqe fiiG!L LGäLG2C!OU fl2!Ua fiG I9G2 9A9!ISPIG äLOMfJ q99 (AGL2!ou
2Q 04 211WWGL2 SUq HG20U ae,i) suq uq fii9 fiG edn!bwGu ASL!9p16 !2 'JO IOUäGL 2!äU!l!C9U !U fiG
bleeeucG 04 2Xb suq 2ObEV
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obeuueee LGbLeeeuj 9qqifiou9 exbi9usioue 40L C1022 COI1LJp.A äLoMfi fi9 9AG U0 pGGU cou2q6LGq p1
OfJGL 2nqG2 IU aGueL9 fJG2G M0 ASLI9pIG2 LGWSIU 2!äU!4C9U !U pG bLGeeucG 04 A91!9p1G2 4LOW OflJ6L
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e!6u!c9u b9L!9l 8220C!9flOU P6MGGU bL!w9LA LGCOf1LCG !UGU2!O suq 3LOMfl.e flJGL6 9LG 9 4GM C92G2
MGLG fiG GA!qGLJcG 2 20W6M9 MG9gGL E!L2f MG euq fO uq fJ9 M6U !UA62W6U 12 qi.obbeq 4Low IJG
&0M4J LeaLeee!oue IU ISPIG .1' suq pflL69flCL9C) !2 ucnq6q' P9 2Xb C0G4JCGU GC0W62 !U2!U!41C9IJ
slfJonap 2!fl u6as!A6 b914 04 fiG LGS2OU 401 flJ!2 LG2Iig 12 flJ9 fl2G 04 fiG pi1LG9flCLSC1t ASL!9pIG eIiw!u962
spon 9 flJ!Lq 04 fiG COI1UfJ•G2 41.0W fiG 29Wb1G uq fiG pflLG9flC19C7 ASU.SPJG 12 U2614 20W61!WG2
Iu2IaUIc9U (ese iOieaiou •e 401 exswbs) ecouq' fiG
A9L!9p16 !2 9120 !u2!au!C9u !1J COWG
16a16221oU2 Pfl J2 LG2fl 2 2GU2!!AG 0 fiG bieeeuce o B0I2M9US' owsu 01 9nq vspis !u JG eswbje
BO2M9LJ9 !2 9 492-äLOM!Uä L620(1LCG !UGU2!AG COI1LULA MIJ!19 92 weup•oueq fiG OfJGL fMO 916 210M
aLoMua LG20flLC6-iUGU2!AG C0(1Up.162 Me C0026 U0 0 21622 IJG26 L62fl1f2 PGCSfl2G 04 OflL bLG4GLGUCG
401 fiG 2Xb A9L!9P16 (Me PGl!GAG
92 WOLG 2!8U!UCSUf WGS2flLGWGUI bLopIew2) QAGLSII' !U GLW2 04
2Leuafli 04 ewbiucsi 162n2 MB 9AG 4onuq 4B 21Lou862j LG2flI2 MflJ 4G bX1J A9U9pj6' 4O,OMG PX 2Xb
9uq peu iii MG 9AG uo exGu2!AeI? uAe2p•aseq pe be4owjsuce o pe 9uq-ueuA AsqspJG
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spnuqsu GC0U0W!G2 MIJ!CJ Monq pG C0flLJGL-GX9WbIG2 o oni 6GuGLs1 bLoboe!!ou LG JGL6 qGAGobua
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GCOUOW!62 flJS SLG !U fiG ob dnst.pe 0 LG2OI1LCG 9flU9UCG (wGsenLcq P1 2Xb OL GXSWbIG) suq
SA6 2fl2f9U6q pi3p 1GA612 O3LOMqJ M uq ouA 4M0 C9262 oqGAGobua conuu.es (q6uGq 92 48.J
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ucjnqe2 49 qeAeobuä conuue2 AJ0LGOAGL PG2G IMO GXCGbf!0U2 9L6 AGLX !IIflW!U9!Ua 9O 91.6 AGO
obeu ecouow!62 9O1 LGeq ou A!LnsII1 cowbjee LGG L9q6 S 1692f !U W 2GU26 O !6L0-8LJ.ll EXbOLI
bLoce22!ua OU62 O 2!WflI9G I9POL-!uGL12!AG W9un4sCr1L!uä 6XbOI42 op 9AG p9q PG!L aLOMp
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GXbOLj2 L96L jJ9U LGeonLce-6q aLoMip i9 9CCOI1U2 OL
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ILl BJ! 26CI0U MG L) 0 922622 2OWG 04 pe b9jpM&2 pGpluq fIG UAGL2G 9220Ci9!0U PGIMGGU
1G20flLCG-!UGU2! suq ÔLOMflJ nqeq pX iG LG2fl2 IU 9PIG J 92 MGII 92 0111 bL!oLe MG boenIsG S
ewbie Gwb!ucsl woqe M6 A!6M flJ!2 W0GI 92 9 2sLfua bo!u 401 GXbj0LSI0U L9fJGL fil9U 92 9 GjUUA6
eu,cn1s1 woqs o pe bspMsl2 110W 1620fl1C6 9flU9UC6 0 thoivp
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fG 4L2 Gdfl9!0U 90AG 2 a!AGu jps UflWGL g 6C9fl2G Oru. bLG4GLLeq G2!W9G2 SLG LebOt4Gq lu ispie e'
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P6 !UA62W6U G4J9OL O flJ6 OAGLSjj COb G490L !U .1 O iiJ!2 A91!SPIG W69211162
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j&IoL (, )' P9AG 4Ofluq J2 01 2!W!ISL A9L!9pI62 fO pG 2!äU!iJC9Uq66LUJ!U9U2 04 !UA62W6U L9G2 M!W
s )i9L bL!c6 04 !UA62tiJGU 00q2 9220C96 MI4 S IOMGL L99 04 !UA92W6U LGl9!A6 O 0Db BOW bL!ce
!uqGxGe 40L !u G2WGU äooqa 9uq 401 W 0Db QGU9OL $16 9kGU 4L0W AGLe!ou
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M691fJ guq 8LOMflJ QUG p1bopGei2 !2 fli9 p!ap USifILSI LG2Of1LCG 9PflU9UCG 169q2 O IUCL6S2Gq LGU2GGqUa suq COLLflbfOU MP!CI.J Monq 2JOM nb !U fiG WG92flLG Oj PflL69flCL9fC GWC!6UCA (odnsfou '43).
K6WGWPGL fii9 BflK ! S cowboeiG !uqex Pn ribou 922G22W6u2 ot pG qoaiss ot cou.rlbf!ou LGq sbs
suq inqics( uqebeuqGuce !U fIG conutk y 1CM ASIfIG O
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!UGWC!GUC — W91 qGbLG22 8LOM4p qL6CflA (sdn9pou ) OL uqILGCf1 pX qebLG22Iua IUAG2WGU qewuq
(edns!ou g.4Y 2GCOU p?bofiG2e 12 flJ9 J1J LG2OflLCG MGSIW 92 9UCOflLSGq qeAGobu COnUfJ.G2 O
bnL2rts bLoGc!ou!2 29G-lGq qGAGI0bWGU 2LsGa!G2 82 pGX LX O COWp9 fiG DflCP D12692G GfGC2 o
fiG LG2OflLCG 9flU9UC6 (Gdn9flou 5) JiJ!2 uMsLq-jooquä qGAGObWGU L62fl2 !U IOM6L LJAG2WGU
L8G2 (GdnsIou g) 9U\OL IOM aLoMfI L862 qL6CfX' GAGU C0UL0IIUä tOL !UA62WGU L9G2 (edn9ou
V fJLq p1bOfIG2!2 ! fJ9 CO11UU62 M!fJ P!äIIGL U9flL9I LG2Or1LCG SpflUqSUCG Monq IJ9AG p!apGL OAGLSII
qswuq suq IJ!äPGL LGIs!AG bL!c62 o uou-L9qeq 8ooqe jjJie w!ap 96C fiG LGISfAG bucG2 O !UAG2WGU
0ooqe (Gdn9Iou 2) M!ni GuGc2 ou !uAGerwGu L9G2 (Gdris!ou
9Uq äLOMfJ (edn9fou e5) y JU9I
p1bofpG2!2 ! flJ9 IJ!äIJ LG2OflLC6 9PflU9UCG I692 O ILICL6S2Gq sääLGä8s qGW9Uq fI9 2p!2 ISPOL 9M&
4.LOW p!8p jG9wua-pX-qoua 2GC0L2 suq fJfl2 qabieeeee aLOMfi Iii I9POL bLoqncAfA' 92 !U fIG DflCP
D!2692G cnw 1ewuä woqG !u ybbGuqtx ' o pa bsbGL JJJ!2 GU6C 92 MGII 82 Iflt4PGL flU2b6CGq
eGcr2' wsA 6 csbnLGq p1 fIG 2Xb ASU.SPIG ps GU6L2 qLecI7 !u fiG äLoM4p Gdfl9!OU' 9GL COUfLOII!U
tOL IL9q6 bol!cX suq pflLGSflCLSCX
CIG9qA fi e 9U OAGL2WbGq woqGJ Mp bsL1!cnIsLI1 u9qednsG GXbIsusfoue tOL GflE 9uq
2QbEM MG ble2Guj fIG LG2flI2 WGLG7¼ 92 SU !U!f!9I tOLSA !LUO 8 WOLG 2LflCflL9I 922G22WGU O fiG
bspMsX2 tLOW 2Xb O aLoMp MG bLeeeu fIG uqiuaa !U tOflL g9PIG2 ISPIG COU9!U2 oLqusLX I692
2df19162 G2!W9(62 Ot fJ6 6dfl9!OU2 I!uIqua 2Xb O !uAa2wsu obeuueee pnLGSnCLsCX' 9uq 2OWG OfJGL
ueLwGq!s;G ASL!9p1G2 fJ9 w!ap 9GC aLoMp ISPIG bLe2euf2 fiG L6qncGq-oLw äLOMflJ LGaLG22!0u2
wbeq pX oru. 2G o Gdns!oue j9pG e bLeeeua iuai.nweuçs A9L!SpG2 ewse o fiG &ON¼fi suq
!uAe2wGu Gdnspoue VLJ ISPIG , 2t1WW9UG2 OI1L pG2-G2W9G2 O fIJG wsuriq O JG q!Lec suq
UqLGC GGC2
MG 9AG s,LGSqA onuq Gu9p.Ae 2nbboL OL W qGs jjJ9 pflLG9flCL9!C GWC!GUCX !2 bo2!!AeI7t
18
seeocsGq M!flJ aLoM4p (sa !U IAJ911LO 4a62). IPSI !2' Bflb 2 219f2fC9j1X 2!aU!QC9UI !U LGäLG22IOU 4f 4'
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fi0flJ fiG A91!9p1G !2 2OWG4IWG2 21Sf CfCSJl1% !u2!auwCsul MIJGU 0fJGL A91!9p162 916 9120 UCnqGq
!U fiG LGaLG22!OU (eGG L90LG22!OU 42 01 e4) '4 fIG 2SWG fWG' 1J0MGA6L fiG bL!wSLA LG2O11LCG GGC4 qoGe
U04 9bbGSL 0 M0Lt( fJL0r18i 4G p11LGS11CLSCX 66C jJJGLG 12 oUI1% MGS< GMqGUCG ps bLwst)% L620111C6
!u4eu2I4 !2 922ocI9Gq M!lp booLeL prILesrlCL9fC dnsI!41% 4ponaji sqwigeqX POW fiG p11LG911CL9C1% 9uq
LG2O11LCG ASL!9P1G2 9LG WG92I1LG M!1p CoueqeL9pje GLLOL JJlG 621! W9IG 01 1J4 !U LG&Ge2!OU 43 J92 9 4-
19110 0 oii1% -4 ' eGCouq 0111. 62fW96 0 fiG 99C1 01 P11LGS11CLSI!C dn9lA OU !UAG2IWGUI !2 9120
2OWGMP9I M691C MJJGU MG G2flW9IG fiG !UAG2IWGUI 6dfl9fOU pA oLqU9L1% lG92 ednsLGe (LGaLGe2!ou 44)
MG uq s boe!IIAG pn !u2!au!cgu1 GUGCI 01 BflI OU lilA' M9U MG 6211W916 IPG !UAG2IWGUI ednsiiou p1%
!U21Lflw6U9l A91!9pIG2 (LGä1622!ou e) MG äG fIG 29WG 19211W
MG blocGGq o Gxsw!uG fiG bo!u 62fW9162 ILioUua fiG 219fl21!C91 !U2!0U!QC9LlC6 fiG !Wb9C 01
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noitqmuenoo yd edt ieblo 1noitslene9 silt ioisnimoneb teum beeoxe silt iotsiemun bns edt noiaceiqxe
faum ed aael nsdt .eno
I
o
ytitidst2 aeetnssu tsrlf nl9uodtls 8 111w ton qmuj ylsisibemmi of afi wen mundiliupe QniwoIIo s
fi 111w ob oc yIIsubsi iii s qefa yd qsta .noirlast 1eiomierthuRrthw 8 griiwollo! oimsnyb qeta-yd-qeta
,inemfaubs ii nso ed neea moil 8 tsrtt silt nsmud Istiqso 1eldshsv ,H 111w ode woIlo oimsnybqefa-yd-qeta
.inemtaujbs eonO 8 esd berlosei cli wen ybseta eista 1eutsv H 111w nerD W019 ylauounhtnoo is edt instanoo
9151 .8
1)1oodc
o
dtwoi o H nerli eenimeieb rIiwoi isilto yeI aeldshsv moi edt enoitsupe iii 93fl0 H ci
9niwo1 is etsi 8 bns 8 leati ci bexit ts eti ybsele sista eulsv silt Isfiqso a)1ooia ni elf owl aiofoea 111w ode
woi is stel .8 1e,ormedtiu sonic elf noitouboiq anoiionLft sis auoneomod o eeieb 1eno bns nifod
8C
49C40L2 916 aLOM!ua 94 L946 8 on4bn4 !L P04)1 26C4012 MIII aLOM 94 (916 9
10 GASIfl94G COb aLoM4p MG fl26 4)16 49C40L !UCOWG qocowbo2jou 04 CDb
COb =
+
(5'l)
+
+
2!UCG 911 40LW2 GXC6b4 äLOM 94 L946 8 lU 4)16 24G9qX 24940' U 2 CIG9L 4)1944)10 UOU-LG2OflLCG GCOUOWX 9120
äLOM2 94 L94G 8 B6C9fl26 044)16 bloaGuce 044)10 UOU-th.OMIUä LG2OflLC6 2GC4OL pOM6AGL' 4049 (3Db äLOM2
94 L946 09' M)JGL6 a 12 fiG 1L9C410U 04(3Db lU 811 26C4012 0fl42q6 4)16 uS4flLSI-L62OflLcG eec4oL
10 6A9Ifl9fG 6446C42 ou 4)16 IGAGI' 92 obbo2eq 40 4)16 &OMfi' 04(3Db' MG 2np24!4n46 401 K suq K !L
edrs4!ou 53 suq LG9LL9UG 40 Op4SiU
cob
+
+
(32)
-
MJ4P 4)16 woqe qG2cLipGq !U 4)16 GdflS4!0U2 90AG' MG CSU UOM 6249p112)1 fiG W9!U bloboe!4!ouS
bLODO2!4!OU 4 ECOtIOW!62 4)194 6XbGLIGUCG 9 4GWbOL9LA LG2OflLCG P00W MIII IJ9AG IOMGL L94G 04 ÔLOM4p IOL
26A6L8I beuoge 944614)16 P00W 4)1SU O4PGLM!2G IgGU4IcSI GCOUOWIG2 M1•fJ U0 LG2OflLCG poow
IP!2 CSU p€ 6249pi2)JGq pX COLJ2IqGL!Ud 4)16 G%46C42 049 0U6 21104 LG2OIILCG pOOW 2flbbO2G
12
boelf lAG suq 911 04)161 ,2 916 if 14911 M0L bL)c62 916 C0U249U4' qflLua 4)16 beuoq nb 40 suq ucnque
bGLoq 0 fiG 2)1916 04 I9POL !U WSUnISC4nL!ua euq 4)1GLG4OLG fIG äLOMfl.J 044)16 GCOU0WA M!II pe qG46LUJUGq
pX e, u beLoq 4' e Mifi G q64GLWueq !WbI!C!41X pX (I1O8J8n) = if MJ4P 4)16 XouluaeL aeUGLs41Ou
M69141J!6L !U bGLoq 4 p6C91126 044)19 L62OI1LCG P00W' 92 iouä 92 fleX M!211 40 ebeuq 20W6 044)1611
ucL6926q MGSI4IJ lu 4)16 QL24 b6Loq OU uou-4LgqGq aooq2' qwsuq MIII L126 suq L9M ISPOL 41.0W 4116 4LSqGq
26C401 40 4)16 U0U-419q6q 26C40U j)194 12' 8 Mlii PG IOMGL fliSU 8n IU beuoq ' e M pG qeeiwicq
!WbI!c!4I p (O'b1'e3'e1) = 0 IPGLG 12 9ä9!U q!Lec4 qewsuq GUGC4 OU uou-4LsqGq äooq2 !U beqoq LOW
fIG LG2OflLCG P00W !U beLoq 4 0M' 46 P6UGUC!9U.92 01 fiG LG2OI1LCG P00W 919 fiG 0I6L äGUGLS4!0U V
ioua 92 4pX abeuq 2OWG o pei IJ!6P9L MGS(fi ou uoU-41.SqGq aooq2 u bGuoq s' 4P!2 qc qwsuq G446C4
MIII 9C4 4o qGbLG22 6 L6JSfAG 40 8, B4 fJGLG !2 9120 9 2GC0U 6116C4 !U beLoq s j94 !' MUP IOMGL 1
4GL6 Mlii G 1G22 GGC4!AG onuä !U b6qoq suq qewsuq pX fIG MGSI4P!GL oq äGUGL9fOLI MIII csuN s
pips M6Iap lu ecouowX-Mqe qewsuq ip! G6C4 92o 2GtJG2 40 LSI2G qewsuq 0L fiG U0U-4L9G aooq
LGI9AG 40 fiG C92G M6LG 4IJGLG !2 U0 LG2OI1LCG pOOW
2!UC6 fIG W9U4flG 0 41JG qL6C qewsuq 6GC42 U fIG 4M0 bGuoqe qGbeuq ou bLGtGLGUCG2
LGesLqLia !U4GL-4GWbOLSI COU2flWb41OU 2WOOfi!Ua' MG CSUUO4 6249P112p MP!CP OUG 12 lsLaGL B6Sfl2G 0
4PI' MG CSUUO4 e29pI!2p MGfJGL GXCG62 e GAGU jponap 4GLG ! fiG sqqfous eecj qGbLGSeIuä e !L
bGqoq 5 B'4 4 !2 CIGSL 4I94 8 Mifi G 1622 SU e' GC9fl2G fiG qiec qswsuq 6GC4 SUU04 t911 PGI0M 0'
suq 4G uqLGc4 6GCf M0(2 4o qebLG2a e VJGL beuoq 5' fiG qAuswics o e 49(G OAGL suq 8 LG4I1W2
aL9qnsI 40 9 OAGL9I1' 8 M!Il 9ll PGIOM e 0L 2GAGL9I beuoq2 9GL fiG LG2OflLCG P00W !U beqoq 4 SUq
fiG ecouowX Mill dLOM 2IOMGL fJ9U 2!W1191 GCOUOWIG2 M!4p0fl4 I.G2OflLC6 p00w2
b10b02!410U
JuG GGC4 O S LI.29 U 4JJG U94flLS LG2OflLCG GU0MWGU4 !U bGLJ•Oq 4 OU fiG IGAGI o
LG2OIILCG COb lu D6L0g j gebGug2 OU fiG CSO4S !U46U2!416? 0 fiG 4M0 26C40L2
ipla CSU G 2GGU pX q!GLGUf8Uä 4IJG GXbLG22IOU 0L GDb !U edns4!ou 51 M!4jJ LG2bGC4 40
'
geob
______
= '1 + (*+)—-(-)
gl
(e
fiG G44GC4 049 1126 IU
OU UOU-LG2O11LCG 0Db IC 8iAGu pX fiG aecouq 4GLW OU fiG U8p4 isuq 2!C6 MG
IWOM ow bLoboe!llou 4 494 q9Jq IC UGäSI!AG HGUCG U0U-LG2O11LCG 0Db MIII !U!f9ii 1126 M!IP 9 1426 IU
fIG L62O11LCS 6U0MWGIJ4 It fiG LJ0u-4LgqGq CGC4OL 12 WOLG ceblisi !U46U2!A6 fisU 4P6 IL9qGq 26C40L'
£PG 44GC4 049 I2G IU b
MG C9U UOM M9i flWnap MIJ94 pSbbGUe MGU 41.J12 GC0U0W1 92 S Oue-2p04 IUCLG92G !U fiG
IU beqoq
eC9liluä fIG Gd11S4IOu2 41.0w 9pOAG' MG 9AG fiG 49C401 !UCOWG
U9I11LSI LGSOI1LCG'
qecowboe4Iou 0440491 0Db'
(53j.
suq 944GL eflpelllflfUä 401 K suq i( suq LGSLLSUa!ua' MG pSAG:
0Db =
+
+
(as)
-
jjiG 0U6-2p04 1426 IU Mlii 0% COflL26 qL6C4J1 !UCLG92G 0Db IU bGqoq 4' p114 II Mlii 9120 9AG 9 WOLG
2flP4IG suq bLoou8Gq 6446C4 OU aLoMjp !U 2np2GdnGu4 beqoq2 164,2 anbboae fJ$4 fIG bLoceeqe 410W fiG
LG2OflLCG P00W SLG 4L9U246LLG 40 fiG onuaGL aGueLs41ou !U bauoq f IPG uclesse !u MGSifi M!II 19126
qewsuq lu bGL!oq ' suq 2OWG 0441.16 ucLG92Gq qewsuq MIII 4S11 OU fiG U0U-4L9G aooq 11112 Mlii L9M
19P01 410W fiG W9Ufl4SC1fl14IJ 2GC4OL' 4S4 12' 9 MIII GCflUG MG CSU 266 410W fiG qsufou 040Db 9P0IG
494 fiG qGCIUG U 9 Mfl IJSAG 9 C0U4GWbOL9UGOfl2 G44G4 OU fiG IGAG1 040Db qGbGuquä ou fiG Csb!ISI
!UIGU2!fG2 !U fiG 4M0 2GC40L2 EOL GXSWbIG' It fiG UOU-4LSqGq 2GC4OL ! WOLG csbIlsi IulGue!AG fiSU fiG
WSUfl49CI11L!Uä 26C40L' IIJGU fiG L!2G !U GwbioXwGu4 !U f194 26C40L Mlii L912G 0Db p1 WOLS fJ9U fiG qcpue IU
6wbioAw6U IU W9U114SC4flLIUä Mlii IOMGL 0Db
jpe CIJSUäG !U 2GCIOL9I 6WbI0WGU1 MIII $120 9AG 9 WOIG bLoouä6q 644GC4 0U SCC11WflISIIOU 04
flW9U csbisj suq 414flLG äLOM4p MJIIJ IOMGL 1$ flW9U CSb!ISI Mlii PG IOMGL !U beuoq 5 49U II M0flj
IJ9AG PGGU M!fliofll fiG LG2OflLCG p00w EflLIPGLwOLG' GAGU pon8p fiG LG2O11LCG P00W MIII 9AG uqeq pX
beuoq 5' fiG MG9IfJ!GL äGUGL94!OU M!fl 24111 G I!A!ua !U beuoq 3' suq qewsuq M!Ii 24111 PG IJ!äIIGL BJ9U MIIP0flI
4PG LG2O11LCG pOOW JjiIe WGSU2 fi94 e Mfl SäS!U PG IOMGL 4jJSU OfiGLMl2G suq IJfIW9U c9bi9i
JJJGLGS44GL' 92 qG2CU•peq 9pOAG' 8 M!ii CIIWP dL9qfl9A psc
SCCnWfli9l!0U MIII 9ä9!U P IOMGL !U beuoq
40 fiG 24G9q1 24946 IGAGI' Pfl4 04 CO11L2G' f1W9U CSb!49i 9CCflWfli9p.OU' bplt2!csI csb!lsi 9CCflWfli9foU' Suq
aLOMflJ MIII PG 2IOMGL !U fiG !UIGLAGU!LJa bsLoq
II ! boe2piG 4p6u' IIJSI fiG 4flfl 6446404 41JG OUG-2p04 LG2OI1LCG P00W 2 40 L9126 fiG 1GAGI 040Db
!U!fl9iIl' fl4 LG(1CG fiG äLoM4p L949 p1 GUOflap 41J4 fiG IGAGI 040Db GAGUlnsiil 49112 PGIOM flJ94 049 UOUpoowua ecouowX jJJ12 C926 04 IoUa-Lnu !WWI2GLSP.OU 929 1921114 049 LG2O11LCG P00W 12 n24s4sq lu
QäflLG BE IU!fSIIX' pOfi GCOUOWIG2 24914 MIlls 4JG 29WG I9AGj suq aLoMfi L946 04 eDb' 20 flJS4 fiG IOä 04
0Db 40110M2 fiG 24L9!ãpl pUG G4MGGU bolulS Q suq y jGU' 94 4!WG 4' fiG LGSOI1LCG P00W C9fl292 fiG
IGAGI 040Db !U OLIG GCOLIOWA 40 U•26 wWeqs46)¼' 29A 40 botUl B Bill fiG LG2OI1LCG P00W 9120 fl21.JGL2 !U S
b6oq 0% 210M6L dLOMflJ' 20 flJS4 4 12 bo2aIpIe %OL 0Db 404911 GI0M flJ94 04 fiG 041J6L 6C0U0W7 !ne4Ls4Gq p7
bo!u4 C 249L4!ua
bo(u4 D 4iG 4M0 GCOUOW!62 98!U SA6 G 29W6 äLOMflJ L949 pfl4 11.16 GCOLIOWA MP!CIJ
4OLWGLIA psq PG LG2OflLCG P00W M!II 9AG 9 beLwsueufIX IOMGL IGAGI 0400b
s
to
EB3
0
0
8
0
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0
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0
0
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q2) miq c 29iG oI WL9J L2OrrLcc GXb0142 W 0DB !11 JJ (JJO4SOUJ aX12) JJJG LCLG22OU
COIULOJ2 9L
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pcccu jj uq
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CO1JLOJ2 OL !Uf !IJCOUJG iq 2ObEI4 9'IJq !2 L;boLcq 2 LC&C22!OU 33 U P! 3
oaase' = —308
C0G = —5T8S83 26 =
3.1aB
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LCLC22i0U COIJJIOJ2 01. iiiipj IUCOIJJG uq 2O,E4 2Uq 2 LCbOI4cq S2 LCLC22iOIJ 33 !U wpjc
cost = -2ea2oa as = oeaf = —'ca5
31815 -
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COUILOJ2 0L !IJ9J UCOIJJC 'q 2ObEf 9hJq ! Lcbor4cq 92 LG&G2210U
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